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Reddy AP, Rawat P, Rohr N, Alvir R, Bisht J, Bushra MA, Luong J, Reddy AP. Role of Serotonylation and SERT Posttranslational Modifications in Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. Aging Dis 2024:AD.2024.0328. [PMID: 38607731 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2024.0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is implicated mainly in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and reported to be responsible for several processes and roles in the human body, such as regulating sleep, food intake, sexual behavior, anxiety, and drug abuse. It is synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan. Serotonin also functions as a signal between neurons to mature, survive, and differentiate. It plays a crucial role in neuronal plasticity, including cell migration and cell contact formation. Various psychiatric disorders, such as depression, schizophrenia, autism, and Alzheimer's disease, have been linked to an increase in serotonin-dependent signaling during the development of the nervous system. Recent studies have found 5-HT and other monoamines embedded in the nuclei of various cells, including immune cells, the peritoneal mast, and the adrenal medulla. Evidence suggests these monoamines to be involved in widespread intracellular regulation by posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of proteins. Serotonylation is the calcium-dependent process in which 5-HT forms a long-lasting covalent bond to small cytoplasmic G-proteins by endogenous transglutaminase 2 (TGM2). Serotonylation plays a role in various biological processes. The purpose of our article is to summarize historical developments and recent advances in serotonin research and serotonylation in depression, aging, AD, and other age-related neurological diseases. We also discussed several of the latest developments with Serotonin, including biological functions, pathophysiological implications and therapeutic strategies to treat patients with depression, dementia, and other age-related conditions.
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Safari M, Asadi A, Aryaeian N, Huseini HF, Shidfar F, Jazayeri S, Malek M, Hosseini AF, Hamidi Z. The effects of melissa officinalis on depression and anxiety in type 2 diabetes patients with depression: a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:140. [PMID: 37131158 PMCID: PMC10152712 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-03978-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is more common in diabetic patients, with a 1.5-fold increased risk of death.Melissa officinalis (M. officinalis) have anti-diabetic and anti-depression activities. The study aimed to determine the efficacy of M. officinalis extract on depression, anxiety, and sleep quality in patients with type 2 diabetes with depressive symptoms. METHODS In this double-blind clinical trial, 60 volunteer patients (age range 20-65 years) with type 2 diabetes mellitus with symptoms of depression were randomized into the intervention (received 700 mg/day hydroalcoholic extract; n = 30) or control group (received 700 mg/day toasted flour; n = 30). Dietary intake, physical activity, anthropometric indices, FBS (Fasting blood sugar), hs-CRP(High-sensitivity C-reactiveprotein), depression, anxiety, and sleep quality were determined at the beginning and end of the study. Depression and anxiety were assessed by Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), respectively; sleep quality was evaluated using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). RESULTS Sixty participants received M. officinalis extract or placebo, of which 44 patients completed the 12-week double-blind clinical trial. After 12-week the mean change of depression and anxiety scores were statistically significant between the two groups (p < 0.001 and p = 0.04, respectively), but no significant differences were observed in FBS, hs-CRP, anthropometric indices, sleep quality, and blood pressure.In the intervention group, there was a significant decrease in depression and anxiety severity(p < 0.001 and p = 0.01, respectively) at the end of the study compared to the baseline. TRIAL REGISTRATION All protocols in this study were followed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration (1989 revision). Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Iran University of Medical Sciences Ethics committee (IR.IUMS.FMD.REC 1396.9413468004; research.iums.ac.ir). The study was registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT201709239472N16); Registration date: 09/10/2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Safari
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemmat Broadway, 14155-6171, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran
| | - Akbar Asadi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemmat Broadway, 14155-6171, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran
| | - Naheed Aryaeian
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemmat Broadway, 14155-6171, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran.
| | - Hasan Fallah Huseini
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, 30Th Km of Karaj-Qazvin Freeway, ACECR Research Complex, Karaj, 3365166571, Iran
| | - Farzad Shidfar
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemmat Broadway, 14155-6171, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran
| | - Shima Jazayeri
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemmat Broadway, 14155-6171, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Malek
- Institute of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Firoozeh Alley, Vali-asrSq, Tehran, Iran
| | - Agha Fateme Hosseini
- Department of Statistics, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemmat Broadway, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Hamidi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemmat Broadway, 14155-6171, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran
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Chen B, Xu J, Chen S, Mou T, Wang Y, Wang H, Zhang Z, Ren F, Wang Z, Jin K, Lu J. Dysregulation of striatal dopamine D2/D3 receptor-mediated by hypocretin induces depressive behaviors in rats. J Affect Disord 2023; 325:256-263. [PMID: 36638964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dysregulation of the dopamine system contributes to depressive-like behaviors in rats, and the neurological functions regulated by hypocretin are severely affected in depression. However, whether suvorexant plays a role in alleviating depression by affecting the dopamine system is unclear. METHODS To preliminarily explore the mechanism of suvorexant (10 mg/kg) in the treatment of depression, the mRNA and protein expression of TH, Drd2, Drd3, GluN2A, DAT, and GluN2B in the striatum of rats was quantified by qPCR and western blotting. The plasma hypocretin-1 and dopamine levels and the striatal dopamine levels were determined by ELISA. RESULTS i) Compared to those of the control group, chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rats showed depressive-like behaviors, which were subsequently reversed by treatment with suvorexant. ii) The mRNA and protein expressions of TH, Drd2, Drd3, GluN2A, and GluN2B in the striatum of CUMS were significantly increased compared with those in the controls, but decreased after suvorexant treatment. iii) Compared with those in the control group, the plasma and striatal dopamine levels of CUMS decreased while plasma hypocretin-1 levels increased, which was reversed after suvorexant treatment. LIMITATIONS i) The suvorexant is a dual hypocretin receptor antagonist; however, the responsible receptor is unclear. ii) We only focused on related factors in the striatum but did not explore other brain regions, nor did we directly explore the relationship among these factors. CONCLUSION Depressive-like behaviors induced by CUMS can be reversed by suvorexant, and the therapeutic effects of suvorexant may be mediated by affecting the dopamine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jiangang Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 999007, Hong Kong
| | - Simiao Chen
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Tingting Mou
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Haojun Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Zhihan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Feifan Ren
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Kangyu Jin
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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Turek J, Gąsior Ł. Estrogen fluctuations during the menopausal transition are a risk factor for depressive disorders. Pharmacol Rep 2023; 75:32-43. [PMID: 36639604 PMCID: PMC9889489 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-022-00444-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Women are significantly more likely to develop depression than men. Fluctuations in the ovarian estrogen hormone levels are closely linked with women's well-being. This narrative review discusses the available knowledge on the role of estrogen in modulating brain function and the correlation between changes in estrogen levels and the development of depression. Equally discussed are the possible mechanisms underlying these effects, including the role of estrogen in modulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor activity, serotonin neurotransmission, as well as the induction of inflammatory response and changes in metabolic activity, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Turek
- Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12 Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Łukasz Gąsior
- Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12 Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
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Plank JR, Glover SC, Moloney BD, Hoeh NR, Sundram F, Sumner RL, Muthukumaraswamy S, Lin JC. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, hybrid parallel-arm study of low-dose naltrexone as an adjunctive anti-inflammatory treatment for major depressive disorder. Trials 2022; 23:822. [PMID: 36175917 PMCID: PMC9524133 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06738-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of disability worldwide. The current treatments are ineffective in approximately one-third of patients, resulting in a large economic burden and reduced quality of life for a significant proportion of the global population. There is considerable evidence that increased inflammation may distinguish a sub-type of MDD, and there are no validated diagnostic tools or treatments for neuroinflammation in MDD patients. The current study aims to explore the potential role of low-dose naltrexone (LDN), a drug with purported anti-inflammatory properties in the central nervous system, as an adjunctive treatment in patients with MDD. METHODS/DESIGN This double-blind placebo-controlled hybrid parallel arm study enables the exploration of peripheral and central inflammatory markers with LDN as an approach to investigate inflammation as a pathophysiological contributor to MDD. Eligible participants with MDD (n = 48) will be stratified into the high and low inflammatory groups according to the levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and then randomized to receive LDN or placebo for an initial 12 weeks, followed by a further 12 weeks during which all participants will receive LDN. The primary outcome measure will be the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) administered at baseline, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 12 weeks, 14 weeks, 16 weeks, 20 weeks, and 24 weeks, to assess the effectiveness of the anti-depressant response. The secondary outcomes include the use of MRI techniques including quantitative magnetization transfer (qMT), echo-planar spectroscopic imaging (EPSI), and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) to help to elucidate the neurobiological mechanism of LDN, and the inflammatory mechanisms in action in MDD. Electroencephalography, blood samples, cognitive tasks, and additional questionnaires will also be used to determine if there is a specific profile of symptoms in individuals with inflammatory MDD. Healthy participants (n = 24) will be recruited for baseline outcome measures only, to enable comparison with patients with MDD. DISCUSSION This trial contributes to the literature on inflammation in MDD, including the understanding of the pathophysiology and efficacy of anti-inflammatory treatments. The investigation of inflammatory mechanisms in MDD is an important first step in the development of biomarkers to classify patient sub-groups, increase the accuracy of diagnosis, and tailor the approach to patients in clinical practice. This study may provide evidence of the benefit of LDN for the groups in whom conventional anti-depressants are ineffective and lead the way for translation into clinical practice. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12622000881730 . Registered on 21 June 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R Plank
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Stephanie C Glover
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Ben D Moloney
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Nicholas R Hoeh
- Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 22-30 Park Avenue, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Frederick Sundram
- Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 22-30 Park Avenue, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Rachael L Sumner
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Suresh Muthukumaraswamy
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Joanne C Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.
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Cordner ZA, Marshall-Thomas I, Boersma GJ, Lee RS, Potash JB, Tamashiro KL. Fluoxetine and environmental enrichment similarly reverse chronic social stress-related depression- and anxiety-like behavior, but have differential effects on amygdala gene expression. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 15:100392. [PMID: 34568521 PMCID: PMC8449130 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The adverse effects of stress on brain and behavior have long been known and well-studied, with abundant evidence linking stress to, among other things, mood and anxiety disorders. Likewise, many have investigated potential treatments for stress-related mood and anxiety phenotypes and demonstrated good response to standard antidepressant medications like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), as well as environmental manipulations like exercise or enrichment. However, the extent to which stress and various treatments act on overlapping pathways in the brain is less well understood. Here, we used a widely studied social defeat stress paradigm to induce a robust depression- and anxiety-like phenotype and chronic corticosterone elevation that persisted for at least 4 weeks in wild type male mice. When mice were treated with either the SSRI fluoxetine or an enriched environment, both led to similar behavioral recovery from social defeat. We then focused on the amygdala and assessed the effects of social defeat, fluoxetine, and enrichment on 168 genes broadly related to synaptic plasticity or oxidative stress. We found 24 differentially expressed genes in response to social defeat stress. Interestingly, fluoxetine led to broad normalization of the stress-induced expression pattern while enrichment led to expression changes in a separate set of genes. Together, this study provides additional insight into the chronic effects of social defeat stress on behavior and gene expression in the amygdala. The findings also suggest that, for a subset of genes assessed, fluoxetine and environmental enrichment have strikingly divergent effects on expression in the amygdala, despite leading to similar behavioral outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A. Cordner
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 618, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Isaiah Marshall-Thomas
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 618, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Gretha J. Boersma
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 618, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Richard S. Lee
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 618, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - James B. Potash
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 618, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Kellie L.K. Tamashiro
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 618, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Cellular & Molecular Medicine Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 618, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Corresponding author. Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 618, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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Budni J, Moretti M, Freitas AE, Neis VB, Ribeiro CM, de Oliveira Balen G, Rieger DK, Leal RB, Rodrigues ALS. Behavioral and neurochemical effects of folic acid in a mouse model of depression induced by TNF-α. Behav Brain Res 2021; 414:113512. [PMID: 34358572 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Folic acid has been reported to exert antidepressant effects, but its ability to abrogate the depressive-like behavior and signaling pathways alterations elicited by an inflammatory model of depression remains to be established. This study examined: a) the efficacy of folic acid in a mouse model of depression induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α); b) whether the administration of subthreshold doses of folic acid and antidepressants (fluoxetine, imipramine, and bupropion), MK-801, or 7-nitroindazole cause antidepressant-like effects; c) the effects of TNF-α and/or folic acid on hippocampal p38MAPK, Akt, ERK, and JNK phosphorylation. Folic acid reduced the immobility time in the tail suspension test (TST) in control mice (10-50 mg/kg, p.o) and abolished the depressive-like behavior elicited by TNF-α (0.001 fg/site, i.c.v.) in this test (1-50 mg/kg, p.o). Coadministration of subthreshold doses of folic acid (1 mg/kg, p.o.) and fluoxetine, imipramine, bupropion, MK-801, or 7-nitroindazole produced an antidepressant-like effect in mice exposed or not to TNF-α. TNF-α-treated mice presented increased p38MAPK phosphorylation and decreased Akt phosphorylation, and the later effect was prevented by folic acid (10 mg/kg, p.o.). Additionally, ERK1 phosphorylation was increased in mice treated with TNF-α + folic acid (1 mg/kg), but no effects on ERK2 or JNK1/2/3 phosphorylation were found in any group. The results indicate the efficacy of folic acid to counteract the depressive-like behavior induced by a pro-inflammatory cytokine, an effect that might be associated with the activation of monoaminergic systems, inhibition of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, as well as Akt modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane Budni
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Morgana Moretti
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Andiara E Freitas
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Vivian B Neis
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Camille M Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Grasiela de Oliveira Balen
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Débora K Rieger
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo B Leal
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia S Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil.
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Lee Y, Kim KH, Lee BH, Kim YK. Plasma level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in patients with postpartum depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 109:110245. [PMID: 33444650 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Postpartum depression occurs in 10-15% of mothers. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a nerve growth factor that plays a role in neuroplasticity. We hypothesized that the concentration of BDNF is related to reproduction and childbirth, and that women with postpartum depression show alteration in BDNF level. A total of 104 pregnant women was selected as subjects, and 60 non-pregnant women were selected as normal controls. Symptoms of depression were evaluated in the pregnant study subjects using the diagnostic criteria outlined in the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). The pregnant subjects were divided into three groups of perinatal non-depressed controls (n = 61), postpartum depression-recovery (n = 18), and postpartum depression (n = 25). The plasma concentration of BDNF was higher in the pregnant group than in non-pregnant controls and lower in the postpartum depression group at 6 weeks after delivery than in the perinatal non-depressed group. In the postpartum depression-recovery group, the BDNF concentration increased at 6 weeks after delivery compared to that at 24 weeks of gestation. This study found significant changes in plasma BDNF concentration in depressed pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younjung Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Kye-Hyun Kim
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, KangBuk Samsung Hospital, College of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bun-Hee Lee
- Maum & Maum Psychiatric Clinic, Seoul 02566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ku Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan 15355, Republic of Korea.
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Jones DN, Raghanti MA. The role of monoamine oxidase enzymes in the pathophysiology of neurological disorders. J Chem Neuroanat 2021; 114:101957. [PMID: 33836221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.101957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase enzymes are responsible for the degredation of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine in the central neurvous system. Although it has been nearly 100 years since they were first described, we are still learning about their role in the healthy brain and how they are altered in various disease states. The present review provides a survey of our current understanding of monoamine oxidases, with a focus on their contributions to neuropsychiatric, neurodevelopmental, and neurodegenerative disease. Important species differences in monoamine oxidase function and development in the brain are highlighted. Sex-specific monoamine oxidase regulatory mechanisms and their implications for various neurological disorders are also discussed. While our understanding of these critical enzymes has expanded over the last century, gaps exist in our understanding of sex and species differences and the roles monoamine oxidases may play in conditions often comorbid with neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle N Jones
- Department of Anthropology and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA; Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA.
| | - Mary Ann Raghanti
- Department of Anthropology and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA; Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
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10
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Grzelczyk J, Budryn G, Peña-García J, Szwajgier D, Gałązka-Czarnecka I, Oracz J, Pérez-Sánchez H. Evaluation of the inhibition of monoamine oxidase A by bioactive coffee compounds protecting serotonin degradation. Food Chem 2021; 348:129108. [PMID: 33540300 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) is a major enzyme responsible for the deamination of neurotransmitters such as serotonin (5-HT) in the central nervous system. The decrease in 5-HT levels is accompanied by disorders at the affective and somatic levels, leading to depression and disorders of the satiety center. The aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of MAO-A inhibition by chlorogenic acids, as well as green, light-, and dark-roasted coffee extracts and bioactive compounds from beans of the species Coffea canephora and Coffea arabica. Data for analysis was obtained using isothermal titration calorimetry and molecular docking. The results showed that caffeine and ferulic acid, as well as green Robusta coffee, demonstrated the greatest inhibition of MAO-A activity, which may increase the bioavailability of serotonin. We believe that green coffee shows potential antidepressant activity by inhibiting MAO-A, and may be used for treating depression and potentially, type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Grzelczyk
- Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Grażyna Budryn
- Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Jorge Peña-García
- Structural Bioinformatics and High-Performance Computing Research Group (BIO-HPC), Computer Science Department, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Dominik Szwajgier
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Human Nutrition, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Ilona Gałązka-Czarnecka
- Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Joanna Oracz
- Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Horacio Pérez-Sánchez
- Structural Bioinformatics and High-Performance Computing Research Group (BIO-HPC), Computer Science Department, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain.
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11
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Fathinezhad Z, Sewell RDE, Lorigooini Z, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Depression and Treatment with Effective Herbs. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:738-745. [PMID: 30947651 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190402105803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a common psychiatric disease and one of the main causes of disability worldwide. In spite of certain developments in this field, chemical and synthetic drugs used for the treatment of depression disrupt the treatment process due to numerous side effects and high cost. Today, the goal of using a potential method for treating depression involves the use of medicinal and phytochemical plants, which have many therapeutic benefits. Studies have shown that medicinal plants affect the nervous system and exert antidepressant effects in various ways, including synaptic regulation of serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine, and inflammatory mediators. In this study, depression as well as the factors and mechanisms involved in its development are first addressed, and then medicinal plants effective in the treatment of depression along with their mechanisms of actions are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohre Fathinezhad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Robert D E Sewell
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3NB. Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Zahra Lorigooini
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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12
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Yagishita S. Transient and sustained effects of dopamine and serotonin signaling in motivation-related behavior. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2020; 74:91-98. [PMID: 31599012 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological studies of antidepressants and atypical antipsychotics have suggested a role of dopamine and serotonin signaling in depression. However, depressive symptoms and treatment effects are difficult to explain based simply on brain-wide decrease or increase in the concentrations of these molecules. Recent animal studies using advanced neuronal manipulation and observation techniques have revealed detailed dopamine and serotonin dynamics that regulate diverse aspects of motivation-related behavior. Dopamine and serotonin transiently modulate moment-to-moment behavior at timescales ranging from sub-second to minutes and also produce persistent effects, such as reward-related learning and stress responses that last longer than several days. Transient and sustained effects often exhibit specific roles depending on the projection sites, where distinct synaptic and cellular mechanisms are required to process the neurotransmitters for each transient and sustained timescale. Therefore, it appears that specific aspects of motivation-related behavior are regulated by distinct synaptic and cellular mechanisms in specific brain regions that underlie the transient and sustained effects of dopamine and serotonin signaling. Recent clinical studies have implied that subjects with depressive symptoms show impaired transient and sustained signaling functions; moreover, they exhibit heterogeneity in depressive symptoms and neuronal dysfunction. Depressive symptoms may be explained by the dysfunction of each transient and sustained signaling mechanism, and distinct patterns of impairment in the relevant mechanisms may explain the heterogeneity of symptoms. Thus, detailed understanding of dopamine and serotonin signaling may provide new insight into depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Yagishita
- Laboratory of Structural Physiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Aleksandrova LR, Wang YT, Phillips AG. Evaluation of the Wistar-Kyoto rat model of depression and the role of synaptic plasticity in depression and antidepressant response. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 105:1-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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14
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Xu YH, Zhu Y, Zhu YY, Wei H, Zhang NN, Qin JS, Zhu XL, Yu M, Li YF. Abnormalities in FGF family members and their roles in modulating depression-related molecules. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 53:140-150. [PMID: 31491043 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The role of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) system in depression has received considerable attention in recent years. To understand the role of this system, it is important to identify the specific members of the FGF family that have been implicated and the various mechanisms that they modulated. Here, we review the role of FGFs in depression and integrate evidence from clinical and basic research. These data suggest that changes in the FGF family are involved in depression and possibly in a wider range of psychiatric disorders. We analyse the abnormalities of FGF family members in depression and their roles in modulating depression-related molecules. The role of the FGF family in depression and related disorders needs to be studied in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hao Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Neuroimaging laboratory, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Neuroimaging laboratory, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Neuroimaging laboratory, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong Wei
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Neuroimaging laboratory, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ning-Ning Zhang
- Department of Neuroimaging laboratory, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia-Sheng Qin
- Department of Neuroimaging laboratory, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Lan Zhu
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ming Yu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue-Feng Li
- Department of Neuroimaging laboratory, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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15
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Réus GZ, de Moura AB, Borba LA, Abelaira HM, Quevedo J. Strategies for Treatment-Resistant Depression: Lessons Learned from Animal Models. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2019; 5:178-189. [PMID: 31768371 DOI: 10.1159/000500324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Around 300 million individuals are affected by major depressive disorder (MDD) in the world. Despite this high number of affected individuals, more than 50% of patients do not respond to antidepressants approved to treat MDD. Patients with MDD that do not respond to 2 or more first-line antidepressant treatments are considered to have treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Animal models of depression are important tools to better understand the pathophysiology of MDD as well as to help in the development of novel and fast antidepressants for TRD patients. This review will emphasize some discovery strategies for TRD from studies on animal models, including, antagonists of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor (ketamine and memantine), electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), lithium, minocycline, quetiapine, and deep brain stimulation. Animal models of depression are not sufficient to represent all the traits of TRD, but they greatly aid in understanding the mechanism by which therapies that work for TRD exert antidepressant effects. Interestingly, these innovative therapies have mechanisms of action different from those of classic antidepressants. These effects are mainly related to the regulation of neurotransmitter activity, including general glutamate and increased connectivity, synaptic capacity, and neuroplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gislaine Zilli Réus
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Airam Barbosa de Moura
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Laura Araújo Borba
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Helena Mendes Abelaira
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Brazil.,Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, Texas, USA.,Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, Texas, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, Texas, USA
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16
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Li X, Wang H, Chen Q, Li Z, Liu C, Yin S, You Z. Felbamate produces antidepressant‐like actions in the chronic unpredictable mild stress and chronic social defeat stress models of depression. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2019; 33:621-633. [PMID: 30951217 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqin Li
- Department of Pharmacy Taizhou People's Hospital The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University Taizhou 225300 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Hongze Wang
- Department of Pharmacy Taizhou People's Hospital The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University Taizhou 225300 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Qingnian Chen
- Department of Pharmacy Taizhou People's Hospital The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University Taizhou 225300 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Zhiqin Li
- Department of Pharmacy Taizhou People's Hospital The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University Taizhou 225300 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Chao Liu
- Yangtze River Pharmaceutical Group Taizhou 225321 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Shengnan Yin
- Department of Pharmacy Taizhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Taizhou 225300 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Zhengchen You
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery Taizhou People’s Hospital, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University Taizhou 225300 Jiangsu Province China
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17
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Lee EH, Han PL. Reciprocal interactions across and within multiple levels of monoamine and cortico-limbic systems in stress-induced depression: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 101:13-31. [PMID: 30917923 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The monoamine hypothesis of depression, namely that the reduction in synaptic serotonin and dopamine levels causes depression, has prevailed in past decades. However, clinical and preclinical studies have identified various cortical and subcortical regions whose altered neural activities also regulate depressive-like behaviors, independently from the monoamine system. Our systematic review indicates that neural activities of specific brain regions and associated neural circuitries are adaptively altered after chronic stress in a specific direction, such that the neural activity in the infralimbic cortex, lateral habenula and amygdala is upregulated, whereas the neural activity in the prelimbic cortex, hippocampus and monoamine systems is downregulated. The altered neural activity dynamics between monoamine systems and cortico-limbic systems are reciprocally interwoven at multiple levels. Furthermore, depressive-like behaviors can be experimentally reversed by counteracting the altered neural activity of a specific neural circuitry at multiple brain regions, suggesting the importance of the reciprocally interwoven neural networks in regulating depressive-like behaviors. These results promise for reshaping altered neural activity dynamics as a therapeutic strategy for treating depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Hwa Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyung-Lim Han
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Assessment of Chaenomeles Maulei Fruit Juice Effects in Tests for Depression and Anxiety. ACTA MEDICA BULGARICA 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/amb-2019-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Depression and anxiety are prevalent chronic psychiatric disorders affecting many people worldwide. Over the past decades, much attention has been drawn to herbal psychopharmacology, offering fewer adverse reactions. The main bioactive compounds in Chaenomeles maulei fruits are polyphenols known for their behavioral effects. The objective of the present study was to assess Chaenomeles maulei fruit juice (CMFJ) effects in tests for anxiety and depression. The animals used were 32 male healthy Wistar rats treated orally with CMFJ for 16 days. They were divided in four groups of 8 animals. The control group received distilled water and the rest of the groups were treated with CMFJ at 2.5, 5 and 10 ml/kg doses. We assessed the social interaction time as a measure of anxiety and the immobility time in the forced swim test as a measure of behavioral despair. In the social interaction test, the 14 days administration of CMFJ did not produce any significant changes in the time spent in social interaction. After 16 days of administration all doses of CMFJ significantly decreased the immobility time of the rats (p < 0.05) in comparison to the control group. These results allow making the conclusion that CMFJ lacked anxiolytic activity, but showed an antidepressant-like effect.
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19
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Nutraceuticals for major depressive disorder- more is not merrier: An 8-week double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. J Affect Disord 2019; 245:1007-1015. [PMID: 30699842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most pressing questions in "Nutritional Psychiatry" is whether using combinations of different nutraceuticals with putative antidepressant activity may provide an enhanced synergistic antidepressant effect. METHODS A phase II/III, Australian multi-site, 8-week, double-blind, RCT involving 158 outpatients with a DSM-5 diagnosis of MDD. The intervention consisted of a nutraceutical combination: S-adenosyl methionine; Folinic acid; Omega-3 fatty acids; 5-HTP, Zinc picolinate, and relevant co-factors versus placebo. The primary outcome was change in MADRS score. Hypothesis-driven analyses of potential moderators of response involving key SNPs, and BDNF were also conducted. RESULTS Placebo was superior to the nutraceutical combination in reducing MADRS score (differential reduction -1.75 points), however a mixed linear model revealed a non-significant Group X Time interaction (p = 0.33). Response rates were 40% for the active intervention and 51% for the placebo; remission rates were 34% and 43% for active and placebo groups, respectively. No significant differences were found between groups on any other secondary depression, anxiety, psychosocial, or sleep outcome measures. Key SNPs and BDNF did not significantly moderate response. No significant differences occurred between groups for total adverse effects, aside from more nausea in the active group. LIMITATIONS Very high placebo response rates suggest a placebo run-in design may have been valuable. INTERPRETATION The adoption of a nutraceutical 'shotgun' approach to treating MDD was not supported, and appeared to be less effective than adding placebo to treatment as usual.
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Taupin
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
- National University of Singapore
- Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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21
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Lee H, Im J, Won H, Kim JY, Kim HK, Kwon JT, Kim YO, Lee S, Cho IH, Lee SW, Kim HJ. Antinociceptive effect of Valeriana fauriei regulates BDNF signaling in an animal model of fibromyalgia. Int J Mol Med 2017; 41:485-492. [PMID: 29115388 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Valeriana has been widely used in popular medicine for centuries, to treat sleep disorders, anxiety, epilepsy and insomnia. Recent studies have focused on the novel pharmacological effects of Valeriana fauriei Briq. (VF) species. Previous studies have attempted to determine the pharmacological functions of Valeriana in various human diseases, particularly with regards to its neuroprotective effects, and its ability to reduce pain and stress. The present study constructed an animal model of fibromyalgia (FM), which was induced by intermittent cold stress with slight modification. Subsequently, the study aimed to determine whether VF exerts antinociceptive effects on the FM‑like model following oral administration of VF extracts. The effects of VF extracts on the FM model were investigated by analyzing behavioral activity, including pain, and detecting protein expression. In the behavioral analysis, the results of a nociception assay indicated that the pain threshold was significantly decreased in the FM group. Subsequently, western blotting and immunohistochemical analyses of the hippocampus demonstrated that the protein expression levels of brain‑derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and phosphorylated‑cAMP response element‑binding protein were downregulated in the FM group. Conversely, VF restored these levels. These results suggested that the effects of VF extract on a model of FM may be associated with its modulatory effects on the BDNF signaling pathway in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex. In conclusion, the mechanism underlying the protective effects of VF as a therapeutic agent against FM may involve the BDNF signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwayoung Lee
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyun Im
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Hansol Won
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Young Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Ki Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Tack Kwon
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ock Kim
- Development of Ginseng and Medical Plants Research Institute, Rural Administration, Eumseong, Chungbuk 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyun Lee
- Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung‑Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, and Institute of Korean Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Won Lee
- Development of Ginseng and Medical Plants Research Institute, Rural Administration, Eumseong, Chungbuk 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Jae Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31151, Republic of Korea
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22
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Aleksandrova LR, Phillips AG, Wang YT. Antidepressant effects of ketamine and the roles of AMPA glutamate receptors and other mechanisms beyond NMDA receptor antagonism. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2017; 42:222-229. [PMID: 28234212 PMCID: PMC5487269 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.160175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying major depressive disorder remain poorly understood, and current antidepressant treatments have many shortcomings. The recent discovery that a single intravenous infusion of ketamine at a subanesthetic dose had robust, rapid and sustained antidepressant effects in individuals with treatment-resistant depression inspired tremendous interest in investigating the molecular mechanisms mediating ketamine's clinical efficacy as well as increased efforts to identify new targets for antidepressant action. We review the clinical utility of ketamine and recent insights into its mechanism of action as an antidepressant, including the roles of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor inhibition, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor upregulation, activation of downstream synaptogenic signalling pathways and the production of an active ketamine metabolite, hydroxynorketamine. Emerging knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying both ketamine's positive therapeutic and detrimental side effects will aid the development of a new generation of much-needed superior antidepressant agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yu Tian Wang
- Correspondence to: Y.T. Wang, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Rm F117 — 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver BC V6T 2B5;
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23
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Fitzpatrick CM, Larsen M, Madsen LH, Caballero-Puntiverio M, Pickering DS, Clausen RP, Andreasen JT. Positive allosteric modulation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid glutamate receptors differentially modulates the behavioural effects of citalopram in mouse models of antidepressant and anxiolytic action. Behav Pharmacol 2016; 27:549-55. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of arylpiperazine–benzylpiperidines with dual serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitory activities. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:2137-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Iftene F, Predescu E, Stefan S, David D. Rational-emotive and cognitive-behavior therapy (REBT/CBT) versus pharmacotherapy versus REBT/CBT plus pharmacotherapy in the treatment of major depressive disorder in youth; a randomized clinical trial. Psychiatry Res 2015; 225:687-94. [PMID: 25500320 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a highly prevalent and debilitating condition in youth, so developing efficient treatments is a priority for mental health professionals. Psychotherapy (i.e., cognitive behavioral therapy/CBT), pharmacotherapy (i.e., SSRI medication), and their combination have been shown to be effective in treating youth depression; however, the results are still mixed and there are few studies engaging multi-level analyses (i.e., subjective, cognitive, and biological). Therefore, the aims of this randomized control study (RCT) were both theoretical - integrating psychological and biological markers of depression in a multi-level outcome analysis - and practical - testing the generalizability of previous results on depressed Romanian youth population. Eighty-eight (N=88) depressed Romanian youths were randomly allocated to one of the three treatment arms: group Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)/CBT (i.e., a form of CBT), pharmacotherapy (i.e., sertraline), and group REBT/CBT plus pharmacotherapy. The results showed that all outcomes (i.e., subjective, cognitive, and biological) significantly change from pre to post-treatment under all treatment conditions at a similar rate and there were no significant differences among conditions at post-test. In case of categorical analysis of the clinical response rate, we found a non-significant trend favoring group REBT/CBT therapy. Results of analyses concerning outcome interrelations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Iftene
- Department of Psychiatry, Queens University, C/o Providence Care Mental Health Services, 752 King Street West, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 4X3.
| | - Elena Predescu
- Department of Neuroscience, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania.
| | - Simona Stefan
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy/International Institute for the Advanced Study of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health, Babeş-Bolyai University, No 37 Republici Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Daniel David
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy/International Institute for the Advanced Study of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health, Babeş-Bolyai University, No 37 Republici Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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26
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Liu L, Liu C, Wang Y, Wang P, Li Y, Li B. Herbal Medicine for Anxiety, Depression and Insomnia. Curr Neuropharmacol 2015; 13:481-93. [PMID: 26412068 PMCID: PMC4790408 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x1304150831122734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence and comorbidity of psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety and insomnia are very common. These well-known forms of psychiatric disorders have been affecting many people from all around the world. Herb alone, as well as herbal formula, is commonly prescribed for the therapies of mental illnesses. Since various adverse events of western medication exist, the number of people who use herbs to benefit their health is increasing. Over the past decades, the exploration in the area of herbal psychopharmacology has received much attention. Literatures showed a variety of herbal mechanisms of action used for the therapy of depression, anxiety and insomnia, involving reuptake of monoamines, affecting neuroreceptor binding and channel transporter activity, modulating neuronal communication or hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis (HPA) etc. Nonetheless, a systematic review on herbal pharmacology in depression, anxiety and insomnia is still lacking. This review has been performed to further identify modes of action of different herbal medicine, and thus provides useful information for the application of herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130024, China
- Life Sciences Institute, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China 130024
| | - Changhong Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130024, China
- Life Sciences Institute, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China 130024
| | - Yicun Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130024, China
- Life Sciences Institute, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China 130024
| | - Pu Wang
- Life Sciences Institute, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China 130024
| | - Yuxin Li
- Life Sciences Institute, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China 130024
| | - Bingjin Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130024, China
- Life Sciences Institute, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China 130024
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27
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The effect of most important medicinal plants on two importnt psychiatric disorders (anxiety and depression)-a review. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2014; 7S1:S34-42. [DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60201-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Revised: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Roohafza H, Shokouh P, Sadeghi M, Alikhassy Z, Sarrafzadegan N. A Possible Role for Pioglitazone in the Management of Depressive Symptoms in Metabolic Syndrome Patients (EPICAMP Study): A Double Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial. INTERNATIONAL SCHOLARLY RESEARCH NOTICES 2014; 2014:697617. [PMID: 27433505 PMCID: PMC4897538 DOI: 10.1155/2014/697617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The present trial aimed to evaluate the effects of pioglitazone on the mental status of nondiabetic metabolic syndrome patients. From 145 patients screened, 104 eligible volunteers (57% female; age 20-70 years) were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive either pioglitazone (uptitrated to 30 mg/day; P = 53) or matching placebo (P = 51) for 24 weeks. Depression and anxiety were quantified using the hospital anxiety and depression scale and stress level using the general health questionnaire 12 at baseline, week 12, and endpoint. Homeostasis model assessment was used to estimate insulin resistance. At week 24, pioglitazone was superior in mitigating depression score (P = 0.011). In trend analysis, the effect of time (P < 0.001) and group (P = 0.023) as well as the time by group interaction (P = 0.032) on the mean depression score was considerable. In contrast, significant decrements in anxiety and stress levels (P < 0.001 and P = 0.012, resp.) were comparable between two groups. With respect to our findings, alterations in depression severity were not correlated with changes in insulin resistance level (P = 0.145). In conclusion, our findings suggest that pioglitazone might be able to improve mood in nondiabetic insulin resistant patients. (Registered at Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry; ACTRN12611000351910.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Roohafza
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Iran
| | - Pedram Shokouh
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Sadeghi
- Isfahan Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Iran
| | - Zahra Alikhassy
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Iran
| | - Nizal Sarrafzadegan
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Iran
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Behavioural screening of zebrafish using neuroactive traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions and biological targets. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5311. [PMID: 24931174 PMCID: PMC4058885 DOI: 10.1038/srep05311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of the therapeutic action of antidepressants remains uncertain in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). In this study, we selected 7 classical TCM prescriptions and utilised an automatic video-tracking system to monitor the rest/wake behaviour of larval zebrafish at 4 days post-fertilisation (dpf) for 48 hours. We found that the curative effects of the prescriptions were dose-dependent. K-means clustering was performed according to the shared behavioural phenotypes of the zebrafish. The results revealed that the rest/wake behavioural profiles induced by the same class of prescriptions were similar. A correlation analysis was conducted between the TCM prescriptions and the known compounds. The results showed that the TCM prescriptions correlated well with some well-known compounds. Therefore, we predicted that they may share a similar mechanism of action. This paper describes the first study to combine TCM research with zebrafish rest/wake behaviour in vivo and presents a powerful approach for the discovery of the mechanism of action of TCM prescriptions.
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Hasselmann HWW. Ketamine as antidepressant? Current state and future perspectives. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 12:57-70. [PMID: 24533016 PMCID: PMC3915350 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x113119990043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a serious mental disorder that ranks among the major causes of disease burden. Standard medical treatment targeting cerebral monoamines often provides only insufficient symptom relief and fails in approximately every fifth patient. The complexity of MDD therefore, reflects more than monoaminergic dysregulation. Initial research argues the case for excessive glutamate levels, suggesting that antiglutamatergic drugs might be useful in treating MDD. Ketamine is a non-selective, high-affinity N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist most commonly used in pediatric and animal surgery. In the past, ketamine has gained popularity because of its ability to rapidly elevate mood, even in treatment-resistant and bipolar depression. However, there are still many obstacles before widespread clinical approval of ketamine treatment could become reality. In this review, ketamine's powerful antidepressant effects are discussed and further research necessary for therapeutic application is outlined. NMDAR antagonists provide an entirely new way of treating the manifold appearances of depression that should not be left unused.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W W Hasselmann
- Research Master Programme Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
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31
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Taupin P. Adult neurogenesis pharmacology in neurological diseases and disorders. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 8:311-20. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.8.2.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Park JS, Ahn HYA. Direct-to-consumer (DTC) antidepressant advertising and consumer misperceptions about the chemical imbalance theory of depression: the moderating role of skepticism. Health Mark Q 2013; 30:362-78. [PMID: 24308414 DOI: 10.1080/07359683.2013.847337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Based on a survey with members of an online consumer panel (N= 699), this study revealed that: (a) a substantial percentage of consumers held misperceptions about the chemical imbalance theory of depression; (b) personal and interpersonal experiences with depression positively related to such misperceptions; (c) overall, exposure to direct-to-consumer (DTC) antidepressant advertising did not significantly relate to misperceptions; and (d) DTC exposure magnified misperceptions when consumers were highly trustful of DTC advertising, whereas exposure diluted misperceptions when consumers were highly skeptical. Theoretical and practical implications of the research are discussed, especially in light of the social responsibility of DTC advertising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Seong Park
- a School of Advertising and Public Relations, University of Tennessee-Knoxville , Knoxville , Tennessee
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33
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Sekiduka-Kumano T, Kawayama T, Ito K, Shoji Y, Matsunaga K, Okamoto M, Edakuni N, Imaoka H, Uchimura N, Hoshino T. Positive association between the plasma levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and the severity of depression in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. BMC Psychiatry 2013; 13:159. [PMID: 23721166 PMCID: PMC3680298 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-13-159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of plasma monoamines in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with depression is unclear. To investigate monoamines in 20 depressed patients with COPD, the plasma concentrations of serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), homovanillic acid, and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) were measured and compared with those in 50 non-depressed COPD patients, and also with 23 age- and gender-matched non-smokers and 13 smokers as non-depressed healthy controls. METHODS Diagnosis of depression was assessed using the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Plasma concentrations of monoamines were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS None of the depressed COPD patients had suicidal ideation. The plasma 5-HIAA level [median, (25% and 75% quartiles)] in depressed COPD patients [6.8 ng/mL, (4.9 and 13.1)] was significantly higher than in non-depressed COPD patients [5.4, (4.2 and 7.5)] (p=0.022) and non-smokers [5.1 (3.8 and 7.2)] (p=0.041), but not smokers [4.7, (4.0 and 6.7)] (p>0.05). The plasma 5-HIAA level (r=0.24, p=0.049) was significantly associated with the severity of depression in patients with COPD. The plasma MHPG level was significantly higher in depressed COPD patients (p=0.043) than in smokers, but was not higher than that in non-depressed COPD patients or non-smokers, although the level of MHPG was not associated with the severity of depression. CONCLUSION The plasma 5-HIAA level is increased in depressed COPD patients. Plasma monoamines may be a good biomarker for detection of depression in patients with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Sekiduka-Kumano
- Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine 1, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Kawayama
- Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine 1, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ito
- Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine 1, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Shoji
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Kazuko Matsunaga
- Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine 1, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Masaki Okamoto
- Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine 1, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Edakuni
- Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine 1, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Haruki Imaoka
- Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine 1, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Naohisa Uchimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Hoshino
- Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine 1, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
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Hendrie C, Pickles A, Stanford SC, Robinson E. The failure of the antidepressant drug discovery process is systemic. J Psychopharmacol 2013; 27:407-13; discussion 413-6. [PMID: 23222042 DOI: 10.1177/0269881112466185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Current antidepressants are crude compared with the ideal and patents on most have expired. There are therefore strong clinical and commercial pressures for new drugs to replace them. The prospects for this are, however, now markedly reduced as several major pharmaceutical companies have abandoned work in this area whilst many others have sharply decreased their research investment. These changes and the lack of progress over such a long period are indicative of a catastrophic systems failure which, it is argued, has been caused in large part by a logical flaw at the animal modelling stage. This tautology has served to lock the current antidepressant drug discovery process into an iterative loop capable only of producing further variations of that which has gone before. Drugs produced by this approach have proved to be only poorly effective in the context of the clinically depressed population as a whole. Hence, the inevitable failure of the current antidepressant drug discovery process has left little behind that can be salvaged. Therefore, it is suggested that this be urgently reformulated on more rational grounds using more appropriate species in new animal models based upon a thorough understanding of the behavioural expressions of depression in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Hendrie
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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35
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Walker FR. A critical review of the mechanism of action for the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: do these drugs possess anti-inflammatory properties and how relevant is this in the treatment of depression? Neuropharmacology 2012; 67:304-17. [PMID: 23085335 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most widely prescribed pharmacological treatment for depression. Since their introduction many have considered the primary mechanism by which the SSRIs produced therapeutic improvement in depression is their effect on monoaminergic signalling. In recent years, however, the credibility of the monoamine theory and the therapeutic efficacy of these compounds in the treatment of depression has been extensively criticized. In the current review the legitimacy of these criticisms is critically examined, in many instances the evidence base used to support these criticisms is found to be weak. Nevertheless, the apparent 'failure' of the monoamine theory has been of benefit in motivating research into alternative mechanisms through which the SSRIs may act. Given research demonstrating that depressive symptoms are intimately linked with disturbances in pro-inflammatory signalling, perhaps the most promising discovery has been the realisation that SSRIs posses significant anti-inflammatory properties. These recent findings are discussed and contextualised with respect to the neurogenic, neurotrophic and gluatamatergic effects that these drugs also possess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Rohan Walker
- Laboratory of Affective Neuroscience and Neuroimmunology, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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Cottingham C, Wang Q. α2 adrenergic receptor dysregulation in depressive disorders: implications for the neurobiology of depression and antidepressant therapy. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:2214-25. [PMID: 22910678 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction in noradrenergic neurotransmission has long been theorized to occur in depressive disorders. The α2 adrenergic receptor (AR) family, as a group of key players in regulating the noradrenergic system, has been investigated for involvement in the neurobiology of depression and mechanisms of antidepressant therapies. However, a clear picture of the α2ARs in depressive disorders has not been established due to the existence of apparently conflicting findings in the literature. In this article, we report that a careful accounting of methodological differences within the literature can resolve the present lack of consensus on involvement of α2ARs in depression. In particular, the pharmacological properties of the radioligand (e.g. agonist versus antagonist) utilized for determining receptor density are crucial in determining study outcome. Upregulation of α2AR density detected by radiolabeled agonists but not by antagonists in patients with depressive disorders suggests a selective increase in the density of high-affinity conformational state α2ARs, which is indicative of enhanced G protein coupling to the receptor. Importantly, this high-affinity state α2AR upregulation can be normalized with antidepressant treatments. Thus, depressive disorders appear to be associated with increased α2AR sensitivity and responsiveness, which may represent a physiological basis for the putative noradrenergic dysfunction in depressive disorders. In addition, we review changes in some key α2AR accessory proteins in depressive disorders and discuss their potential contribution to α2AR dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Cottingham
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Lake J, Helgason C, Sarris J. Integrative Mental Health (IMH): paradigm, research, and clinical practice. Explore (NY) 2012; 8:50-7. [PMID: 22225934 DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the rapidly evolving paradigm of "Integrative Mental Health (IMH)." The paradigm of contemporary biomedical psychiatry and its contrast to non-allopathic systems of medicine is initially reviewed, followed by an exploration of the emerging paradigm of IMH, which aims to reconcile the bio-psycho-socio-spiritual model with evidence-based methods from traditional healing practices. IMH is rapidly transforming conventional understandings of mental illness and has significant positive implications for the day-to-day practice of mental health care. IMH incorporates mainstream interventions such as pharmacologic treatments, psychotherapy, and psychosocial interventions, as well as alternative therapies such as acupuncture, herbal and nutritional medicine, dietary modification, meditation, etc. Two recent international conferences in Europe and the United States show that interest in integrative mental health care is growing rapidly. In response, the International Network of Integrative Mental Health (INIMH: www.INIMH.org) was established in 2010 with the objective of creating an international network of clinicians, researchers, and public health advocates to advance a global agenda for research, education, and clinical practice of evidence-based integrative mental health care. The paper concludes with a discussion of emerging opportunities for research in IMH, and an exploration of potential clinical applications of integrative mental health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Lake
- Arizona Center for Integrative Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Fattahi A, Lis L, Tehrani ZA, Marimanikkuppam SS, Kass SR. Experimental and Computational Bridgehead C–H Bond Dissociation Enthalpies. J Org Chem 2012; 77:1909-14. [DOI: 10.1021/jo202519w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Fattahi
- Department
of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lev Lis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455,
United States
| | - Zahra A. Tehrani
- Department
of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Steven R. Kass
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455,
United States
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Cates ME, Wensel TM, Waldrop BA, Iranikhah MM. Antidepressant Pharmacology: Introduction for the Pharmacy Technician. J Pharm Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/875512251202800105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To review the pharmacology of antidepressants and describe clinical applications of antidepressants in the treatment of depression. Data Sources: A MEDLINE/PubMed search (1995–July 2011) was conducted for English-language articles using the terms pharmacology, antidepressant, tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, venlafaxine, desvenlafaxine, duloxetine, bupropion, trazodone, nefazodone, mirtazapine, vilazodone, efficacy, adverse effects, and drug interactions. Book chapters related to the pharmacology of antidepressants were also searched. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Articles and book chapters relevant to the pharmacology of antidepressants were reviewed. Data Synthesis: Antidepressants exert pharmacologic actions via enzyme inhibition, reuptake inhibition, receptor antagonism, and receptor partial agonism. These actions can cause both therapeutic and adverse effects. Each antidepressant possesses a unique blend of pharmacologic actions, which helps to differentiate antidepressants and aids in the understanding of their particular efficacy profiles, adverse effect profiles, and pharmacodynamic drug interaction profiles. Conclusions: There are important clinical applications of the pharmacologic properties of antidepressants. Gaining familiarity with antidepressant pharmacology will enable the pharmacy technician to develop a more thorough understanding of the drug class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall E Cates
- MARSHALL E CATES PharmD BCPP FASHP, Professor, Department of Pharmacy Practice, McWhorter School of Pharmacy, Samford University, Birmingham, AL
| | - Terri M Wensel
- TERRI M WENSEL PharmD BCPS, Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy Practice, McWhorter School of Pharmacy, Samford University
| | - Bruce A Waldrop
- BRUCE A WALDROP BSPharm PhD, Associate Professor and Chair, Department of Pharmaceutical, Social and Administrative Sciences, McWhorter School of Pharmacy, Samford University
| | - Maryam M Iranikhah
- MARYAM M IRANIKHAH PharmD, Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy Practice, McWhorter School of Pharmacy, Samford University
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Herbal medicine for depression, anxiety and insomnia: a review of psychopharmacology and clinical evidence. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2011; 21:841-60. [PMID: 21601431 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Research in the area of herbal psychopharmacology has increased markedly over the past decades. To date however, a comprehensive review of herbal antidepressant, anxiolytic and hypnotic psychopharmacology and applications in depression, anxiety and insomnia has been absent. A search of MEDLINE (PubMed), CINAHL, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Library databases was conducted (up to February 21st 2011) on commonly used psychotropic herbal medicines. A review of the literature was conducted to ascertain mechanisms of action of these botanicals, in addition to a systematic review of controlled clinical trials for treatment of mood, anxiety and sleep disorders, which are common comorbid psychiatric disorders. Specific emphasis was given to emerging phytomedicines. Analysis of evidence levels was conducted, as were effect sizes (Cohen's d) where data were available. Results provided evidence of a range of neurochemical, endocrinological, and epigenetic effects for 21 individual phytomedicines, which are detailed in this paper. Sixty six controlled studies were located involving eleven phytomedicines. Several of these provide a high level of evidence, such as Hypericum perforatum for major depression, and Piper methysticum for anxiety disorders. Several human clinical trials provide preliminary positive evidence of antidepressant effects (Echium amoenum, Crocus sativus, and Rhodiola rosea) and anxiolytic activity (Matricaria recutita, Ginkgo biloba, Passiflora incanata, E. amoenum, and Scutellaria lateriflora). Caution should however be taken when interpreting the results as many studies have not been replicated. Several herbal medicines with in vitro and in vivo evidence are currently unexplored in human studies, and along with use of emerging genetic technologies "herbomics", are areas of potential future research.
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Arylpiperazine-containing pyrimidine 4-carboxamide derivatives targeting serotonin 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, and the serotonin transporter as a potential antidepressant. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:6439-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.09.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Beneficial Effects of Tianeptine on Hippocampus-Dependent Long-Term Memory and Stress-Induced Alterations of Brain Structure and Function. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010. [PMCID: PMC4034085 DOI: 10.3390/ph3103143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tianeptine is a well-described antidepressant which has been shown to prevent stress from producing deleterious effects on brain structure and function. Preclinical studies have shown that tianeptine blocks stress-induced alterations of neuronal morphology and synaptic plasticity. Moreover, tianeptine prevents stress from impairing learning and memory, and, importantly, demonstrates memory-enhancing properties in the absence of stress. Recent research has indicated that tianeptine works by normalizing glutamatergic neurotransmission, a mechanism of action that may underlie its effectiveness as an antidepressant. These findings emphasize the value in focusing on the mechanisms of action of tianeptine, and specifically, the glutamatergic system, in the development of novel pharmacotherapeutic strategies in the treatment of depression.
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Zoladz PR, Park CR, Muñoz C, Fleshner M, Diamond DM. Tianeptine: an antidepressant with memory-protective properties. Curr Neuropharmacol 2010; 6:311-21. [PMID: 19587852 PMCID: PMC2701287 DOI: 10.2174/157015908787386096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Revised: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of effective pharmacotherapy for major depression is important because it is such a widespread and debilitating mental disorder. Here, we have reviewed preclinical and clinical studies on tianeptine, an atypical antidepressant which ameliorates the adverse effects of stress on brain and memory. In animal studies, tianeptine has been shown to prevent stress-induced morphological sequelae in the hippocampus and amygdala, as well as to prevent stress from impairing synaptic plasticity in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Tianeptine also has memory-protective characteristics, as it blocks the adverse effects of stress on hippocampus-dependent learning and memory. We have further extended the findings on stress, memory and tianeptine here with two novel observations: 1) stress impairs spatial memory in adrenalectomized (ADX), thereby corticosterone-depleted, rats; and 2) the stress-induced impairment of memory in ADX rats is blocked by tianeptine. These findings are consistent with previous research which indicates that tianeptine produces anti-stress and memory-protective properties without altering the response of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to stress. We conclude with a discussion of findings which indicate that tianeptine accomplishes its anti-stress effects by normalizing stress-induced increases in glutamate in the hippocampus and amygdala. This finding is potentially relevant to recent research which indicates that abnormalities in glutamatergic neurotransmission are involved in the pathogenesis of depression. Ultimately, tianeptine’s prevention of depression-induced sequelae in the brain is likely to be a primary factor in its effectiveness as a pharmacological treatment for depression.
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Gudmundsson P, Skoog I, Waern M, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Rosengren L, Gustafson D. Is there a CSF biomarker profile related to depression in elderly women? Psychiatry Res 2010; 176:174-8. [PMID: 20132991 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2008.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2007] [Revised: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In light of our previous observation of higher levels of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid beta-42 (Abeta42) and CSF/serum albumin ratio in major depressive disorder (MDD), we analyzed two additional CSF biomarkers reflecting neurodegeneration-neurofilament protein light (NFL) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAp)-in relationship to prevalent geriatric depression. Neuropsychiatric, physical, and lumbar puncture examinations, with DSM-III-R-based depression diagnoses and measurement of CSF levels of NFL and GFAp, were evaluated among a population-based sample of 78 elderly women (mean age, 73.9+/-3.2 years) without dementia for at least 10 years after CSF collection. Eleven (13.1%) women had MDD, and higher levels of NFL compared with women without depression. A multivariate model including age, NFL, Abeta42 and the CSF/serum albumin ratio showed that each biomarker was independently and positively associated with MDD, and that this biomarker profile explained more variation in the model compared with single or combined biomarkers. A CSF profile with higher levels of NFL, Abeta42, and CSF/serum albumin ratio may indicate neuropathological and vascular events in depression etiology. This contrasts with the well-characterized pattern of low Abeta42, higher CSF/serum albumin ratio, and higher NFL in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Gudmundsson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Section for Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Nencetti S, Demontis GC, Mazzoni MR, Betti L, Banti I, Rossello A, Lapucci A. 3-[(aryl)(4-fluorobenzyloxy)methyl]piperidine derivatives: high-affinity ligands for the serotonin transporter. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 59:1439-45. [PMID: 17910821 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.59.10.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The structural requirements for high-affinity binding at the serotonin transporter (SERT) have been investigated through the preparation of some 3-[(aryl)(4-fluorobenzyloxy)methyl]piperidine derivatives. The affinity of synthesised piperidinic compounds (1–4) at the SERT was evaluated by displacement of [3H]-paroxetine binding. Derived inhibition constant (Ki) values were in the same order of magnitude as that of fluoxetine, ranging between 2 and 400 nm. To better define the profiles of these compounds as potential antidepressants, binding affinity for 5-HT1A receptors and α2-adrenoceptors was also investigated by competition experiments using [3H]8-hydroxy-2-(dipropylamino)tetralin ([3H]8-OH-DPAT) and [3H]rauwolscine as radiolabelled ligands, respectively. Inhibition data indicate that compounds 1–4 possess a very weak affinity for these receptors. The high affinity of compound 1 for SERT indicates that it is worth investigating further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Nencetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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Magee CA, Huang XF, Iverson DC, Caputi P. Examining the pathways linking chronic sleep restriction to obesity. J Obes 2010; 2010:821710. [PMID: 20798899 PMCID: PMC2925323 DOI: 10.1155/2010/821710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing number of studies have identified chronic sleep restriction as a potential risk factor for obesity. This could have important implications for how obesity is prevented and managed, but current understanding of the processes linking chronic sleep restriction to obesity is incomplete. In this paper, we examined some of the pathways that could underlie the relationship between chronic sleep restriction and obesity. This involved exploring some of the potential environmental, health, behavioral, and sociodemographic determinants of chronic sleep restriction, which require further investigation in this context. Three pathways that could potentially link chronic sleep restriction to obesity were then examined: (1) altered neuroendocrine and metabolic function, (2) impaired glucose regulation, and (3) waking behavior. The selected pathways linking chronic sleep restriction to obesity reviewed in this paper are presented in a schematic representation; this may be used to guide future research in this area. This area of research is important because it may lead to more effective interventions and strategies to combat the present obesity epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Magee
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- *Christopher A. Magee:
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- School of Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Donald C. Iverson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Peter Caputi
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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Golan M, Schreiber G, Avissar S. Antidepressants increase β-arrestin 2 ubiquitinylation and degradation by the proteasomal pathway in C6 rat glioma cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 332:970-6. [PMID: 19996297 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.160218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
beta-Arrestins, regulators of G protein-coupled receptor-G protein coupling and receptor desensitization and internalization, function also as scaffolding proteins mediating cellular signaling events. beta-Arrestin1 was previously implicated by us in the pathophysiology of depression and in the mechanism of action of antidepressants (ADs). The ubiquitously expressed beta-arrestins1 and 2 are structurally highly homologous. There has been extensive investigation of these two proteins to determine whether they serve different roles in receptor signaling. In this study, we show that treatment of C(6) rat glioma cells with ADs of various types for 3 days resulted in decreased beta-arrestin2 levels. In contrast, beta-arrestin2 mRNA expression was found to be up-regulated by ADs. To unravel the mechanism for these opposite effects several possible beta-arrestin2 post-transcriptional events and modifications were examined. C(6) rat glioma cells transfected with beta-arrestin1-targeted short hairpin RNA showed similar effects of ADs on beta-arrestin2 levels. AD-induced decreases in beta-arrestin2 protein levels were not due to cytosolic membrane translocation. Immunoprecipitation experiments showed that ADs were able to increase coimmunoprecipitation of ubiquitin with beta-arrestin2. AD-induced increases in beta-arrestin2 ubiquitinylation led to its degradation by the proteasomal pathway, as the proteasome inhibitor N-[(phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]-l-leucyl-N-[(1S)-1-formyl-3-methylbutyl]-l-leucinamide (MG-132) prevented antidepressant-induced decreases in beta-arrestin2 protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moran Golan
- Department of Pharmacology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer Sheva, Israel 84105
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Sarris J, Kavanagh DJ. Kava and St. John's Wort: current evidence for use in mood and anxiety disorders. J Altern Complement Med 2009; 15:827-36. [PMID: 19614563 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2009.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mood and anxiety disorders pose significant health burdens on the community. Kava and St. John's wort (SJW) are the most commonly used herbal medicines in the treatment of anxiety and depressive disorders, respectively. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to conduct a comprehensive review of kava and SJW, to review any evidence of efficacy, mode of action, pharmacokinetics, safety and use in major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, seasonal affective disorder (SAD), generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia (SP), panic disorder (PD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHODS A systematic review was conducted using the electronic databases MEDLINE, CINAHL, and The Cochrane Library during late 2008. The search criteria involved mood and anxiety disorder search terms in combination with kava, Piper methysticum, kavalactones, St. John's wort, Hypericum perforatum, hypericin, and hyperforin. Additional search criteria for safety, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics were employed. A subsequent forward search was conducted of the papers using Web of Science cited reference search. RESULTS Current evidence supports the use of SJW in treating mild-moderate depression, and for kava in treatment of generalized anxiety. In respect to the other disorders, only weak preliminary evidence exists for use of SJW in SAD. Currently there is no published human trial on use of kava in affective disorders, or in OCD, PTSD, PD, or SP. These disorders constitute potential applications that warrant exploration. CONCLUSIONS Current evidence for herbal medicines in the treatment of depression and anxiety only supports the use of Hypericum perforatum for depression, and Piper methysticum for generalized anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Sarris
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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The antidepressant venlafaxine ameliorates murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2009; 12:525-36. [PMID: 18922202 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145708009425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Antidepressants are known to impact on the immune system. In this study, we examined the immunomodulatory properties of venlafaxine, a selective serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), in murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a T-cell-mediated CNS demyelinating disease model of multiple sclerosis. EAE was induced in SJL/J mice by adoptive transfer of myelin-specific T cells. Mice received different doses of venlafaxine before induction and after onset of disease. Sustained daily oral treatment with 6, 20 and 60 mg/kg significantly ameliorated the clinical symptoms of the disease compared to vehicle during both preventive and therapeutic intervention. Venlafaxine suppressed the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-12 p40, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma in encephalitogenic T-cell clones, splenocytes and peritoneal macrophages in vitro. It also diminished mRNA expression of a number of inflammatory genes in the inflamed CNS tissue, among them CD3, CD8, Granzyme B, IL-12 p40, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and the chemokines Ccl2 and RANTES, whereas the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor was increased. These findings demonstrate the strong immunomodulatory property of the selective SNRI venlafaxine. Further studies are warranted to clarify whether venlafaxine may exert similar effects in humans.
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