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Gordon H, Rodger B, Lindsay JO, Stagg AJ. Recruitment and Residence of Intestinal T Cells - Lessons for Therapy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2023; 17:1326-1341. [PMID: 36806613 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjad027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Targeting leukocyte trafficking in the management of inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] has been a significant therapeutic advance over the past 15 years. However, as with other advanced therapies, phase III clinical trials report response to trafficking inhibitors in only a proportion of patients, with fewer achieving clinical remission or mucosal healing. Additionally, there have been significant side effects, most notably progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in association with the α4 inhibitor natalizumab. This article reviews the mechanisms underpinning T cell recruitment and residence, to provide a background from which the strength and limitations of agents that disrupt leukocyte trafficking can be further explored. The therapeutic impact of trafficking inhibitors is underpinned by the complexity and plasticity of the intestinal immune response. Pathways essential for gut homing in health may be bypassed in the inflamed gut, thus providing alternative routes of entry when conventional homing molecules are targeted. Furthermore, there is conservation of trafficking architecture between proinflammatory and regulatory T cells. The persistence of resident memory cells within the gut gives rise to local established pro-inflammatory populations, uninfluenced by inhibition of trafficking. Finally, trafficking inhibitors may give rise to effects beyond the intended response, such as the impact of vedolizumab on innate immunity, as well as on target side effects. With significant research efforts into predictive biomarkers already underway, it is ultimately hoped that a better understanding of trafficking and residence will help us predict which patients are most likely to respond to inhibition of leukocyte trafficking, and how best to combine therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Gordon
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Barts & The London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Department of Gastroenterology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Beverley Rodger
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Barts & The London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - James O Lindsay
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Barts & The London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Department of Gastroenterology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Andrew J Stagg
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Barts & The London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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2
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Gao W, Wang Y, Bi J, Chen X, Li N, Wang Y, Tang H, Mao J. Impaired CCR9/CCL25 signalling induced by inefficient dendritic cells contributes to intestinal immune imbalance in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 534:34-40. [PMID: 33310185 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal crosstalk between gut immune and the liver was involved in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Mice with methionine choline-deficient (MCD) diet-induced NASH presented an imbalance of pro-(IL-6 and IFN-γ) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10) in the intestine. We also clarified that the ratio of CD4+ T cells and found that the NASH mesenteric lymph node (MLN) presents decreased numbers of CD4+Th17 cells but increased numbers of CD4+CD8+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). Furthermore, the intestinal immune imbalance in NASH was attributed to impaired gut chemokine receptor 9 (CCR9)/chemokine ligand 25 (CCL25) signalling, which is a crucial pathway for immune cell homing in the gut. We also demonstrated that CD4+CCR9+ T cell homing was dependent on CCL25 and that the numbers and migration abilities of CD4+CCR9+ T cells were reduced in NASH. Interestingly, the analysis of dendritic cell (DC) subsets showed that the numbers and retinal dehydrogenase (RALDH) activity of CD103+CD11b+ DCs were decreased and that the ability of these cells to upregulate CD4+ T cell CCR9 expression was damaged in NASH. Taken together, impaired intestinal CCR9/CCL25 signalling induced by CD103+CD11b+ DC dysfunction contributes to the gut immune imbalance observed in NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yufen Wang
- Department of GI Endoscopy, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jian Bi
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiuli Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yingde Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Haiying Tang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Jingwei Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
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3
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Arranz E, De Prado Á, Fiz-López A, Arribas E, Garrote JA, Bernardo D. Human intestinal dendritic cell and macrophage subsets in coeliac disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 358:85-104. [PMID: 33707058 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages (Mϕ) constitute the most abundant antigen presenting cells in the human intestinal mucosa. In resting conditions, they are essential to maintain the mechanisms of immune tolerance toward food antigens and commensals, at the time that they keep the capacity to initiate and maintain antigen-specific pro-inflammatory immune responses toward invading pathogens. Nevertheless, this delicate equilibrium between immunity and tolerance is not perfect, like in coeliac disease (CD), where DC and Mϕ drive the development of antigen-specific immune responses toward dietary gluten peptides. In this review, we provide therefore a comprehensive discussion about CD pathogenesis, the human intestinal immune system and the biology of intestinal DC and Mϕ both in resting conditions and in CD. Last, but not least, we discuss about all the remaining issues pending to be studied regarding DC and Mϕ contribution toward CD pathogenesis. This may allow the identification of unique and specific factors which may be useful in the clinical practice, as well as identify new therapeutic targets in order to reestablish the loss intestinal homeostasis in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Arranz
- Mucosal Immunology Lab. Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ángel De Prado
- Mucosal Immunology Lab. Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Aida Fiz-López
- Mucosal Immunology Lab. Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Elisa Arribas
- Mucosal Immunology Lab. Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
| | - José A Garrote
- Mucosal Immunology Lab. Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC, Valladolid, Spain; Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, Valladolid, Spain
| | - David Bernardo
- Mucosal Immunology Lab. Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC, Valladolid, Spain.
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4
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Scott NA, Mann ER. Regulation of mononuclear phagocyte function by the microbiota at mucosal sites. Immunology 2020; 159:26-38. [PMID: 31777068 PMCID: PMC6904663 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal tissues contain distinct microbial communities that differ drastically depending on the barrier site, and as such, mucosal immune responses have evolved to be tailored specifically for their location. Whether protective or regulatory immune responses against invading pathogens or the commensal microbiota occur is controlled by local mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs). Comprising macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), the functions of these cells are highly dependent on the local environment. For example, the intestine contains the greatest bacterial load of any site in the body, and hence, intestinal MNPs are hyporesponsive to bacterial stimulation. This is thought to be one of the major mechanisms by which harmful immune responses directed against the trillions of harmless bacteria that line the gut lumen are avoided. Regulation of MNP function by the microbiota has been characterized in the most depth in the intestine but there are several mucosal sites that also contain their own microbiota. In this review, we present an overview of how MNP function is regulated by the microbiota at mucosal sites, highlighting recent novel pathways by which this occurs in the intestine, and new studies elucidating these interactions at mucosal sites that have been characterized in less depth, including the urogenital tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Scott
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and InflammationUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation ResearchFaculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthManchester Academic Health Science CentreUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Elizabeth R. Mann
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and InflammationUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation ResearchFaculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthManchester Academic Health Science CentreUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
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5
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Mehrzad J, Bahari A, Bassami MR, Mahmoudi M, Dehghani H. Immunobiologically relevant level of aflatoxin B1 alters transcription of key functional immune genes, phagocytosis and survival of human dendritic cells. Immunol Lett 2018; 197:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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6
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Bernardo D, Chaparro M, Gisbert JP. Human Intestinal Dendritic Cells in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1700931. [PMID: 29336524 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is a serious, costly, and persistent health problem with an estimated prevalence in Western countries around 0.5% of the general population; its socioeconomic impact is comparable with that for chronic diseases such as diabetes. Conventional treatment involves escalating drug regimens with concomitant side effects followed, in some cases, by surgical interventions, which are often multiple, mainly in Crohn's disease. The goal of finding a targeted gut-specific immunotherapy for IBD patients is therefore an important unmet need. However, to achieve this goal we first must understand how dendritic cells (DC), the most potent antigen present cells of the immune system, control the immune tolerance in the gastrointestinal tract and how their properties are altered in those patients suffering from IBD. In this review, we summarize the current available information regarding human intestinal DC subsets composition, phenotype, and function in the human gastrointestinal tract describing how, in the IBD mucosa, DC display pro-inflammatory properties, which drive disease progression. A better understanding of the mechanisms inducing DC abnormal profile in IBD may provide us with novel tools to perform tissue specific immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bernardo
- Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Chaparro
- Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier P Gisbert
- Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
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7
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Qiang Y, Xu J, Yan C, Jin H, Xiao T, Yan N, Zhou L, An H, Zhou X, Shao Q, Xia S. Butyrate and retinoic acid imprint mucosal-like dendritic cell development synergistically from bone marrow cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 189:290-297. [PMID: 28542882 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating data show that the phenotypes and functions of distinctive mucosal dendritic cells (DCs) in the gut are regulated by retinoic acid (RA). Unfortunately, the exact role of butyrate in RA-mediated mucosal DC differentiation has not been elucidated thoroughly to date. Mucosal-like dendritic cell differentiation was completed in vitro by culturing bone marrow cells with growth factors [granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF/interleukin (IL)-4], RA and/or butyrate. The phenotypes, cytokine secretion, immune functions and levels of retinal dehydrogenase of different DCs were detected using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and flow cytometry, respectively. The results showed that RA-induced DCs (RA-DCs) showed mucosal DC properties, including expression of CD103 and gut homing receptor α4 β7 , low proinflammatory cytokine secretion and low priming capability to antigen-specific CD4+ T cells. Butyrate-treated RA-DCs (Bu-RA-DCs) decreased CD11c, but increased CD103 and α4 β7 expression. Moreover, the CD4+ T priming capability and the levels of retinal dehydrogenase of RA-DCs were suppressed significantly by butyrate. Thus, butyrate and retinoic acid have different but synergistic regulatory functions on mucosal DC differentiation, indicating that immune homeostasis in the gut depends largely upon RA and butyrate to imprint different mucosal DC subsets, both individually and collectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Qiang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Clinic Laboratory Diagnosis, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second People's Hospital of Changzhou Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - J Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Clinic Laboratory Diagnosis, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - C Yan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Clinic Laboratory Diagnosis, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - H Jin
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Clinic Laboratory Diagnosis, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - T Xiao
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Clinic Laboratory Diagnosis, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - N Yan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Clinic Laboratory Diagnosis, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - L Zhou
- Institute of Clinic Laboratory Diagnosis, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - H An
- Cancer Institute, Institute of Translational Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - X Zhou
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Q Shao
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Clinic Laboratory Diagnosis, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - S Xia
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Clinic Laboratory Diagnosis, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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8
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Schrøder M, Melum GR, Landsverk OJB, Bujko A, Yaqub S, Gran E, Aamodt H, Bækkevold ES, Jahnsen FL, Richter L. CD1c-Expression by Monocytes - Implications for the Use of Commercial CD1c+ Dendritic Cell Isolation Kits. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157387. [PMID: 27311059 PMCID: PMC4911075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) comprise a heterogeneous population of cells that are important regulators of immunity and homeostasis. CD1c+ cDCs are present in human blood and tissues, and found to efficiently activate naïve CD4+ T cells. While CD1c is thought to specifically identify this subset of human cDCs, we show here that also classical and intermediate monocytes express CD1c. Accordingly, the commercial CD1c (BDCA-1)+ Dendritic Cell Isolation Kit isolates two distinct cell populations from blood: CD1c+CD14− cDCs and CD1c+CD14+ monocytes. CD1c+ cDCs and CD1c+ monocytes exhibited strikingly different properties, including their differential regulation of surface marker expression, their levels of cytokine production, and their ability to stimulate naïve CD4+ T cells. These results demonstrate that a commercial CD1c (BDCA-1)+ Dendritic Cell Isolation Kit isolates two functionally different cell populations, which has important implications for the interpretation of previously generated data using this kit to characterize CD1c+ cDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Schrøder
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Ole J. B. Landsverk
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna Bujko
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sheraz Yaqub
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Einar Gran
- Department of Otolaryngology, Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Henrik Aamodt
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Tumor Immunology Group, Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen S. Bækkevold
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Frode L. Jahnsen
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lisa Richter
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
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9
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic, antigen-presenting cells (DCs) determine not only whether lymphocytes produce different types of immune response but also tissue-homing profiles of lymphocytes they stimulate. For example, in health, mucosal DC stimulate T cells focused to home to the mucosa; DC/T-cell circuitry thus targets immune responses to specific tissue locations. Therapies being introduced for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) include antibodies to gut-homing molecules such as α4β7 (Vedolizumab) used ostensibly to block gut-homing lymphocytes. However, such lymphocytes are dependent on the tissue specificity of DC that stimulated them. KEY MESSAGES In health, blood DCs have the potential to home to multiple tissues including gut (α4β7+) and skin (CLA+). DCs have become gut-specific within the intestinal microenvironment stimulated partially by local retinoid to express α4β7 (mucosal homing marker) and/or CCR9 (ileal homing marker) in the absence of skin-specific indicators. They spread veiled extensions, sample their environment, acquire/process antigens, produce cytokines and initiate innate immunity. Myeloid DC also traffic to draining lymph nodes where compartmentalization of adaptive immune responses is determined by DCs from the site of antigen exposure which dictate the homing profiles of lymphocytes they stimulate. In IBD, site and activity of disease are reflected in changes in homing/activation of gut DCs and T-cells they stimulate and also, in greater gut specificity and activation of blood DC. Homing potential of DC can be modulated toward mucosa or skin by vitamins A and D, respectively. Infliximab or interleukin-6 can divert homing profiles toward skin, perhaps predisposing to skin involvement in IBD. Probiotic bacteria or their products can also change homing profiles of gut DC toward skin homing and away from gut. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, development of gut focused inflammation and its treatment relies on changes in DC tissue specificity; therefore, removal or diversion of gut-homing DC as well as T-cells is likely to be critical in prevention of gut-focused inflammation in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella C. Knight
- Imperial College London, Antigen Presentation Research Group, London, UK
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10
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Comino I, Bernardo D, Bancel E, de Lourdes Moreno M, Sánchez B, Barro F, Šuligoj T, Ciclitira PJ, Cebolla Á, Knight SC, Branlard G, Sousa C. Identification and molecular characterization of oat peptides implicated on coeliac immune response. Food Nutr Res 2016; 60:30324. [PMID: 26853779 PMCID: PMC4744869 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v60.30324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oats provide important nutritional and pharmacological properties, although their safety in coeliac patients remains controversial. Previous studies have confirmed that the reactivity of the anti-33-mer monoclonal antibody with different oat varieties is proportional to the immune responses in terms of T-cell proliferation. Although the impact of these varieties on the adaptive response has been studied, the role of the dendritic cells (DC) is still poorly understood. The aim of this study is to characterize different oat fractions and to study their effect on DC from coeliac patients. METHODS AND RESULTS Protein fractions were isolated from oat grains and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Several proteins were characterized in the prolamin fraction using immunological and proteomic tools, and by Nano-LC-MS/MS. These proteins, analogous to α- and γ-gliadin-like, showed reactive sequences to anti-33-mer antibody suggesting their immunogenic potential. That was further confirmed as some of the newly identified oat peptides had a differential stimulatory capacity on circulating DC from coeliac patients compared with healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS This is the first time, to our knowledge, where newly identified oat peptides have been shown to elicit a differential stimulatory capacity on circulating DC obtained from coeliac patients, potentially identifying immunogenic properties of these oat peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Comino
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - David Bernardo
- Gastroenterology Unit, Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London & St Mark's Hospital, Harrow, United Kingdom.,Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María de Lourdes Moreno
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Borja Sánchez
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Food Science and Technology Faculty, University of Vigo-Ourense Campus, Ourense, Spain
| | | | - Tanja Šuligoj
- Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, Gastroenterology, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J Ciclitira
- Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, Gastroenterology, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stella C Knight
- Gastroenterology Unit, Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London & St Mark's Hospital, Harrow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Carolina Sousa
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain;
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11
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Mann ER, Bernardo D, English NR, Landy J, Al-Hassi HO, Peake STC, Man R, Elliott TR, Spranger H, Lee GH, Parian A, Brant SR, Lazarev M, Hart AL, Li X, Knight SC. Compartment-specific immunity in the human gut: properties and functions of dendritic cells in the colon versus the ileum. Gut 2016; 65:256-70. [PMID: 25666191 PMCID: PMC4530083 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dendritic cells (DC) mediate intestinal immune tolerance. Despite striking differences between the colon and the ileum both in function and bacterial load, few studies distinguish between properties of immune cells in these compartments. Furthermore, information of gut DC in humans is scarce. We aimed to characterise human colonic versus ileal DC. DESIGN Human DC from paired colonic and ileal samples were characterised by flow cytometry, electron microscopy or used to stimulate T cell responses in a mixed leucocyte reaction. RESULTS A lower proportion of colonic DC produced pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin (IL)-1β) compared with their ileal counterparts and exhibited an enhanced ability to generate CD4(+)FoxP3(+)IL-10(+) (regulatory) T cells. There were enhanced proportions of CD103(+)Sirpα(-) DC in the colon, with increased proportions of CD103(+)Sirpα(+) DC in the ileum. A greater proportion of colonic DC subsets analysed expressed the lymph-node-homing marker CCR7, alongside enhanced endocytic capacity, which was most striking in CD103(+)Sirpα(+) DC. Expression of the inhibitory receptor ILT3 was enhanced on colonic DC. Interestingly, endocytic capacity was associated with CD103(+) DC, in particular CD103(+)Sirpα(+) DC. However, expression of ILT3 was associated with CD103(-) DC. Colonic and ileal DC differentially expressed skin-homing marker CCR4 and small-bowel-homing marker CCR9, respectively, and this corresponded to their ability to imprint these homing markers on T cells. CONCLUSIONS The regulatory properties of colonic DC may represent an evolutionary adaptation to the greater bacterial load in the colon. The colon and the ileum should be regarded as separate entities, each comprising DC with distinct roles in mucosal immunity and imprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Mann
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, Harrow, UK,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David Bernardo
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, Harrow, UK
| | - Nicholas R English
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, Harrow, UK
| | - Jon Landy
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, Harrow, UK,St. Mark's Hospital, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, Harrow, UK
| | - Hafid O Al-Hassi
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, Harrow, UK
| | - Simon TC Peake
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, Harrow, UK,St. Mark's Hospital, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, Harrow, UK
| | - Ripple Man
- St. Mark's Hospital, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, Harrow, UK
| | - Timothy R Elliott
- St. Mark's Hospital, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, Harrow, UK
| | - Henning Spranger
- St. Mark's Hospital, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, Harrow, UK
| | - Gui Han Lee
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, Harrow, UK
| | - Alyssa Parian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven R Brant
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark Lazarev
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ailsa L Hart
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, Harrow, UK,St. Mark's Hospital, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, Harrow, UK
| | - Xuhang Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stella C Knight
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, Harrow, UK
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Bernardo D, Durant L, Mann ER, Bassity E, Montalvillo E, Man R, Vora R, Reddi D, Bayiroglu F, Fernández-Salazar L, English NR, Peake ST, Landy J, Lee GH, Malietzis G, Siaw YH, Murugananthan AU, Hendy P, Sánchez-Recio E, Phillips RK, Garrote JA, Scott P, Parkhill J, Paulsen M, Hart AL, Al-Hassi HO, Arranz E, Walker AW, Carding SR, Knight SC. Chemokine (C-C Motif) Receptor 2 Mediates Dendritic Cell Recruitment to the Human Colon but Is Not Responsible for Differences Observed in Dendritic Cell Subsets, Phenotype, and Function Between the Proximal and Distal Colon. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 2:22-39.e5. [PMID: 26866054 PMCID: PMC4705905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Most knowledge about gastrointestinal (GI)-tract dendritic cells (DC) relies on murine studies where CD103+ DC specialize in generating immune tolerance with the functionality of CD11b+/- subsets being unclear. Information about human GI-DC is scarce, especially regarding regional specifications. Here, we characterized human DC properties throughout the human colon. METHODS Paired proximal (right/ascending) and distal (left/descending) human colonic biopsies from 95 healthy subjects were taken; DC were assessed by flow cytometry and microbiota composition assessed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. RESULTS Colonic DC identified were myeloid (mDC, CD11c+CD123-) and further divided based on CD103 and SIRPα (human analog of murine CD11b) expression. CD103-SIRPα+ DC were the major population and with CD103+SIRPα+ DC were CD1c+ILT3+CCR2+ (although CCR2 was not expressed on all CD103+SIRPα+ DC). CD103+SIRPα- DC constituted a minor subset that were CD141+ILT3-CCR2-. Proximal colon samples had higher total DC counts and fewer CD103+SIRPα+ cells. Proximal colon DC were more mature than distal DC with higher stimulatory capacity for CD4+CD45RA+ T-cells. However, DC and DC-invoked T-cell expression of mucosal homing markers (β7, CCR9) was lower for proximal DC. CCR2 was expressed on circulating CD1c+, but not CD141+ mDC, and mediated DC recruitment by colonic culture supernatants in transwell assays. Proximal colon DC produced higher levels of cytokines. Mucosal microbiota profiling showed a lower microbiota load in the proximal colon, but with no differences in microbiota composition between compartments. CONCLUSIONS Proximal colonic DC subsets differ from those in distal colon and are more mature. Targeted immunotherapy using DC in T-cell mediated GI tract inflammation may therefore need to reflect this immune compartmentalization.
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Key Words
- AMOVA, analysis of molecular variance
- CCL, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand
- CCR, chemokine (C-C motif) receptor
- CCR2
- CFSE, 5-carboxy fluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester
- DC, dendritic cells
- DL, detection limit
- Dendritic Cells
- Distal Colon
- FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting
- FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- GI, gastrointestinal
- Human Gastrointestinal Tract
- IL, interleukin
- ILT3, Ig-like transcript 3
- LPMC, lamina propria mononuclear cells
- Microbiota
- Mφ, macrophages
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- Proximal Colon
- RALDH2, retinaldehyde dehydrogenase type 2
- SIRPα, signal regulatory protein α
- SPB, sodium phosphate buffer
- Treg, regulatory T-cells
- mDC, myeloid dendritic cell
- pDC, plasmacytoid dendritic cell
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bernardo
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Harrow, United Kingdom
| | - Lydia Durant
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Harrow, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth R. Mann
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Harrow, United Kingdom,Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Bassity
- Gut Health and Food Safety Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Enrique Montalvillo
- Mucosal Immunology Group, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid–CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ripple Man
- St. Mark’s Hospital, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, Harrow, United Kingdom
| | - Rakesh Vora
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Harrow, United Kingdom,St. Mark’s Hospital, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, Harrow, United Kingdom
| | - Durga Reddi
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Harrow, United Kingdom
| | - Fahri Bayiroglu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey,Faculty of Farmacy, Agri İbrahim Cecen University, Agri, Turkey
| | - Luis Fernández-Salazar
- Gastroenterology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Nick R. English
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Harrow, United Kingdom
| | - Simon T.C. Peake
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Harrow, United Kingdom,St. Mark’s Hospital, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, Harrow, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Landy
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Harrow, United Kingdom,St. Mark’s Hospital, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, Harrow, United Kingdom
| | - Gui H. Lee
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Harrow, United Kingdom,St. Mark’s Hospital, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, Harrow, United Kingdom
| | - George Malietzis
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Harrow, United Kingdom,St. Mark’s Hospital, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, Harrow, United Kingdom
| | - Yi Harn Siaw
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Harrow, United Kingdom,St. Mark’s Hospital, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, Harrow, United Kingdom
| | - Aravinth U. Murugananthan
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Harrow, United Kingdom,St. Mark’s Hospital, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, Harrow, United Kingdom
| | - Phil Hendy
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Harrow, United Kingdom,St. Mark’s Hospital, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, Harrow, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Sánchez-Recio
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Harrow, United Kingdom
| | - Robin K.S. Phillips
- St. Mark’s Hospital, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, Harrow, United Kingdom
| | - Jose A. Garrote
- Mucosal Immunology Group, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid–CSIC, Valladolid, Spain,Genetics and Molecular Biology Department, Clinical Laboratory Service, Hospital Universitario Rio Hortega, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Paul Scott
- Pathogen Genomics Group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Parkhill
- Pathogen Genomics Group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Malte Paulsen
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London
| | - Ailsa L. Hart
- St. Mark’s Hospital, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, Harrow, United Kingdom
| | - Hafid O. Al-Hassi
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Harrow, United Kingdom
| | - Eduardo Arranz
- St. Mark’s Hospital, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, Harrow, United Kingdom
| | - Alan W. Walker
- Pathogen Genomics Group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom,Microbiology Group, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Simon R. Carding
- Gut Health and Food Safety Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich, United Kingdom,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Stella C. Knight
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Harrow, United Kingdom,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Stella C. Knight, PhD, Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark’s Campus, Watford Road, Harrow, HA1 3UJ, United Kingdom. fax: +44 (0) 20 8869 3532.Antigen Presentation Research GroupImperial College LondonNorthwick Park and St. Mark’s Campus, Watford RoadHarrowHA1 3UJUnited Kingdom
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Hevia A, Bernardo D, Montalvillo E, Al-Hassi HO, Fernández-Salazar L, Garrote JA, Milani C, Ventura M, Arranz E, Knight SC, Margolles A, Sánchez B. Human colon-derived soluble factors modulate gut microbiota composition. Front Oncol 2015; 5:86. [PMID: 25918688 PMCID: PMC4394693 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The commensal microbiota modulates immunological and metabolic aspects of the intestinal mucosa contributing to development of human gut diseases including inflammatory bowel disease. The host/microbiota interaction often referred to as a crosstalk, mainly focuses on the effect of the microbiota on the host neglecting effects that the host could elicit on the commensals. Colonic microenvironments from three human healthy controls (obtained from the proximal and distal colon, both in resting conditions and after immune – IL-15- and microbiota – LPS-in vitro challenges) were used to condition a stable fecal population. Subsequent 16S rRNA gene-based analyses were performed to study the effect induced by the host on the microbiota composition and function. Non-supervised principal component analysis (PCA) showed that all microbiotas, which had been conditioned with colonic microenvironments clustered together in terms of relative microbial composition, suggesting that soluble factors were modulating a stable fecal population independently from the treatment or the origin. Our findings confirmed that the host intestinal microenvironment has the capacity to modulate the gut microbiota composition via yet unidentified soluble factors. These findings indicate that an appropriate understanding of the factors of the host mucosal microenvironment affecting microbiota composition and function could improve therapeutic manipulation of the microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arancha Hevia
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC) , Villaviciosa , Spain
| | - David Bernardo
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London , Harrow , UK ; Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Enrique Montalvillo
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), University of Valladolid-CSIC , Valladolid , Spain
| | - Hafid O Al-Hassi
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London , Harrow , UK
| | - Luis Fernández-Salazar
- Gastroenterology Service, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valladolid , Valladolid , Spain
| | - Jose A Garrote
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), University of Valladolid-CSIC , Valladolid , Spain ; Clinical Laboratory Service, Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Hospital Universitario Rio Hortega , Valladolid , Spain
| | - Christian Milani
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | - Marco Ventura
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | - Eduardo Arranz
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), University of Valladolid-CSIC , Valladolid , Spain
| | - Stella C Knight
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London , Harrow , UK
| | - Abelardo Margolles
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC) , Villaviciosa , Spain
| | - Borja Sánchez
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Food Science and Technology Faculty, University of Vigo , Ourense , Spain
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Mohammadi A, Mehrzad J, Mahmoudi M, Schneider M, Haghparast A. Effect of culture and maturation on human monocyte-derived dendritic cell surface markers, necrosis and antigen binding. Biotech Histochem 2015; 90:445-52. [DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2015.1017536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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15
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Mann ER, Bernardo D, Ng SC, Rigby RJ, Al-Hassi HO, Landy J, Peake STC, Spranger H, English NR, Thomas LV, Stagg AJ, Knight SC, Hart AL. Human gut dendritic cells drive aberrant gut-specific t-cell responses in ulcerative colitis, characterized by increased IL-4 production and loss of IL-22 and IFNγ. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2014; 20:2299-307. [PMID: 25397892 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
: The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease is incompletely understood but results from a dysregulated intestinal immune response to the luminal microbiota. CD4 T cells mediate tissue injury in the inflammatory bowel disease-associated immune response. Dendritic cells (DC) generate primary T-cell responses and mediate intestinal immune tolerance to prevent overt inflammation in response to the gut microbiota. However, most information regarding function of intestinal DC has come from mouse models, and information in humans is scarce. We show here that intestinal DC subsets are skewed in ulcerative colitis (UC) in humans, with a loss of CD103 lymph-node homing DC; this intestinal DC subset preferentially generates regulatory T cells in mice. We show infiltrates of DC negative for myeloid marker CD11c, with enhanced expression of Toll-like receptors for bacterial recognition. After mixed leukocyte reaction, DC from the inflamed UC colon had an enhanced ability to generate gut-specific CD4 T cells with enhanced production of interleukin-4 but a loss of interferon γ and interleukin-22 production. Conditioning intestinal DC with probiotic strain Lactobacillus casei Shirota in UC partially restored their normal function indicated by reduced Toll-like receptor 2/4 expression and restoration of their ability to imprint homing molecules on T cells and to generate interleukin-22 production by stimulated T cells. This study suggests that T-cell dysfunction in UC is driven by DC. T-cell responses can be manipulated indirectly through effects of bacterial conditioning on gut DC with implications for immunomodulatory effects of the commensal microbiota in vivo. Manipulation of DC to allow generation of DC-specific therapy may be beneficial in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Mann
- *Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, Harrow, United Kingdom; †Gastrointestinal Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; ‡Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; §Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom; ‖Department of Gastroenterology, St. Mark's Hospital, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, Harrow, United Kingdom; ¶Yakult UK Ltd., South Ruislip, United Kingdom; and **Centre for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Ruiz L, Hevia A, Bernardo D, Margolles A, Sánchez B. Extracellular molecular effectors mediating probiotic attributes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2014; 359:1-11. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology; University College Cork; Cork Ireland
| | - Arancha Hevia
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products; Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC); Asturias Spain
| | - David Bernardo
- Antigen Presentation Research Group; Imperial College London; Harrow UK
| | - Abelardo Margolles
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products; Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC); Asturias Spain
| | - Borja Sánchez
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group; Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry; Food Science and Technology Faculty; University of Vigo; Ourense Spain
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17
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Mann ER, Li X. Intestinal antigen-presenting cells in mucosal immune homeostasis: Crosstalk between dendritic cells, macrophages and B-cells. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:9653-9664. [PMID: 25110405 PMCID: PMC4123356 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i29.9653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal immune system maintains a delicate balance between immunogenicity against invading pathogens and tolerance of the commensal microbiota. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involves a breakdown in tolerance towards the microbiota. Dendritic cells (DC), macrophages (MΦ) and B-cells are known as professional antigen-presenting cells (APC) due to their specialization in presenting processed antigen to T-cells, and in turn shaping types of T-cell responses generated. Intestinal DC are migratory cells, unique in their ability to generate primary T-cell responses in mesenteric lymph nodes or Peyer’s patches, whilst MΦ and B-cells contribute to polarization and differentiation of secondary T-cell responses in the gut lamina propria. The antigen-sampling function of gut DC and MΦ enables them to sample bacterial antigens from the gut lumen to determine types of T-cell responses generated. The primary function of intestinal B-cells involves their secretion of large amounts of immunoglobulin A, which in turn contributes to epithelial barrier function and limits immune responses towards to microbiota. Here, we review the role of all three types of APC in intestinal immunity, both in the steady state and in inflammation, and how these cells interact with one another, as well as with the intestinal microenvironment, to shape mucosal immune responses. We describe mechanisms of maintaining intestinal immune tolerance in the steady state but also inappropriate responses of APC to components of the gut microbiota that contribute to pathology in IBD.
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18
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Al‐Hassi HO, Mann ER, Sanchez B, English NR, Peake ST, Landy J, Man R, Urdaci M, Hart AL, Fernandez‐Salazar L, Lee GH, Garrote JA, Arranz E, Margolles A, Stagg AJ, Knight SC, Bernardo D. Altered human gut dendritic cell properties in ulcerative colitis are reversed by
Lactobacillus plantarum
extracellular encrypted peptide STp. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 58:1132-43. [PMID: 24347371 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hafid O. Al‐Hassi
- Antigen Presentation Research Group Imperial College London Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus Harrow UK
| | - Elizabeth R. Mann
- Antigen Presentation Research Group Imperial College London Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus Harrow UK
| | - Borja Sanchez
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry Food Science and Technology Faculty University of Vigo Ourense Campus Ourense Spain
| | - Nicholas R. English
- Antigen Presentation Research Group Imperial College London Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus Harrow UK
| | - Simon T.C. Peake
- Antigen Presentation Research Group Imperial College London Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus Harrow UK
- St. Mark's Hospital North West London Hospitals NHS Trust Harrow UK
| | - Jonathan Landy
- Antigen Presentation Research Group Imperial College London Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus Harrow UK
- St. Mark's Hospital North West London Hospitals NHS Trust Harrow UK
| | - Ripple Man
- St. Mark's Hospital North West London Hospitals NHS Trust Harrow UK
| | - Maria Urdaci
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Biochimie Appliquee Ecole Nationale Superieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux Gradignan France
| | - Ailsa L. Hart
- St. Mark's Hospital North West London Hospitals NHS Trust Harrow UK
| | | | - Gui Han Lee
- Antigen Presentation Research Group Imperial College London Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus Harrow UK
- St. Mark's Hospital North West London Hospitals NHS Trust Harrow UK
| | - Jose A. Garrote
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology Clinical Laboratory Service Hospital Universitario Rio Hortega Valladolid Spain
| | - Eduardo Arranz
- Department of Paediatrics and Immunology Mucosal Immunology Service Universidad de Valladolid IBGM‐CSIC Valladolid Spain
| | - Abelardo Margolles
- Departmento de Microbiologia y Bioquimica de Productos Lacteos Instituto de Productos Lacteos de Asturias Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas Villaviciosa Spain
| | - Andrew J. Stagg
- Centre for Immunology and Infectious Disease Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science Queen Mary University of London UK
| | - Stella C. Knight
- Antigen Presentation Research Group Imperial College London Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus Harrow UK
| | - David Bernardo
- Antigen Presentation Research Group Imperial College London Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus Harrow UK
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Bernardo D, Mann ER, Al-Hassi HO, English NR, Man R, Lee GH, Ronde E, Landy J, Peake STC, Hart AL, Knight SC. Lost therapeutic potential of monocyte-derived dendritic cells through lost tissue homing: stable restoration of gut specificity with retinoic acid. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 174:109-19. [PMID: 23607934 PMCID: PMC3784218 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC) (MoDC) are utilized for immunotherapy. However, in-vitro immunological effects are often not mirrored in vivo. We studied the tissue-homing potential of MoDC. Circulating monocytes and DC expressed different tissue-homing markers and, during in-vitro development of MoDC, homing marker expression was lost resulting in a 'homeless' phenotype. Retinoic acid (RA) induced gut-homing markers (β7 and CCR9) and a regulatory phenotype and function [decreased human leucocyte antigen D-related (HLA-DR) and increased ILT3 and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC-dextran uptake) in MoDC]. RA-MoDC were less stimulatory and primed conditioned T cells with a gut-homing profile (β7(+)CLA(-)). Unlike the normal intestinal microenvironment, that from inflamed colon of ulcerative colitis (UC) patients did not induce regulatory properties in MoDC. However, RA-MoDC maintained their regulatory gut-specific properties even in the presence of UC microenvironment. Therefore, MoDC may be ineffectual for immunotherapy because they lack tissue-homing and tissue-imprinting specificity. However, MoDC rehabilitation with gut-homing potential by RA could be useful in promoting immunotherapy in pathologies such as UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bernardo
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park & St Mark's Campus, UK
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20
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Peake ST, Bernardo D, Knight SC, Hart AL. Homing marker expression on circulating dendritic cells correlates with different phenotypes of Crohn's disease. J Crohns Colitis 2013; 7:594-6. [PMID: 23102650 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Dysregulated circulating dendritic cell function in ulcerative colitis is partially restored by probiotic strain Lactobacillus casei Shirota. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:573576. [PMID: 23970814 PMCID: PMC3732609 DOI: 10.1155/2013/573576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cells regulate immune responses to microbial products and play a key role in ulcerative colitis (UC) pathology. We determined the immunomodulatory effects of probiotic strain Lactobacillus casei Shirota (LcS) on human DC from healthy controls and active UC patients. METHODS Human blood DC from healthy controls (control-DC) and UC patients (UC-DC) were conditioned with heat-killed LcS and used to stimulate allogeneic T cells in a 5-day mixed leucocyte reaction. RESULTS UC-DC displayed a reduced stimulatory capacity for T cells (P < 0.05) and enhanced expression of skin-homing markers CLA and CCR4 on stimulated T cells (P < 0.05) that were negative for gut-homing marker β7. LcS treatment restored the stimulatory capacity of UC-DC, reflecting that of control-DC. LcS treatment conditioned control-DC to induce CLA on T cells in conjunction with β7, generating a multihoming profile, but had no effects on UC-DC. Finally, LcS treatment enhanced DC ability to induce TGFβ production by T cells in controls but not UC patients. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate a systemic, dysregulated DC function in UC that may account for the propensity of UC patients to develop cutaneous manifestations. LcS has multifunctional immunoregulatory activities depending on the inflammatory state; therapeutic effects reported in UC may be due to promotion of homeostasis.
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22
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Mann ER, McCarthy NE, Peake STC, Milestone AN, Al-Hassi HO, Bernardo D, Tee CT, Landy J, Pitcher MC, Cochrane SA, Hart AL, Stagg AJ, Knight SC. Skin- and gut-homing molecules on human circulating γδ T cells and their dysregulation in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 170:122-30. [PMID: 23039882 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2012.04649.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in phenotype and function of γδ T cells have been reported in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Dysregulation of lymphocyte migration plays a key role in IBD pathogenesis; however, data on migratory properties of γδ T cells are scarce. Human circulating γδ T cells from healthy controls (n = 27), patients with active CD (n = 15), active UC (n = 14) or cutaneous manifestations of IBD (n = 2) were characterized by flow cytometry. Circulating γδ T cells in healthy controls were CD3(hi) and expressed CD45RO. They expressed gut-homing molecule β7 but not gut-homing molecule corresponding chemokine receptors (CCR)9, or skin-homing molecules cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen (CLA) and CCR4, despite conventional T cells containing populations expressing these molecules. CCR9 expression was increased on γδ T cells in CD and UC, while skin-homing CLA was expressed aberrantly on γδ T cells in patients with cutaneous manifestations of IBD. Lower levels of CD3 expression were found on γδ T cells in CD but not in UC, and a lower proportion of γδ T cells expressed CD45RO in CD and UC. Enhanced expression of gut-homing molecules on circulating γδ T cells in IBD and skin-homing molecules in cutaneous manifestations of IBD may be of clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Mann
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St Mark’s Campus, Level 7W, St Mark’s Hospital,Watford Road, Harrow HA1 3UJ, UK
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You J, Dong H, Mann ER, Knight SC, Yaqoob P. Ageing impairs the T cell response to dendritic cells. Immunobiology 2013; 218:1077-84. [PMID: 23582781 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are critical in priming adaptive T-cell responses, but the effects of ageing on interactions between DCs and T cells are unclear. This study investigated the influence of ageing on the maturation of and cytokine production by human blood-enriched DCs, and the impact on T cell responses in an allogeneic mixed leucocyte reaction (MLR). DCs from old subjects (65-75 y) produced significantly less TNF-α and IFN-γ than young subjects (20-30 y) in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), but expression of maturation markers and co-stimulatory molecules was preserved. In the MLR, DCs from older subjects induced significantly restricted proliferation of young T cells, activation of CD8+ T cells and expression of IL-12 and IFN-γ in T cells compared with young DCs. T cells from older subjects responded more weakly to DC stimulation compared with young T cells, regardless of whether the DCs were derived from young or older subjects. In conclusion, the capacity of DCs to induce T cell activation is significantly impaired by ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialu You
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Reading, Whiteknights PO Box 226, Reading RG6 6AP, UK
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24
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Intestinal dendritic cells: their role in intestinal inflammation, manipulation by the gut microbiota and differences between mice and men. Immunol Lett 2013; 150:30-40. [PMID: 23352670 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal immune system maintains a delicate balance between immunogenicity against invading pathogens and tolerance of the commensal microbiota and food antigens. Dendritic cells (DC) generate primary T-cell responses, and determine whether these responses are immunogenic or tolerogenic. The regulatory role of DC is of particular importance in the gut due to the high antigenic load. Intestinal DC act as sentinels, sampling potentially pathogenic antigens but also harmless antigens including the commensal microbiota. Following antigen acquisition, intestinal DC migrate to secondary lymphoid organs to activate naive T-cells. DC also imprint specific homing properties on T-cells that they stimulate; gut DC specifically induce gut-homing properties on T-cells upon activation, enabling T-cell migration back to intestinal sites. Data regarding properties on gut DC in humans is scarce, although evidence now supports the role of DC as important players in intestinal immunity in humans. Here, we review the role of intestinal DC in shaping mucosal immune responses and directing tissue-specific T-cell responses, with a special focus on the importance of distinguishing DC subsets from macrophages at intestinal sites. We compare and contrast human DC with their murine counterparts, and discuss the ability of the gut microbiota to shape intestinal DC function, and how this may be dysregulated in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Lastly, we describe recent advances in the study of probiotics on intestinal DC function, including the use of soluble secreted bacterial products.
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Bernardo D, Sánchez B, Al-Hassi HO, Mann ER, Urdaci MC, Knight SC, Margolles A. Microbiota/host crosstalk biomarkers: regulatory response of human intestinal dendritic cells exposed to Lactobacillus extracellular encrypted peptide. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36262. [PMID: 22606249 PMCID: PMC3351486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract is exposed to a huge variety of microorganisms, either commensal or pathogenic; at this site, a balance between immunity and immune tolerance is required. Intestinal dendritic cells (DCs) control the mechanisms of immune response/tolerance in the gut. In this paper we have identified a peptide (STp) secreted by Lactobacillus plantarum, characterized by the abundance of serine and threonine residues within its sequence. STp is encoded in one of the main extracellular proteins produced by such species, which includes some probiotic strains, and lacks cleavage sites for the major intestinal proteases. When studied in vitro, STp expanded the ongoing production of regulatory IL-10 in human intestinal DCs from healthy controls. STp-primed DC induced an immunoregulatory cytokine profile and skin-homing profile on stimulated T-cells. Our data suggest that some of the molecular dialogue between intestinal bacteria and DCs may be mediated by immunomodulatory peptides, encoded in larger extracellular proteins, secreted by commensal bacteria. These peptides may be used for the development of nutraceutical products for patients with IBD. In addition, this kind of peptides seem to be absent in the gut of inflammatory bowel disease patients, suggesting a potential role as biomarker of gut homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bernardo
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Harrow, United Kingdom
| | - Borja Sánchez
- Departmento de Microbiología y Bioquímica de Productos Lácteos, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Hafid O. Al-Hassi
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Harrow, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth R. Mann
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Harrow, United Kingdom
| | - María C. Urdaci
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Biochimie Appliquée, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux, Gradignan, France
| | - Stella C. Knight
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Harrow, United Kingdom
| | - Abelardo Margolles
- Departmento de Microbiología y Bioquímica de Productos Lácteos, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Villaviciosa, Spain
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