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Alexiou A, Tsagkaris C, Chatzichronis S, Koulouris A, Haranas I, Gkigkitzis I, Zouganelis G, Mukerjee N, Maitra S, Jha NK, Batiha GES, Kamal MA, Nikolaou M, Ashraf GM. The Fractal Viewpoint of Tumors and Nanoparticles. Curr Med Chem 2023; 30:356-370. [PMID: 35927901 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220801152347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Even though the promising therapies against cancer are rapidly improved, the oncology patients population has seen exponential growth, placing cancer in 5th place among the ten deadliest diseases. Efficient drug delivery systems must overcome multiple barriers and maximize drug delivery to the target tumors, simultaneously limiting side effects. Since the first observation of the quantum tunneling phenomenon, many multidisciplinary studies have offered quantum-inspired solutions to optimized tumor mapping and efficient nanodrug design. The property of a wave function to propagate through a potential barrier offer the capability of obtaining 3D surface profiles using imaging of individual atoms on the surface of a material. The application of quantum tunneling on a scanning tunneling microscope offers an exact surface roughness mapping of tumors and pharmaceutical particles. Critical elements to cancer nanotherapeutics apply the fractal theory and calculate the fractal dimension for efficient tumor surface imaging at the atomic level. This review study presents the latest biological approaches to cancer management based on fractal geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia.,AFNP Med, 1030 Wien, Austria
| | - Christos Tsagkaris
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia.,European Student Think Tank, Public Health and Policy Working Group, 1058, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Stylianos Chatzichronis
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia
| | - Andreas Koulouris
- Thoracic Oncology Center, Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ioannis Haranas
- Department of Physics and Computer Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, N2L-3C5, Canada
| | - Ioannis Gkigkitzis
- NOVA Department of Mathematics, 8333 Little River Turnpike, Annandale, VA 22003 USA
| | - Georgios Zouganelis
- Human Sciences Research Centre, College of Life and Natural Sciences, University of Derby, East Midlands, DE22 1GB England, UK
| | - Nobendu Mukerjee
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia.,Department of Microbiology; Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, Akhil Mukherjee Rd, Chowdhary Para, Rahara, Khardaha, West Bengal, Kolkata- 700118, India
| | - Swastika Maitra
- Department of Microbiology, Adamas University, Kolkata, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India.,Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied & Life Sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, India.,Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, 140413, India
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee place, Hebersham, NSW 2770; Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia
| | - Michail Nikolaou
- 1st Oncology Department, "Saint Savas" Anticancer, Oncology Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Guha M, Srinivasan S, Sheehan MM, Kijima T, Ruthel G, Whelan K, Tanaka K, Klein-Szanto A, Chandramouleeswaran PM, Nakagawa H, Avadhani NG. Esophageal 3D organoids of MPV17-/- mouse model of mitochondrial DNA depletion show epithelial cell plasticity and telomere attrition. Oncotarget 2019; 10:6245-6259. [PMID: 31692873 PMCID: PMC6817447 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is an aggressive cancer with late-stage detection and poor prognosis. This emphasizes the need to identify new markers for early diagnosis and treatment. Altered mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) content in primary tumors correlates with poor patient prognosis. Here we used three-dimensional (3D) organoids of esophageal epithelial cells (EECs) from the MPV17-/- mouse model of mtDNA depletion to investigate the contribution of reduced mtDNA content in ESCC oncogenicity. To test if mtDNA defects are a contributing factor in ESCC, we used oncogenic stimuli such as ESCC carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline oxide (4-NQO) treatment, or expressing p53R175H oncogenic driver mutation. We observed that EECs and 3D-organoids with mtDNA depletion had cellular, morphological and genetic alterations typical of an oncogenic transition. Furthermore, mitochondrial dysfunction induced cellular transformation is accompanied by elevated mitochondrial fission protein, DRP1 and pharmacologic inhibition of mitochondrial fission by mDivi-1 in the MPV17-/- organoids reversed the phenotype to that of normal EEC organoids. Our studies show that mtDNA copy number depletion, activates a mitochondrial retrograde response, potentiates telomere defects, and increases the oncogenic susceptibility towards ESCC. Furthermore, mtDNA depletion driven cellular plasticity is mediated via altered mitochondrial fission-fusion dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manti Guha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Satish Srinivasan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maura M. Sheehan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Takashi Kijima
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gordon Ruthel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kelly Whelan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Koji Tanaka
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andres Klein-Szanto
- Histopathology Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Prasanna M. Chandramouleeswaran
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Narayan G. Avadhani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Mahalaxmi I, Santhy K. An overview about mitochondrial DNA mutations in ovarian cancer. ALEXANDRIA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajme.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Iyer Mahalaxmi
- Department of Zoology, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, India
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Sharafi P, Ayter S. Possible modifier genes in the variation of neurofibromatosis type 1 clinical phenotypes. J Neurogenet 2018; 32:65-77. [PMID: 29644913 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2018.1456538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is the most common neurogenetic disorder worldwide, caused by mutations in the (NF1) gene. Although NF1 is a single-gene disorder with autosomal-dominant inheritance, its clinical expression is highly variable and unpredictable. NF1 patients have the highest known mutation rate among all human disorders, with no clear genotype-phenotype correlations. Therefore, variations in NF1 mutations may not correlate with the variations in clinical phenotype. Indeed, for the same mutation, some NF1 patients may develop severe clinical symptoms whereas others will develop a mild phenotype. Variations in the mutant NF1 allele itself cannot account for all of the disease variability, indicating a contribution of modifier genes, environmental factors, or their combination. Considering the gene structure and the interaction of neurofibromin protein with cellular components, there are many possible candidate modifier genes. This review aims to provide an overview of the potential modifier genes contributing to NF1 clinical variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Sharafi
- a Faculty of Medicine , TOBB University of Economics and Technology , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Sükriye Ayter
- a Faculty of Medicine , TOBB University of Economics and Technology , Ankara , Turkey
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Singh L, Saini N, Pushker N, Bakhshi S, Sen S, Nag TC, Kashyap S. Mutational Analysis of the Mitochondrial DNA Displacement-Loop Region in Human Retinoblastoma with Patient Outcome. Pathol Oncol Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-018-0391-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Xun J, Song X, Gao S, Yang H, Li Z, Li L. Identification of sequence polymorphisms in the D-loop region of mitochondrial DNA as risk biomarker for liposarcoma. Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2015; 27:3403-4. [PMID: 25812053 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2015.1018240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the Displacement-loop (D-loop) region of mitochondrial DNA have been reported to be associated with cancer risk in various types of cancer. To assess the frequency of D-loop SNPs in a large series of liposarcoma and establish correlations with cancer risk, we sequenced the D-loop of 82 liposarcoma patients and analyzed their use as predictive biomarkers for liposarcoma risk. The minor alleles of nucleotides 73G, 523-524del, 16,290T, 16,319A, 16,356C were associated with an increased risk for liposarcoma patients, whereas the insertion of C at the site 315 (located within the D310) were associated with a decreased risk for liposarcoma patients. These results suggest that SNPs in the mitochondrial D-loop should be considered as a biomarker which may be useful for the early detection of liposarcoma in individuals at risk of this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shejun Gao
- b Department of Clinical Laboratory , and
| | - Huichai Yang
- c Department of Pathology , The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang , P.R. China
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Miwata T, Hiyama T, Quach DT, Le HM, Hua HNT, Oka S, Tanaka S, Arihiro K, Chayama K. Differences in K-ras and mitochondrial DNA mutations and microsatellite instability between colorectal cancers of Vietnamese and Japanese patients. BMC Gastroenterol 2014; 14:203. [PMID: 25433803 PMCID: PMC4254007 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-014-0203-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The incidence of early-onset (under 50 years of age) colorectal cancer (CRC) in the Vietnamese has been reported to be quite higher than that in the Japanese. To clarify the differences in genetic alterations between Vietnamese and Japanese CRCs, we investigated mutations in K-ras and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and high-frequency microsatellite instability (MSI-H) in the CRCs of Vietnamese and Japanese patients. Methods We enrolled 60 Vietnamese and 233 Japanese patients with invasive CRCs. DNA was extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections. K-ras mutations were examined with PCR-single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis. mtDNA mutations and MSI-H were examined with microsatellite analysis using D310 and BAT-26, respectively. Results K-ras mutations were examined in 60 Vietnamese and 45 Japanese CRCs. The frequency of the mutations in the Vietnamese CRCs was significantly higher than that in the Japanese CRCs (8 of 24 [33%] vs 5 of 45 [11%], p =0.048). MSI-H was examined in 60 Vietnamese and 130 Japanese CRCs. The frequency of MSI-H in the Vietnamese CRCs was also significantly higher than that in the Japanese CRCs (6 of 27 [22%] vs 10 of 130 [8%], p =0.030). mtDNA mutations were examined in 60 Vietnamese and 138 Japanese CRCs. The frequency of mtDNA mutations in the Vietnamese CRCs was significantly higher than that in the Japanese CRCs (19 of 44 [43%] vs 11 of 133 [9%], p <0.001). There were no significant differences in clinicopathologic characteristics, such as age, sex, tumour location, and depth, in terms of tumours with/without each genetic alteration in the CRCs of the Vietnamese and Japanese patients. Conclusions These results indicate that the developmental pathways of CRCs in the Vietnamese may differ from those of CRCs in the Japanese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Miwata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Toru Hiyama
- Health Service Center, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan.
| | - Duc Trong Quach
- Department of Endoscopy, University Medical Center, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.
| | - Huy Minh Le
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.
| | - Ha Ngoc Thi Hua
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.
| | - Shiro Oka
- Department of Endoscopy, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Shinji Tanaka
- Department of Endoscopy, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Koji Arihiro
- Department of Pathology, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
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Xun J, Li Z, Feng J, Gao S, Yang H, Song X. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the mitochondrial displacement loop region and outcome of malignant fibrous histiocytoma. Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2014; 27:177-81. [PMID: 24491095 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2013.879650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the mitochondrial DNA displacement-loop (D-loop) region have been reported to be associated with cancer risk and disease outcome in several types of cancer. In this study, we investigated whether the SNPs in mitochondrial D-loop were associated with the outcome of malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The D-loop region of mtDNA was sequenced for 80 MFH patients. The 3 years survival curve were calculated with the Kaplan-Meier method and compared by the log-rank test at each SNP site, a multivariate survival analysis was also performed with the Cox proportional hazards method. RESULTS The SNP sites of nucleotides 152T/C, 16,390G/A, 16,290C/T, 16,304T/C and the AC deletion at sites 523 and 524 were identified for prediction of post-operational survival by the log-rank test. In an overall multivariate analysis, the 16,290 and 16,390 alleles were identified as independent predictors of MFH outcome. The length of survival for patients with the rare allele 16,390A genotype was significantly shorter than that for patients with the frequent allele 16,390Gat the site 16,390. The same was seen for the rare allele 16,290T genotype when compared with matched allele 16,290C at the site 16,290 in MFH patients. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that SNPs in the D-loop are independent prognostic markers for patients with MFH. The analysis of genetic polymorphisms in the D-loop can help identify patient subgroups at higher risk of a poor disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shejun Gao
- b Department of Clinical Laboratory , and
| | - Huichai Yang
- c Department of Pathology , The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang , P.R. China
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Xun J, Li Z, Song X, Wang X. Identification of sequence polymorphisms in the D-loop region of mitochondrial DNA as risk biomarkers for malignant fibrous histiocytoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 26:380-3. [PMID: 24083973 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2013.836510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the mitochondrial DNA Displacement-loop (D-loop) region particularly in a highly polymorphic homopolymeric C stretch named D310 have been reported to be associated with cancer risk in several types of cancer. In order to evaluate the frequency of D-loop SNPs in a large series of malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) and establish correlations with cancer risk, we sequenced the D-loop of 92 MFH patients and analyzed their use as predictive biomarkers for MFH risk. The minor alleles of nucleotides 73G, 151T were associated with an increased risk for MFH patients, whereas the alleles of nucleotides 16,298C, 152C, and insertion of C at the site 315 (located within the D310) were associated with a decreased risk for MFH patients. These results suggest that SNPs in the mitochondrial D-loop should be considered as a biomarker which may be useful for the early detection of MFH in individuals at risk of this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Xun
- Department of Osteology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang , P.R. China
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González-Masiá JA, García-Olmo D, García-Olmo DC. Circulating nucleic acids in plasma and serum (CNAPS): applications in oncology. Onco Targets Ther 2013; 6:819-32. [PMID: 23874104 PMCID: PMC3711950 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s44668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of small amounts of circulating nucleic acids in plasma and serum (CNAPS) is not a new finding. The verification that such amounts are significantly increased in cancer patients, and that CNAPS might carry a variety of genetic and epigenetic alterations related to cancer development and progression, has aroused great interest in the scientific community in the last decades. Such alterations potentially reflect changes that occur during carcinogenesis, and include DNA mutations, loss of heterozygosity, viral genomic integration, disruption of microRNA, hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes, and changes in the mitochondrial DNA. These findings have led to many efforts toward the implementation of new clinical biomarkers based on CNAPS analysis. In the present article, we review the main findings related to the utility of CNAPS analysis for early diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of cancer, most of which appear promising. However, due to the lack of harmonization of laboratory techniques, the heterogeneity of disease progression, and the small number of recruited patients in most of those studies, there has been a poor translation of basic research into clinical practice. In addition, many aspects remain unknown, such as the release mechanisms of cell-free nucleic acids, their biological function, and the way by which they circulate in the bloodstream. It is therefore expected that in the coming years, an improved understanding of the relationship between CNAPS and the molecular biology of cancer will lead to better diagnosis, management, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Damián García-Olmo
- Department of Surgery, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and La Paz University Hospital, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores C García-Olmo
- Experimental Research Unit, General University Hospital of Albacete, Albacete, Spain
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Parr RL, Jakupciak JP, Birch-Machin MA, Dakubo GD. The mitochondrial genome: a biosensor for early cancer detection? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 1:169-82. [PMID: 23489304 DOI: 10.1517/17530059.1.2.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the mitochondrial genome have been reported as biomarkers for the detection of cancer. Hallmarks of cancer development include the accumulation of genetic alterations in the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. Damage to mitochondria affects energy metabolism, generation of reactive oxygen species, apoptosis, cell growth and other processes that contribute to the neoplastic process. Furthermore, mitochondrial DNA mutations occur frequently in cancer. Little work has been done to link a pathway between mitochondrial mutations and cancer etiology. Volumes of work have been reported on the association of mitochondrial mutations and almost all types of cancer including the use of body fluids for early detection. This review examines the measurement of mitochondrial mutations for the application of detecting human tumor tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L Parr
- Vice President of Research, Genesis Genomics, Inc., 290 Munro Street, Ste 1000, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7A 7T1, Canada +1 807 346 8100; +1 807 346 8105 ;
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[Energy metabolism pathway related genes and adaptive evolution of tumor cells]. DONG WU XUE YAN JIU = ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2012; 33:557-65. [PMID: 23266974 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1141.2012.06557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The proliferation of tumor cells is an extremely energy-consuming process. However, different from normal cells, tumor cells generate energy via glycolysis even under aerobic conditions, which is one of the ten hallmarks of tumor cells. The switch of energy metabolism results in a series of physiological changes in tumor cells, including rapid generation of ATP and abundant biomass for cell proliferation, which form the basis of tumor cells to successfully adapt to their extreme microenvironment (e.g. lack of oxygen). In this review, we will introduce recent progress in studying somatic mutations on the energy metabolism related genes in tumors, with special focus on the potential factors involving in the "switch" and to decipher the genetic adaptive footprint of the "switch" from the angle of molecular evolution.
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Grzybowska-Szatkowska L, Slaska B. Mitochondrial DNA and carcinogenesis (review). Mol Med Rep 2012; 6:923-30. [PMID: 22895648 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the mitochondria in the process of carcinogenesis has drawn researchers' attention since the discovery of respiratory deficit in cells, particularly those characterized by rapid proliferation. The deficit was assumed to stimulate further differentiation of the cells and initiate the process of neoplastic transformation. As many as 25-80% of somatic mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are found in various neoplasms. These mutations are considered to trigger the neoplastic transformation through shifts of cell energy resources, an increase in the mitochondrial oxidative stress and modulation of apoptosis. The question arises as to whether the mtDNA mutations precede a neoplasm or whether they are a result of changes and processes that take place during neoplastic proliferation.
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Abstract
Mitochondria are ubiquitous organelles in eukaryotic cells principally responsible for regulating cellular energy metabolism, free radical production, and the execution of apoptotic pathways. Abnormal oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and aerobic metabolism as a result of mitochondrial dysfunction have long been hypothesized to be involved in tumorigenesis. In the past decades, numerous somatic mutations in both the coding and control regions of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have been extensively examined in a broad range of primary human cancers, underscoring that accumulation of mtDNA alterations may be a critical factor in eliciting persistent mitochondrial defects and consequently contributing to cancer initiation and progression. However, the roles of these mtDNA mutations in the carcinogenic process remain largely unknown. This review outlines a wide variety of somatic mtDNA mutations identified in common human malignancies and highlights recent advances in understanding the causal roles of mtDNA variations in neoplastic transformation and tumor progression. In addition, it briefly illustrates how mtDNA alterations activate mitochondria-to-nucleus retrograde signaling so as to modulate the expression of relevant nuclear genes or induce epigenetic changes and promote malignant phenotypes in cancer cells. The present state of our knowledge regarding how mutational changes in the mitochondrial genome could be used as a diagnostic biomarker for early detection of cancer and as a potential target in the development of new therapeutic approaches is also discussed. These findings strongly indicate that mtDNA mutations exert a crucial role in the pathogenic mechanisms of tumor development, but continued investigations are definitely required to further elucidate the functional significance of specific mtDNA mutations in the etiology of human cancers.
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Antigenically dominant proteins within the human liver mitochondrial proteome identified by monoclonal antibodies. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2011; 54:16-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-010-4115-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Lee HC, Chang CM, Chi CW. Somatic mutations of mitochondrial DNA in aging and cancer progression. Ageing Res Rev 2010; 9 Suppl 1:S47-58. [PMID: 20816876 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are intracellular organelles responsible for generating ATP through respiration and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), producing reactive oxygen species, and initiating and executing apoptosis. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been observed to be an important hallmark of aging and cancer. Because mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is important in maintaining functionally competent organelles, accumulation of mtDNA mutations can affect energy production, oxidative stress, and cell survival, which may contribute to aging and/or carcinogenesis. This review outlines a variety of somatic mtDNA mutations identified in aging tissues and human cancers, as well as recent advances in understanding the causal role of mtDNA mutations in the aging process and cancer progression. Mitochondrial dysfunction elicited by somatic mutations in mtDNA could induce apoptosis in aging cells and some cancer cells with severe mtDNA mutations. In addition, it could activate mitochondria-to-nucleus retrograde signaling to modulate the expression of nuclear genes involved in a metabolic shift from OXPHOS to glycolysis, facilitate cells to adapt to altered environments and develop resistance to chemotherapeutic agents, or promote metastatic properties of cancer cells. These findings suggest that accumulation of somatic mtDNA mutations is not only an important contributor to human aging but also plays a critical role in cancer progression.
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Yadav DS, Devi TR, Ihsan R, Mishra AK, Kaushal M, Chauhan PS, Bagadi SAR, Sharma J, Zamoawia E, Verma Y, Nandkumar A, Saxena S, Kapur S. Polymorphisms of glutathione-S-transferase genes and the risk of aerodigestive tract cancers in the Northeast Indian population. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2010; 14:715-23. [PMID: 20854097 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2010.0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Widespread use of tobacco and betel quid consumption and a high incidence of tobacco-associated aerodigestive tract cancers have been reported in different ethnic groups from several regions of Northeast (NE) India. This study was done to explore the possibility of phase II metabolic enzymes being responsible for the high prevalence of cancers in this region of India. METHODS Samples from 370 cases with oral, gastric, and lung cancers and 270 controls were analyzed for polymorphism of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) genes using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism-based methods. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Tobacco smoking and betel quid chewing were found to be high risk factors for oral and lung cancers but not for gastric cancer, whereas tobacco chewing was found to be a risk factor for oral cancer but not for gastric or lung cancer. The variant genotypes of GSTP1 were not associated with any of the aerodigestive tract cancers. GSTT1 and GSTM1 null genotypes appeared to play a protective role for lung cancer (odds ratio [OR] = 0.47, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.24-0.93, p = 0.03) and (OR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.28-0.96, p = 0.04), but they were not associated with oral and gastric cancers. However, when data was analyzed in different geographic regions the GSTT1 null genotype was found to be a significant risk factor for oral (OR = 2.58, 95% CI 1.01-6.61, p = 0.05) as well as gastric cancer (OR = 3.08, 95% CI 1.32-7.19, p = 0.009) in samples obtained from the Assam region of NE India. This is the first study on the association of GST polymorphisms and aerodigestive tract cancers in the high-risk region of NE India.
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Number of somatic mutations in the mitochondrial D-loop region indicates poor prognosis in breast cancer, independent of TP53 mutation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 201:94-101. [PMID: 20682393 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2010.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate whether somatic mutations in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D-loop region correlate with known prognostic factors, namely, age, tumor size, lymph node status, metastasis, tumor-node-metastasis stage, lymphovascular invasion, and status of the progesterone receptor, estrogen receptor, ERBB2 (alias HER2/neu), and TP53 proteins (as determined by immunohistochemistry) and to investigate their relationship, if any, to TP53 mutations in human breast cancer. Thirty breast tumors without BRCA mutation, along with adjacent nontumorous tissues, were genotyped for the mtDNA D-loop region and for the promoter as well as the coding region of the TP53 gene. Clinicopathological parameters were recorded and assessed. In all, 17 somatic mtDNA D-loop mutations were identified, in 13 of 30 tumor samples (43%); two mutations were novel: 544C>T and 16510A>C. Four TP53 mutations were found in six tumor samples (20%), and two (c.437G>A and c.706T>C) were novel. Only progesterone receptor status correlated with the number of somatic mtDNA D-loop mutations (likelihood chi-square test; P < 0.05). Somatic mutations in the mtDNA D-loop and in TP53 were independent of each other (Fisher's exact test; P > 0.05). These results suggest that the number of somatic mtDNA D-loop mutations may be an indicator of poor prognosis through a mechanism independent of TP53.
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Kaipparettu BA, Ma Y, Wong LJC. Functional effects of cancer mitochondria on energy metabolism and tumorigenesis: utility of transmitochondrial cybrids. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1201:137-46. [PMID: 20649550 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05621.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yoo JH, Suh B, Park TS, Shin MG, Choi YD, Lee CH, Choi JR. Analysis of fluorescence in situ hybridization, mtDNA quantification, and mtDNA sequence for the detection of early bladder cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 198:107-17. [PMID: 20362225 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2009.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Revised: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We designed this study to test the sensitivities of cytology, the nuclear matrix protein 22 (NMP22) assay, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in the early detection of urothelial carcinoma, and to identify mtDNA alterations in urinary epithelial cells. We collected 41 urine samples and 26 corresponding peripheral blood samples from patients with clinically suspected urothelial carcinoma. The FISH and NMP22 assays detected 92.1% of the cancers, and cytology detected 60.5%. In the low-grade group, NMP22 and FISH analyses were more sensitive than cytology, but in the high-grade group, all three methods showed approximately 90% sensitivity. Overall, the FISH and NMP22, or FISH and cytology assays combined detected 97.4% of cancers, while cytology with NMP22 detected 92.1%. In the low-grade group, the sensitivity of the three methods combined was above 80%, but in high-grade group, the combined sensitivity was approximately 100%. In the mtDNA control region, we detected characteristic heteroplasmic mtDNA substitution mutations in 1 patient and a mtDNA length heteroplasmic mutation in 303 polyC or 16184 poly C in 20 patients. Overall, urothelial carcinoma-specific mtDNA mutations were observed in 20 of the 26 patients (76.9%). The average mtDNA copy numbers in urine samples and corresponding peripheral blood samples (83.45 +/- 60.36 and 39.0 +/- 24.38, respectively) (mean +/- standard deviation [SD]) differed significantly (P < 0.001). The mtDNA copy numbers in the urine samples from patients with high-grade and low-grade tumors (81.83 +/- 67.78 and 86.49 +/- 46.69, respectively) did not differ significantly (P = 0.589). In conclusion, the FISH assay showed the highest sensitivity for detecting low-grade urothelial carcinoma, and mtDNA copy numbers in urine samples were higher than those in the corresponding peripheral blood samples. The frequency of mtDNA mutations in the D-loop region in patients with cancer was approximately 80% in our study. This report further supports the significance of genetic alteration in urothelial carcinoma and the clinical utility of the FISH, mtDNA quantitation polymerase chain reaction, mtDNA sequencing, and capillary electrophoresis for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Ha Yoo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Health Insurance Corporation Ilsan Hospital, Goyang-si, Kyonggi-do, 410-719, Korea
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Mithani SK, Shao C, Tan M, Smith IM, Califano JA, El-Naggar AK, Ha PK. Mitochondrial mutations in adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary glands. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8493. [PMID: 20041111 PMCID: PMC2795173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The MitoChip v2.0 resequencing array is an array-based technique allowing for accurate and complete sequencing of the mitochondrial genome. No studies have investigated mitochondrial mutation in salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinomas. Methodology The entire mitochondrial genome of 22 salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinomas (ACC) of salivary glands and matched leukocyte DNA was sequenced to determine the frequency and distribution of mitochondrial mutations in ACC tumors. Principal Findings Seventeen of 22 ACCs (77%) carried mitochondrial mutations, ranging in number from 1 to 37 mutations. A disproportionate number of mutations occurred in the D-loop. Twelve of 17 tumors (70.6%) carried mutations resulting in amino acid changes of translated proteins. Nine of 17 tumors (52.9%) with a mutation carried an amino acid changing mutation in the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase (NADH) complex. Conclusions/Significance Mitochondrial mutation is frequent in salivary ACCs. The high incidence of amino acid changing mutations implicates alterations in aerobic respiration in ACC carcinogenesis. D-loop mutations are of unclear significance, but may be associated with alterations in transcription or replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhail K. Mithani
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chunbo Shao
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marietta Tan
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ian M. Smith
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joseph A. Califano
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Johns Hopkins Head and Neck Surgery at the Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Milton J. Dance Head and Neck Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Adel K. El-Naggar
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Patrick K. Ha
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Johns Hopkins Head and Neck Surgery at the Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Milton J. Dance Head and Neck Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Implications of mitochondrial DNA mutations and mitochondrial dysfunction in tumorigenesis. Cell Res 2009; 19:802-15. [PMID: 19532122 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2009.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in oxidative phosphorylation resulting from mitochondrial dysfunction have long been hypothesized to be involved in tumorigenesis. Mitochondria have recently been shown to play an important role in regulating both programmed cell death and cell proliferation. Furthermore, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations have been found in various cancer cells. However, the role of these mtDNA mutations in tumorigenesis remains largely unknown. This review focuses on basic mitochondrial genetics, mtDNA mutations and consequential mitochondrial dysfunction associated with cancer. The potential molecular mechanisms, mediating the pathogenesis from mtDNA mutations and mitochondrial dysfunction to tumorigenesis are also discussed.
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Ma Y, Bai RK, Trieu R, Wong LJC. Mitochondrial dysfunction in human breast cancer cells and their transmitochondrial cybrids. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2009; 1797:29-37. [PMID: 19647716 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2009.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Revised: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Somatic mitochondrial DNA alterations have been found in all types of cancer. To better understand the role of mitochondria and their involvement in the pathogenic mechanisms of cancer development, the effects of cancer mitochondria were investigated in a defined nuclear background using a transmitochondrial cybrid system. Our results demonstrated that cancer mitochondria confer a significant reduction in cell growth when cells are metabolically stressed in a galactose medium. Activities of the respiratory chain complexes, cellular oxygen consumption, and ATP synthesis rates were found to be much lower in breast cancer cells, than those in normal breast epithelial cells of MCF-10A (10A). These results suggest that there is reduced mitochondrial function in the studied breast cancer cell lines. Similarly reduced mitochondrial function was observed in cybrids containing cancer mitochondria. Novel tRNA mutations were also identified in two breast cancer cell lines, possibly responsible for the observed mitochondrial dysfunction. We conclude that altered mitochondria in cancer cells may play a crucial role in tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yewei Ma
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, NAB2015, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Lee HC, Wei YH. Mitochondrial DNA instability and metabolic shift in human cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:674-701. [PMID: 19333428 PMCID: PMC2660656 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10020674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Revised: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A shift in glucose metabolism from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis is one of the biochemical hallmarks of tumor cells. Mitochondrial defects have been proposed to play an important role in the initiation and/or progression of various types of cancer. In the past decade, a wide spectrum of mutations and depletion of mtDNA have been identified in human cancers. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that activation of oncogenes or mutation of tumor suppressor genes, such as p53, can lead to the upregulation of glycolytic enzymes or inhibition of the biogenesis or assembly of respiratory enzyme complexes such as cytochrome c oxidase. These findings may explain, at least in part, the well documented phenomena of elevated glucose uptake and mitochondrial defects in cancers. In this article, we review the somatic mtDNA alterations with clinicopathological correlations in human cancers, and their potential roles in tumorigenesis, cancer progression, and metastasis. The signaling pathways involved in the shift from aerobic metabolism to glycolysis in human cancers are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Chen Lee
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan 112; E-Mail:
| | - Yau-Huei Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan 112
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail:
; Tel. 02-2826-7118; Fax: 02-28264843
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Abstract
Earlier studies of mitochondrial mutations in melanoma have focused on analysis of selected mitochondrial genes and the displacement loop (D-loop) region using conventional sequencing. In this study we use data from a whole mitochondria-sequencing array, the MitoChip v2.0, to characterize the mutations that are present throughout the mitochondrial genome. The mitochondrial genome of DNA derived from 14 fresh melanoma specimens and two melanoma cell lines, and autologous lymphocytes or immortalized B cells, respectively, were sequenced using the MitoChip v2.0. Paired comparative sequence analysis was carried out to define somatic mutations. Somatic mitochondrial DNA mutations were identified in 12/16 (75%) melanomas, compared with germline lymphocyte DNA. One hundred mutations were present among these 12 melanomas. A disproportionate number of mutations occurred in the D-loop. Furthermore, 9/16 (56.3%) melanomas carried mutations, which resulted in amino acid substitutions in functional genes. In the 10 samples carrying nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase (ND) complex mutations, multiple mutations were present at a rate significantly greater than the expected frequency based on the size of ND complex genes (P=0.028, Fisher's exact test). Mitochondrial mutation is a frequent occurrence in melanoma. The high rate of missense mutations and the propensity for the ND complex implicate a role for alterations in mitochondrial respiratory function in melanoma carcinogenesis. Mutations of the noncoding D-loop are of unclear significance, but may be associated with alterations in transcription or replication. Further studies are needed to delineate the timing and functional significance of these mutations, and their role in the pathogenesis of this disease.
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Losanoff JE, Zhu W, Qin W, Mannello F, Sauter ER. Can mitochondrial DNA mutations in circulating white blood cells and serum be used to detect breast cancer? Breast 2008; 17:540-2. [PMID: 18571924 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2008.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Revised: 04/25/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) affected by mutations have been detected in melanoma, prostate cancer, and digestive neoplasms involving the pancreas, liver, and the colon. We sought to detect such mutations in women with breast cancer to assess if the method could be used to aid in the diagnosis of breast cancer. Blood was collected and mtDNA extracted; 27 samples included 14 patients who had breast cancer and 13 healthy controls. White blood cells and serum were separated. The mitochondrial D-loop region was amplified using PCR followed by automated DNA sequencing. The collected data was analyzed with computer software to detect both polymorphisms and mutations. mtDNA sequencing was successful in 93% of the samples (n=23). No mutations were found in any of the study groups. Polymorphisms were detected in all specimens, three of which had not been previously reported. The method used did not detect mtDNA mutations in the blood of women with breast cancer, but was extremely sensitive in polymorphism detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian E Losanoff
- Department of Surgery, John D Dingell VAMC and Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Legras A, Lièvre A, Bonaiti-Pellié C, Cottet V, Pariente A, Nalet B, Lafon J, Faivre J, Bonithon-Kopp C, Goasguen N, Penna C, Olschwang S, Laurent-Puig P. Mitochondrial D310 mutations in colorectal adenomas: An early but not causative genetic event during colorectal carcinogenesis. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:2242-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Mithani SK, Taube JM, Zhou S, Smith IM, Koch WM, Westra WH, Califano JA. Mitochondrial mutations are a late event in the progression of head and neck squamous cell cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:4331-5. [PMID: 17671113 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-2613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the timing of mitochondrial mutations in the progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Twenty-three mitochondrial mutations were identified in 12 tumors using a high-throughput mitochondrial sequencing array. Areas of adjacent dysplastic and normal epithelium adjacent to tumors were sequenced using conventional methods for the presence of mutations that occurred in the corresponding tumor. RESULTS Two of 23 (8.7%) tumor mitochondrial mutations (2 of 12 tumors) were present in both the areas of adjacent dysplasia and normal epithelium. Five of 23 (21.7%) tumor mitochondrial mutations (4 of 12 tumors) were present in areas of adjacent dysplasia. Eleven of 12 tumors contained nonsynonymous mutations that resulted in protein coding alterations. A significant difference (P < 0.01, chi(2)) was found in the incidence of mitochondrial mutation that occurred after development of cancer compared with adjacent areas dysplasia and normal epithelium. CONCLUSIONS The majority of mitochondrial mutations occur during or after the transition of preneoplastic epithelium to cancer in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, indicating that these are a late event in head and neck carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhail K Mithani
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21287-0910, USA
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Li XY, Su M, Huang HH, Li H, Tian DP, Gao YX. mtDNA evidence: genetic background associated with related populations at high risk for esophageal cancer between Chaoshan and Taihang Mountain areas in China. Genomics 2007; 90:474-81. [PMID: 17689918 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2007.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2007] [Revised: 05/30/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
There are three major geographic regions in China known for their high incidences of esophageal cancer (EC): the Taihang Mountain range of north-central China, the Minnan area of Fujian province, and the Chaoshan plain of Guangdong province. Historically, waves of great population migrations from north-central China through coastal Fujian to the Chaoshan plain were recorded. To study the genetic relationship among the related EC high-risk populations, we analyzed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups based on 30 EC patients from Chaoshan and used control samples from the high-risk populations, including 48, 73, and 89 subjects from the Taihang, Fujian, and Chaoshan areas, respectively. The principal component of all haplogroups, correlation analysis of haplogroup frequency distributions between populations, and haplogroup D network analysis showed that compared with other Chinese populations, populations in the three studied areas are genetically related. The highest haplogroup frequency shared by all studied populations was haplogroup D, with much higher frequency in the Chaoshan area EC patients. The majority of haplogroup D individuals among the Chaoshan area EC patients belonged to subhaplogroups D4a and D5a, with the total frequency of these two haplogroups significantly higher than that in the high-risk population in the same area (chi(2)=9.017, p<0.01). In conclusion, EC high-risk populations in these three areas share a similar matrilineal genetic background, and D4a and D5a might be candidate genetic markers for screening populations susceptible to EC in the Chaoshan area. Ours is the first report to show the association between mtDNA haplogroups (D4a and D5a) and esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yun Li
- Department of Pathology, Key Immunopathology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515031, China
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Verma M, Seminara D, Arena FJ, John C, Iwamoto K, Hartmuller V. Genetic and epigenetic biomarkers in cancer : improving diagnosis, risk assessment, and disease stratification. Mol Diagn Ther 2007; 10:1-15. [PMID: 16646573 DOI: 10.1007/bf03256438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression patterns change during the initiation, progression, and development of cancer, as a result of both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Genetic changes arise due to irreversible changes in the nucleotide sequence, whereas epigenetic changes occur due to changes in chromatin conformation, histone acetylation, and methylation of the CpG islands located primarily in the promoter region of a gene. Both genetic and epigenetic markers can potentially be utilized to identify different stages of tumor development. Several such markers exhibit high sensitivity and specificity for different tumor types and can be assayed in biofluids and other specimens collected by noninvasive technologies. In spite of the availability of large numbers of diagnostic markers, only a few have been clinically validated so far. The current status and the challenges in the field of genetic and epigenetic markers in cancer diagnosis, risk assessment, and disease stratification are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Verma
- Analytic Epidemiology Research Branch, Epidemiology and Genetics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA.
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Zhou S, Kachhap S, Sun W, Wu G, Chuang A, Poeta L, Grumbine L, Mithani SK, Chatterjee A, Koch W, Westra WH, Maitra A, Glazer C, Carducci M, Sidransky D, McFate T, Verma A, Califano JA. Frequency and phenotypic implications of mitochondrial DNA mutations in human squamous cell cancers of the head and neck. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:7540-5. [PMID: 17456604 PMCID: PMC1863503 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0610818104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial genomic mutations are found in a variety of human cancers; however, the frequency of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations in coding regions remains poorly defined, and the functional effects of mitochondrial mutations found in primary human cancers are not well described. Using MitoChip, we sequenced the whole mitochondrial genome in 83 head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Forty-one of 83 (49%) tumors contained mtDNA mutations. Mutations occurred within noncoding (D-loop) and coding regions. A nonrandom distribution of mutations was found throughout the mitochondrial enzyme complex components. Sequencing of margins with dysplasia demonstrated an identical nonconservative mitochondrial mutation (A76T in ND4L) as the tumor, suggesting a role of mtDNA mutation in tumor progression. Analysis of p53 status showed that mtDNA mutations correlated positively with p53 mutations (P < 0.002). To characterize biological function of the mtDNA mutations, we cloned NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) mutants based on primary tumor mutations. Expression of the nuclear-transcribed, mitochondrial-targeted ND2 mutants resulted in increased anchorage-dependent and -independent growth, which was accompanied by increased reactive oxygen species production and an aerobic glycolytic metabolic phenotype with hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha induction that is reversible by ascorbate. Cancer-specific mitochondrial mutations may contribute to development of a malignant phenotype by direct genotoxic effects from increased reactive oxygen species production as well as induction of aerobic glycolysis and growth promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyu Zhou
- *Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
| | | | - Wenyue Sun
- *Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
| | - Guojun Wu
- *Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
| | - Alice Chuang
- *Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
| | - Luana Poeta
- *Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, University Campus BioMedico School of Medicine, 00155 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Suhail K. Mithani
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
| | | | - Wayne Koch
- *Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
| | - William H. Westra
- **Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Anirban Maitra
- **Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Chad Glazer
- *Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
| | | | | | - Thomas McFate
- Department of Neurology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814; and
| | - Ajay Verma
- Department of Neurology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814; and
| | - Joseph A. Califano
- *Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 601 North Caroline Street, 6th Floor, Baltimore, MD 21287-0910. E-mail:
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Srivastava S, Barrett JN, Moraes CT. PGC-1alpha/beta upregulation is associated with improved oxidative phosphorylation in cells harboring nonsense mtDNA mutations. Hum Mol Genet 2007; 16:993-1005. [PMID: 17341490 PMCID: PMC2652746 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddm045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We have studied the functional effects of nonsense mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations in the COXI and ND5 genes in a colorectal tumor cell line. Surprisingly, these cells had an efficient oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS); however, when mitochondria from these cells were transferred to an osteosarcoma nuclear background (osteosarcoma cybrids), the rate of respiration markedly declined suggesting that the phenotypic expression of the mtDNA mutations was prevented by the colorectal tumor nuclear background. We found that there was a significant increase in the steady-state levels of PGC-1alpha and PGC-1beta transcriptional coactivators in these cells and a parallel increase in the steady-state levels of several mitochondrial proteins. Accordingly, adenoviral-mediated overexpression of PGC-1alpha and PGC-1beta in the osteosarcoma cybrids stimulated mitochondrial respiration suggesting that an upregulation of PGC-1alpha/beta coactivators can partially rescue an OXPHOS defect. In conclusion, upregulation of PGC-1alpha and PGC-1beta in the colorectal tumor cells can be part of an adaptation mechanism to help overcome the severe consequences of mtDNA mutations on OXPHOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarika Srivastava
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - John N. Barrett
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Carlos T. Moraes
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Tel: +1 3052435858; Fax: +1 3052433914;
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Basso D, Navaglia F, Fogar P, Zambon CF, Greco E, Schiavon S, Fasolo M, Stranges A, Falda A, Padoan A, Fadi E, Pedrazzoli S, Plebani M. DNA repair pathways and mitochondrial DNA mutations in gastrointestinal carcinogenesis. Clin Chim Acta 2007; 381:50-5. [PMID: 17397816 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2007.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This work focuses on the main DNA repair pathways, highlighting their role in gastrointestinal carcinogenesis and the role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), mutations being described in several tumor types, including those of the gastrointestinal tract. The mismatch repair (MMR) system is inherently altered in patients with hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer, and plays a role in carcinogenesis in a subset of sporadic colorectal, gastric and esophageal cancers. Alterations in homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) also contribute to the development of pancreatic cancer. Gene polymorphisms of some X-ray cross-complementing (XRCCs), cofactor proteins involved in the base excision repair pathway, have been investigated in relation to gastric, colorectal and pancreatic cancer. Yet only one polymorphism, XRCC1 Arg194Trp, appears to be involved in smoking-related cancers and in early onset pancreatic cancer. Although evidence in the literature indicates that mtDNA somatic mutations play a role in gastric and colorectal carcinogenesis, no sound conclusions have yet been drawn regarding this issue in pancreatic cancer, although an mtDNA variant at 16519 is believed to worsen the outcome of pancreatic cancer patients, possibly because it is involved in altering cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Basso
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
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Van Trappen PO, Cullup T, Troke R, Swann D, Shepherd JH, Jacobs IJ, Gayther SA, Mein CA. Somatic mitochondrial DNA mutations in primary and metastatic ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2007; 104:129-33. [PMID: 16942794 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2006.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2006] [Revised: 06/28/2006] [Accepted: 07/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To date, most mtDNA mutations in cancer have been identified in the control region (D-loop) containing the major promoters. However, almost all studies used one sample per tumor and there is no clear evidence whether metastatic deposits harbor different mtDNA variants. To establish whether different mtDNA variants can be found in the same cancer but at different sites, we analyzed a series of unilateral and bilateral primary epithelial ovarian cancers as well as paired metastatic tumor deposits. METHODS We sequenced the D-loop region in 52 different tumor samples of 35 ovarian cancer cases, as well as matched normal tissues. Seventeen of those 35 cases had bilateral ovarian cancer, with a sample from each tumor analyzed. RESULTS Eighty-six polymorphisms (4 new in ovarian cancer) were detected, and 9 different somatic mtDNA mutations were found in 26% (9 of 35) of ovarian cancer cases; all were homoplasmic in nature. Six of the mutations were novel in ovarian cancer. In 24% (4 of 17) of cases with bilateral ovarian tumors, different mtDNA variants were found between paired tumors, suggesting the presence of different clonal populations of cancer cells. Metastatic tumor deposits showed identical mtDNA variants to those found in at least one of the ovarian tumors in cases with bilateral ovarian cancer. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that multiple tumor samples from the same patient may harbor different mtDNA variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- P O Van Trappen
- Gynaecological Cancer Centre and Centre for Translational Oncology, Institute of Cancer and CR-UK Clinical Centre, Barts and The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, John Vane Science Centre, London, UK.
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Fleischhacker M, Schmidt B. Circulating nucleic acids (CNAs) and cancer--a survey. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2006; 1775:181-232. [PMID: 17137717 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2006.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2006] [Revised: 10/04/2006] [Accepted: 10/04/2006] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
It has been known for decades that it is possible to detect small amounts of extracellular nucleic acids in plasma and serum of healthy and diseased human beings. The unequivocal proof that part of these circulating nucleic acids (CNAs) is of tumor origin, initiated a surge of studies which confirmed and extended the original observations. In the past few years many experiments showed that tumor-associated alterations can be detected at the DNA and RNA level. At the DNA level the detection of point mutations, microsatellite alterations, chromosomal alterations, i.e. inversion and deletion, and hypermethylation of promoter sequences were demonstrated. At the RNA level the overexpression of tumor-associated genes was shown. These observations laid the foundation for the development of assays for an early detection of cancer as well as for other clinical means.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fleischhacker
- Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medizinische Klinik mS Onkologie u Hämatologie, CCM, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
Somatic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations have been increasingly observed in primary human cancers. As each cell contains many mitochondria with multiple copies of mtDNA, it is possible that wild-type and mutant mtDNA can co-exist in a state called heteroplasmy. During cell division, mitochondria are randomly distributed to daughter cells. Over time, the proportion of the mutant mtDNA within the cell can vary and may drift toward predominantly mutant or wild type to achieve homoplasmy. Thus, the biological impact of a given mutation may vary, depending on the proportion of mutant mtDNAs carried by the cell. This effect contributes to the various phenotypes observed among family members carrying the same pathogenic mtDNA mutation. Most mutations occur in the coding sequences but few result in substantial amino acid changes raising questions as to their biological consequence. Studies reveal that mtDNA play a crucial role in the development of cancer but further work is required to establish the functional significance of specific mitochondrial mutations in cancer and disease progression. The origin of somatic mtDNA mutations in human cancer and their potential diagnostic and therapeutic implications in cancer are discussed. This review article provides a detailed summary of mtDNA mutations that have been reported in various types of cancer. Furthermore, this review offers some perspective as to the origin of these of mutations, their functional consequences in cancer development, and possible therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chatterjee
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Head and Neck Cancer Research Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2196, USA
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38
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Wang Y, Liu VWS, Ngan HYS, Nagley P. Frequent occurrence of mitochondrial microsatellite instability in the D-loop region of human cancers. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1042:123-9. [PMID: 15965053 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1338.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the occurrence of mitochondrial microsatellite instability (mtMSI) in 262 pairs of female cancer tissues with the matched normal controls. mtMSI was detected in only 4 of 12 microsatellites found in the mitochondrial genome (3 in the D-loop and 1 in the 12S rRNA gene). Interestingly, 95.6% (87/91) of mtMSI was detected in the D-loop, namely, at nucleotide positions 303-315, 514-523, and 16184-16193. This demonstrates that the D-loop is a hotspot for mtMSI. Different incidences of mtMSI at these three microsatellites were found in the four cancer types (including cervical, endometrial, ovarian, and breast). Together with those mtMSI reported in other studies, the differential occurrence of mtMSI at each of the markers in the D-loop region was observed, indicating that the extent of mtMSI varies from one cancer to another. Although the mechanisms of generation and functional impact of mtMSI are still not clear, the high incidence of mtMSI in the D-loop and its broad distribution in human cancers render it a potential marker for cancer detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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39
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Tan DJ, Chang J, Liu LL, Bai RK, Wang YF, Yeh KT, Wong LJC. Significance of somatic mutations and content alteration of mitochondrial DNA in esophageal cancer. BMC Cancer 2006; 6:93. [PMID: 16620376 PMCID: PMC1459869 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-6-93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2005] [Accepted: 04/18/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The roles of mitochondria in energy metabolism, the generation of ROS, aging, and the initiation of apoptosis have implicated their importance in tumorigenesis. In this study we aim to establish the mutation spectrum and to understand the role of somatic mtDNA mutations in esophageal cancer. Methods The entire mitochondrial genome was screened for somatic mutations in 20 pairs (18 esophageal squamous cell carcinomas, one adenosquamous carcinoma and one adenocarcinoma) of tumor/surrounding normal tissue of esophageal cancers, using temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TTGE), followed by direct DNA sequencing to identify the mutations. Results Fourteen somatic mtDNA mutations were identified in 55% (11/20) of tumors analyzed, including 2 novel missense mutations and a frameshift mutation in ND4L, ATP6 subunit, and ND4 genes respectively. Nine mutations (64%) were in the D-loop region. Numerous germline variations were found, at least 10 of them were novel and five were missense mutations, some of them occurred in evolutionarily conserved domains. Using real-time quantitative PCR analysis, the mtDNA content was found to increase in some tumors and decrease in others. Analysis of molecular and other clinicopathological findings does not reveal significant correlation between somatic mtDNA mutations and mtDNA content, or between mtDNA content and metastatic status. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that somatic mtDNA mutations in esophageal cancers are frequent. Some missense and frameshift mutations may play an important role in the tumorigenesis of esophageal carcinoma. More extensive biochemical and molecular studies will be necessary to determine the pathological significance of these somatic mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duan-Jun Tan
- Institute for Molecular and Human Genetics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, USA
| | - Julia Chang
- Department of Pathology, Changhua Christian Hospital, ChangHua, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Ling Liu
- Institute for Molecular and Human Genetics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, USA
| | - Ren-Kui Bai
- Institute for Molecular and Human Genetics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yu-Fen Wang
- Department of Pathology, Changhua Christian Hospital, ChangHua, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Tu Yeh
- Department of Pathology, Changhua Christian Hospital, ChangHua, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Jun C Wong
- Institute for Molecular and Human Genetics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Lièvre A, Blons H, Houllier AM, Laccourreye O, Brasnu D, Beaune P, Laurent-Puig P. Clinicopathological significance of mitochondrial D-Loop mutations in head and neck carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2006; 94:692-7. [PMID: 16495928 PMCID: PMC2361200 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA mutations have been reported in several types of tumours, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The noncoding region of the Displacement-Loop (D-Loop) has emerged as a mutational hotspot and we recently found that they were associated with prognosis and response to 5 fluorouracil (5FU) in colon cancers. In order to evaluate the frequence of D-Loop mutations in a large series of HNSCC and establish correlations with clinicopathologic parameters, we sequenced the D-Loop of 109 HNSCC before a treatment by neoadjuvant 5FU-cisplatin-based chemotherapy and surgery. Then, we correlated these mutations with prognosis and response to chemotherapy. A D-Loop mutation was identified in 21% of the tumors, the majority of them were located in a C-tract (D310). The prevalence of D310 mutations increased significantly with the number of cytosines in the matched normal tissue sequence (P=0.02). Hypopharyngeal cancer was significantly more frequent (P=0.03) and tobacco consumption more important (P=0.01) in the group of patients with D-Loop mutation. The presence of D-Loop mutation was not associated with prognosis or with response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. These results suggest that D-Loop mutations should be considered as a cancer biomarker that may be useful for the early detection of HNSCC in individuals at risk of this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lièvre
- INSERM, U490, Université René Descartes, Paris F-75006, France
| | - H Blons
- INSERM, U490, Université René Descartes, Paris F-75006, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, pôle biologie, Paris F-75015, France
| | - A M Houllier
- INSERM, U490, Université René Descartes, Paris F-75006, France
| | - O Laccourreye
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, service d'Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie et de Chirurgie cervico-faciale, Paris F-75015, France
| | - D Brasnu
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, service d'Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie et de Chirurgie cervico-faciale, Paris F-75015, France
| | - P Beaune
- INSERM, U490, Université René Descartes, Paris F-75006, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, pôle biologie, Paris F-75015, France
| | - P Laurent-Puig
- INSERM, U490, Université René Descartes, Paris F-75006, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, pôle biologie, Paris F-75015, France
- INSERM U490, Université René Descartes, 45 rue des Saints-Pères 75006, Paris, France; E-mail:
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Meierhofer D, Mayr JA, Fink K, Schmeller N, Kofler B, Sperl W. Mitochondrial DNA mutations in renal cell carcinomas revealed no general impact on energy metabolism. Br J Cancer 2006; 94:268-74. [PMID: 16404428 PMCID: PMC2361126 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, renal cell carcinoma tissues were reported to display a marked reduction of components of the respiratory chain. To elucidate a possible relationship between tumourigenesis and alterations of oxidative phosphorylation, we screened for mutations of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in renal carcinoma tissues and patient-matched normal kidney cortex. Seven of the 15 samples investigated revealed at least one somatic heteroplasmic mutation as determined by denaturating HPLC analysis (DHPLC). No homoplasmic somatic mutations were observed. Actually, half of the mutations presented a level of heteroplasmy below 25%, which could be easily overlooked by automated sequence analysis. The somatic mutations included four known D-loop mutations, four so far unreported mutations in ribosomal genes, one synonymous change in the ND4 gene and four nonsynonymous base changes in the ND2, COI, ND5 and ND4L genes. One renal cell carcinoma tissue showed a somatic A3243G mutation, which is a known frequent cause of MELAS syndrome (mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, stroke-like episode) and specific compensatory alterations of enzyme activities of the respiratory chain in the tumour tissue. No difference between histopathology and clinical progression compared to the other tumour tissues was observed. In conclusion, the low abundance as well as the frequently observed low level of heteroplasmy of somatic mtDNA mutations indicates that the decreased aerobic energy capacity in tumour tissue seems to be mediated by a general nuclear regulated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Meierhofer
- Department of Paediatrics, Paracelsus Private Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - J A Mayr
- Department of Paediatrics, Paracelsus Private Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - K Fink
- Department of Urology, Paracelsus Private Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - N Schmeller
- Department of Urology, Paracelsus Private Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - B Kofler
- Department of Paediatrics, Paracelsus Private Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Paediatrics, Paracelsus Private Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria. E-mail:
| | - W Sperl
- Department of Paediatrics, Paracelsus Private Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Salas A, Yao YG, Macaulay V, Vega A, Carracedo A, Bandelt HJ. A critical reassessment of the role of mitochondria in tumorigenesis. PLoS Med 2005; 2:e296. [PMID: 16187796 PMCID: PMC1240051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2005] [Accepted: 07/25/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is being analyzed by an increasing number of laboratories in order to investigate its potential role as an active marker of tumorigenesis in various types of cancer. Here we question the conclusions drawn in most of these investigations, especially those published in high-rank cancer research journals, under the evidence that a significant number of these medical mtDNA studies are based on obviously flawed sequencing results. METHODS AND FINDINGS In our analyses, we take a phylogenetic approach and employ thorough database searches, which together have proven successful for detecting erroneous sequences in the fields of human population genetics and forensics. Apart from conceptual problems concerning the interpretation of mtDNA variation in tumorigenesis, in most cases, blocks of seemingly somatic mutations clearly point to contamination or sample mix-up and, therefore, have nothing to do with tumorigenesis. CONCLUSION The role of mitochondria in tumorigenesis remains unclarified. Our findings of laboratory errors in many contributions would represent only the tip of the iceberg since most published studies do not provide the raw sequence data for inspection, thus hindering a posteriori evaluation of the results. There is no precedent for such a concatenation of errors and misconceptions affecting a whole subfield of medical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Salas
- Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Medicina Legal, Facultade de Medicina, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.
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Kose K, Hiyama T, Tanaka S, Yoshihara M, Yasui W, Chayama K. Somatic mutations of mitochondrial DNA in digestive tract cancers. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 20:1679-84. [PMID: 16246185 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2005.04015.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Somatic mutations of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have been reported to play an important role in the carcinogenesis of several human cancers. However, there are few reports on mtDNA mutations in digestive tract cancers, including esophageal, gastric and colorectal cancers. The present study examined somatic mtDNA mutations in these cancers. METHODS Samples of 82 esophageal cancers, 96 gastric cancers and 138 colorectal cancers were collected. Mutations in the D310 mononucleotide repeat of mtDNA were examined by microsatellite assay. RESULTS Frequencies of mtDNA mutations were similar in each digestive tract cancer: 14% (7/51) in esophageal cancers, 15% (14/94) in gastric cancers and 8% (11/133) in colorectal cancers. There were no significant relationships between mtDNA mutations and clinicopathological features, such as patient age or sex, tumor location, depth of tumor invasion and lymph node metastasis in each digestive tract cancer. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that mtDNA mutations play a role in the development but not progression in each digestive tract cancer, and that the role of mtDNA mutations might be similar among the digestive tract cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Kose
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Programs for Biomedical Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
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44
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Kim MM, Clinger JD, Masayesva BG, Ha PK, Zahurak ML, Westra WH, Califano JA. Mitochondrial DNA quantity increases with histopathologic grade in premalignant and malignant head and neck lesions. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 10:8512-5. [PMID: 15623632 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-0734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mitochondria are highly susceptible to oxidative damage. Although mitochondrial function decreases with oxidative damage, overall mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content increases to compensate for general mitochondrial dysfunction. We performed quantitative polymerase chain reaction for genes specific to mitochondrial and nuclear genomes to investigate relative mitochondrial abundance in a spectrum of dysplastic head and neck lesions. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN DNA from mild, moderate, and severe dysplasias, as well as invasive tumors and normal mucosal cells, was extracted. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, mitochondrial to nuclear DNA ratios were determined by quantification of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CoxI) and beta-actin genes. RESULTS Mean CoxI/beta-actin DNA ratios for mild, moderate, and severe premalignant lesions were 0.0529, 0.0607, and 0.1021, respectively. The mean ratio for the normal mucosal cells contained in saliva was 0.0537, whereas the mean ratio for tumors was 0.1667. As a whole, our experimental model demonstrated significance (P = 0.0358). Comparisons between individual categories showed borderline significance when compared with the normal group, with P values of 0.0673, 0.0747, and 0.0824 for moderate and severe dysplasia and invasive tumor, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas arise through premalignant intermediates and may be merely morphologic manifestations of accumulated genetic alterations. In keeping with this molecular tumor progression model, our study shows that mtDNA increases according to histopathologic grade, a phenomenon that may be a feedback mechanism that compensates for a generalized decline in respiratory chain function. Therefore, high mtDNA content may be another marker of genetic alteration, a measure of relative DNA injury, and a surrogate measure of histopathologic grade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Kim
- Head and Neck Cancer Research Division, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21287-0910, USA
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45
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Khaidakov M, Reis RJS. Possibility of selection against mtDNA mutations in tumors. Mol Cancer 2005; 4:36. [PMID: 16159390 PMCID: PMC1232865 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-4-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2005] [Accepted: 09/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies of tumors have revealed substantial numbers of clonally expanded somatic mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), not observed in adjacent intact tissues. These findings were interpreted as indicating the involvement of mtDNA mutations in tumorigenesis. Such comparisons, however, ignore an important confounding factor: the monoclonal origin of tumors as opposed to the highly polyclonal nature of normal tissues. Analysis of recently published data on the incidence of somatic mutations in nontumor monoclonal cells suggests that, contrary to the prevailing view, the process of tumorigenesis may be accompanied by active selection against detrimental mtDNA mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Khaidakov
- Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, John McClellan Veterans Medical Center, 4300 West 7Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - RJ Shmookler Reis
- Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, John McClellan Veterans Medical Center, 4300 West 7Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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46
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Salas A, Carracedo A, Macaulay V, Richards M, Bandelt HJ. A practical guide to mitochondrial DNA error prevention in clinical, forensic, and population genetics. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 335:891-9. [PMID: 16102729 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.07.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2005] [Accepted: 07/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Several suggestions have been made for avoiding errors in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequencing and documentation. Unfortunately, the current clinical, forensic, and population genetic literature on mtDNA still delivers a large number of studies with flawed sequence data, which, in extreme cases, damage the whole message of a study. The phylogenetic approach has been shown to be useful for pinpointing most of the errors. However, many geneticists, especially in the forensic and medical fields, are not familiar with either effective search strategies or the evolutionary terminology. We here provide a manual that should help prevent errors at any stage by re-examining data fresh from the sequencer in the light of previously published data. A fictitious case study of a European mtDNA data set (albeit composed from the literature) then demonstrates the steps one has to go through in order to assess the quality of sequencing and documentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Salas
- Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Medicina Legal, Facultade de Medicina, 15782 Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Centro Nacional de Xenotipado (CeGen), Hospital Clínico Universitario, 15706 Galicia, Spain.
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47
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Kiebish MA, Seyfried TN. Absence of pathogenic mitochondrial DNA mutations in mouse brain tumors. BMC Cancer 2005; 5:102. [PMID: 16105171 PMCID: PMC1199588 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-5-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2005] [Accepted: 08/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Somatic mutations in the mitochondrial genome occur in numerous tumor types including brain tumors. These mutations are generally found in the hypervariable regions I and II of the displacement loop and unlikely alter mitochondrial function. Two hypervariable regions of mononucleotide repeats occur in the mouse mitochondrial genome, i.e., the origin of replication of the light strand (OL) and the Arg tRNA. METHODS In this study we examined the entire mitochondrial genome in a series of chemically induced brain tumors in the C57BL/6J strain and spontaneous brain tumors in the VM mouse strain. The tumor mtDNA was compared to that of mtDNA in brain mitochondrial populations from the corresponding syngeneic mouse host strain. RESULTS Direct sequencing revealed a few homoplasmic base pair insertions, deletions, and substitutions in the tumor cells mainly in regions of mononucleotide repeats. A heteroplasmic mutation in the 16srRNA gene was detected in a spontaneous metastatic VM brain tumor. CONCLUSION None of the mutations were considered pathogenic, indicating that mtDNA somatic mutations do not likely contribute to the initiation or progression of these diverse mouse brain tumors.
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Lièvre
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie Moléculaire, INSERM U490, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France
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49
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Pejovic T, Ladner D, Intengan M, Zheng K, Fairchild T, Dillon D, Easley S, Dillon D, Marchetti D, Schwartz P, Lele S, Costa J, Odunsi K. Somatic D-loop mitochondrial DNA mutations are frequent in uterine serous carcinoma. Eur J Cancer 2004; 40:2519-24. [PMID: 15519528 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2004.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2004] [Revised: 06/23/2004] [Accepted: 07/13/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondria plays a role in apoptosis. Its genome is also more susceptible to mutations because of high levels of reactive oxygen species and limited repair mechanisms. The D-loop of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) contains essential transcription and replication elements, and mutations in this region might alter the rate of DNA replication. We examined genetic alterations in the D-loop region of mtDNA in uterine serous carcinoma (USC) samples and their paired normal adjacent endometrium. DNA was extracted after laser-capture microdissection of paraffin-embedded tissues from eight patients with USC. The entire D-loop genome was amplified using nine pairs of overlapping primers. Denatured polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products were subjected to single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. Somatic mtDNA alterations were detected in five tumours (63%). Our study indicates that mtDNA D-loop sequence alterations occur at a high frequency in USC suggesting that mtDNA mutations may play a role in the development of USC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Pejovic
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Tang M, Baez S, Pruyas M, Diaz A, Calvo A, Riquelme E, Wistuba II. Mitochondrial DNA mutation at the D310 (displacement loop) mononucleotide sequence in the pathogenesis of gallbladder carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:1041-6. [PMID: 14871983 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-0701-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mutations in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have been observed frequently in human neoplasia, in both coding and noncoding regions. A mononucleotide repeat (poly-C) between 303 and 315 nucleotides (D310) within the regulatory displacement loop has been identified recently as a frequent hot spot of deletion/insertion mutations in tumors. We investigated the frequency and pattern of D310 abnormalities in the pathogenesis of gallbladder carcinoma (GBC). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN DNA extracted from neoplastic and nonneoplastic archival gallbladder tissue including 123 tumors, 53 dysplastic areas, and 90 histologically normal epithelia adjacent to GBC, chronic cholecystitis, and 15 normal gallbladders were examined by PCR-based assay for D310 mutations, followed by sequencing in a subset of cases. RESULTS D310 mutation was a relatively frequent (47 of 123; 38%) abnormality in GBC. A very high frequency of mutations were detected in dysplastic (8 of 14; 57%) and normal-appearing gallbladder epithelia (10 of 22; 46%) accompanying GBC, showing a clonal relationship compared with the corresponding tumors. D310 mutations were also detected in dysplastic (8 of 39; 21%) and normal (17 of 68; 25%) epithelia obtained from chronic cholecystitis. A single case of 15 normal gallbladders showed a D310 abnormality. Overall, deletions (67 of 91; 74%) at D310 were more frequent than insertions. CONCLUSIONS D310 mutation at the mtDNA displacement loop is a relatively frequent and early event in the sequential pathogenesis of GBC, being detected in normal-appearing epithelium from chronic cholecystitis. Our findings suggest that mtDNA mutations should be additionally investigated in GBC pathogenesis, and D310 mononucleotide abnormalities could be included in a panel of molecular biomarkers for GBC early detection strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moying Tang
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Hospital Dr. Sotero del Rio, Santiago, Chile
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