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Zeng H, Zhang Q, Liu L, Deng F, Han H, Meng F, Bai H. Correlation between abnormal cellular immune and changes of magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Int 2024; 176:105737. [PMID: 38599243 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence from previous studies indicates that neuroinflammation contributes to the onset of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Moreover, cellular dysfunction is induced by impaired signaling of neurotransmitters. This study aimed to explore the correlation between cellular immune dysfunction and neurotransmitter changes through cranial Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) in AD patients. METHODS Here, 32 AD, 40 Vascular Dementia (VD), and 35 Non-Dementia Elderly Control (NDE) cases were enrolled. Flow cytometry was performed to characterize lymphocyte subsets in plasma samples. The IL-1β and Caspase-1 levels were detected by ELISA. The NLRP3 expression level was measured by Western Blot (WB). The equivalence of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), Creatine (Cr), Choline (Cho), and Inositol (MI) in bilateral hippocampi of patients was examined by MRS. The association of NAA/Cr or MI/Cr ratios with the proportion of T lymphocyte subsets or NK cell subsets was determined through single-factor correlation analysis. RESULTS The proportion of T lymphocyte subsets was significantly lower in the AD group than in the NDE group (P < 0.01). On the other hand, the Caspase-1, NLRP3, and IL-1β protein expression levels were significantly higher in the AD group than in the other groups. Further analysis showed that the NAA/Cr ratio was lower in the AD group than in the NDE group. Additionally, a significant positive correlation was found between the NAA/Cr ratio and the MMSE score (r = 0.81, P < 0.01). Moreover, a significant positive correlation was observed between the NAA/Cr and T lymphocyte ratios. The NAA/Cr ratio was significantly negatively correlated with the proportion of NK cells in the blood (r = -0.83, P < 0.01). A significant negative correlation was also recorded between the MI/Cr and T cell ratios in blood samples. CONCLUSIONS Impaired cellular immune dysfunction in AD patients was significantly correlated with abnormal MRS. Neuroimmune dysfunction may contribute to the pathogenesis of AD and alter the metabolism of neurotransmitters such as aspartic acid and MI in the brains of AD patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Zeng
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Duyun, 558099, China; Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Qifang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Lijie Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050004, China
| | - Feifei Deng
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Duyun, 558099, China
| | - Huabo Han
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Duyun, 558099, China
| | - Fuxue Meng
- Medical Laboratory Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Duyun, 558099, China
| | - Hua Bai
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Duyun, 558099, China; Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China; Medical Laboratory Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Duyun, 558099, China.
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2
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Sadri A. Is Target-Based Drug Discovery Efficient? Discovery and "Off-Target" Mechanisms of All Drugs. J Med Chem 2023; 66:12651-12677. [PMID: 37672650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Target-based drug discovery is the dominant paradigm of drug discovery; however, a comprehensive evaluation of its real-world efficiency is lacking. Here, a manual systematic review of about 32000 articles and patents dating back to 150 years ago demonstrates its apparent inefficiency. Analyzing the origins of all approved drugs reveals that, despite several decades of dominance, only 9.4% of small-molecule drugs have been discovered through "target-based" assays. Moreover, the therapeutic effects of even this minimal share cannot be solely attributed and reduced to their purported targets, as they depend on numerous off-target mechanisms unconsciously incorporated by phenotypic observations. The data suggest that reductionist target-based drug discovery may be a cause of the productivity crisis in drug discovery. An evidence-based approach to enhance efficiency seems to be prioritizing, in selecting and optimizing molecules, higher-level phenotypic observations that are closer to the sought-after therapeutic effects using tools like artificial intelligence and machine learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Sadri
- Lyceum Scientific Charity, Tehran, Iran, 1415893697
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Research Program (INRP), Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, 1417755331
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, 1417614411
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3
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Pozzi FE, Conti E, Appollonio I, Ferrarese C, Tremolizzo L. Predictors of response to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in dementia: A systematic review. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:998224. [PMID: 36203811 PMCID: PMC9530658 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.998224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mainstay of therapy for many neurodegenerative dementias still relies on acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEI); however, there is debate on various aspects of such treatment. A huge body of literature exists on possible predictors of response, but a comprehensive review is lacking. Therefore, our aim is to perform a systematic review of the predictors of response to AChEI in neurodegenerative dementias, providing a categorization and interpretation of the results. Methods We conducted a systematic review of the literature up to December 31st, 2021, searching five different databases and registers, including studies on rivastigmine, donepezil, and galantamine, with clearly defined criteria for the diagnosis of dementia and the response to AChEI therapy. Records were identified through the string: predict * AND respon * AND (acetylcholinesterase inhibitors OR donepezil OR rivastigmine OR galantamine). The results were presented narratively. Results We identified 1,994 records in five different databases; after exclusion of duplicates, title and abstract screening, and full-text retrieval, 122 studies were finally included. Discussion The studies show high heterogeneity in duration, response definition, drug dosage, and diagnostic criteria. Response to AChEI seems associated with correlates of cholinergic deficit (hallucinations, fluctuating cognition, substantia innominate atrophy) and preserved cholinergic neurons (faster alpha on REM sleep EEG, increased anterior frontal and parietal lobe perfusion after donepezil); white matter hyperintensities in the cholinergic pathways have shown inconsistent results. The K-variant of butyrylcholinesterase may correlate with better response in late stages of disease, while the role of polymorphisms in other genes involved in the cholinergic system is controversial. Factors related to drug availability may influence response; in particular, low serum albumin (for donepezil), CYP2D6 variants associated with reduced enzymatic activity and higher drug doses are the most consistent predictors, while AChEI concentration influence on clinical outcomes is debatable. Other predictors of response include faster disease progression, lower serum cholesterol, preserved medial temporal lobes, apathy, absence of concomitant diseases, and absence of antipsychotics. Short-term response may predict subsequent cognitive response, while higher education might correlate with short-term good response (months), and long-term poor response (years). Age, gender, baseline cognitive and functional levels, and APOE relationship with treatment outcome is controversial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisa Conti
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMi), University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Ildebrando Appollonio
- Neurology Department, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMi), University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Ferrarese
- Neurology Department, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMi), University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucio Tremolizzo
- Neurology Department, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMi), University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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Liu W, Fan M, Lu W, Zhu W, Meng L, Lu S. Emerging Roles of T Helper Cells in Non-Infectious Neuroinflammation: Savior or Sinner. Front Immunol 2022; 13:872167. [PMID: 35844577 PMCID: PMC9280647 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.872167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells, also known as T helper (Th) cells, contribute to the adaptive immunity both in the periphery and in the central nervous system (CNS). At least seven subsets of Th cells along with their signature cytokines have been identified nowadays. Neuroinflammation denotes the brain’s immune response to inflammatory conditions. In recent years, various CNS disorders have been related to the dysregulation of adaptive immunity, especially the process concerning Th cells and their cytokines. However, as the functions of Th cells are being discovered, it’s also found that their roles in different neuroinflammatory conditions, or even the participation of a specific Th subset in one CNS disorder may differ, and sometimes contrast. Based on those recent and contradictory evidence, the conflicting roles of Th cells in multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury as well as some typical mental disorders will be reviewed herein. Research progress, limitations and novel approaches concerning different neuroinflammatory conditions will also be mentioned and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Liu
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Meiyang Fan
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Wen Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wenhua Zhu
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- National Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Wenhua Zhu, ; Liesu Meng,
| | - Liesu Meng
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- National Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi’an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Wenhua Zhu, ; Liesu Meng,
| | - Shemin Lu
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- National Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi’an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an, China
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Blood-Based Biomarkers of Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease: A Central Role for Periphery? Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11091525. [PMID: 34573867 PMCID: PMC8464786 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11091525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation represents a central feature in the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The resident innate immune cells of the brain are the principal players in neuroinflammation, and their activation leads to a defensive response aimed at promoting β-amyloid (Aβ) clearance. However, it is now widely accepted that the peripheral immune system—by virtue of a dysfunctional blood–brain barrier (BBB)—is involved in the pathogenesis and progression of AD; microglial and astrocytic activation leads to the release of chemokines able to recruit peripheral immune cells into the central nervous system (CNS); at the same time, cytokines released by peripheral cells are able to cross the BBB and act upon glial cells, modifying their phenotype. To successfully fight this neurodegenerative disorder, accurate and sensitive biomarkers are required to be used for implementing an early diagnosis, monitoring the disease progression and treatment effectiveness. Interestingly, as a result of the bidirectional communication between the brain and the periphery, the blood compartment ends up reflecting several pathological changes occurring in the AD brain and can represent an accessible source for such biomarkers. In this review, we provide an overview on some of the most promising peripheral biomarkers of neuroinflammation, discussing their pathogenic role in AD.
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Conti E, Sala G, Diamanti S, Casati M, Lunetta C, Gerardi F, Tarlarini C, Mosca L, Riva N, Falzone Y, Filippi M, Appollonio I, Ferrarese C, Tremolizzo L. Serum naturally occurring anti-TDP-43 auto-antibodies are increased in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1978. [PMID: 33479441 PMCID: PMC7820419 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81599-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) patients express significant clinical heterogeneity that often hinders a correct diagnostic definition. Intracellular deposition of TDP-43, a protein involved in RNA metabolism characterizes the pathology. Interestingly, this protein can be detected in serum, wherein cognate naturally-occurring auto-antibodies (anti-TDP-43 NAb) might be also present, albeit they have never been documented before. In this exploratory study, we quantified the levels of both anti-TDP-43 NAb and TDP-43 protein as putative accessible markers for improving the ALS diagnostic process by using ELISA in N = 70 ALS patients (N = 4 carrying TARDBP mutations), N = 40 age-comparable healthy controls (CTRL), N = 20 motor neuron disease mimics (MN-m), N = 20 Alzheimer's disease (AD) and N = 15 frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) patients. Anti-TDP-43 NAb were found to be significantly increased in ALS patients compared to all the other groups (p < 0.001). On the other hand, the distribution of serum levels of TDP-43 protein was highly variable among the various groups. Levels were increased in ALS patients, albeit the highest values were detected in MN-m patients. NAb and protein serum levels failed to correlate. For the first time, we report that serum anti-TDP-43 NAb are detectable in human serum of both healthy controls and patients affected by a variety of neurodegenerative disorders; furthermore, their levels are increased in ALS patients, representing a potentially interesting trait core marker of this disease. Further studies are needed to clarify the exact role of the NAb. This information might be extremely useful for paving the way toward targeting TDP-43 by immunotherapy in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Conti
- Lab of Neurobiology, School of Medicine and Surgery and Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Gessica Sala
- Lab of Neurobiology, School of Medicine and Surgery and Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Susanna Diamanti
- Lab of Neurobiology, School of Medicine and Surgery and Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,Neurology Unit, "San Gerardo" Hospital, ASST Monza, Monza, Italy
| | - Marco Casati
- Laboratory of Chemical and Clinical Analyses, "San Gerardo" Hospital, ASST Monza, Monza, Italy
| | - Christian Lunetta
- NEuroMuscular Omnicentre (NEMO), Fondazione Serena Onlus, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Gerardi
- NEuroMuscular Omnicentre (NEMO), Fondazione Serena Onlus, Milano, Italy
| | - Claudia Tarlarini
- NEuroMuscular Omnicentre (NEMO), Fondazione Serena Onlus, Milano, Italy
| | - Lorena Mosca
- Medical Genetics Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano, Italy
| | - Nilo Riva
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS "San Raffaele" Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.,Neurology Unit, Neurorehabilitation Unit, Neurophysiology Service, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS "San Raffaele" Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Yuri Falzone
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS "San Raffaele" Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.,Neurology Unit, Neurorehabilitation Unit, Neurophysiology Service, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS "San Raffaele" Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neurology Unit, Neurorehabilitation Unit, Neurophysiology Service, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS "San Raffaele" Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.,Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS "San Raffaele" Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
| | - Ildebrando Appollonio
- Lab of Neurobiology, School of Medicine and Surgery and Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,Neurology Unit, "San Gerardo" Hospital, ASST Monza, Monza, Italy
| | - Carlo Ferrarese
- Lab of Neurobiology, School of Medicine and Surgery and Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,Neurology Unit, "San Gerardo" Hospital, ASST Monza, Monza, Italy
| | - Lucio Tremolizzo
- Lab of Neurobiology, School of Medicine and Surgery and Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy. .,Neurology Unit, "San Gerardo" Hospital, ASST Monza, Monza, Italy. .,, Room 2043, U8 building, Via Cadore 48, 20900, Monza, MB, Italy.
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Sun D, Qiao Y, Jiang X, Li P, Kuai Z, Gong X, Liu D, Fu Q, Sun L, Li H, Ding J, Shi Y, Kong W, Shan Y. Multiple Antigenic Peptide System Coupled with Amyloid Beta Protein Epitopes As An Immunization Approach to Treat Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:2794-2800. [PMID: 31042358 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Latest studies suggest that Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the "four big killers" that threaten the health of the elderly. AD affects about 46 million people across the world, and there is a critical need for research on new therapies for treating AD. The purpose of the present study was to develop and evaluate immunogens to elicit antibodies against the formation of amyloid beta protein (Aβ), a pathological hallmark of AD, as a therapeutic strategy in AD. In this study, serial potential immunogenic epitopes were screened according to the Aβ sequence. The screened linear epitopes on the Aβ C-terminal fragment were coupled with either the carrier protein keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) or the synthesized 4-branch peptide (MAP4). MAP4 immunogens could effectively elicit immunogenicity against Aβ1-42 monomer and fiber in Balb/C mice. Furthermore, MAP4 sera could also effectively inhibit the formation of the Aβ1-42 fiber. Interestingly, one of the MAP4 sera was able to depolymerize the Aβ1-42 fibers that had aggregated. The monoclonal antibody, 1H7, was shown to inhibit the formation of Aβ1-42 fiber. MAP4 carrier may provide benefits over current immunization strategies, as it does not induce inflammation. In conclusion, the MAP4-Aβ conjugates offer a promising approach for the development of a safe and effective AD vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diya Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Yongbo Qiao
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Xiaoyu Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Pengju Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Ziyu Kuai
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Xin Gong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Dongni Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, China
| | - Liyan Sun
- Dalian University Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning 116021, China
| | - He Li
- Affiliated Dalian Friendship Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116100, China
| | - Jun Ding
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Yuhua Shi
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Wei Kong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Yaming Shan
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
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Maroli A, Di Lascio S, Drufuca L, Cardani S, Setten E, Locati M, Fornasari D, Benfante R. Effect of donepezil on the expression and responsiveness to LPS of CHRNA7 and CHRFAM7A in macrophages: A possible link to the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 332:155-166. [PMID: 31048268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (CHRNA7) modulates the inflammatory response by activating the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. CHRFAM7A, the human-restricted duplicated form of CHRNA7, has a negative effect on the functioning of α7 receptors, suggesting that CHRFAM7A expression regulation may be a key step in the modulation of inflammation in the human setting. The analysis of the CHRFAM7A gene's regulatory region reveals some of the mechanisms driving its expression and responsiveness to LPS in human immune cell models. Moreover, given the immunomodulatory potential of donepezil we show that it differently modulates CHRFAM7A and CHRNA7 responsiveness to LPS, thus contributing to its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Maroli
- Dept. of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, via Vanvitelli, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Di Lascio
- Dept. of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, via Vanvitelli, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Drufuca
- Dept. of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, via Vanvitelli, 20129 Milan, Italy; Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Silvia Cardani
- Dept. of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, via Vanvitelli, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Setten
- Dept. of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, via Vanvitelli, 20129 Milan, Italy; Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Massimo Locati
- Dept. of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, via Vanvitelli, 20129 Milan, Italy; Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Diego Fornasari
- Dept. of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, via Vanvitelli, 20129 Milan, Italy; CNR -Neuroscience Institute, via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Benfante
- Dept. of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, via Vanvitelli, 20129 Milan, Italy; CNR -Neuroscience Institute, via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, Italy.
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9
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Conti E, Grana D, Stefanoni G, Corsini A, Botta M, Magni P, Aliprandi A, Lunetta C, Appollonio I, Ferrarese C, Tremolizzo L. Irisin and BDNF serum levels and behavioral disturbances in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurol Sci 2019; 40:1145-1150. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-019-03781-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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10
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Changes of brain activity during a functional magnetic resonance imaging stroop task study: Effect of Chinese herbal formula in Alzheimer’s disease. Eur J Integr Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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