1
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Starkova T, Polyanichko A, Tomilin AN, Chikhirzhina E. Structure and Functions of HMGB2 Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098334. [PMID: 37176041 PMCID: PMC10179549 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
High-Mobility Group (HMG) chromosomal proteins are the most numerous nuclear non-histone proteins. HMGB domain proteins are the most abundant and well-studied HMG proteins. They are involved in variety of biological processes. HMGB1 and HMGB2 were the first members of HMGB-family to be discovered and are found in all studied eukaryotes. Despite the high degree of homology, HMGB1 and HMGB2 proteins differ from each other both in structure and functions. In contrast to HMGB2, there is a large pool of works devoted to the HMGB1 protein whose structure-function properties have been described in detail in our previous review in 2020. In this review, we attempted to bring together diverse data about the structure and functions of the HMGB2 protein. The review also describes post-translational modifications of the HMGB2 protein and its role in the development of a number of diseases. Particular attention is paid to its interaction with various targets, including DNA and protein partners. The influence of the level of HMGB2 expression on various processes associated with cell differentiation and aging and its ability to mediate the differentiation of embryonic and adult stem cells are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Starkova
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Stem Cells, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Av. 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander Polyanichko
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Stem Cells, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Av. 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexey N Tomilin
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Stem Cells, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Av. 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena Chikhirzhina
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Stem Cells, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Av. 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
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2
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Veenstra JP, Bittencourt LFF, Aird KM. The senescence-associated secretory phenotype in ovarian cancer dissemination. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C125-C132. [PMID: 35584328 PMCID: PMC9273281 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00049.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a highly aggressive disease with poor survival rates in part due to diagnosis after dissemination throughout the peritoneal cavity. It is well-known that inflammatory signals affect ovarian cancer dissemination. Inflammation is a hallmark of cellular senescence, a stable cell cycle arrest induced by a variety of stimuli including many of the therapies used to treat patients with ovarian cancer. Indeed, recent work has illustrated that ovarian cancer cells in vitro, mouse models, and patient tumors undergo senescence in response to platinum-based or poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor therapies, standard-of-care therapies for ovarian cancer. This inflammatory response, termed the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), is highly dynamic and has pleiotropic roles that can be both beneficial and detrimental in cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic ways. Recent data on other cancer types suggest that the SASP promotes metastasis. Here, we outline what is known about the SASP in ovarian cancer and discuss both how the SASP may promote ovarian cancer dissemination and strategies to mitigate the effects of the SASP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob P. Veenstra
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lucas Felipe Fernandes Bittencourt
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Katherine M. Aird
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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3
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Fan X, Zhang L, Huang J, Zhong Y, Fan Y, Zhou T, Lu M. An Integrated Immune-Related Bioinformatics Analysis in Glioma: Prognostic Signature’s Identification and Multi-Omics Mechanisms’ Exploration. Front Genet 2022; 13:889629. [PMID: 35601497 PMCID: PMC9114310 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.889629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
As the traditional treatment for glioma, the most common central nervous system malignancy with poor prognosis, the efficacy of high-intensity surgery combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy is not satisfactory. The development of individualized scientific treatment strategy urgently requires the guidance of signature with clinical predictive value. In this study, five prognosis-related differentially expressed immune-related genes (PR-DE-IRGs) (CCNA2, HMGB2, CASP3, APOBEC3C, and BMP2) highly associated with glioma were identified for a prognostic model through weighted gene co-expression network analysis, univariate Cox and lasso regression. Kaplan-Meier survival curves, receiver operating characteristic curves and other methods have shown that the model has good performance in predicting the glioma patients’ prognosis. Further combined nomogram provided better predictive performance. The signature’s guiding value in clinical treatment has also been verified by multiple analysis results. We also constructed a comprehensive competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory network based on the protective factor BMP2 to further explore its potential role in glioma progression. Numerous immune-related biological functions and pathways were enriched in a high-risk population. Further multi-omics integrative analysis revealed a strong correlation between tumor immunosuppressive environment/IDH1 mutation and signature, suggesting that their cooperation plays an important role in glioma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Fan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shangrao Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Shangrao People’s Hospital, Shangrao, China
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- School of Stomatology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Junwen Huang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yun Zhong
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yanting Fan
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Min Lu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shangrao Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Shangrao People’s Hospital, Shangrao, China
- *Correspondence: Min Lu,
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Liu W, Cheng J. LINC00974 sponges miR-33a to facilitate cell proliferation, invasion, and EMT of ovarian cancer through HMGB2 upregulation. Genet Mol Biol 2022; 45:e20210224. [PMID: 35129574 PMCID: PMC8805187 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2021-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The function and mechanism of long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 974
(LINC00974) are rarely reported in ovarian cancer (OC). The study aimed to
investigate how LINC00974 affects the progression of OC. The expression levels
of LINC00974, microRNA-33a (miR-33a), and high mobility group box 2 (HMGB2) mRNA
were detected by qRT-PCR. The LINC00974/miR-33a/HMGB2 axis was confirmed by
dual-luciferase reporter, RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP), and
biotinylated RNA pull-down assays. A series of in vitro
experiments were employed to assess the effects of LINC00974/miR-33a/HMGB2 axis
on the proliferation, invasion and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) of OC
cells. Results showed that LINC00974 and HMGB2 mRNA expression were upregulated
in OC cells, while miR-33a expression was downregulated. HMGB2 was a direct
target gene of miR-33a. LINC00974 act as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to
directly bind with miR-33a, thereby upregulated HMGB2 expression. Notably,
silencing of LINC00974 suppressed cell proliferation, invasion and EMT of OC
cells, whereas miR-33a knockdown partially reversed the phenotypes of LINC00974
on OC cells. Overall, our study demonstrated that LINC00974 sponges miR-33a to
promote cell proliferation, invasion, and EMT of OC through HMGB2 upregulation.
LINC00974/miR-33a/HMGB2 axis may be an important signaling pathway in the
progression of OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Liu
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
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Chen Z, Zhong J, Ren X, Liu W, Wu D, Chen C, Huang H, Huang X, Liu Y, Liu J. Involvement of a novel regulatory cascade consisting of SET-H3K18ac/H3K27ac-53BP1 in Cr(VI)-induced malignant transformation of 16HBE cells. Toxicol Lett 2020; 339:70-77. [PMID: 33370592 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a well-established human carcinogen with DNA damaging effects. Recently we established a Cr(VI)-induced malignant transformation model from a human bronchial epithelial (16HBE) cell line, and in the transformed (16HBE-T) cells reduced levels of 53BP1 (critical for DNA repair) and the acetylated histone H3K18/27 (H3K18/27ac) were observed. In 16HBE-T cells SET (a multifunctional protein) was elevated by Cr(VI) through quantitative proteomics analysis. In the present study, we further explore the involvement of SET in the H3K18/27ac/53BP1 cascade in the 16HBE-T model, primarily by knockdown of SET. Bioinformatic analysis of the differentially expressed proteins indicated enrichment in histone modifications, in which SET was a major regulator. In 16HBE cells SET expression was enhanced by Cr(VI) in a concentration- and exposure duration-dependent manner. In 16HBE-T cells, SET knockdown showed the following effects: reversal of H3K18/27ac and 53BP1 levels, enhanced enrichment H3K18/27ac in 53BP1's promotor region, increase rate of apoptosis and cell cycle G0/G1 arrest (with or without Cr(VI) treatment), and reduced colony-forming efficiency. Finally, In comparison with benzo(a)pyrene-transformed (malignant, 16HBE-B) cells from 16HBE where no changes in H3K18/27ac, 53BP1 or SET were observed, while the H3K18/27ac/53BP1 cascade was downregulated and SET upregulated in 16HBE-T cells, as compared with the parental 16HBE cells; thus the changes in 16HBE-T might be a specific effect of Cr(VI). In conclusion, our results suggest that SET may be involved in the malignant cell transformation, through inhibiting the H3K18/27ac/53BP1 cascade, at least in the 16HBE cell model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China, 518055
| | - Jiacheng Zhong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China, 518055
| | - Xiaohu Ren
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China, 518055
| | - Wei Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China, 518055
| | - Desheng Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China, 518055
| | - Chongyang Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China, 518055
| | - Haiyan Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China, 518055
| | - Xinfeng Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China, 518055
| | - Yungang Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China, 518055.
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Cámara-Quílez M, Barreiro-Alonso A, Rodríguez-Bemonte E, Quindós-Varela M, Cerdán ME, Lamas-Maceiras M. Differential Characteristics of HMGB2 Versus HMGB1 and their Perspectives in Ovary and Prostate Cancer. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:3271-3289. [PMID: 30674244 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190123120338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We have summarized common and differential functions of HMGB1 and HMGB2 proteins with reference to pathological processes, with a special focus on cancer. Currently, several "omic" approaches help us compare the relative expression of these 2 proteins in healthy and cancerous human specimens, as well as in a wide range of cancer-derived cell lines, or in fetal versus adult cells. Molecules that interfere with HMGB1 functions, though through different mechanisms, have been extensively tested as therapeutic agents in animal models in recent years, and their effects are summarized. The review concludes with a discussion on the perspectives of HMGB molecules as targets in prostate and ovarian cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Cámara-Quílez
- EXPRELA Group, Centro de Investigacions Cientificas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Bioloxia. Facultade de Ciencias, INIBIC- Universidade da Coruna, Campus de A Zapateira, 15071, A Coruna, Spain
| | - Aida Barreiro-Alonso
- EXPRELA Group, Centro de Investigacions Cientificas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Bioloxia. Facultade de Ciencias, INIBIC- Universidade da Coruna, Campus de A Zapateira, 15071, A Coruna, Spain
| | - Esther Rodríguez-Bemonte
- EXPRELA Group, Centro de Investigacions Cientificas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Bioloxia. Facultade de Ciencias, INIBIC- Universidade da Coruna, Campus de A Zapateira, 15071, A Coruna, Spain
| | - María Quindós-Varela
- Translational Cancer Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Carretera del Pasaje s/n, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - M Esperanza Cerdán
- EXPRELA Group, Centro de Investigacions Cientificas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Bioloxia. Facultade de Ciencias, INIBIC- Universidade da Coruna, Campus de A Zapateira, 15071, A Coruna, Spain
| | - Mónica Lamas-Maceiras
- EXPRELA Group, Centro de Investigacions Cientificas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Bioloxia. Facultade de Ciencias, INIBIC- Universidade da Coruna, Campus de A Zapateira, 15071, A Coruna, Spain
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7
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Huang S, Huang Z, Ma C, Luo L, Li YF, Wu YL, Ren Y, Feng C. Acidic leucine-rich nuclear phosphoprotein-32A expression contributes to adverse outcome in acute myeloid leukemia. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:345. [PMID: 32355789 PMCID: PMC7186738 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2020.02.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Acidic leucine-rich nuclear phosphoprotein-32A (ANP32A) is a novel regulator of histone H3 acetylation and promotes leukemogenesis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, its prognostic value in AML remains unclear. Methods In this study, we evaluated the prognostic significance of ANP32A expression using two independent large cohorts of cytogenetically normal AML (CN-AML) patients. Multivariable analysis in CN-AML group was also presented. Based on the ANP32A expression, its related genes, dysregulation of pathways, interaction network analysis between microRNAs and target genes, as well as methylation analysis were performed to unveil the complex functions behind ANP32A. Results Here we demonstrated overexpression of ANP32A was notably associated with unfavorable outcome in two independent cohorts of CN-AML patients (OS: P=0.012, EFS: P=0.005, n=185; OS: P=0.041, n=232), as well as in European Leukemia Net (ELN) Intermediate-I group (OS: P=0.018, EFS: P=0.045, n=115), National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Intermediate Risk AML group (OS: P=0.048, EFS: P=0.039, n=225), and non-M3 AML group (OS: P=0.034, EFS: P=0.011, n=435). Multivariable analysis further validated ANP32A as a high-risk factor in CN-AML group. Multi-omics analysis presented overexpression of ANP32A was associated with aberrant expression of oncogenes and tumor suppressor, up/down-regulation of metabolic and immune-related pathways, dysregulation of microRNAs, and hypomethylation on CpG island and 1st Exon regions. Conclusions We proved ANP32A as a novel, potential unfavorable prognosticator and therapeutic target for AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Huang
- Department of Hematology, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Zhi Huang
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Hematology, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Lan Luo
- Department of Hematology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yan-Fen Li
- Department of Hematology, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yong-Li Wu
- Department of Hematology, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yuan Ren
- Department of Hematology, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Cong Feng
- Department of Emergency, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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8
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Gu J, Gui S, Hu L, Kong L, Di M, Wang Y. Downregulated miRNA-324-5p aggravates neuronal injury induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation via modulating RAN. Exp Ther Med 2019; 19:658-664. [PMID: 31885705 PMCID: PMC6913269 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentially expressed miRNAs in the GEO profile of ischemic stroke were analyzed to clarify the specific role of microRNA-324-5p (miRNA-324-5p) in ischemic stroke and the potential mechanism. After screening out miRNA-324-5p, its level in peripheral blood of stroke patients and in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced primary rat neurons was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Regulatory effects of miRNA-324-5p on viability, and apoptosis of OGD-induced neurons were evaluated by CCK-8 and Annexin V fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)/propidium iodide (PI) staining, respectively. Glucose uptake and caspase-3 activity in OGD-induced neurons transfected with miRNA-324-5p mimics or inhibitor were also examined. The binding of miRNA-324-5p to its target gene RAN was analyzed by dual-luciferase reporter gene assay and western blot analysis. By analyzing the data of GSE46266 profile, miRNA-324-5p expression was shown markedly lower in MCAO rats relative to controls. Identically, we also observed the downregulated miRNA-324-5p in peripheral blood of stroke patients and in vitro OGD-induced primary neurons. Overexpression of miRNA-324-5p accelerated viability, induced apoptosis and strengthened glucose uptake ability of OGD-induced neurons. Knockdown of miRNA-324-5p, conversely, obtained the opposite results. Furthermore, we confirmed the binding of miRNA-324-5p to RAN, the target gene that was negatively regulated by miRNA-324-5p. Importantly, RAN overexpression partially reversed the regulatory effect of miRNA-324-5p on viability and glucose uptake of OGD-induced neurons. miRNA-324-5p is downregulated after ischemic stroke, which aggravates the disease condition by inhibiting neuronal proliferation and glucose uptake via upregulating RAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junquan Gu
- Department of Neurology, The Third People's Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214041, P.R. China
| | - Shuhua Gui
- Department of Neurology, The Third People's Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214041, P.R. China
| | - Linlin Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Third People's Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214041, P.R. China
| | - Liang Kong
- Department of Neurology, The Third People's Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214041, P.R. China
| | - Meiqi Di
- Department of Neurology, The Third People's Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214041, P.R. China
| | - Yinming Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Third People's Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214041, P.R. China
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Zhang P, Lu Y, Gao S. High-mobility group box 2 promoted proliferation of cervical cancer cells by activating AKT signaling pathway. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:17345-17353. [PMID: 31209930 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the leading killers for female worldwide. Nevertheless, the less knowledge of molecular mechanism for cervical cancer limited the improvement of treatment effects. High-mobility group box 2 (HMGB2) belongs to the HMGB family, which could play diverse roles in cell proliferation. This work mainly aimed to study the functions of HMGB2 on cervical cancer cells proliferation. HMGB2 was highly expressed in cervical cancer tissue. The results of real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis showed that HMGB2 was expressed in all the five cervical cancer cells (HeLa, CaSki, SiHa, C-33A, and C4-1 cells). In addition, HMGB2 overexpression obviously improved cell viability and promoted cell cycle progression, which suggested that HMGB2 could promote proliferation of cervical cancer cells. Moreover, HMGB2 overexpression increased the level of p-AKT and reduced the levels of p21 and p27. However, HMGB2 downregulation had contrary influences on cell proliferation, cell cycle distribution and the levels of p-AKT, p21, and p27. Notably, LY294002, as an inhibitor of AKT signaling pathway, could significantly weaken the effects of HMGB2 overexpression, which indicated that HMGB2 might promote cell proliferation by activating AKT signaling pathway. Therefore, HMGB2 was hopeful to be a candidate as a new biomarker and therapy target for cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengnan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Disease, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Disease, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shujun Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Disease, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Cervical Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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10
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Zhong J, Ren X, Chen Z, Zhang H, Zhou L, Yuan J, Li P, Chen X, Liu W, Wu D, Yang X, Liu J. miR-21-5p promotes lung adenocarcinoma progression partially through targeting SET/TAF-Iα. Life Sci 2019; 231:116539. [PMID: 31176779 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although SET(I2PP2A) and miRNAs are reported to play a pivotal role in lung cancer, the underlying mechanisms have remained obscure. To address this issue, we investigated how miRNAs and SET participate in the progression of lung cancer. METHODS miRNAs that target SET were predicted from multiple miRNA databases. Three human NSCLC cell lines and two normal lung cell lines were used to evaluate aberrant miRNA and SET expressions. A dual luciferase reporter assay system was employed to verify the interaction between miRNA and SET. Stable miRNA knockdown and SET overexpression in A549 cells were achieved through lentivirus transfection; the corresponding influences on lung cancer progression were also examined. RESULTS In this study, A549 was the sole cell line to lack SET/TAF-Iα expression, which was inversely correlated with the up-regulation of miR-21-5p. SET was subsequently revealed as the direct target site of miR-21-5p in A549 cells. The stable miR-21-5p knockdown and SET/TAF-Iα overexpression were shown to markedly enhance the expression of SET/TAF-Iα and to inhibit the migration, invasion, proliferation as well as the in vivo tumorigenicity of A549 cells. CONCLUSION We suggest that SET/TAF-Iα might be a tumor suppressing factor regulated by miR-21-5p in lung adenocarcinoma. This might provide a target for lung adenocarcinoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Zhong
- Institute of Toxicology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaohu Ren
- Institute of Toxicology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhihong Chen
- Institute of Toxicology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Institute of Toxicology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Institute of Toxicology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianhui Yuan
- Institute of Toxicology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Ping Li
- Institute of Toxicology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Institute of Toxicology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Desheng Wu
- Institute of Toxicology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Xifei Yang
- Institute of Toxicology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
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SET protein accumulation prevents cell death in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma through regulation of redox state and autophagy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:623-637. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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12
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De Palma RM, Parnham SR, Li Y, Oaks JJ, Peterson YK, Szulc ZM, Roth BM, Xing Y, Ogretmen B. The NMR-based characterization of the FTY720-SET complex reveals an alternative mechanism for the attenuation of the inhibitory SET-PP2A interaction. FASEB J 2019; 33:7647-7666. [PMID: 30917007 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802264r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The su(var)3-9, enhancer of zeste, trithorax (SET)/inhibitor 2 of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) oncoprotein binds and inhibits PP2A, composed of various isoforms of scaffolding, regulatory, and catalytic subunits. Targeting SET with a sphingolipid analog drug fingolimod (FTY720) or ceramide leads to the reactivation of tumor suppressor PP2A. However, molecular details of the SET-FTY720 or SET-ceramide, and mechanism of FTY720-dependent PP2A activation, remain unknown. Here, we report the first in solution examination of the SET-FTY720 or SET-ceramide complexes by NMR spectroscopy. FTY720-ceramide binding resulted in chemical shifts of residues residing at the N terminus of SET, preventing its dimerization or oligomerization. This then released SET from PP2ACα, resulting in PP2A activation, while monomeric SET remained associated with the B56γ. Our data also suggest that the PP2A holoenzyme, composed of PP2A-Aβ, PP2A-B56γ, and PP2ACα subunits, is selectively activated in response to the formation of the SET-FTY720 complex in A549 cells. Various PP2A-associated downstream effector proteins in the presence or absence of FTY720 were then identified by stable isotope labeling with amino cells in cell culture, including tumor suppressor nonmuscle myosin IIA. Attenuation of FTY720-SET association by point mutations of residues that are involved in FTY720 binding or dephosphorylation of SET at Serine 171, enhanced SET oligomerization and the formation of the SET-PP2A inhibitory complex, leading to resistance to FTY720-dependent PP2A activation.-De Palma, R. M., Parnham, S. R., Li, Y., Oaks, J. J., Peterson, Y. K., Szulc, Z. M., Roth, B. M., Xing, Y., Ogretmen, B. The NMR-based characterization of the FTY720-SET complex reveals an alternative mechanism for the attenuation of the inhibitory SET-PP2A interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M De Palma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Stuart R Parnham
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yitong Li
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Yuri K Peterson
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Zdzislaw M Szulc
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Braden M Roth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Yongna Xing
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Besim Ogretmen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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13
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ANP32A regulates histone H3 acetylation and promotes leukemogenesis. Leukemia 2018; 32:1587-1597. [DOI: 10.1038/s41375-018-0010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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14
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Zhao H, Xu H, Xue L. Regulatory network involving miRNAs and genes in serous ovarian carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:6259-6268. [PMID: 29113276 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Serous ovarian carcinoma (SOC) is one of the most life-threatening types of gynecological malignancy, but the pathogenesis of SOC remains unknown. Previous studies have indicated that differentially expressed genes and microRNAs (miRNAs) serve important functions in SOC. However, genes and miRNAs are identified in a disperse form, and limited information is known about the regulatory association between miRNAs and genes in SOC. In the present study, three regulatory networks were hierarchically constructed, including a differentially-expressed network, a related network and a global network to reveal associations between each factor. In each network, there were three types of factors, which were genes, miRNAs and transcription factors that interact with each other. Focus was placed on the differentially-expressed network, in which all genes and miRNAs were differentially expressed and therefore may have affected the development of SOC. Following the comparison and analysis between the three networks, a number of signaling pathways which demonstrated differentially expressed elements were highlighted. Subsequently, the upstream and downstream elements of differentially expressed miRNAs and genes were listed, and a number of key elements (differentially expressed miRNAs, genes and TFs predicted using the P-match method) were analyzed. The differentially expressed network partially illuminated the pathogenesis of SOC. It was hypothesized that if there was no differential expression of miRNAs and genes, SOC may be prevented and treatment may be identified. The present study provided a theoretical foundation for gene therapy for SOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhao
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Hao Xu
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China.,Zhuhai Laboratory of Key Laboratory of Symbol Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Zhuhai College of Jilin University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519041, P.R. China
| | - Luchen Xue
- College of Software, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
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15
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Yuan X, Zhang T, Zheng X, Zhang Y, Feng T, Liu P, Sun Z, Qin S, Liu X, Zhang L, Song J, Liu Y. Overexpression of SET oncoprotein is associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis in human gastric cancer. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:1733-1741. [PMID: 28677734 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
SE translocation (SET) oncoprotein, an inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A, is abnormally expressed in many cancers. In this study, SET was aberrantly upregulated in gastric cancer (GC) compared with control tissues. Clinicopathological analysis showed that SET expression was significantly correlated with pathological grade (p=0.002), lymph node stage (p=0.014), and invasive depth (p=0.022). Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that patients with high SET expression showed poorer overall survival rates than those with low SET expression. Moreover, SET knockdown downregulated GC cell proliferation, colony formation, tumorigenesis, and metastasis. The biological effect of SET on proliferation and invasion was mediated by inhibition of protein phosphatase 2, which in turn, activated Akt. Taken together, our results suggested that SET overexpression is associated with GC progression, and it might be a potential diagnostic marker for GC, thereby a possible target for GC drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Yuan
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Te Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Yunfei Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Feng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Zhiting Sun
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Qin
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Xuewen Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Jie Song
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy of Cancer, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
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16
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Ohno Y, Koizumi M, Nakayama H, Watanabe T, Hirooka M, Tokumoto Y, Kuroda T, Abe M, Fukuda S, Higashiyama S, Kumagi T, Hiasa Y. Downregulation of ANP32B exerts anti-apoptotic effects in hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177343. [PMID: 28486557 PMCID: PMC5423643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The acidic (leucine-rich) nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family member B (ANP32B), a highly conserved member of the acidic nuclear phosphoprotein 32 (ANP32) family, is critical for the development of normal tissue. However, its role in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is controversial. In this study, we elucidated the role of ANP32B in HCC cell lines and tissues. ANP32B expression in HCC cell lines was modulated using siRNA and ANP32B expression plasmids and lentiviruses. The levels of apoptosis-related proteins were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting. The expression of ANP32B in tissues from patients with HCC was investigated using real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. ANP32B knockdown by siRNA altered the expression of apoptosis-related proteins in HCC cell lines and reduced the expression of cleaved forms of caspase 3 and caspase 9, but not that of caspase 8, in HCC cells cultured with the pro-apoptotic agent staurosporine. Phosphorylated Bad was upregulated, whereas Bak was downregulated. Moreover, ABT-737, which binds to and inhibits anti-apoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 family, rendered HCC cells resistant to apoptosis induced by ANP32B silencing. Conversely, ANP32B overexpression decreased Bad phosphorylation and upregulated Bak, but did not induce apoptosis because Bax expression was downregulated. In tissues from patients with HCC, a low tumor/non-tumor ratio of ANP32B mRNA expression was related to advanced UICC stage (p = 0.032). TUNEL-positive cells were observed in parallel with ANP32B expression in HCC tissues. ANP32B modulates Bad phosphorylation as well as Bak and Bax expression, resulting in regulation of apoptosis in HCC. These findings indicate the potential value of ANP32B as a therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Ohno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Mitsuhito Koizumi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hironao Nakayama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
- Division of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Proteo-Science Center (PROS), Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Takao Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Masashi Hirooka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yoshio Tokumoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Taira Kuroda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Masanori Abe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Shinji Fukuda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
- Division of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Proteo-Science Center (PROS), Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Shigeki Higashiyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
- Division of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Proteo-Science Center (PROS), Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Teru Kumagi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yoichi Hiasa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
- * E-mail:
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17
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Jiang SW, Xu S, Chen H, Liu X, Tang Z, Cui Y, Liu J. Pathologic significance of SET/I2PP2A-mediated PP2A and non-PP2A pathways in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Clin Chim Acta 2017; 464:155-159. [PMID: 27836688 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
SET (SE translocation, SET), a constitutive inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), is a multifunctional oncoprotein involved in DNA replication, histone modification, nucleosome assembly, gene transcription and cell proliferation. It is widely expressed in human tissues including the gonadal system and brain. Intensive studies have shown that overexpressed SET plays an important role in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and may also contribute to the malignant transformation of breast and ovarian cancers. Recent studies indicated that through interaction with PP2A, SET may upregulate androgen biosynthesis and contribute to hyperandrogenism in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients. This review article summarizes data concerning the SET expression in ovaries from PCOS and normal women, and analyzes the role/regulatory mechanism of SET for androgen biosynthesis in PCOS, as well as the significance of this action in the development of PCOS. The potential value of SET-triggered pathway as a therapeutic target and the application of anti-SET reagents for treating hyperandrogenism in PCOS patients are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Wen Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China; Department of Biomedical Science, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA, USA.
| | - Siliang Xu
- Department of Biomedical Science, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA, USA; The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Haibin Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515000, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Liu
- The Third People's Hospital of Qingdao, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qingdao, Shandong 266041, China; Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zuoqing Tang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yugui Cui
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Jiayin Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.
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18
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Xu S, Duan P, Li J, Senkowski T, Guo F, Chen H, Romero A, Cui Y, Liu J, Jiang SW. Zinc Finger and X-Linked Factor (ZFX) Binds to Human SET Transcript 2 Promoter and Transactivates SET Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101737. [PMID: 27775603 PMCID: PMC5085766 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
SET (SE Translocation) protein carries out multiple functions including those for protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibition, histone modification, DNA repair, and gene regulation. SET overexpression has been detected in brain neurons of patients suffering Alzheimer's disease, follicle theca cells of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) patients, and ovarian cancer cells, indicating that SET may play a pathological role for these disorders. SET transcript 2, produced by a specific promoter, represents a major transcript variant in different cell types. In this study, we characterized the transcriptional activation of human SET transcript 2 promoter in HeLa cells. Promoter deletion experiments and co-transfection assays indicated that ZFX, the Zinc finger and X-linked transcription factor, was able to transactivate the SET promoter. A proximal promoter region containing four ZFX-binding sites was found to be critical for the ZFX-mediated transactivation. Mutagenesis study indicated that the ZFX-binding site located the closest to the transcription start site accounted for most of the ZFX-mediated transactivity. Manipulation of ZFX levels by overexpression or siRNA knockdown confirmed the significance and specificity of the ZFX-mediated SET promoter activation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation results verified the binding of ZFX to its cognate sites in the SET promoter. These findings have led to identification of ZFX as an upstream factor regulating SET gene expression. More studies are required to define the in vivo significance of this mechanism, and specifically, its implication for several benign and malignant diseases related to SET dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siliang Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
- Department of Biomedical Science, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA 31404, USA.
| | - Ping Duan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.
| | - Jinping Li
- Department of Biomedical Science, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA 31404, USA.
| | - Tristan Senkowski
- Department of Biomedical Science, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA 31404, USA.
| | - Fengbiao Guo
- Department of Biomedical Science, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA 31404, USA.
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515000, China.
| | - Haibin Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515000, China.
| | - Alberto Romero
- Department of Biomedical Science, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA 31404, USA.
| | - Yugui Cui
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Jiayin Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Shi-Wen Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Science, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA 31404, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.
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Wang Y, He PC, Liu YF, Qi J, Zhang M. Construction of SET overexpression vector and its effects on the proliferation and apoptosis of 293T cells. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:4329-34. [PMID: 27035430 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of SET nuclear proto‑oncogene (SET) is commonly associated with cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. In the present study, a eukaryotic SET expression plasmid (pEGFP‑N1‑SET) was constructed and transiently transfected into 293T human embryonic kidney cells. Transfection led to expression of the SET oncoprotein at high levels, as indicated by polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. In addition, the relative mRNA and protein expression of protein phosphatase 2A in pEGFP‑N1‑SET‑transfected 293T cells was downregulated compared with that in empty vector‑transfected cells. Furthermore, overexpression of SET increased the percentage of 293T cells in S and G2/M phases compared with the control transfectants. An increase in B‑cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl‑2) and a decrease in Bcl‑2‑associated X (Bax) protein expression was observed in the pEGFP‑N1‑SET‑transfected cells compared with that in the controls, and their susceptibility to As4S4‑induced apoptosis was decreased. The protein SET is involved in a number of cellular processes, including DNA replication, chromatin remodeling, gene transcription, differentiation, migration and cell cycle regulation. SET is overexpressed in several neoplasms, particularly in acute myeloid leukemia. The findings of the present study suggested that the SET gene may contribute to tumorigenesis and may be a potential novel effective therapeutic target for leukemia and other cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Medical College, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Peng-Cheng He
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Medical College, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Feng Liu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Medical College, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jun Qi
- Institute of Xi'an Blood Bank, Shaanxi Blood Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Medical College, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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20
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High Mobility Group B Proteins, Their Partners, and Other Redox Sensors in Ovarian and Prostate Cancer. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2016:5845061. [PMID: 26682011 PMCID: PMC4670870 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5845061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells try to avoid the overproduction of reactive oxygen species by metabolic rearrangements. These cells also develop specific strategies to increase ROS resistance and to express the enzymatic activities necessary for ROS detoxification. Oxidative stress produces DNA damage and also induces responses, which could help the cell to restore the initial equilibrium. But if this is not possible, oxidative stress finally activates signals that will lead to cell death. High mobility group B (HMGB) proteins have been previously related to the onset and progressions of cancers of different origins. The protein HMGB1 behaves as a redox sensor and its structural changes, which are conditioned by the oxidative environment, are associated with different functions of the protein. This review describes recent advances in the role of human HMGB proteins and other proteins interacting with them, in cancerous processes related to oxidative stress, with special reference to ovarian and prostate cancer. Their participation in the molecular mechanisms of resistance to cisplatin, a drug commonly used in chemotherapy, is also revised.
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21
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Syed N, Chavan S, Sahasrabuddhe NA, Renuse S, Sathe G, Nanjappa V, Radhakrishnan A, Raja R, Pinto SM, Srinivasan A, Prasad TSK, Srikumar K, Gowda H, Santosh V, Sidransky D, Califano JA, Pandey A, Chatterjee A. Silencing of high-mobility group box 2 (HMGB2) modulates cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil sensitivity in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Proteomics 2015; 15:383-93. [PMID: 25327479 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of protein expression is associated with most diseases including cancer. MS-based proteomic analysis is widely employed as a tool to study protein dysregulation in cancers. Proteins that are differentially expressed in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines compared to the normal oral cell line could serve as biomarkers for patient stratification. To understand the proteomic complexity in HNSCC, we carried out iTRAQ-based MS analysis on a panel of HNSCC cell lines in addition to a normal oral keratinocyte cell line. LC-MS/MS analysis of total proteome of the HNSCC cell lines led to the identification of 3263 proteins, of which 185 proteins were overexpressed and 190 proteins were downregulated more than twofold in at least two of the three HNSCC cell lines studied. Among the overexpressed proteins, 23 proteins were related to DNA replication and repair. These included high-mobility group box 2 (HMGB2) protein, which was overexpressed in all three HNSCC lines studied. Overexpression of HMGB2 has been reported in various cancers, yet its role in HNSCC remains unclear. Immunohistochemical labeling of HMGB2 in a panel of HNSCC tumors using tissue microarrays revealed overexpression in 77% (54 of 70) of tumors. The HMGB proteins are known to bind to DNA structure resulting from cisplatin-DNA adducts and affect the chemosensitivity of cells. We observed that siRNA-mediated silencing of HMGB2 increased the sensitivity of the HNSCC cell lines to cisplatin and 5-FU. We hypothesize that targeting HMGB2 could enhance the efficacy of existing chemotherapeutic regimens for treatment of HNSCC. All MS data have been deposited in the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD000737 (http://proteomecentral.proteomexchange.org/dataset/PXD000737).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazia Syed
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
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22
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Kalousi A, Hoffbeck AS, Selemenakis P, Pinder J, Savage K, Khanna K, Brino L, Dellaire G, Gorgoulis V, Soutoglou E. The Nuclear Oncogene SET Controls DNA Repair by KAP1 and HP1 Retention to Chromatin. Cell Rep 2015; 11:149-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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23
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Bertram K, Valcu CM, Weitnauer M, Linne U, Görlach A. NOX1 supports the metabolic remodeling of HepG2 cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122002. [PMID: 25806803 PMCID: PMC4373763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidases are important sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which act as signaling molecules in the regulation of protein expression, cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and cell death. The NOX1 subunit is over-expressed in several cancers and NOX1 derived ROS have been repeatedly linked with tumorigenesis and tumor progression although underlying pathways are ill defined. We engineered NOX1-depleted HepG2 hepatoblastoma cells and employed differential display 2DE experiments in order to investigate changes in NOX1-dependent protein expression profiles. A total of 17 protein functions were identified to be dysregulated in NOX1-depleted cells. The proteomic results support a connection between NOX1 and the Warburg effect and a role for NOX in the regulation of glucose and glutamine metabolism as well as of lipid, protein and nucleotide synthesis in hepatic tumor cells. Metabolic remodeling is a common feature of tumor cells and understanding the underlying mechanisms is essential for the development of new cancer treatments. Our results reveal a manifold involvement of NOX1 in the metabolic remodeling of hepatoblastoma cells towards a sustained production of building blocks required to maintain a high proliferative rate, thus rendering NOX1 a potential target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Bertram
- Experimental and Molecular Paediatric Cardiology, German Heart Centre Munich at the Technical University Munich, Lazarettstr. 36, Munich, Germany
| | - Cristina-Maria Valcu
- Experimental and Molecular Paediatric Cardiology, German Heart Centre Munich at the Technical University Munich, Lazarettstr. 36, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail: (CMV), (AG)
| | - Michael Weitnauer
- Experimental and Molecular Paediatric Cardiology, German Heart Centre Munich at the Technical University Munich, Lazarettstr. 36, Munich, Germany
| | - Uwe Linne
- Chemistry Department—Mass Spectrometry, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, Marburg, Germany
| | - Agnes Görlach
- Experimental and Molecular Paediatric Cardiology, German Heart Centre Munich at the Technical University Munich, Lazarettstr. 36, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail: (CMV), (AG)
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Oaks J, Ogretmen B. Regulation of PP2A by Sphingolipid Metabolism and Signaling. Front Oncol 2015; 4:388. [PMID: 25642418 PMCID: PMC4295541 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a serine/threonine phosphatase that is a primary regulator of cellular proliferation through targeting of proliferative kinases, cell cycle regulators, and apoptosis inhibitors. It is through the regulation of these regulatory elements that gives PP2A tumor suppressor functions. In addition to mutations on the regulatory subunits, the phosphatase/tumor suppressing activity of PP2A is also inhibited in several cancer types due to overexpression or modification of the endogenous PP2A inhibitors such as SET/I2PP2A. This review focuses on the current literature regarding the interactions between the lipid signaling molecules, selectively sphingolipids, and the PP2A inhibitor SET for the regulation of PP2A, and the therapeutic potential of sphingolipids as PP2A activators for tumor suppression via targeting SET oncoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Oaks
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, SC , USA
| | - Besim Ogretmen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, SC , USA
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25
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Li J, Yang XF, Ren XH, Meng XJ, Huang HY, Zhao QH, Yuan JH, Hong WX, Xia B, Huang XF, Zhou L, Liu JJ, Zou F. Stable SET knockdown in breast cell carcinoma inhibits cell migration and invasion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 453:7-12. [PMID: 25234598 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most malignant tumor for women, however, the mechanisms underlying this devastating disease remain unclear. SET is an endogenous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and involved in many physiological and pathological processes. SET could promote the occurrence of tumor through inhibiting PP2A. In this study, we explore the role of SET in the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 and ZR-75-30. The stable suppression of SET expression through lentivirus-mediated RNA interference (RNAi) was shown to inhibit the growth, migration and invasion of breast cancer cells. Knockdown of SET increases the activity and expression of PP2Ac and decrease the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9). These data demonstrate that SET may be involved in the pathogenic processes of breast cancer, indicating that SET can serve as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xi-fei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiao-hu Ren
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiao-jing Meng
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiong-hui Zhao
- Shenzhen Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian-hui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wen-xu Hong
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bo Xia
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin-feng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian-jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Fei Zou
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Reilly PT, Yu Y, Hamiche A, Wang L. Cracking the ANP32 whips: important functions, unequal requirement, and hints at disease implications. Bioessays 2014; 36:1062-71. [PMID: 25156960 PMCID: PMC4270211 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201400058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The acidic (leucine-rich) nuclear phosphoprotein 32 kDa (ANP32) family is composed of small, evolutionarily conserved proteins characterized by an N-terminal leucine-rich repeat domain and a C-terminal low-complexity acidic region. The mammalian family members (ANP32A, ANP32B, and ANP32E) are ascribed physiologically diverse functions including chromatin modification and remodelling, apoptotic caspase modulation, protein phosphatase inhibition, as well as regulation of intracellular transport. In addition to reviewing the widespread literature on the topic, we present a concept of the ANP32s as having a whip-like structure. We also present hypotheses that ANP32C and other intronless sequences should not currently be considered bona fide family members, that their disparate necessity in development may be due to compensatory mechanisms, that their contrasting roles in cancer are likely context-dependent, along with an underlying hypothesis that ANP32s represent an important node of physiological regulation by virtue of their diverse biochemical activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T Reilly
- Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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27
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Liu H, Gu Y, Yin J, Zheng G, Wang C, Zhang Z, Deng M, Liu J, Jia X, He Z. SET-mediated NDRG1 inhibition is involved in acquisition of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition phenotype and cisplatin resistance in human lung cancer cell. Cell Signal 2014; 26:2710-20. [PMID: 25152373 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Development of resistance to therapy continues to be a serious clinical problem in lung cancer management. Cancer cells undergoing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) have been shown to play roles in resistance to chemotherapy. Here, we utilized a proteomics-based method and identified a significant downregulation of the metastasis suppressor NDRG1 in drug resistant lung cancer cells. We showed that downregulation of DNRG1 constitutes a mechanism for acquisition of EMT phenotype and endows lung cancer cells with an increased resistance to cisplatin. We also identified a signal cascade, namely, SET--| PP2A--| c-myc--| NDRG1, in which upregulation of SET is critical for inhibition of NDRG1. We also found that blockade of SET (or reactivation of PP2A) by FTY720 reverted EMT, restored drug sensitivity, and inhibited invasiveness and growth of lung tumor xenografts. Together, our results indicated a functional link between SET-mediated NDRG1 regulation and acquisition of EMT phenotype and drug resistance, and provided an evidence that blockade of SET-driven EMT can overcome drug resistance and inhibit tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Cancer Hospital and Cancer Research Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yixue Gu
- Cancer Hospital and Cancer Research Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiang Yin
- Cancer Hospital and Cancer Research Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guopei Zheng
- Cancer Hospital and Cancer Research Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenkun Wang
- Cancer Hospital and Cancer Research Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhijie Zhang
- Cancer Hospital and Cancer Research Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Deng
- Cancer Hospital and Cancer Research Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jifang Liu
- Cancer Hospital and Cancer Research Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoting Jia
- Cancer Hospital and Cancer Research Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhimin He
- Cancer Hospital and Cancer Research Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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28
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Liao CJ, Wu TI, Huang YH, Chang TC, Lai CH, Jung SM, Hsueh C, Lin KH. Glucose-regulated protein 58 modulates β-catenin protein stability in a cervical adenocarcinoma cell line. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:555. [PMID: 25081282 PMCID: PMC4129111 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer continues to threaten women's health worldwide, and the incidence of cervical adenocarcinoma (AD) is rising in the developed countries. Previously, we showed that glucose-regulated protein 58 (Grp58) served as an independent factor predictive of poor prognosis of patients with cervical AD. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the involvement of Grp58 in cervical carcinogenesis is currently unknown. METHODS DNA microarray and enrichment analysis were used to identify the pathways disrupted by knockdown of Grp58 expression. RESULTS Among the pathway identified, the WNT signaling pathway was one of those that were significantly associated with knockdown of Grp58 expression in HeLa cells. Our experiments showed that β-catenin, a critical effector of WNT signaling, was stabilized thereby accumulated in stable Grp58 knockdown cells. Membrane localization of β-catenin was observed in Grp58 knockdown, but not control cells. Using a transwell assay, we found that accumulated β-catenin induced by Grp58 knockdown or lithium chloride treatment inhibited the migration ability of HeLa cells. Furthermore, an inverse expression pattern of Grp58 and β-catenin was observed in cervical tissues. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that β-catenin stability is negatively regulated by Grp58 in HeLa cells. Overexpression of Grp58 may be responsible for the loss of or decrease in membranous β-catenin expression in cervical AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kwang-Huei Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, Chang-Gung University, 259 Wen-hwa 1 Road, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
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29
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Farrell AS, Allen-Petersen B, Daniel CJ, Wang X, Wang Z, Rodriguez S, Impey S, Oddo J, Vitek MP, Lopez C, Christensen DJ, Sheppard B, Sears RC. Targeting inhibitors of the tumor suppressor PP2A for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 12:924-39. [PMID: 24667985 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pancreatic cancer is a deadly disease that is usually diagnosed in the advanced stages when few effective therapies are available. Given the aggressive clinical course of this disease and lack of good treatment options, the development of new therapeutic agents for the treatment of pancreatic cancer is of the upmost importance. Several pathways that have shown to contribute to pancreatic cancer progression are negatively regulated by the tumor suppressor protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). Here, the endogenous inhibitors of PP2A, SET (also known as I2PP2A) and cancerous inhibitor of PP2A (CIP2A), were shown to be overexpressed in human pancreatic cancer, contributing to decreased PP2A activity and overexpression and stabilization of the oncoprotein c-Myc, a key PP2A target. Knockdown of SET or CIP2A increases PP2A activity, increases c-Myc degradation, and decreases the tumorigenic potential of pancreatic cancer cell lines both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, treatment with a novel SET inhibitor, OP449, pharmacologically recapitulates the phenotypes and significantly reduces proliferation and tumorigenic potential of several pancreatic cancer cell lines, with an accompanying attenuation of cell growth and survival signaling. Furthermore, primary cells from patients with pancreatic cancer were sensitive to OP449 treatment, indicating that PP2A-regulated pathways are highly relevant to this deadly disease. IMPLICATIONS The PP2A inhibitors SET and CIP2A are overexpressed in human pancreatic cancer and are important for pancreatic cancer cell growth and transformation; thus, antagonizing SET and/or CIP2A may be an innovative approach for the treatment of human pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Farrell
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Molecular and Medical Genetics
| | | | - Colin J Daniel
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Molecular and Medical Genetics
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Molecular and Medical Genetics
| | - Zhiping Wang
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Molecular and Medical Genetics
| | - Sarah Rodriguez
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Soren Impey
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Jessica Oddo
- Oncotide Pharmaceuticals Inc., Research Triangle Park
| | - Michael P Vitek
- Oncotide Pharmaceuticals Inc., Research Triangle Park; Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Dale J Christensen
- Oncotide Pharmaceuticals Inc., Research Triangle Park; Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, and
| | | | - Rosalie C Sears
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Molecular and Medical Genetics,
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30
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Abstract
The MYC oncoprotein is an essential transcription factor that regulates the expression of many genes involved in cell growth, proliferation, and metabolic pathways. Thus, it is important to keep MYC activity in check in normal cells in order to avoid unwanted oncogenic changes. Normal cells have adapted several ways to control MYC levels, and these mechanisms can be disrupted in cancer cells. One of the major ways in which MYC levels are controlled in cells is through targeted degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Here, we discuss the role of the UPS in the regulation of MYC protein levels and review some of the many proteins that have been shown to regulate MYC protein stability. In addition, we discuss how this relates to MYC transcriptional activity, human cancers, and therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Farrell
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
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31
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Uzozie A, Nanni P, Staiano T, Grossmann J, Barkow-Oesterreicher S, Shay JW, Tiwari A, Buffoli F, Laczko E, Marra G. Sorbitol dehydrogenase overexpression and other aspects of dysregulated protein expression in human precancerous colorectal neoplasms: a quantitative proteomics study. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:1198-218. [PMID: 24567419 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.035105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal adenomas are cancer precursor lesions of the large bowel. A multitude of genomic and epigenomic changes have been documented in these preinvasive lesions, but their impact on the protein effectors of biological function has not been comprehensively explored. Using shotgun quantitative MS, we exhaustively investigated the proteome of 30 colorectal adenomas and paired samples of normal mucosa. Total protein extracts were prepared from these tissues (prospectively collected during colonoscopy) and from normal (HCEC) and cancerous (SW480, SW620, Caco2, HT29, CX1) colon epithelial cell lines. Peptides were labeled with isobaric tags (iTRAQ 8-plex), separated via OFFGEL electrophoresis, and analyzed by means of LC-MS/MS. Nonredundant protein families (4325 in tissues, 2017 in cell lines) were identified and quantified. Principal component analysis of the results clearly distinguished adenomas from normal mucosal samples and cancer cell lines from HCEC cells. Two hundred and twelve proteins displayed significant adenoma-related expression changes (q-value < 0.02, mean fold change versus normal mucosa ±1.4), which correlated (r = 0.74) with similar changes previously identified by our group at the transcriptome level. Fifty-one (∼25%) proteins displayed directionally similar expression changes in colorectal cancer cells (versus HCEC cells) and were therefore attributed to the epithelial component of adenomas. Although benign, adenomas already exhibited cancer-associated proteomic changes: 69 (91%) of the 76 protein up-regulations identified in these lesions have already been reported in cancers. One of the most striking changes involved sorbitol dehydrogenase, a key enzyme in the polyol pathway. Validation studies revealed dramatically increased sorbitol dehydrogenase concentrations and activity in adenomas and cancer cell lines, along with important changes in the expression of other enzymes in the same (AKR1B1) and related (KHK) pathways. Dysregulated polyol metabolism might represent a novel facet of metabolome remodeling associated with tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuli Uzozie
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
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32
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Dong L, Zhu J, Wen X, Jiang T, Chen Y. Involvement of SET in the Wnt signaling pathway and the development of human colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett 2014; 7:1203-1208. [PMID: 24944693 PMCID: PMC3961466 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.1866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The SET oncoprotein is involved in cancer progression by modulating multiple cellular processes, including the inhibition of the tumor suppressor, protein phosphatase 2 (PP2A). Based upon these multiple activities, we hypothesized that targeted inhibition of SET is likely to have multiple discrete and measurable effects on cancer cells. In the present study, the mRNA expression levels of SET, PP2A and β-catenin were examined in 31 pairs of human colorectal adenocarcinoma tissues and corresponding adjacent normal colorectal tissues by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). A small interfering RNA targeting SET was transfected into the human colon carcinoma cell lines, LS174T and SW480. The mRNA levels of SET, PP2A, β-catenin, c-Myc, E-cadherin and p53 were determined by qPCR analysis and the protein levels of SET, c-Myc, PP2A and β-catenin were examined by western blot analysis. mRNA expression levels of SET and β-catenin were found to be elevated in 22 (70.9%) samples, while PP2A expression levels were upregulated in eight (25.8%) samples. In addition, the knockdown of SET mRNA expression caused the upregulation of PP2A and c-Myc in the two cell lines, whereas β-catenin, E-cadherin and p53 mRNA expression was downregulated. Consistent with these results, the protein expression of β-catenin and c-Myc was found to be downregulated, whereas PP2A was upregulated at the protein level. Based on these results, we proposed that SET is essential in the carcinogenesis of human colorectal adenocarcinoma. In addition, it is suggested that SET promotes carcinogenesis through regulation of the Wnt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Dong
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical and Forensic Medical Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Jianjun Zhu
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical and Forensic Medical Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Wen
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical and Forensic Medical Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Jiang
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical and Forensic Medical Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical and Forensic Medical Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1, also known as REF-1) was isolated based on its ability to cleave at AP sites in DNA or activate the DNA binding activity of certain transcription factors. We review herein topics related to this multi-functional DNA repair and stress-response protein. RECENT ADVANCES APE1 displays homology to Escherichia coli exonuclease III and is a member of the divalent metal-dependent α/β fold-containing phosphoesterase superfamily of enzymes. APE1 has acquired distinct active site and loop elements that dictate substrate selectivity, and a unique N-terminus which at minimum imparts nuclear targeting and interaction specificity. Additional activities ascribed to APE1 include 3'-5' exonuclease, 3'-repair diesterase, nucleotide incision repair, damaged or site-specific RNA cleavage, and multiple transcription regulatory roles. CRITICAL ISSUES APE1 is essential for mouse embryogenesis and contributes to cell viability in a genetic background-dependent manner. Haploinsufficient APE1(+/-) mice exhibit reduced survival, increased cancer formation, and cellular/tissue hyper-sensitivity to oxidative stress, supporting the notion that impaired APE1 function associates with disease susceptibility. Although abnormal APE1 expression/localization has been seen in cancer and neuropathologies, and impaired-function variants have been described, a causal link between an APE1 defect and human disease remains elusive. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Ongoing efforts aim at delineating the biological role(s) of the different APE1 activities, as well as the regulatory mechanisms for its intra-cellular distribution and participation in diverse molecular pathways. The determination of whether APE1 defects contribute to human disease, particularly pathologies that involve oxidative stress, and whether APE1 small-molecule regulators have clinical utility, is central to future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxia Li
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health , Baltimore, Maryland
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Koestler DC, Chalise P, Cicek MS, Cunningham JM, Armasu S, Larson MC, Chien J, Block M, Kalli KR, Sellers TA, Fridley BL, Goode EL. Integrative genomic analysis identifies epigenetic marks that mediate genetic risk for epithelial ovarian cancer. BMC Med Genomics 2014; 7:8. [PMID: 24479488 PMCID: PMC3916313 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-7-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both genetic and epigenetic factors influence the development and progression of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). However, there is an incomplete understanding of the interrelationship between these factors and the extent to which they interact to impact disease risk. In the present study, we aimed to gain insight into this relationship by identifying DNA methylation marks that are candidate mediators of ovarian cancer genetic risk. METHODS We used 214 cases and 214 age-matched controls from the Mayo Clinic Ovarian Cancer Study. Pretreatment, blood-derived DNA was profiled for genome-wide methylation (Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation27 BeadArray) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs, Illumina Infinium HD Human610-Quad BeadArray). The Causal Inference Test (CIT) was implemented to distinguish CpG sites that mediate genetic risk, from those that are consequential or independently acted on by genotype. RESULTS Controlling for the estimated distribution of immune cells and other key covariates, our initial epigenome-wide association analysis revealed 1,993 significantly differentially methylated CpGs that between cases and controls (FDR, q < 0.05). The relationship between methylation and case-control status for these 1,993 CpGs was found to be highly consistent with the results of previously published, independent study that consisted of peripheral blood DNA methylation signatures in 131 pretreatment cases and 274 controls. Implementation of the CIT test revealed 17 CpG/SNP pairs, comprising 13 unique CpGs and 17 unique SNPs, which represent potential methylation-mediated relationships between genotype and EOC risk. Of these 13 CpGs, several are associated with immune related genes and genes that have been previously shown to exhibit altered expression in the context of cancer. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide additional insight into EOC etiology and may serve as novel biomarkers for EOC susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Brooke L Fridley
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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35
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Liu Y, He P, Liu F, Zhou N, Cheng X, Shi L, Zhu H, Zhao J, Wang Y, Zhang M. Tetra-arsenic tetra-sulfide (As4S 4) promotes apoptosis in retinoid acid -resistant human acute promyelocytic leukemic NB4-R1 cells through downregulation of SET protein. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:3421-30. [PMID: 24430359 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1452-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetra-arsenic tetra-sulfide (As4S4) is an arsenic compound with antitumor activity, especially in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) that are resistant to retinoic acid (RA). Although recent studies have revealed that the therapeutic action of As4S4 is closely associated with the induction of cellular apoptosis, the exact molecular mechanism underlying this action in RA-resistant APL remains to be clarified. In this study, we found that As4S4-induced apoptosis was accompanied by reduced mRNA and protein expression of SET gene in RA-resistant NB4-R1 cells. Moreover, RNAi knockdown of SET gene further promoted As4S4-induced apoptosis, while SET overexpression recovered the cell viability, suggesting that As4S4 induces apoptosis through the reduction of SET protein in NB4-R1 cells. We also observed that the knockdown of SET gene resulted in the upregulation of protein phosphatase 2 (PP2A) expression and the downregulation of promyelocytic leukemia and retinoic acid receptor α fusion gene (PML-RARα) expression, which were enhanced by As4S4 treatments. By contrast, overexpression of SET gene resulted in PP2A downregulation and PML-RARα upregulation, which were abolished by As4S4 pretreatment. Since PP2A is a proapoptotic factor and PML-RARα is an antiapoptotic factor, our results suggest that As4S4-induced apoptosis in RA-resistant NB4-R1 cells is through the downregulation of SET protein expression, which, in turn, increases PP2A and reduces PML-RARα expressions to lead to cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Liu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China, 710061
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36
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Tian Y, Liu Y, He P, Liu F, Zhou N, Cheng X, Shi L, Zhu H, Zhao J, Wang Y, Zhang M. Arsenic sulfide promotes apoptosis in retinoid acid resistant human acute promyelocytic leukemic NB4-R1 cells through downregulation of SET protein. PLoS One 2014; 9:e83184. [PMID: 24454695 PMCID: PMC3890287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetra-arsenic tetra-sulfide (As4S4) is an arsenic compound with anti-tumor activity, especially in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) that are resistant to retinoic acid (RA). Although recent studies revealed that the therapeutic action of As4S4 is closely associated with the induction of cellular apoptosis, the exact molecular mechanism of action of As4S4 in RA-resistant APL remains to be clarified. In this study, we found that As4S4-induced apoptosis was accompanied by reduced mRNA and protein expression of SET gene in RA-resistant NB4-R1 cells. Moreover, RNAi knockdown of SET gene further promoted As4S4-induced apoptosis, while SET over-expression inhibited it, suggesting that As4S4 induces apoptosis through the reduction of SET protein in NB4-R1 cells. We also demonstrated that the knockdown of SET gene resulted in the upregulation of protein phosphatase 2 (PP2A) expression and the downregulation of promyelocytic leukemia and retinoic acid receptor α fusion gene (PML-RARα) expression, which were enhanced by As4S4 treatments. By contrast, over-expression of SET gene resulted in PP2A downregulation and PML-RARα upregulation, which were abolished by As4S4 pretreatment. Since PP2A is a pro-apoptotic factor and PMLRARα is an anti-apoptotic factor, our results suggest that As4S4-induced apoptosis in NB4-R1 cells is through the downregulation of SET protein expression, which in turn increases PP2A and reduces PML-RARα expressions to lead to cell apoptosis.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Arsenicals/pharmacology
- Arsenicals/therapeutic use
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Shape/drug effects
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Histone Chaperones/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/pathology
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion
- Protein Phosphatase 2/metabolism
- Proteome/metabolism
- Proteomics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Retinoids/pharmacology
- Retinoids/therapeutic use
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
- Sulfides/pharmacology
- Sulfides/therapeutic use
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwang Tian
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Beijing Military Area of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pengcheng He
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- * E-mail: (PH); (MZ)
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Naicen Zhou
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cheng
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lili Shi
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huachao Zhu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- * E-mail: (PH); (MZ)
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Mukhopadhyay A, Tabanor K, Chaguturu R, Aldrich JV. Targeting inhibitor 2 of protein phosphatase 2A as a therapeutic strategy for prostate cancer treatment. Cancer Biol Ther 2013; 14:962-72. [PMID: 24025258 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.25943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitor 2 of protein phosphatase 2A (I2PP2A), a biological inhibitor of the cellular serine/threonine protein phosphatase PP2A, is associated with numerous cellular processes that often lead to the formation and progression of cancer. In this study we hypothesized that targeting the inhibition of I2PP2A's multiple functions in prostate cancer cells might prevent cancer progression. We have investigated the effect of the small chain C6-ceramide, known to be a bioactive tumor suppressor lipid, on I2PP2A function, thereby affecting c-Myc signaling and histone acetylation in cells. Our data indicated that C6-ceramide treatment of prostate cancer cells induces cell death in PC-3, DU145, and LNCaP cells, but not normal prostate epithelial cells. C6-ceramide was able to disrupt the association between PP2A and I2PP2A. C6-ceramide inhibits I2PP2A's upregulation of c-Myc and downregulation of histone acetylation in prostate cancer cells. Our data indicated that targeting cancer related signaling pathways through I2PP2A using ceramide as an anti-I2PP2A agent could have beneficial effects as a therapeutic approach to prevent prostate cancer.
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38
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Wen X, Chen Y. Expression of set is downregulated by rapamycin in human colorectal cancer cells. Biomed Rep 2013; 1:727-730. [PMID: 24649018 DOI: 10.3892/br.2013.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the mechanism through which rapamycin treatment affects the expression of the set gene in human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. The effect of rapamycin treatment on set expression was evaluated by assessing the mRNA and protein expression of set in the SW480 and LoVo human colon carcinoma cell lines following treatment with rapamycin by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blot analysis, respectively. Our results demonstrated that the mRNA and protein levels of set were significantly decreased subsequent to rapamycin treatment in the two cell lines, indicating that set expression may be downregulated by rapamycin in human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. Our findings suggested that the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway may play a role in tumorigenesis through the regulation of the set gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Wen
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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Wu ZB, Cai L, Lin SJ, Xiong ZK, Lu JL, Mao Y, Yao Y, Zhou LF. High-mobility group box 2 is associated with prognosis of glioblastoma by promoting cell viability, invasion, and chemotherapeutic resistance. Neuro Oncol 2013; 15:1264-75. [PMID: 23828241 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The expression profile of high-mobility group box 2 (HMGB2) in patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and its clinical signature with underlying mechanisms were not fully explored. METHODS HMGB2 protein levels were measured in 51 GBM patients by immunohistochemical studies. To clarify the precise role of HMGB2 on cell invasion and viability of 3 GBM cell lines, we did in vitro and in vivo analyses with lentivirus vectors and small interfering RNA. Transwell invasion assays and wound-healing assays were used to analyze the invasion of GBM cells. Expression of p53 and matrix metalloproteinase 2/tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2/TIMP2) protein was analyzed by Western blot. RESULTS HMGB2 protein expression was significantly higher in GBM than in controlled brain tissues (P < .0001). HMGB2 overexpression was significantly correlated with shorter overall survival time, which was the only independent prognostic factor for overall survival in a multivariate analysis (P = .017). HMGB2 knockdown by small interfering RNA decreased cell viability and invasion in vitro and significantly decreased tumor volume in vivo, which might be involved in the change of p53 expression and the balance of MMP2/TIMP2. Moreover, silencing of HMGB2 could significantly increase the sensitivity of GBM cells to temozolomide chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Our present data suggest that HMGB2 expression is a significant prognostic factor and might play an important role in cell invasion and temozolomide-induced chemotherapeutic sensitivity of GBM. This study highlights the importance of HMGB2 as a novel prognostic marker and an attractive therapeutic target of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Bao Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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40
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Li C, Ruan HQ, Liu YS, Xu MJ, Dai J, Sheng QH, Tan YX, Yao ZZ, Wang HY, Wu JR, Zeng R. Quantitative Proteomics Reveal up-regulated Protein Expression of the SET Complex Associated with Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Proteome Res 2011; 11:871-85. [DOI: 10.1021/pr2006999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hong-Qiang Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yan-Sheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Meng-Jie Xu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jie Dai
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Quan-Hu Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ye-Xiong Tan
- Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, No. 225, Changhai Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Yao
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hong-Yang Wang
- Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, No. 225, Changhai Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jia-Rui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Rong Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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41
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Hsu T. NME genes in epithelial morphogenesis. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2011; 384:363-72. [PMID: 21336542 PMCID: PMC3337754 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-011-0607-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The NME family of genes encodes highly conserved multifunctional proteins that have been shown to participate in nucleic acid metabolism, energy homeostasis, cell signaling, and cancer progression. Some family members, particularly isoforms 1 and 2, have attracted extensive interests because of their potential anti-metastasis activity. Unfortunately, there have been few consensus mechanistic explanations for this critical function because of the numerous molecular functions ascribed to these proteins, including nucleoside diphosphate kinase, protein kinase, nuclease, transcription factor, growth factor, among others. In addition, different studies showed contradictory prognostic correlations between NME expression levels and tumor progression in clinical samples. Thus, analyses using pliable in vivo systems have become critical for unraveling at least some aspects of the complex functions of this family of genes. Recent works using the Drosophila genetic system have suggested a role for NME in regulating epithelial cell motility and morphogenesis, which has also been demonstrated in mammalian epithelial cell culture. This function is mediated by promoting internalization of growth factor receptors in motile epithelial cells, and the adherens junction components such as E-cadherin and β-catenin in epithelia that form the tissue linings. Interestingly, NME genes in epithelial cells appear to function in a defined range of expression levels. Either down-regulation or over-expression can perturb epithelial integrity, resulting in different aspects of epithelial abnormality. Such biphasic functions provide a plausible explanation for the documented anti-metastatic activity and the suspected oncogenic function. This review summarizes these recent findings and discusses their implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien Hsu
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany St., Room 440, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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42
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Souza LR, Fonseca-Silva T, Pereira CS, Santos EP, Lima LC, Carvalho HA, Gomez RS, Guimarães ALS, De Paula AMB. Immunohistochemical analysis of p53, APE1, hMSH2 and ERCC1 proteins in actinic cheilitis and lip squamous cell carcinoma. Histopathology 2011; 58:352-60. [PMID: 21323960 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.03756.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study has compared the tissue expression of the p53 tumour suppressor protein and DNA repair proteins APE1, hMSH2 and ERCC1 in normal, dysplastic and malignant lip epithelium. METHODS AND RESULTS Morphological analysis and immunohistochemistry were performed on archived specimens of normal lip mucosa (n=15), actinic cheilitis (AC) (n=30), and lip squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) (n=27). AC samples were classified morphologically according to the severity of epithelial dysplasia and risk of malignant transformation. LSCC samples were morphologically staged according to WHO and invasive front grading (IFG) criteria. Differences between groups and morphological stages were determined by bivariate statistical analysis. Progressive increases in the percentage of epithelial cells expressing p53 and APE1 were associated with increases in morphological malignancy from normal lip mucosa to LSCC. There was also a significant reduction in epithelial cells expressing hMSH2 and ERCC1 proteins in the AC and LSCC groups. A higher percentage of malignant cells expressing APE1 was found in samples with an aggressive morphological IFG grade. CONCLUSIONS Our data showed that epithelial cells from premalignant to malignant lip disease exhibited changes in the expression of p53, APE1, hMSH2 and ERCC1 proteins; these molecular change might contribute to lip carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmilla R Souza
- Health Science Programme, State University of Montes Claros, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil
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43
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Gao J, Gao G, Zhang Y, Wang F. Proteomic analysis of human epithelial ovarian cancer xenografts in immunodeficient mice exposed to chronic psychological stress. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2011; 54:112-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-010-4126-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Le Page C, Huntsman DG, Provencher DM, Mes-Masson AM. Predictive and prognostic protein biomarkers in epithelial ovarian cancer: recommendation for future studies. Cancers (Basel) 2010; 2:913-54. [PMID: 24281100 PMCID: PMC3835111 DOI: 10.3390/cancers2020913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy. Due to its lack of symptoms, this disease is diagnosed at an advanced stage when the cancer has already spread to secondary sites. While initial rates of response to first treatment is >80%, the overall survival rate of patients is extremely low, mainly due to development of drug resistance. To date, there are no reliable clinical factors that can properly stratify patients for suitable chemotherapy strategies. Clinical parameters such as disease stage, tumor grade and residual disease, although helpful in the management of patients after their initial surgery to establish the first line of treatment, are not efficient enough. Accordingly, reliable markers that are independent and complementary to clinical parameters are needed for a better management of these patients. For several years, efforts to identify prognostic factors have focused on molecular markers, with a large number having been investigated. This review aims to present a summary of the recent advances in the identification of molecular biomarkers in ovarian cancer patient tissues, as well as an overview of the need and importance of molecular markers for personalized medicine in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Le Page
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CR/CHUM), Institut du cancer de Montréal, 1560 Sherbrooke Est, Montreal, H2L4M1, QC, Canada; E-Mails: (C.L.P.); (D.M.P.)
| | - David G. Huntsman
- Department of Pathology and Genetic Pathology Evaluation Centre of the Prostate Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, Canada; E-Mail: (D.G.H.)
- Translational and Applied Genomics, BC Cancer Agency, Room 3427, 600 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, V5Z 4E6, BC, Canada
| | - Diane M. Provencher
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CR/CHUM), Institut du cancer de Montréal, 1560 Sherbrooke Est, Montreal, H2L4M1, QC, Canada; E-Mails: (C.L.P.); (D.M.P.)
- Département d’Obstétrique et Gynécologie, Clinique de Gynécologie Oncologie, Université de Montréal, 1560 Sherbrooke Est, Montreal, H2L4M1, QC, Canada; E-Mail:
| | - Anne-Marie Mes-Masson
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CR/CHUM), Institut du cancer de Montréal, 1560 Sherbrooke Est, Montreal, H2L4M1, QC, Canada; E-Mails: (C.L.P.); (D.M.P.)
- Département de Medicine, Université de Montréal, 1560 Sherbrooke Est, Montreal, H2L4M1, QC, Canada
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-514-890-8000 ext 25496; Fax: +1-514-412-7703
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Woolworth JA, Nallamothu G, Hsu T. The Drosophila metastasis suppressor gene Nm23 homolog, awd, regulates epithelial integrity during oogenesis. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 29:4679-90. [PMID: 19581292 PMCID: PMC2725718 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00297-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression levels of the metastasis suppressor gene Nm23 have been shown to correlate positively or inversely with prognosis in different cancer cohorts. This indicates that Nm23 may be needed at different expression levels and may function differently in various tissues. Here we report a novel epithelial function of the Drosophila melanogaster homolog of human Nm23, abnormal wing discs (awd). We show a dynamic expression pattern of the Awd protein during morphogenesis of the Drosophila follicle cells during oogenesis. Loss-of-function awd mutant cells result in the accumulation and spreading of adherens junction components, such as Drosophila E-cadherin, beta-catenin/Armadillo, and alpha-spectrin, and the disruption of epithelial integrity, including breaking up of the epithelial sheet and piling up of follicle cells. In contrast, overexpression of awd diminishes adherens junction components and induces a mesenchymal-cell-like cell shape change. The gain-of-function phenotype is consistent with a potential oncogenic function of this metastasis suppressor gene. Interestingly, we demonstrate that the epithelial function of awd is mediated by Rab5 and show that the Rab5 expression level is downregulated in awd mutant cells. Therefore, awd modulates the level and localization of adherens junction components via endocytosis. This is the first demonstration of an in vivo function of Nm23 family genes in regulating epithelial morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Woolworth
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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Nallamothu G, Dammai V, Hsu T. Developmental function of Nm23/awd: a mediator of endocytosis. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 329:35-44. [PMID: 19373545 PMCID: PMC2721904 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0112-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The metastasis suppressor gene Nm23 is highly conserved from yeast to human, implicating a critical developmental function. Studies in cultured mammalian cells have identified several potential functions, but many have not been directly verified in vivo. Here, we summarize the studies on the Drosophila homolog of the Nm23 gene, named a bnormal w ing d iscs (awd), which shares 78% amino acid identity with the human Nm23-H1 and H2 isoforms. These studies confirmed that awd gene encodes a nucleoside diphosphate kinase, and provided strong evidence of a role for awd in regulating cell differentiation and motility via regulation of growth factor receptor signaling. The latter function is mainly mediated by control of endocytosis. This review provides a historical account of the discovery and subsequent analyses of the awd gene. We will also discuss the possible molecular function of the Awd protein that underlies the endocytic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gouthami Nallamothu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas St., Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Vincent Dammai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas St., Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Tien Hsu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas St., Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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47
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Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a leading cause of gynecologic cancer death among women. Tumors diagnosed early (in stage I) have a cure rate approaching 90%. However, because specific symptoms and screening tools are lacking, most ovarian cancers are very advanced when finally diagnosed. CA125 expression and pelvic ultrasonography are of limited efficacy in screening, and the search for new, complementary ovarian cancer biomarkers continues. New technology and research techniques have allowed the identification of over 100 possible tumor markers, many of which are still being evaluated for clinical relevance and several of which have entered clinical trials. Here, we review the methods of biomarker discovery, address the significance and functions of newly identified ovarian cancer tumor markers, and provide further insight into the future of ovarian cancer biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celestine S Tung
- University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Gynecologic Oncology, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 1362, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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48
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Ouellet V, Ling TH, Normandin K, Madore J, Lussier C, Barrès V, Bachvarov D, Rancourt C, Tonin PN, Provencher DM, Mes-Masson AM. Immunohistochemical profiling of benign, low malignant potential and low grade serous epithelial ovarian tumors. BMC Cancer 2008; 8:346. [PMID: 19032793 PMCID: PMC2610034 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-8-346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Serous epithelial ovarian tumors can be subdivided into benign (BOV), low malignant potential (LMP) or borderline and invasive (TOV) tumors. Although the molecular characteristics of serous BOV, LMP and low grade (LG) TOV tumors has been initiated, definitive immunohistochemical markers to distinguish between these tumor types have not been defined. Methods In the present study, we used a tissue array composed of 27 BOVs, 78 LMPs and 23 LG TOVs to evaluate the protein expression of a subset of selected candidates identified in our previous studies (Ape1, Set, Ran, Ccne1 and Trail) or known to be implicated in epithelial ovarian cancer disease (p21, Ccnb1, Ckd1). Results Statistically significant difference in protein expression was observed for Ccnb1 when BOV tumors were compared to LMP tumors (p = 0.003). When BOV were compared to LG TOV tumors, Trail was significantly expressed at a higher level in malignant tumors (p = 0.01). Expression of p21 was significantly lower in LG tumors when compared with either BOVs (p = 0.03) or LMPs (p = 0.001). We also observed that expression of p21 was higher in LMP tumors with no (p = 0.02) or non-invasive (p = 0.01) implants compared to the LMP associated with invasive implants. Conclusion This study represents an extensive analyse of the benign and highly differentiated ovarian disease from an immunohistochemical perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Ouellet
- Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal/Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.
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Abstract
Aberrant methylation patterns of genomic DNA are well-studied epigenetic mutations in cancer. Hypermethylation of CpG islands in tumor-suppressor genes promotes oncogenesis and hypomethylation of global genomic DNA affects genomic stability. Cancer is recognized as a genetic and epigenetic disease. However, it is not clear how epigenetic regulatory factors, including histone modification enzymes, chromatin components and other factors are involved in carcinogenesis. To gain insights into the molecular mechanisms mediated by these factors at the early stage of hepatocarcinogenesis and hepatotoxicity induced by chemicals, we investigated gene expression profiles by DNA microarray and Western blot analyses. We prepared RNA and nuclear extracts from livers with hyperplastic nodules expressing Glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P) and compared findings with those of normal liver. GST-P is a phase II detoxification enzyme and a well-known tumor marker. We identified several epigenetic regulatory factors that showed dysregulated expression during chemically induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Here I review the characterization and functions of these factors and discuss the mechanisms of tumor marker gene expression during chemical hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehiro Osada
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Japan.
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50
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Zanazzi C, Hersmus R, Veltman IM, Gillis AJM, van Drunen E, Beverloo HB, Hegmans JPJJ, Verweij M, Lambrecht BN, Oosterhuis JW, Looijenga LHJ. Gene expression profiling and gene copy-number changes in malignant mesothelioma cell lines. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2007; 46:895-908. [PMID: 17620293 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is an asbestos-induced tumor that acquires aneuploid DNA content during the tumorigenic process. We used instable MM cell lines as an in vitro model to study the impact of DNA copy-number changes on gene expression profiling, in the course of their chromosomal redistribution process. Two MM cell lines, PMR-MM2 (early passages of in vitro culture) and PMR-MM7 (both early and late passages of in vitro culture), were cytogenetically characterized. Genomic gains and losses were precisely defined using microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH), and minimal overlapping analysis led to the identification of the common unbalanced genomic regions. Using the U133Plus 2.0 Affymetrix gene chip array, we analyzed PMR-MM7 early and late passages for genome-wide gene expression, and correlated the differentially expressed genes with copy-number changes. The presence of a high number of genetic imbalances occurring from early to late culture steps reflected the tendency of MM cells toward genomic instability. The selection of specific chromosomal abnormalities observed during subsequent cultures demonstrated the spontaneous evolution of the cancer cells in an in vitro environment. MM cell lines were characterized by copy-number changes associated with the TP53 apoptotic pathway already present at the first steps of in vitro culture. Prolonged culture led to acquisition of additional chromosomal copy-number changes associated with dysregulation of genes involved in cell adhesion, regulation of mitotic cell cycle, signal transduction, carbohydrate metabolism, motor activity, glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis, protein binding activity, lipid transport, ATP synthesis, and methyltransferase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Zanazzi
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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