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Leduc L, Leclère M, Lavoie JP. Towards personalized medicine for the treatment of equine asthma. Vet J 2024; 305:106125. [PMID: 38704018 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Although horses with asthma share similar clinical signs, the heterogeneity of the disease in terms of severity, triggering factors, inflammatory profile, and pathological features has hindered our ability to define biologically distinct subgroups. The recognition of phenotypes and endotypes could enable the development of precision medicine, including personalized, targeted therapy, to benefit affected horses. While in its infancy in horses, this review outlines the phenotypes of equine asthma and discusses how knowledge gained from targeted therapy in human medicine can be applied to evaluate the potential opportunities for personalized medicine in equine asthma and to suggest avenues for research to advance this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Leduc
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Mathilde Leclère
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Lavoie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada.
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Klier J, Fuchs S, Winter G, Gehlen H. Inhalative Nanoparticulate CpG Immunotherapy in Severe Equine Asthma: An Innovative Therapeutic Concept and Potential Animal Model for Human Asthma Treatment. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162087. [PMID: 36009677 PMCID: PMC9405334 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Severe equine asthma is the most common globally widespread non-infectious equine respiratory disease (together with its mild and moderate form), which is associated with exposure to hay dust and mold spores, has certain similarities to human asthma, and continues to represent a therapeutic problem. Immunomodulatory DNA sequences (CpG) bound to nanoparticles were successfully administered by inhalation to severe asthmatic horses in several studies. It was possible to demonstrate a significant, sustained, one-to-eight-week improvement in important clinical parameters: partial oxygen pressure in the blood, quantity and viscosity of tracheal mucus secretion in the airways, and the amount of inflammatory cells in the respiratory tracts of severe asthmatic horses. The immunotherapy with CpG is performed independent of specific allergens. At an immunological level, the treatment leads to decreases in allergic and inflammatory parameters. This innovative therapeutic concept thus opens new perspectives in severe equine asthma treatment and possibly also in human asthma treatment. Abstract Severe equine asthma is the most common globally widespread non-infectious equine respiratory disease (together with its mild and moderate form), which is associated with exposure to hay dust and mold spores, has certain similarities to human asthma, and continues to represent a therapeutic problem. Immunomodulatory CpG-ODN, bound to gelatin nanoparticles as a drug delivery system, were successfully administered by inhalation to severe equine asthmatic patients in several studies. It was possible to demonstrate a significant, sustained, and allergen-independent one-to-eight-week improvement in key clinical parameters: the arterial partial pressure of oxygen, the quantity and viscosity of tracheal mucus, and neutrophilic inflammatory cells in the respiratory tracts of the severe equine asthmatic subjects. At the immunological level, an upregulation of the regulatory antiallergic and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 as well as a downregulation of the proallergic IL-4 and proinflammatory IFN-γ in the respiratory tracts of the severe equine asthmatic patients were identified in the treatment groups. CD4+ T lymphocytes in the respiratory tracts of the asthmatic horses were demonstrated to downregulate the mRNA expression of Tbet and IL-8. Concentrations of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-2 were significantly decreased directly after the treatment as well as six weeks post-treatment. This innovative therapeutic concept thus opens new perspectives in the treatment of severe equine asthma and possibly also that of human asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Klier
- Equine Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Sebastian Fuchs
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Gerhard Winter
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Heidrun Gehlen
- Equine Clinic, Surgery and Radiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Free University of Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-838-62299; Fax: +49-30-838-4-62529
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Ziegler A, Olzhausen J, Hamza E, Stojiljkovic A, Stoffel MH, Garbani M, Rhyner C, Marti E. An allergen-fused dendritic cell-binding peptide enhances in vitro proliferation of equine T-cells and cytokine production. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 243:110351. [PMID: 34800874 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) constitutes the only curative approach for allergy treatment. There is need for improvement of AIT in veterinary medicine, such as in horses suffering from insect bite hypersensitivity, an IgE-mediated dermatitis to Culicoides. Dendritic cell (DC)-targeting represents an efficient method to increase antigen immunogenicity. It is studied primarily for its use in improvement of cancer therapy and vaccines, but may also be useful for improving AIT efficacy. Immunomodulators, like the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) agonist monophosphoryl lipid-A (MPLA) has been shown to enhance the IL-10 response in horses, while CpG-rich oligonucleotides (CpG-ODN), acting as TLR-9 agonists, have been shown to induce Th1 or regulatory responses in horses with equine asthma. Our aim was to evaluate in vitro effects of antigen-targeting to equine DC with an antigen-fused peptide known to target human and mouse DC and investigate whether addition of MPLA or CpG-ODN would further improve the induced immune response with regard to finding optimal conditions for equine AIT. For this purpose, DC-binding peptides were fused to the model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) and to the recombinant Culicoides allergen Cul o3. Effects of DC-binding peptides on cellular antigen uptake and induction of T cell proliferation were assessed. Polarity of the immune response was analysed by quantifying IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, IL-17 and IFN-α in supernatants of antigen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in presence or absence of adjuvants. Fusion of DC-binding peptides to OVA significantly enhanced antigen-uptake by equine DC. DC primed with DC-binding peptides coupled to OVA or Cul o3 induced a significantly higher T-cell proliferation compared to the corresponding control antigens. PBMC stimulation with DC-binding peptides coupled to Cul o3 elicited a significant increase in the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17, as well as the anti-inflammatory IL-10, but not of IFN-α. Adjuvant addition further enhanced the effect of the DC-binding peptides by significantly increasing the production of IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-α (CpG-ODN) and IL-10 (MPLA), while simultaneously suppressing IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-17 production (MPLA). Targeting equine DC with allergens fused to DC-binding peptides enhances antigen-uptake and T-cell activation and may be useful in increasing the equine immune response against recombinant antigens. Combination of DC-binding peptide protein fusions with adjuvants is necessary to appropriately skew the resulting immune response, depending on intended use. Combination with MPLA is a promising option for improvement of AIT efficacy in horses, while combination with CpG-ODN increases the effector immune response to recombinant antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Ziegler
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 124, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Judith Olzhausen
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Herman-Burchardstrasse 9, CH-7265 Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
| | - Eman Hamza
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 124, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Ana Stojiljkovic
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 120, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael H Stoffel
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 120, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mattia Garbani
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Herman-Burchardstrasse 9, CH-7265 Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Rhyner
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Herman-Burchardstrasse 9, CH-7265 Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
| | - Eliane Marti
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 124, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland
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Khramtsov P, Burdina O, Lazarev S, Novokshonova A, Bochkova M, Timganova V, Kiselkov D, Minin A, Zamorina S, Rayev M. Modified Desolvation Method Enables Simple One-Step Synthesis of Gelatin Nanoparticles from Different Gelatin Types with Any Bloom Values. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1537. [PMID: 34683829 PMCID: PMC8541285 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gelatin nanoparticles found numerous applications in drug delivery, bioimaging, immunotherapy, and vaccine development as well as in biotechnology and food science. Synthesis of gelatin nanoparticles is usually made by a two-step desolvation method, which, despite providing stable and homogeneous nanoparticles, has many limitations, namely complex procedure, low yields, and poor reproducibility of the first desolvation step. Herein, we present a modified one-step desolvation method, which enables the quick, simple, and reproducible synthesis of gelatin nanoparticles. Using the proposed method one can prepare gelatin nanoparticles from any type of gelatin with any bloom number, even with the lowest ones, which remains unattainable for the traditional two-step technique. The method relies on quick one-time addition of poor solvent (preferably isopropyl alcohol) to gelatin solution in the absence of stirring. We applied the modified desolvation method to synthesize nanoparticles from porcine, bovine, and fish gelatin with bloom values from 62 to 225 on the hundreds-of-milligram scale. Synthesized nanoparticles had average diameters between 130 and 190 nm and narrow size distribution. Yields of synthesis were 62-82% and can be further increased. Gelatin nanoparticles have good colloidal stability and withstand autoclaving. Moreover, they were non-toxic to human immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Khramtsov
- Perm Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of The Russian Academy of Sciences, Lab of Ecological Immunology, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, 614081 Perm, Russia; (M.B.); (V.T.); (S.Z.); (M.R.)
- Department of Biology, Perm State University, 614068 Perm, Russia; (O.B.); (S.L.); (A.N.)
- Center for Immunology and Cellular Biotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236016 Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Oksana Burdina
- Department of Biology, Perm State University, 614068 Perm, Russia; (O.B.); (S.L.); (A.N.)
| | - Sergey Lazarev
- Department of Biology, Perm State University, 614068 Perm, Russia; (O.B.); (S.L.); (A.N.)
| | - Anastasia Novokshonova
- Department of Biology, Perm State University, 614068 Perm, Russia; (O.B.); (S.L.); (A.N.)
| | - Maria Bochkova
- Perm Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of The Russian Academy of Sciences, Lab of Ecological Immunology, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, 614081 Perm, Russia; (M.B.); (V.T.); (S.Z.); (M.R.)
- Department of Biology, Perm State University, 614068 Perm, Russia; (O.B.); (S.L.); (A.N.)
| | - Valeria Timganova
- Perm Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of The Russian Academy of Sciences, Lab of Ecological Immunology, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, 614081 Perm, Russia; (M.B.); (V.T.); (S.Z.); (M.R.)
| | - Dmitriy Kiselkov
- Perm Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of The Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Technical Chemistry, 614013 Perm, Russia;
| | - Artem Minin
- Lab of Applied Magnetism, M.N. Mikheev Institute of Metal Physics of the UB RAS, 620108 Yekaterinburg, Russia;
- Faculty of Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Ural Federal University Named after The First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Svetlana Zamorina
- Perm Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of The Russian Academy of Sciences, Lab of Ecological Immunology, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, 614081 Perm, Russia; (M.B.); (V.T.); (S.Z.); (M.R.)
- Department of Biology, Perm State University, 614068 Perm, Russia; (O.B.); (S.L.); (A.N.)
| | - Mikhail Rayev
- Perm Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of The Russian Academy of Sciences, Lab of Ecological Immunology, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, 614081 Perm, Russia; (M.B.); (V.T.); (S.Z.); (M.R.)
- Department of Biology, Perm State University, 614068 Perm, Russia; (O.B.); (S.L.); (A.N.)
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Mainguy-Seers S, Lavoie JP. Glucocorticoid treatment in horses with asthma: A narrative review. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2045-2057. [PMID: 34085342 PMCID: PMC8295667 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite substantial research efforts to improve the treatment and outcome of horses with asthma, glucocorticoids (GC) remain the cornerstone of drug treatment of this prevalent disease. The high efficacy of GC to relieve airway obstruction explains their extensive use despite potential deleterious effects. However, much is yet to be uncovered concerning GC use in horses with asthma, including the comparative efficacy of the different drugs, the determination of minimal effective doses and the mechanisms underlying their variable modulation of airway inflammation. The objectives of this structured review were to report and compare the plethora of effects of the various GC used in asthmatic horses with a focus on impact on lung function, airway inflammation, and bronchial remodeling. Adverse effects are also briefly described, with an emphasis on those that have been specifically reported in horses with asthma. Ultimately, we aimed to highlight gaps in the literature and to identify future research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Mainguy-Seers
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Lavoie
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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Harman RM, Marx C, Van de Walle GR. Translational Animal Models Provide Insight Into Mesenchymal Stromal Cell (MSC) Secretome Therapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:654885. [PMID: 33869217 PMCID: PMC8044970 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.654885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of the mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) secretome, consisting of all molecules secreted by MSCs, is intensively studied. MSCs can be readily isolated, expanded, and manipulated in culture, and few people argue with the ethics of their collection. Despite promising pre-clinical studies, most MSC secretome-based therapies have not been implemented in human medicine, in part because the complexity of bioactive factors secreted by MSCs is not completely understood. In addition, the MSC secretome is variable, influenced by individual donor, tissue source of origin, culture conditions, and passage. An increased understanding of the factors that make up the secretome and the ability to manipulate MSCs to consistently secrete factors of biologic importance will improve MSC therapy. To aid in this goal, we can draw from the wealth of information available on secreted factors from MSC isolated from veterinary species. These translational animal models will inspire efforts to move human MSC secretome therapy from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gerlinde R. Van de Walle
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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Horses as a Crucial Part of One Health. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7010028. [PMID: 32121327 PMCID: PMC7157506 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One Health (OH) is a crucial concept, where the interference between humans, animals and the environment matters. This review article focusses on the role of horses in maintaining the health of humans and the environment. Horses' impact on environmental health includes their influence on soil and the biodiversity of animal and plant species. Nevertheless, the effect of horses is not usually linear and several factors like plant-animal coevolutionary history, climate and animal density play significant roles. The long history of the relationship between horses and humans is shaped by the service of horses in wars or even in mines. Moreover, horses were essential in developing the first antidote to cure diphtheria. Nowadays, horses do have an influential role in animal assisted therapy, in supporting livelihoods in low income countries and as a leisure partner. Horses are of relevance in the spillover of zoonotic and emerging diseases from wildlife to human (e.g., Hendra Virus), and in non-communicable diseases (e.g., post-traumatic osteoarthritis in horses and back pain in horse riders). Furthermore, many risk factors-such as climate change and antimicrobial resistance-threaten the health of both horses and humans. Finally, the horse is a valuable factor in sustaining the health of humans and the environment, and must be incorporated in any roadmap to achieve OH.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Farmers are routinely exposed to organic dusts and aeroallergens that can have adverse respiratory health effects including asthma. Horses are farm-reared large animals with similar exposures and can develop equine asthma syndrome (EAS). This review aims to compare the etiology, pathophysiology, and immunology of asthma in horses compared to farmers and highlights the horse as a potential translational animal model for organic dust-induced asthma in humans. RECENT FINDINGS Severe EAS shares many clinical and pathological features with various phenotypes of human asthma including allergic, non-allergic, late onset, and severe asthma. EAS disease features include variable airflow obstruction, cough, airway hyperresponsiveness, airway inflammation/remodeling, neutrophilic infiltrates, excess mucus production, and chronic innate immune activation. Severe EAS is a naturally occurring and biologically relevant, translational animal disease model that could contribute to a more thorough understanding of the environmental and immunologic factors contributing to organic dust-induced asthma in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Katie Sheats
- Comparative Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Kaori U. Davis
- Comparative Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Jill A. Poole
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985990 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5990, USA
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Klier J, Bartl C, Geuder S, Geh KJ, Reese S, Goehring LS, Winter G, Gehlen H. Immunomodulatory asthma therapy in the equine animal model: A dose-response study and evaluation of a long-term effect. Immun Inflamm Dis 2019; 7:130-149. [PMID: 31141308 PMCID: PMC6688086 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Equine asthma represents a naturally occurring animal model for human allergic neutrophilic asthma. Inhalative nanoparticle-bound cytosine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG-GNP) immunotherapy, independent of specific allergens, has already shown promising clinical and immunological results in previous studies and offers the possibility to treat the underlying cause of the disease. This study analyses the relationship between dose and response, and evaluates a possible long-term effect. METHODS In the prospective, randomised, double-blind clinical field study, 29 horses suffering from equine asthma received 10 inhalation treatments with either 187.5 µg CpG-GNP (CpG single dose [CpGsd]; n = 11), 375 µg CpG-GNP double dose (CpG double dose [CpGdd]; n = 9) (q48h for 20 days) or 1600 µg beclomethasone (n = 9) (q24h for 10 days). Each horse was examined three times: before the treatment (I), immediately after the 10 inhalations (II), and 8 weeks after the final inhalation (III). The three groups were compared according to clinical and laboratory parameters. The study examined the sustainability of the long-term effect of the treatment after 8 weeks, as well as the tolerability of the formula as a double dose. RESULTS The CpGsd resulted in a significant improvement in 82% of the parameters, the CpGdd in 72%. In the long-term evaluation, the CpGsd showed a significant improvement in 100% of the parameters in comparison to the initial values, the CpGdd in 67%. On the immunological level, the bronchoalveolar lavage revealed a significant reduction of IL-4, IL-8, and interferon-γ. CONCLUSION Both CpG groups displayed significant improvements in clinical and laboratory parameters, especially regarding the long-term effect of CpGsd. Doubling the CpG dose did not result in any improvement in comparison to the original single dose. On the immunological level, an anti-inflammatory, as well as an immunomodulatory effect, apart from a Th2-dominated immune response, could be observed. This immunomodulatory inhalation treatment could indicate a new possibility for human allergic asthma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Klier
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Equine ClinicLudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Carolin Bartl
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Equine ClinicLudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityMunichGermany
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic, Surgery and RadiologyFree University of BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Sabine Geuder
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Equine ClinicLudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Katharina J. Geh
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and BiopharmaceuticsLudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Sven Reese
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic, Surgery and RadiologyFree University of BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Lutz S. Goehring
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Equine ClinicLudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Gerhard Winter
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and BiopharmaceuticsLudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Heidrun Gehlen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic, Surgery and RadiologyFree University of BerlinBerlinGermany
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