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Zhang M, Dong X, Huang Z, Li X, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Zhu H, Fang A, Giovannucci EL. Cheese consumption and multiple health outcomes: an umbrella review and updated meta-analysis of prospective studies. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:1170-1186. [PMID: 37328108 PMCID: PMC10509445 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This umbrella review aims to provide a systematic and comprehensive overview of current evidence from prospective studies on the diverse health effects of cheese consumption. We searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library to identify meta-analyses/pooled analyses of prospective studies examining the association between cheese consumption and major health outcomes from inception to August 31, 2022. We reanalyzed and updated previous meta-analyses and performed de novo meta-analyses with recently published prospective studies, where appropriate. We calculated the summary effect size, 95% prediction confidence intervals, between-study heterogeneity, small-study effects, and excess significance bias for each health outcome. We identified 54 eligible articles of meta-analyses/pooled analyses. After adding newly published original articles, we performed 35 updated meta-analyses and 4 de novo meta-analyses. Together with 8 previous meta-analyses, we finally included 47 unique health outcomes. Cheese consumption was inversely associated with all-cause mortality (highest compared with lowest category: RR = 0.95; 95% CI: 0.92, 0.99), cardiovascular mortality (RR = 0.93; 95% CI: 0.88, 0.99), incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) (RR = 0.92; 95% CI: 0.89, 0.96), coronary heart disease (CHD) (RR = 0.92; 95% CI: 0.86, 0.98), stroke (RR = 0.93; 95% CI: 0.89, 0.98), estrogen receptor-negative (ER-) breast cancer (RR = 0.89; 95% CI: 0.82, 0.97), type 2 diabetes (RR = 0.93; 95% CI: 0.88, 0.98), total fracture (RR = 0.90; 95% CI: 0.86, 0.95), and dementia (RR = 0.81; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.99). Null associations were found for other outcomes. According to the NutriGrade scoring system, moderate quality of evidence was observed for inverse associations of cheese consumption with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, incident CVD, CHD, and stroke, and for null associations with cancer mortality, incident hypertension, and prostate cancer. Our findings suggest that cheese consumption has neutral to moderate benefits for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaocong Dong
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zihui Huang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Big Data in Health Science School of Public Health, Center of Clinical Big Data and Analytics of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingyao Wang
- Chinese Nutrition Society Academy of Nutrition and Health, Beijing, China.
| | - Huilian Zhu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aiping Fang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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The association between dairy products consumption and prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Nutr 2022; 129:1714-1731. [PMID: 35945656 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522002380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this study, we conducted a meta-analysis to estimate the relationship between the consumption of dairy products and the risk of prostate cancer. We searched PubMed, Embase and Cochrane databases for relevant articles and identified a total of thirty-three cohort studies between 1989 and 2020. The qualities of included studies were assessed using Newcastle–Ottawa scale. Pooled adjusted relative risks (RR) with 95 % CI were calculated. We performed subgroup analyses stratified by dairy type, prostate cancer type, follow-up years, treatment era, collection times, adjustment for confounders and geographic location. In the subgroup analysis stratified by prostate cancer type, the pooled RR were 0·98 (95 % CI 0·94, 1·03) in the advanced group, 1·10 (95 % CI 0·98, 1·24) in the non-advanced group and 0·92 (95 % CI 0·84, 1·00) in the fatal group. In the dose–response analysis, a positive association for the risk of prostate cancer was observed for total dairy products 400 g/d (RR: 1·02; 95 % CI 1·00, 1·03), total milk 200 g/d (RR: 1·02; 95 % CI 1·01, 1·03), cheese 40 g/d (RR: 1·01; 95 % CI 1·00, 1·03) and butter 50 g/d (RR: 1·03; 95 % CI 1·01, 1·05). A decreased risk was observed for the intake of whole milk 100 g/d (RR: 0·97; 95 % CI 0·96, 0·99). Our meta-analysis suggests that high intakes of dairy products may be associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer; however, since many of the studies were affected by prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening bias, additional studies with an adjustment of PSA screening are needed.
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Update analysis on the association between Methionine synthase rs1805087 A/G variant and risk of prostate cancer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13384. [PMID: 32770085 PMCID: PMC7414883 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70223-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have investigated the association of the rs1805087 A/G variant of Methionine synthase gene with the susceptibility to prostate cancer (PCa). Nevertheless, the conclusions remain divergent. We performed a systemic analysis with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) to assess Methionine synthase rs1805087 A/G variant and PCa risk. Furthermore, we utilized in silico analysis to investigate the relationship between Methionine synthase expression and the overall survival (OS) time. Totally, 10,666 PCa patients and 40,750 controls were included. We observed that Methionine synthase rs1805087 A/G variant is associated with an elevated risk of PCa (G-allele vs. A-allele: OR = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.01–1.11, P = 0.013; heterozygous model: OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.02–1.14, P = 0.009; dominant model: OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.02–1.14, P = 0.007). During stratified analysis, similar results were obtained in Asian populations, hospital-based, high quality studies and that with large sample size. Moreover, in silico analysis indicated the Methionine synthase expression is down-regulated in both young and old PCa subjects (P < 0.05). Compared with the normal subjects, the down-regulated expression of Methionine synthase was found in PCa cases with Gleason score 6 to 9. Our study showed that Methionine synthase rs1805087 A/G variant may be associated with susceptibility of PCa, especially in Asian populations, hospital-based studies and that with high quality and large sample size. Furthermore, Methionine synthase rs1805087 A/G variant may be related to the prognosis of PCa.
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Bery F, Cancel M, Chantôme A, Guibon R, Bruyère F, Rozet F, Mahéo K, Fromont G. The Calcium-Sensing Receptor is A Marker and Potential Driver of Neuroendocrine Differentiation in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040860. [PMID: 32252342 PMCID: PMC7226072 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation in prostate cancer (PCa) remain mostly uncharacterized. Since a deregulated calcium homeostasis has been reported in neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC), we explored herein the link between NE differentiation and the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). CaSR expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry-together with NE markers-on tissue microarrays containing samples of normal prostate, localized PCa, metastatic castration resistant PCa (MCRPC) and NEPC. In prostate tissues, we observed a strong association between CaSR and chromogranin expression. Both markers were strongly expressed in all cases of NEPC and co-expression was confirmed by double immunostaining. In MCRPC, the expression of CaSR was significantly associated with shorter overall survival. The involvement of CaSR in NE differentiation was evaluated in PCa cell lines. Inhibition of CaSR led to decrease the expression of neuronal (NSE, βtubulinIII) and NE (chromogranin, synaptophysin) markers in the NE PCa cell line NCI-H660. A decrease of neuronal and NE markers was also observed in siCaSR-transfected PC3 and 22RV1 cells, respectively, whereas CaSR activation increased both NSE and synaptophysin expression in PC3 cells. These results strongly suggest that CaSR is a marker and a driver of NE differentiation in PCa and emphasize the potential of CaSR directed therapy for NEPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Bery
- Inserm N2C UMR1069 “Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer” Université de Tours, CEDEX 1, F-37032 Tours, France; (F.B.); (M.C.); (A.C.); (R.G.); (K.M.)
| | - Mathilde Cancel
- Inserm N2C UMR1069 “Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer” Université de Tours, CEDEX 1, F-37032 Tours, France; (F.B.); (M.C.); (A.C.); (R.G.); (K.M.)
- Department of Oncology, CHRU Bretonneau, CEDEX 9, F-37044 Tours, France
| | - Aurélie Chantôme
- Inserm N2C UMR1069 “Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer” Université de Tours, CEDEX 1, F-37032 Tours, France; (F.B.); (M.C.); (A.C.); (R.G.); (K.M.)
| | - Roseline Guibon
- Inserm N2C UMR1069 “Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer” Université de Tours, CEDEX 1, F-37032 Tours, France; (F.B.); (M.C.); (A.C.); (R.G.); (K.M.)
- Department of Pathology CHRU Bretonneau, CEDEX 9, F-37044 Tours, France
| | - Franck Bruyère
- Department of Urology, CHRU Bretonneau, CEDEX 9, F-37044 Tours, France;
| | - François Rozet
- Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Department of Urology, F-75014 Paris, France;
| | - Karine Mahéo
- Inserm N2C UMR1069 “Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer” Université de Tours, CEDEX 1, F-37032 Tours, France; (F.B.); (M.C.); (A.C.); (R.G.); (K.M.)
| | - Gaëlle Fromont
- Inserm N2C UMR1069 “Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer” Université de Tours, CEDEX 1, F-37032 Tours, France; (F.B.); (M.C.); (A.C.); (R.G.); (K.M.)
- Department of Pathology CHRU Bretonneau, CEDEX 9, F-37044 Tours, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)2-47-47-82-72
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Shin J, Millstine D, Ruddy B, Wallace M, Fields H. Effect of Plant- and Animal-Based Foods on Prostate Cancer Risk. J Osteopath Med 2019; 119:2753613. [PMID: 31633743 DOI: 10.7556/jaoa.2019.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Many studies have explored whether plant and animal-based food consumption is associated with prostate cancer (PCa) risk, but there is much discordance. OBJECTIVE To perform an updated review of the literature that further investigates the association of plant- and animal-based food consumption with PCa risk. METHODS This review was conducted by using 3 databases and produced a total of 550 references. The search was limited to a publication date range of 2006 to February 2017, English language, and humans. After case reports, comments, letters, editorials, and duplicate references were removed, 297 citations remained for review. Articles that did not investigate the association of dietary patterns or a major component of diet with PCa were excluded. RESULTS Of the 297 references found, 47 were eligible for inclusion in this review. The authors identified 2 very large cohort studies (≥100,000 participants), 6 large cohort studies (≥40,000 participants), 11 medium cohort studies (≥10,000 participants), 10 small cohort studies (<10,000 participants), 13 case-control studies, 4 meta-analyses, and 1 population study investigating diet and PCa risk. Most studies showed that plant-based foods are associated with either decreased or unchanged risk of PCa, whereas animal-based foods, particularly dairy products, are associated with either increased or unchanged risk of PCa. CONCLUSION This review of the literature suggests that consumption of higher amounts of plant-based foods may be associated with decreased PCa risk, and consumption of higher amounts of dairy products may be associated with increased PCa risk.
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Preble I, Zhang Z, Kopp R, Garzotto M, Bobe G, Shannon J, Takata Y. Dairy Product Consumption and Prostate Cancer Risk in the United States. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071615. [PMID: 31315238 PMCID: PMC6683061 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
An ongoing controversy exists regarding the effect of dairy products on prostate cancer risk in observational studies. We prospectively investigated the associations between dairy product consumption and prostate cancer risk among men in the United States. After calculating pre-diagnostic intake of individual or subgroups of dairy products using a validated food frequency questionnaire, we estimated hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for pathologically-verified cases of incident prostate cancer among men, overall, or stratified by severity. Among 49,472 men, 4134 were diagnosed with prostate cancer during an average follow-up period of 11.2 years. The median total dairy intake was 101 g/1000 kcal. Consumption of total, individual, or subgroups of dairy products was not statistically significantly associated with prostate cancer risk overall (HR = 1.05, 95% CI = 0.96–1.15 comparing the highest with lowest quartile) or stratified by severity, except for regular-fat dairy product intake with late-stage prostate cancer risk (HR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.04–1.82 comparing the highest with lowest quartile) and 2%-fat milk intake with advanced prostate cancer risk (HR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.02–1.28 comparing the higher than median intake with no intake group). Our findings do not support the previously reported harmful impact of dairy consumption on overall prostate cancer risk among men in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Preble
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Ryan Kopp
- Department of Urology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Mark Garzotto
- Department of Urology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Gerd Bobe
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Jackilen Shannon
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Yumie Takata
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Oura P, Auvinen J, Paananen M, Junno JA, Niinimäki J, Karppinen J, Nurkkala M. Dairy- and supplement-based calcium intake in adulthood and vertebral dimensions in midlife-the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 Study. Osteoporos Int 2019; 30:985-994. [PMID: 30656368 PMCID: PMC6502777 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-019-04843-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Among a representative sample of 1064 Northern Finns, we studied the association of dairy- and supplement-based calcium intake in adulthood with vertebral size in midlife. Inadequate calcium intake (< 800 mg/day) from age 31 to 46 predicted small vertebral size and thus decreased spinal resilience among women but not men. INTRODUCTION Small vertebral size predisposes individuals to fractures, which are common among aging populations. Although previous studies have associated calcium (Ca) intake with enhanced bone geometry in the appendicular skeleton, few reports have addressed the axial skeleton or the vertebrae in particular. We aimed to investigate the association of dairy- and supplement-based Ca intake in adulthood with vertebral cross-sectional area (CSA) in midlife. METHODS A sample of 1064 individuals from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 had undergone lumbar magnetic resonance imaging at the age of 46, and provided self-reported data on diet and Ca intake (dairy consumption and use of Ca supplements) at the ages of 31 and 46. We assessed the association between Ca intake (both continuous and categorized according to local recommended daily intake) and vertebral CSA, using generalized estimating equation and linear regression models with adjustments for body mass index, diet, vitamin D intake, education, leisure-time physical activity, and smoking. RESULTS Women with inadequate Ca intake (< 800 mg/day) over the follow-up had 3.8% smaller midlife vertebral CSA than women with adequate Ca intake (p = 0.009). Ca intake among men showed no association with vertebral CSA. CONCLUSIONS Inadequate Ca intake (< 800 mg/day) from the age of 31 to 46 predicts small vertebral size and thus decreased spinal resilience among middle-aged women. Future studies should confirm these findings and investigate the factors underlying the association of low Ca intake in women but not in men with smaller vertebral size.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Oura
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland.
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland.
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland.
| | - J Auvinen
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - M Paananen
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - J-A Junno
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - J Niinimäki
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - J Karppinen
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Aapistie 1, FI-90220, Oulu, Finland
| | - M Nurkkala
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Oulu Deaconess Institute, P.O. Box 365, FI-90101, Oulu, Finland
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Bellamri M, Turesky RJ. Dietary Carcinogens and DNA Adducts in Prostate Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1210:29-55. [PMID: 31900903 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32656-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is the most commonly diagnosed non-cutaneous cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related to death in men. The major risk factors for PC are age, family history, and African American ethnicity. Epidemiological studies have reported large geographical variations in PC incidence and mortality, and thus lifestyle and dietary factors influence PC risk. High fat diet, dairy products, alcohol and red meats, are considered as risk factors for PC. This book chapter provides a comprehensive, literature-based review on dietary factors and their molecular mechanisms of prostate carcinogenesis. A large portion of our knowledge is based on epidemiological studies where dietary factors such as cancer promoting agents, including high-fat, dairy products, alcohol, and cancer-initiating genotoxicants formed in cooked meats have been evaluated for PC risk. However, the precise mechanisms in the etiology of PC development remain uncertain. Additional animal and human cell-based studies are required to further our understandings of risk factors involved in PC etiology. Specific biomarkers of chemical exposures and DNA damage in the prostate can provide evidence of cancer-causing agents in the prostate. Collectively, these studies can improve public health research, nutritional education and chemoprevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medjda Bellamri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Robert J Turesky
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. .,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is a major cause of disease and mortality among men, and each year 1.6 million men are diagnosed with and 366,000 men die of prostate cancer. In this review, we discuss the state of evidence for specific genetic, lifestyle, and dietary factors associated with prostate cancer risk. Given the biological heterogeneity of this cancer, we focus on risk factors for advanced or fatal prostate cancer. First, we provide descriptive epidemiology statistics and patterns for prostate cancer incidence and mortality around the world. This includes discussion of the impact of prostate-specific antigen screening on prostate cancer epidemiology. Next, we summarize evidence for selected risk factors for which there is strong or probable evidence of an association: genetics, obesity and weight change, physical activity, smoking, lycopene and tomatoes, fish, vitamin D and calcium, and statins. Finally, we highlight future directions for prostate cancer epidemiology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire H Pernar
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Ericka M Ebot
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Kathryn M Wilson
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Lorelei A Mucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Steck SE, Omofuma OO, Su LJ, Maise AA, Woloszynska-Read A, Johnson CS, Zhang H, Bensen JT, Fontham ETH, Mohler JL, Arab L. Calcium, magnesium, and whole-milk intakes and high-aggressive prostate cancer in the North Carolina–Louisiana Prostate Cancer Project (PCaP). Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 107:799-807. [DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Steck
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Omonefe O Omofuma
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - L Joseph Su
- Winthrop P Rockefeller Cancer Institute, Department of Epidemiology, Fay W Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Amanda A Maise
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
- Community Care Behavioral Health, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Insurance Services Division, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | | | - Hongmei Zhang
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN
| | - Jeannette T Bensen
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Elizabeth T H Fontham
- School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | | | - Lenore Arab
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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Tat D, Kenfield SA, Cowan JE, Broering JM, Carroll PR, Van Blarigan EL, Chan JM. Milk and other dairy foods in relation to prostate cancer recurrence: Data from the cancer of the prostate strategic urologic research endeavor (CaPSURE™). Prostate 2018; 78:32-39. [PMID: 29105845 PMCID: PMC5716878 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-fat dairy, particularly whole milk, in healthy men may increase risk of aggressive prostate cancer. However, data are limited regarding dairy after prostate cancer diagnosis. METHOD We conducted a prospective study among 1334 men with non-metastatic prostate cancer in the Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urologic Research Endeavor. Men answered a food frequency questionnaire in 2004-2005 (median 2 years after diagnosis) and were followed until 2016 for recurrence, defined as: prostate cancer death, bone metastases, biochemical recurrence, or secondary treatment. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate hazards ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations between whole and low-fat milk; total, high-fat, and low-fat dairy; and other dairy items and risk of recurrence. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 8 years, we observed 137 events. Men who consumed >4 servings/week versus 0-3 servings/month of whole milk had an 73% increased risk of recurrence (HR: 1.73; 95%CI: 1.00, 2.98; P-value = 0.04). Body mass index (BMI) modified the association (P-interaction = 0.01). Among men with a BMI ≥27 kg/m2 , >4 servings/week versus 0-3 servings/month of whole milk was associated with a 3-fold higher risk of recurrence (HR: 2.96; 95%CI: 1.58, 5.54; P-value < 0.001). No association was seen in men with BMI <27 kg/m2 . Low-fat milk and other dairy foods were not associated with recurrence. CONCLUSION In conclusion, whole milk consumption after prostate cancer diagnosis was associated with increased risk of recurrence, particularly among very overweight or obese men. Men with prostate cancer who choose to drink milk should select non-fat or low-fat options.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tat
- Duke University School of Medicine
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco
| | - Stacey A. Kenfield
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health
| | - Janet E. Cowan
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco
| | | | | | - Erin L. Van Blarigan
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco
| | - June M. Chan
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco
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13
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Diet, Lifestyles, Family History, and Prostate Cancer Incidence in an East Algerian Patient Group. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:5730569. [PMID: 27975054 PMCID: PMC5130556 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5730569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is the fourth most common cancer in men and the sixth leading cause of death in Algeria. To examine the relationship between lifestyle factors, including diet, and family history and PC risk, a case-control study was performed in an eastern Algerian population, comprising 90 patients with histologically confirmed PC and 190 controls. Data collection was carried out through a structured questionnaire and statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the different variables. The data showed that consumption of lamb and beef meat and high intake of animal fat and dairy products increased PC risk. Seven to thirteen vegetables servings per week and fourteen or more servings decreased PC risk by 62% and 96%, respectively. Seven to fourteen fruit servings per week decrease PC risk by 98%. Green tea consumption reduced the risk of PC but the results were statistically borderline. Increased risk was observed for individuals with family history of PC in first and in second degree. A positive strong association was also found for alcohol and smoking intake and a dose-response relationship existed for quantity and history of smoking. This study suggests that dietary habits, lifestyle factors, and family history have influence on the development of PC in Algerian population.
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14
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Tantamango-Bartley Y, Knutsen SF, Knutsen R, Jacobsen BK, Fan J, Beeson WL, Sabate J, Hadley D, Jaceldo-Siegl K, Penniecook J, Herring P, Butler T, Bennett H, Fraser G. Are strict vegetarians protected against prostate cancer? Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 103:153-60. [PMID: 26561618 PMCID: PMC4691666 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.106450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the American Cancer Society, prostate cancer accounts for ∼27% of all incident cancer cases among men and is the second most common (noncutaneous) cancer among men. The relation between diet and prostate cancer is still unclear. Because people do not consume individual foods but rather foods in combination, the assessment of dietary patterns may offer valuable information when determining associations between diet and prostate cancer risk. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the association between dietary patterns (nonvegetarian, lacto-ovo-vegetarian, pesco-vegetarian, vegan, and semi-vegetarian) and prostate cancer incidence among 26,346 male participants of the Adventist Health Study-2. DESIGN In this prospective cohort study, cancer cases were identified by matching to cancer registries. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was performed to estimate HRs by using age as the time variable. RESULTS In total, 1079 incident prostate cancer cases were identified. Around 8% of the study population reported adherence to the vegan diet. Vegan diets showed a statistically significant protective association with prostate cancer risk (HR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.49, 0.85). After stratifying by race, the statistically significant association with a vegan diet remained only for the whites (HR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.46, 0.86), but the multivariate HR for black vegans showed a similar but nonsignificant point estimate (HR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.41, 1.18). CONCLUSION Vegan diets may confer a lower risk of prostate cancer. This lower estimated risk is seen in both white and black vegan subjects, although in the latter, the CI is wider and includes the null.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Synnove F Knutsen
- School of Public Health, Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention and
| | - Raymond Knutsen
- School of Public Health, Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention and
| | - Bjarne K Jacobsen
- School of Public Health, Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention and Department of Community Medicine, Universitetet i Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jing Fan
- School of Public Health, Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention and
| | - W Lawrence Beeson
- School of Public Health, Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention and
| | - Joan Sabate
- School of Public Health, Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention and
| | - David Hadley
- School of Medicine, Department of Urology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA; and
| | - Karen Jaceldo-Siegl
- School of Public Health, Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention and
| | - Jason Penniecook
- School of Public Health, Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention and
| | - Patti Herring
- School of Public Health, Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention and
| | - Terry Butler
- School of Public Health, Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention and
| | - Hanni Bennett
- School of Public Health, Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention and
| | - Gary Fraser
- School of Public Health, Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention and
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15
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Xu C, Han FF, Zeng XT, Liu TZ, Li S, Gao ZY. Fat Intake Is Not Linked to Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131747. [PMID: 26186528 PMCID: PMC4505895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since the late 1960s, the average global supply of fat has increased by 20 g per capita per day. While fat intake has been considered a potential risk factor for prostate cancer (Pca), the hypothesis from previous epidemiologic studies remained equivocal. Materials and Methods Relevant cohort studies were identified through a literature search in PubMed, ScienceDirect and Wiley Online Library up to March 1, 2015. A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis were used to assess the relationship between fat intake and the risk for Pca. Results We identified 14 cohort studies, which included 37,349 cases and a total of 751,030 participants. We found no evidence of a non-linear association between fat intake and the risk for Pca. Overall, the summarized relative risks for every 28.35 g increment a day was 0.99 (95%CI: 0.98, 1.01; P=0.94; n=13) for total fat intake, 1.00 (95%CI: 1.00, 1.00; P=0.72; n=9) for saturated fat, 0.99 (95%CI: 0.95, 1.03; P=0.55; n=7) for polyunsaturated fat, and 1.00 (95%CI: 0.95, 1.04; P=0.85; n=8) for monounsaturated fat. Additionally, there was no link to the risk for advanced stage Pca regarding total fat intake (RR=1.02, 95%CI: 0.96, 1.08; P=0.63; n=5), saturated fat (RR=0.96, 95%CI: 0.84, 1.11; P=0.61; n=6), polyunsaturated fat (RR=0.96, 95%CI: 0.79, 1.17; P=0.68; n=6), or monounsaturated fat (RR=0.96, 95%CI: 0.86, 1.07; P=0.42; n=6). Subgroup and sensitively analyses showed consistent results. Conclusion Little evidence from published cohort studies supports the statement that total fat, saturated fat or unsaturated fat intake increases the risk for Pca or advanced stage Pca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Xu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Center for Evidence-Based Medicine and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang-Fang Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xian-Tao Zeng
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Center for Evidence-Based Medicine and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tong-Zu Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Center for Evidence-Based Medicine and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Shen Li
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Center for Evidence-Based Medicine and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng-Yan Gao
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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16
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Yang M, Kenfield SA, Van Blarigan EL, Wilson KM, Batista JL, Sesso HD, Ma J, Stampfer MJ, Chavarro JE. Dairy intake after prostate cancer diagnosis in relation to disease-specific and total mortality. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:2462-9. [PMID: 25989745 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Information regarding postdiagnostic dairy intake and prostate cancer survival is limited. We evaluated intake of total, high-fat and low-fat dairy after prostate cancer diagnosis in relation to disease-specific and total mortality. We included 926 men from the Physicians' Health Study diagnosed with non-metastatic prostate cancer between 1982 and 2000 who completed a diet questionnaire a median of 5 years after diagnosis and were followed thereafter for a median of 10 years to assess mortality. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate associations between dairy intake and prostate cancer specific and all-cause mortality. During 8,903 person-years of follow-up, 333 men died, 56 due to prostate cancer. Men consuming ≥3 servings/day of total dairy products had a 76% higher risk of total mortality and a 141% higher risk of prostate cancer-specific mortality compared to men who consumed less than 1 dairy product/day (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.76, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.21, 2.55, ptrend < 0.001 for total mortality; HR = 2.41, 95% CI: 0.96, 6.02, ptrend = 0.04 for prostate cancer-specific mortality). The association between high-fat dairy and mortality risk appeared to be stronger than that of low-fat dairy, but the difference between them was not statistically significant (p for difference = 0.57 for prostate cancer-specific mortality and 0.56 for total mortality). Among men without metastases when diagnosed, higher intake of dairy foods after prostate cancer diagnosis may be associated with increased prostate cancer-specific and all-cause mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yang
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H.Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Stacey A Kenfield
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H.Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Erin L Van Blarigan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Kathryn M Wilson
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H.Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Julie L Batista
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H.Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Howard D Sesso
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H.Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Meir J Stampfer
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H.Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H.Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jorge E Chavarro
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H.Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H.Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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17
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Rohrmann S, Van Hemelrijck M. The Association of Milk and Dairy Consumption and Calcium Intake With the Risk and Severity of Prostate Cancer. Curr Nutr Rep 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13668-014-0106-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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18
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Aune D, Navarro Rosenblatt DA, Chan DSM, Vieira AR, Vieira R, Greenwood DC, Vatten LJ, Norat T. Dairy products, calcium, and prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 101:87-117. [PMID: 25527754 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.067157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dairy product and calcium intakes have been associated with increased prostate cancer risk, but whether specific dairy products or calcium sources are associated with risk is unclear. OBJECTIVE In the Continuous Update Project, we conducted a meta-analysis of prospective studies on intakes of dairy products and calcium and prostate cancer risk. DESIGN PubMed and several other databases were searched up to April 2013. Summary RRs were estimated by using a random-effects model. RESULTS Thirty-two studies were included. Intakes of total dairy products [summary RR: 1.07 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.12; n = 15) per 400 g/d], total milk [summary RR: 1.03 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.07; n = 14) per 200 g/d], low-fat milk [summary RR: 1.06 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.11; n = 6) per 200 g/d], cheese [summary RR: 1.09 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.18; n = 11) per 50 g/d], and dietary calcium [summary RR: 1.05 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.09; n = 15) per 400 mg/d] were associated with increased total prostate cancer risk. Total calcium and dairy calcium intakes, but not nondairy calcium or supplemental calcium intakes, were also positively associated with total prostate cancer risk. Supplemental calcium was associated with increased risk of fatal prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS High intakes of dairy products, milk, low-fat milk, cheese, and total, dietary, and dairy calcium, but not supplemental or nondairy calcium, may increase total prostate cancer risk. The diverging results for types of dairy products and sources of calcium suggest that other components of dairy rather than fat and calcium may increase prostate cancer risk. Any additional studies should report detailed results for subtypes of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagfinn Aune
- From the Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (DA and LJV); the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College, London, United, Kingdom (DA, DANR, DSMC, ARV, RV, and TN); and the Biostatistics Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (DCG)
| | - Deborah A Navarro Rosenblatt
- From the Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (DA and LJV); the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College, London, United, Kingdom (DA, DANR, DSMC, ARV, RV, and TN); and the Biostatistics Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (DCG)
| | - Doris S M Chan
- From the Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (DA and LJV); the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College, London, United, Kingdom (DA, DANR, DSMC, ARV, RV, and TN); and the Biostatistics Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (DCG)
| | - Ana Rita Vieira
- From the Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (DA and LJV); the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College, London, United, Kingdom (DA, DANR, DSMC, ARV, RV, and TN); and the Biostatistics Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (DCG)
| | - Rui Vieira
- From the Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (DA and LJV); the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College, London, United, Kingdom (DA, DANR, DSMC, ARV, RV, and TN); and the Biostatistics Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (DCG)
| | - Darren C Greenwood
- From the Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (DA and LJV); the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College, London, United, Kingdom (DA, DANR, DSMC, ARV, RV, and TN); and the Biostatistics Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (DCG)
| | - Lars J Vatten
- From the Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (DA and LJV); the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College, London, United, Kingdom (DA, DANR, DSMC, ARV, RV, and TN); and the Biostatistics Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (DCG)
| | - Teresa Norat
- From the Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (DA and LJV); the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College, London, United, Kingdom (DA, DANR, DSMC, ARV, RV, and TN); and the Biostatistics Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (DCG)
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19
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Wilson KM, Shui IM, Mucci LA, Giovannucci E. Calcium and phosphorus intake and prostate cancer risk: a 24-y follow-up study. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 101:173-83. [PMID: 25527761 PMCID: PMC4266887 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.088716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High calcium intake has been associated with an increased risk of advanced-stage and high-grade prostate cancer. Several studies have found a positive association between phosphorus intake and prostate cancer risk. OBJECTIVE We investigated the joint association between calcium and phosphorus and risk of prostate cancer in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study, with a focus on lethal and high-grade disease. DESIGN In total, 47,885 men in the cohort reported diet data in 1986 and every 4 y thereafter. From 1986 to 2010, 5861 cases of prostate cancer were identified, including 789 lethal cancers (fatal or metastatic). We used Cox proportional hazards models to assess the association between calcium and phosphorus intake and prostate cancer, with adjustment for potential confounding. RESULTS Calcium intakes >2000 mg/d were associated with greater risk of total prostate cancer and lethal and high-grade cancers. These associations were attenuated and no longer statistically significant when phosphorus intake was adjusted for. Phosphorus intake was associated with greater risk of total, lethal, and high-grade cancers, independent of calcium and intakes of red meat, white meat, dairy, and fish. In latency analysis, calcium and phosphorus had independent effects for different time periods between exposure and diagnosis. Calcium intake was associated with an increased risk of advanced-stage and high-grade disease 12-16 y after exposure, whereas high phosphorus was associated with increased risk of advanced-stage and high-grade disease 0-8 y after exposure. CONCLUSIONS Phosphorus is independently associated with risk of lethal and high-grade prostate cancer. Calcium may not have a strong independent effect on prostate cancer risk except with long latency periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Wilson
- From the Departments of Epidemiology (KMW, IMS, LAM, and EG) and Nutrition (EG), Harvard School of Public Health, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KMW, LAM, and EG)
| | - Irene M Shui
- From the Departments of Epidemiology (KMW, IMS, LAM, and EG) and Nutrition (EG), Harvard School of Public Health, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KMW, LAM, and EG)
| | - Lorelei A Mucci
- From the Departments of Epidemiology (KMW, IMS, LAM, and EG) and Nutrition (EG), Harvard School of Public Health, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KMW, LAM, and EG)
| | - Edward Giovannucci
- From the Departments of Epidemiology (KMW, IMS, LAM, and EG) and Nutrition (EG), Harvard School of Public Health, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KMW, LAM, and EG)
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20
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Xu Y, Shao X, Yao Y, Xu L, Chang L, Jiang Z, Lin Z. Positive association between circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and prostate cancer risk: new findings from an updated meta-analysis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2014; 140:1465-77. [PMID: 24838848 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-014-1706-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate and clarify the relationship between circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and prostate cancer risk. METHODS We conducted the meta-analysis to better evaluate the association. Terms "25-Hydroxyvitamin D"/"vitamin D" and "prostate cancer" were used for literature search. RESULTS We identified 21 relevant publications from databases of PubMed and MEDLINE and included 11,941 cases and 13,870 controls in the meta-analysis. Overall studies revealed a significant 17 % elevated risk of prostate cancer for individuals with higher level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (OR = 1.17, 95 % CI = 1.05-1.30, P = 0.004), and no publication bias was found in the calculations (P = 0.629). Subgroup analysis confirmed the association from nested case-control study group, studies from USA group and studies using serum samples group (nested case-control studies: OR = 1.17, 95 % CI = 1.08-1.27, P < 0.001; USA: OR = 1.15, 95 % CI = 1.03-1.29, P = 0.017; serum: OR = 1.20, 95 % CI = 1.01-1.42, P = 0.042); moreover, sensitivity tests also indicated significant results in studies from Europe and studies conducting with plasma samples after exclusion of some influential single study from the analysis, respectively (Europe: OR = 1.21, 95 % CI = 1.04-1.40, P = 0.014; plasma: OR = 1.13, 95 % CI = 1.00-1.27, P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis, for the first time, suggested significant positive relationship between high level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and increased risk of prostate cancer, reminding us that more concern should be taken into account during assessing the effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Xu
- Department of Emergency, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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21
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Visioli F, Strata A. Milk, dairy products, and their functional effects in humans: a narrative review of recent evidence. Adv Nutr 2014; 5:131-43. [PMID: 24618755 PMCID: PMC3951796 DOI: 10.3945/an.113.005025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk is a widely consumed beverage that is essential to the diet of several millions of people worldwide because it provides important macro- and micronutrients. Milk is recognized as being useful during childhood and adolescence because of its composition; however, its relatively high saturated fat proportion raises issues of potential detrimental effects, namely on the cardiovascular system. This review evaluates the most recent literature on dairy and human health, framed within epidemiologic, experimental, and biochemical evidence. As an example, the effects of milk (notably skimmed milk) on body weight appear to be well documented, and the conclusions of the vast majority of published studies indicate that dairy consumption does not increase cardiovascular risk or the incidence of some cancers. Even though the available evidence is not conclusive, some studies suggest that milk and its derivatives might actually be beneficial to some population segments. Although future studies will help elucidate the role of milk and dairy products in human health, their use within a balanced diet should be considered in the absence of clear contraindications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Visioli
- Laboratory of Functional Foods, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA)-Food, CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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22
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Akesson A, Andersen LF, Kristjánsdóttir AG, Roos E, Trolle E, Voutilainen E, Wirfält E. Health effects associated with foods characteristic of the Nordic diet: a systematic literature review. Food Nutr Res 2013; 57:22790. [PMID: 24130513 PMCID: PMC3795297 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v57i0.22790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In preparing the fifth edition of the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR), the scientific basis of specific food-based dietary guidelines (FBDG) was evaluated. Objective A systematic review (SR) was conducted to update the NNR evidence based on the association between the consumption of potatoes, berries, whole grains, milk and milk products, and red and processed meat, and the risk of major diet-related chronic diseases. Design The SR was based on predefined research questions and eligibility criteria for independent duplicate study selection, data extraction, and assessment of methodological quality and applicability. We considered scientific data from prospective observational studies and intervention studies, published since year 2000, targeting the general adult population. Studies of meat and iron status included children, adolescents, and women of childbearing age. Results Based on 7,282 abstracts, 57 studies met the quality criteria and were evidence graded. The data were too limited to draw any conclusions regarding: red and processed meat intake in relation to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and iron status; potatoes and berries regarding any study outcomes; and dairy consumption in relation to risk of breast cancer and CVD. However, dairy consumption seemed unlikely to increase CVD risk (moderate-grade evidence). There was probable evidence (moderate-grade) for whole grains protecting against type 2 diabetes and CVD, and suggestive evidence (low-grade) for colorectal cancer and for dairy consumption being associated with decreased risk of type 2 diabetes and increased risk of prostate cancer. The WCRF/AICR concludes that red and processed meat is a convincing cause of colorectal cancer. Conclusions Probable (moderate) evidence was only observed for whole grains protecting against type 2 diabetes and CVD. We identified a clear need for high-quality nutritional epidemiological and intervention studies and for studies of foods of the Nordic diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agneta Akesson
- Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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23
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Salem S, Hosseini M, Allameh F, Babakoohi S, Mehrsai A, Pourmand G. Serum calcium concentration and prostate cancer risk: a multicenter study. Nutr Cancer 2013; 65:961-8. [PMID: 24053657 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2013.806936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This study sought to further evaluate the possible effects of serum calcium level on prostate cancer (PC) risk, with considering the age, body mass index (BMI), and sex steroid hormones. Using data from a prospective multicenter study, serum calcium concentration, as well as thorough demographic and medical characteristics, were determined in 194 cases with newly diagnosed, clinicopathologically confirmed PC and 317 controls, without any malignant disease, admitted to the same network of hospitals. Serum total and ionized calcium levels were categorized into tertiles. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) after adjustment for major potential confounders, including age, BMI, smoking, alcohol, education, occupation, marital status, family history of PC, and sex hormones level. The mean serum calcium level (±SD) in case and control groups was 9.22 (±0.46) mg/dl and 9.48 (±0.51) mg/dl, respectively (P < 0.001). After adjustment for mentioned confounders, a significant trend of decreasing risk was found for serum total calcium concentration (OR = 0.27, 95% CI = 0.12-0.59, comparing the highest with the lowest tertile) and ionized calcium (OR = 0.25, 95% CI = 0.10-0.58). An increase of 1 mg/dl in serum calcium level was associated with a significant decrease in PC risk (OR = 0.52; 95% CI = 0.34-0.76). Our findings reveal the inverse association between serum total and ionized concentrations and PC risk, which supports the hypothesis that calcium may protect against PC. Furthermore, no evidence was found regarding age, BMI, and sex steroid hormones to modify the association between serum calcium and PC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepehr Salem
- a Urology Research Center, Sina Hospital , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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Song Y, Chavarro JE, Cao Y, Qiu W, Mucci L, Sesso HD, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E, Pollak M, Liu S, Ma J. Whole milk intake is associated with prostate cancer-specific mortality among U.S. male physicians. J Nutr 2013; 143:189-96. [PMID: 23256145 PMCID: PMC3542910 DOI: 10.3945/jn.112.168484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have associated higher milk intake with greater prostate cancer (PCa) incidence, but little data are available concerning milk types and the relation between milk intake and risk of fatal PCa. We investigated the association between intake of dairy products and the incidence and survival of PCa during a 28-y follow-up. We conducted a cohort study in the Physicians' Health Study (n = 21,660) and a survival analysis among the incident PCa cases (n = 2806). Information on dairy product consumption was collected at baseline. PCa cases and deaths (n = 305) were confirmed during follow-up. The intake of total dairy products was associated with increased PCa incidence [HR = 1.12 (95% CI: 0.93, 1.35); >2.5 servings/d vs. ≤0.5 servings/d]. Skim/low-fat milk intake was positively associated with risk of low-grade, early stage, and screen-detected cancers, whereas whole milk intake was associated only with fatal PCa [HR = 1.49 (95% CI: 0.97, 2.28); ≥237 mL/d (1 serving/d) vs. rarely consumed]. In the survival analysis, whole milk intake remained associated with risk of progression to fatal disease after diagnosis [HR = 2.17 (95% CI: 1.34, 3.51)]. In this prospective cohort, higher intake of skim/low-fat milk was associated with a greater risk of nonaggressive PCa. Most importantly, only whole milk was consistently associated with higher incidence of fatal PCa in the entire cohort and higher PCa-specific mortality among cases. These findings add further evidence to suggest the potential role of dairy products in the development and prognosis of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Program on Genomics and Nutrition, Fielding School of Public Health,Center for Metabolic Disease Prevention, and
| | - Jorge E. Chavarro
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, and,Department of Nutrition, and,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; and
| | - Yin Cao
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, and,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; and
| | | | - Lorelei Mucci
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, and,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; and
| | - Howard D. Sesso
- Divisions of Preventive Medicine and Aging, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; and
| | - Meir J. Stampfer
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, and,Department of Nutrition, and,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; and
| | - Edward Giovannucci
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, and,Department of Nutrition, and,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; and
| | - Michael Pollak
- Cancer Prevention Research Unit, Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Lady Davis Research Institute of the Jewish General Hospital and McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Simin Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Program on Genomics and Nutrition, Fielding School of Public Health,Center for Metabolic Disease Prevention, and,Departments of Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jing Ma
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, and,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; and,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Travis RC, Appleby PN, Siddiq A, Allen NE, Kaaks R, Canzian F, Feller S, Tjønneland A, Føns Johnsen N, Overvad K, Ramón Quirós J, González CA, Sánchez MJ, Larrañaga N, Chirlaque MD, Barricarte A, Khaw KT, Wareham N, Trichopoulou A, Valanou E, Oustoglou E, Palli D, Sieri S, Tumino R, Sacerdote C, Bueno-de-Mesquita HBA, Stattin P, Ferrari P, Johansson M, Norat T, Riboli E, Key TJ. Genetic variation in the lactase gene, dairy product intake and risk for prostate cancer in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:1901-10. [PMID: 22965418 PMCID: PMC3594976 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
High dairy protein intake has been found to be associated with increased prostate cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). To further examine this possible relationship, we investigated the hypothesis that a genetic polymorphism in the lactase (LCT) gene might be associated with elevated dairy product intake and increased prostate cancer risk in a case–control study nested in EPIC. The C/T-13910 lactase variant (rs4988235) was genotyped in 630 men with prostate cancer and 873 matched control participants. Dairy product consumption was assessed by diet questionnaire. Odds ratios (ORs) for prostate cancer in relation to lactase genotype were estimated by conditional logistic regression. Lactase genotype frequency varied significantly between countries, with frequencies of the T (lactase persistence) allele ranging from 7% in Greece to 79% in Denmark. Intake of milk and total dairy products varied significantly by lactase genotype after adjustment for recruitment center; adjusted mean intakes of milk were 44.4, 69.8 and 82.3 g/day among men with CC, CT and TT genotypes, respectively. The lactase variant was not significantly associated with prostate cancer risk, both in our data (adjusted OR for TT vs. CC homozygotes: 1.10, 95% CI: 0.76–1.59) and in a meta-analysis of all the published data (combined OR for T allele carriers vs. CC homozygotes: 1.12, 0.96–1.32). These findings show that while variation in the lactase gene is associated with milk intake in men, the lactase polymorphism does not have a large effect on prostate cancer risk. What's new? High dairy protein intake has previously been found to be associated with increased prostate cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). The current study was nested in EPIC, and results from this first Europe-wide study suggest that while the C/T13910 lactase polymorphism is associated with milk intake, the variant has no large effect on prostate cancer risk. The data illustrate the challenges of applying mendelian randomisation to explore the relationship between dairy product consumption and cancer risk. Very large studies with both genetic and dietary data are thus needed for investigations using genetic proxies of nutritional exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth C Travis
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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26
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Melnik BC, John SM, Carrera-Bastos P, Cordain L. The impact of cow's milk-mediated mTORC1-signaling in the initiation and progression of prostate cancer. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2012; 9:74. [PMID: 22891897 PMCID: PMC3499189 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-9-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is dependent on androgen receptor signaling and aberrations of the PI3K-Akt-mTORC1 pathway mediating excessive and sustained growth signaling. The nutrient-sensitive kinase mTORC1 is upregulated in nearly 100% of advanced human PCas. Oncogenic mTORC1 signaling activates key subsets of mRNAs that cooperate in distinct steps of PCa initiation and progression. Epidemiological evidence points to increased dairy protein consumption as a major dietary risk factor for the development of PCa. mTORC1 is a master regulator of protein synthesis, lipid synthesis and autophagy pathways that couple nutrient sensing to cell growth and cancer. This review provides evidence that PCa initiation and progression are promoted by cow´s milk, but not human milk, stimulation of mTORC1 signaling. Mammalian milk is presented as an endocrine signaling system, which activates mTORC1, promotes cell growth and proliferation and suppresses autophagy. Naturally, milk-mediated mTORC1 signaling is restricted only to the postnatal growth phase of mammals. However, persistent consumption of cow´s milk proteins in humans provide highly insulinotropic branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) provided by milk´s fast hydrolysable whey proteins, which elevate postprandial plasma insulin levels, and increase hepatic IGF-1 plasma concentrations by casein-derived amino acids. BCAAs, insulin and IGF-1 are pivotal activating signals of mTORC1. Increased cow´s milk protein-mediated mTORC1 signaling along with constant exposure to commercial cow´s milk estrogens derived from pregnant cows may explain the observed association between high dairy consumption and increased risk of PCa in Westernized societies. As well-balanced mTORC1-signaling plays an important role in appropriate prostate morphogenesis and differentiation, exaggerated mTORC1-signaling by high cow´s milk consumption predominantly during critical growth phases of prostate development and differentiation may exert long-term adverse effects on prostate health. Attenuation of mTORC1 signaling by contemporary Paleolithic diets and restriction of dairy protein intake, especially during mTORC1-dependent phases of prostate development and differentiation, may offer protection from the most common dairy-promoted cancer in men of Western societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Sedanstrasse 115, Osnabrück, D-49090, Germany.
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27
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Datta M, Schwartz GG. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation during androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer: a critical review. Oncologist 2012; 17:1171-9. [PMID: 22836449 PMCID: PMC3448410 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2012-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss of bone mineral density is an unintended consequence of androgen deprivation therapy in men with prostate cancer. Supplementation with calcium and/or vitamin D in these men seems logical and is advocated by many lay and professional groups. METHODS We reviewed guidelines for calcium and vitamin D supplementation and the results of clinical trials of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone mineral density in men with prostate cancer undergoing androgen deprivation therapy. RESULTS Whether supplementation of men undergoing androgen deprivation therapy with calcium and/or vitamin D results in higher bone mineral density than no supplementation has not been tested. The results of 12 clinical trials show that, at the doses commonly recommended, 500-1,000 mg calcium and 200-500 IU vitamin D per day, men undergoing androgen deprivation lose bone mineral density. CONCLUSION The doses of calcium and vitamin D that have been tested are inadequate to prevent loss of bone mineral density in men undergoing androgen deprivation therapy. In light of evidence that high levels of dietary calcium and calcium supplement use are associated with higher risks for cardiovascular disease and advanced prostate cancer, intervention studies should evaluate the safety as well as the efficacy of calcium and vitamin D supplementation in these men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mridul Datta
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Departments of Cancer Biology, Urology, and Epidemiology and Prevention, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gary G. Schwartz
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Departments of Cancer Biology, Urology, and Epidemiology and Prevention, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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29
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Chagas CEA, Rogero MM, Martini LA. Evaluating the links between intake of milk/dairy products and cancer. Nutr Rev 2012; 70:294-300. [PMID: 22537215 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00464.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk and dairy products are widely recommended as part of a healthy diet. These products, however, can contain hormones such as insulin-like growth factor 1, and some studies have suggested that a high intake of milk and dairy products may increase the risk of cancer. This review examines recent studies on this topic, with the evidence suggesting that the recommended intake of milk and dairy products (3 servings/day) is safe and, importantly, does not seem to increase the risk of cancer. On the basis of the studies included in this review, cultured milk, yogurt, and low-fat dairy products should be preferred as the milk and dairy products of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E A Chagas
- Center for Nutrition Practice and Research, Department of Education, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Botucau/Sp, Brazil
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30
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Pettersson A, Kasperzyk JL, Kenfield SA, Richman EL, Chan JM, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Mucci LA, Giovannucci EL. Milk and dairy consumption among men with prostate cancer and risk of metastases and prostate cancer death. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012; 21:428-36. [PMID: 22315365 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-11-1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether milk and dairy intake after a prostate cancer diagnosis is associated with a poorer prognosis is unknown. We investigated postdiagnostic milk and dairy intake in relation to risk of lethal prostate cancer (metastases and prostate cancer death) among participants in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. METHODS The cohort consisted of 3,918 men diagnosed with apparently localized prostate cancer between 1986 and 2006, and followed to 2008. Data on milk and dairy intake were available from repeated questionnaires. We used Cox proportional hazards models to calculate HRs and 95% CIs of the association between postdiagnostic milk and dairy intake and prostate cancer outcomes. RESULTS We ascertained 229 prostate cancer deaths and an additional 69 metastases during follow-up. In multivariate analysis, total milk and dairy intakes after diagnosis were not associated with a greater risk of lethal prostate cancer. Men with the highest versus lowest intake of whole milk were at an increased risk of progression (HR = 2.15, 95% CI: 1.28-3.60; P(trend) < 0.01). Men in the highest versus lowest quintile of low-fat dairy intake were at a decreased risk of progression (HR = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.40-0.95; P(trend) = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS With the exception of whole milk, our results suggest that milk and dairy intake after a prostate cancer diagnosis is not associated with an increased risk of lethal prostate cancer. IMPACT This is the first larger prospective study investigating the relation between postdiagnostic milk and dairy intake and risk of lethal prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Pettersson
- Department of Medicine, Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. apetter
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31
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Body JJ, Bergmann P, Boonen S, Devogelaer JP, Gielen E, Goemaere S, Kaufman JM, Rozenberg S, Reginster JY. Extraskeletal benefits and risks of calcium, vitamin D and anti-osteoporosis medications. Osteoporos Int 2012; 23 Suppl 1:S1-23. [PMID: 22311111 PMCID: PMC3273686 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-011-1891-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Drugs used for the prevention and the treatment of osteoporosis exert various favourable and unfavourable extra-skeletal effects whose importance is increasingly recognized notably for treatment selection. INTRODUCTION The therapeutic armamentarium for the prevention and the treatment of osteoporosis is increasingly large, and possible extra-skeletal effects of available drugs could influence the choice of a particular compound. METHODS The present document is the result of a national consensus, based on a systematic and critical review of the literature. RESULTS Observational research has suggested an inverse relationship between calcium intake and cardiovascular diseases, notably through an effect on blood pressure, but recent data suggest a possible deleterious effect of calcium supplements on cardiovascular risk. Many diverse studies have implicated vitamin D in the pathogenesis of clinically important non-skeletal functions or diseases, especially muscle function, cardiovascular disease, autoimmune diseases and common cancers. The possible effects of oral or intravenous bisphosphonates are well-known. They have been associated with an increased risk of oesophageal cancer or atrial fibrillation, but large-scale studies have not found any association with bisphosphonate use. Selective oestrogen receptor modulators have demonstrated favourable or unfavourable extra-skeletal effects that vary between compounds. Strontium ranelate has a limited number of non-skeletal effects. A reported increase in the risk of venous thromboembolism is not found in observational studies, and very rare cases of cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions have been reported. Denosumab has been introduced recently, and its extra-skeletal effects still have to be assessed. CONCLUSION Several non-skeletal effects of bone drugs are well demonstrated and influence treatment choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.-J. Body
- Department of Medicine, CHU Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - P. Bergmann
- Department of Radioisotopes, CHU Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - S. Boonen
- Center for Metabolic Bone Diseases, Katholieke University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J.-P. Devogelaer
- Department of Rheumatology, Saint Luc University Hospital, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - E. Gielen
- Gerontology and Geriatrics Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, K.U.Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - S. Goemaere
- Department of Rheumatology and Endocrinology, State University of Gent, Gent, Belgium
| | - J.-M. Kaufman
- Department of Endocrinology, State University of Gent, Gent, Belgium
| | - S. Rozenberg
- Department of Gynaecology–Obstetrics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - J.-Y. Reginster
- Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Bone and Cartilage Metabolism Research Unit, CHU Centre-Ville, Policliniques L. BRULL, Quai Godefroid Kurth 45 (9ème étage), 4020 Liege, Belgium
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Wright ME, Bowen P, Virtamo J, Albanes D, Gann PH. Estimated phytanic acid intake and prostate cancer risk: a prospective cohort study. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:1396-406. [PMID: 22120496 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Phytanic acid is a saturated fatty acid found predominantly in red meat and dairy products and may contribute to increases in prostate cancer risk that are observed with higher intakes of these foods. We constructed a novel summary measure of phytanic acid intake and prospectively examined its association with prostate cancer risk in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study--a cohort of Finnish male smokers aged 50-69 years. Diet was assessed at baseline in 27,111 participants using a validated 276-item dietary questionnaire. Since phytanic acid is not currently included in food composition tables, we used the published phytanic acid content of 151 major food items to estimate total daily intake. During up to 21 years of follow-up, a total of 1,929 incident prostate cancer cases (including 438 advanced cases) were identified. Higher phytanic acid intake, though unrelated to the risk of localized disease [relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for increasing quartiles of intake = 1.00 (ref), 0.83 (0.68-1.01), 0.76 (0.62-0.94) and 0.91 (0.74-1.13); p trend = 0.23], was associated with increased risks of advanced prostate cancer [RR and 95% CI = 1.00 (ref), 1.43 (1.09-1.89), 1.31 (0.99-1.75) and 1.38 (1.02-1.89); p trend = 0.06]. This association appeared to be driven predominantly by phytanic acid obtained from dairy products (particularly butter). Our study indicates that phytanic acid may contribute to previously observed associations between high-fat animal foods (particularly dairy products) and prostate cancer risk, although some caution is warranted as it may be acting as a surrogate marker of dairy fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E Wright
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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33
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Niclis C, Díaz MDP, Eynard AR, Román MD, La Vecchia C. Dietary habits and prostate cancer prevention: a review of observational studies by focusing on South America. Nutr Cancer 2011; 64:23-33. [PMID: 22136636 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2012.630163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
There exist several works considering the association between diet and prostate cancer (PC) risk, but the issue is largely unsettled. This article systematically reviews the epidemiological studies on diet and risk of PC focusing on those carried out in countries of South America. There is some suggestion that dairy products, red meat, processed meat, α-linolenic fatty acids, as well as dietary patterns characterized by higher intakes of red and processed meat, eggs, and grains may play some role in the development of PC. There is no clear association with the intake of vegetables and fruits, lycopene, fats, and different types of fatty acids. The evidence on diet and PC is therefore inconclusive in general and specifically in South America. Particular attention must be paid to the study of cancer risk in some countries of South America because of the singularly risky dietary pattern consumed by its population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Niclis
- Cátedra de Estadística y Bioestadística, Escuela de Nutrición, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Albanes D, Mondul AM, Yu K, Parisi D, Horst RL, Virtamo J, Weinstein SJ. Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D and prostate cancer risk in a large nested case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011; 20:1850-60. [PMID: 21784952 PMCID: PMC3188814 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-11-0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D compounds inhibit prostate tumorigenesis experimentally, but epidemiologic data are inconsistent with respect to prostate cancer risk, with some studies suggesting nonsignificant positive associations. METHODS The 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D]-prostate cancer relation was examined in a nested case-control study within the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study of 50- to 69-year-old Finnish men. We matched 1,000 controls to 1,000 cases diagnosed during up to 20 years of follow-up on the basis of age (±1 year) and fasting blood collection date (±30 days). Conditional multivariate logistic regression models estimated ORs and 95% CIs. All statistical significance testing was 2-sided. RESULTS Cases had nonsignificantly 3% higher serum 25(OH)D levels (P = 0.19). ORs (95% CIs) for increasing season-specific quintiles of 25(OH)D concentrations were 1.00 (reference), 1.29 (0.95-1.74), 1.34 (1.00-1.80), 1.26 (0.93-1.72), and 1.56 (1.15-2.12), with P(trend) = 0.01. Analyses based on prespecified clinical categories and season-adjusted values yielded similar results. These findings seemed stronger for aggressive disease [OR (95% CI) for fifth quintile of serum 25(OH)D [1.70 (1.05-2.76), P(trend) = 0.02], among men with greater physical activity [1.85 (1.26-2.72), P(trend) = 0.002], higher concentrations of serum total cholesterol [2.09 (1.36-3.21), P(trend) = 0.003] or α-tocopherol [2.00 (1.30-3.07), P(trend) = 0.01] and higher intakes of total calcium [1.82 (1.20-2.76), P(trend) = 0.01] or vitamin D [1.69 (1.04-2.75), P(trend) = 0.08], or among those who had received the trial α-tocopherol supplements [1.74 (1.15-2.64), P(trend) = 0.006]. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that men with higher vitamin D blood levels are at increased risk of developing prostate cancer. IMPACT Greater caution is warranted with respect to recommendations for high-dose vitamin D supplementation and higher population target blood levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetrius Albanes
- Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 6120 Executive Blvd., Suite 320, Bethesda, MD 20982, USA.
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35
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Dietary calcium and magnesium intake in relation to cancer incidence and mortality in a German prospective cohort (EPIC-Heidelberg). Cancer Causes Control 2011; 22:1375-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s10552-011-9810-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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36
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Dai Q, Motley SS, Smith JA, Concepcion R, Barocas D, Byerly S, Fowke JH. Blood magnesium, and the interaction with calcium, on the risk of high-grade prostate cancer. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18237. [PMID: 21541018 PMCID: PMC3081812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ionized calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) compete as essential messengers to
regulate cell proliferation and inflammation. We hypothesized that
inadequate Mg levels, perhaps relative to Ca levels (e.g. a high Ca/Mg
ratio) are associated with greater prostate cancer risk. Study Design In this biomarker sub-study of the Nashville Men's Health Study (NMHS),
we included 494 NMHS participants, consisting of 98 high-grade
(Gleason≥7) and 100 low-grade cancer cases, 133 prostate intraepithelial
neoplasia (PIN) cases, and 163 controls without cancer or PIN at biopsy.
Linear and logistic regression were used to determine associations between
blood Ca, Mg, and the Ca/Mg ratio across controls and case groups while
adjusting for potential confounding factors. Results Serum Mg levels were significantly lower, while the Ca/Mg ratio was
significantly higher, among high-grade cases vs. controls
(p = 0.04, p = 0.01,
respectively). Elevated Mg was significantly associated with a lower risk of
high-grade prostate cancer (OR = 0.26 (0.09, 0.85)). An
elevated Ca/Mg ratio was also associated with an increased risk of
high-grade prostate cancer (OR = 2.81 (1.24, 6.36)
adjusted for serum Ca and Mg). In contrast, blood Ca levels were not
significantly associated with prostate cancer or PIN.Mg, Ca, or Ca/Mg levels
were not associated with low-grade cancer, PIN, PSA levels, prostate volume,
or BPH treatment. Conclusion Low blood Mg levels and a high Ca/Mg ratio were significantly associated with
high-grade prostate cancer. These findings suggest Mg affects prostate
cancer risk perhaps through interacting with Ca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Dai
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America.
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Van Poppel H, Tombal B. Chemoprevention of prostate cancer with nutrients and supplements. Cancer Manag Res 2011; 3:91-100. [PMID: 21629831 PMCID: PMC3097798 DOI: 10.2147/cmr.s18503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
As the adult population is increasing, prostate cancer (PCa) will become a considerable health problem in the next millennium. This has raised public interest in potential chemoprevention of this disease. As PCa is extremely common and generally slow to progress it is regarded as an ideal candidate for chemoprevention. At present, the 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors finasteride and dutasteride have been identified as preventive agents. This review describes whether selenium, alpha-tocopherol, isoflavones, lycopene green tea polyphenols, calcium, and resveratrol may be useful for decreasing the risk of PCa in men. Although encouraging results are present, some studies show negative results. Differences in study design, sample size, dose administered, and/or concentrations achieved in the body may be the reason for these inconsistencies. Today, chemopreventive agents may be appropriate for high-risk patients like those with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and other high-risk groups such as patients with elevated prostate specific antigen (PSA) and negative biopsy, rapid PSA velocity, and with a family history of PCa. Although larger randomized controlled studies are needed and epidemiologic evidence should be placed in a clinical context, physicians must be aware of these preventive opportunities in PCa care. Combinations of chemopreventive agents should be carefully investigated because mechanisms of action may be additive or synergistic.
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Abstract
This review of calcium discusses briefly the role of the parathyroid glands, the gastrointestinal system, and the renal system in maintaining calcium homeostasis that is required for normal bone health, nerve and muscle function, and blood coagulation in the human body. The new recommendations for calcium intake by the United States Institute of Medicine are discussed. The concerns by the Institute of Medicine regarding adverse effects from excess calcium intake, especially hypercalcemia, nephrolithiasis (kidney stones), milk alkali syndrome, prostate cancer, and coronary heart disease, are reviewed.
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INAA application in the age dynamics assessment of Br, Ca, Cl, K, Mg, Mn, and Na content in the normal human prostate. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-010-0927-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Serum calcium is not predictive of aggressive prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. Urology 2010; 77:1161-5. [PMID: 21122899 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2010.07.504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Revised: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of preoperative total serum calcium on disease progression after radical prostatectomy (RP). Elevated total serum calcium has been linked to death from prostate cancer in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys I and II. However, these findings have not been studied in a large cohort of patients with prostate cancer. METHODS We identified 10,532 consecutive patients who had undergone RP from 1990 to 2004 for prostate cancer. Total serum calcium levels were available for 7648 (72.6%) of these patients within 90 days before RP. Postoperative survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to analyze the ability of serum calcium to predict biochemical recurrence, systemic progression, and cancer-specific survival. RESULTS The median patient age at surgery was 64 years. The median total serum calcium level was 9.4 mg/dL (range 6.8-11.2). On univariate analysis, the total serum calcium level was not significantly associated with any clinical or pathologic variables, including tumor stage, preoperative prostate-specific antigen, Gleason score, tumor volume, surgical margins, or lymph node status. Furthermore, the serum calcium level was not significantly associated with biochemical failure, systemic progression, or prostate cancer death on univariate or multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS The total serum calcium level was not predictive of cancer outcomes in patients who had undergone RP. Additional investigations of the preoperative disease predictors after RP for patients with nonmetastatic disease might be better directed toward other markers.
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Huang C, Liu S, Miller RT. Role of p115RhoGEF in the regulation of extracellular Ca2+-induced choline kinase activation and prostate cancer cell proliferation. Int J Cancer 2010; 128:2833-42. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Kristal AR, Arnold KB, Neuhouser ML, Goodman P, Platz EA, Albanes D, Thompson IM. Diet, supplement use, and prostate cancer risk: results from the prostate cancer prevention trial. Am J Epidemiol 2010; 172:566-77. [PMID: 20693267 PMCID: PMC2950820 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwq148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors examined nutritional risk factors for prostate cancer among 9,559 participants in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (United States and Canada, 1994-2003). The presence or absence of cancer was determined by prostate biopsy, which was recommended during the trial because of an elevated prostate-specific antigen level or an abnormal digital rectal examination and was offered to all men at the trial's end. Nutrient intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire and a structured supplement-use questionnaire. Cancer was detected in 1,703 men; 127 cancers were high-grade (Gleason score 8-10). There were no associations of any nutrient or supplement with prostate cancer risk overall. Risk of high-grade cancer was associated with high intake of polyunsaturated fats (quartile 4 vs. quartile 1: odds ratio = 2.41, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.33, 4.38). Dietary calcium was positively associated with low-grade cancer but inversely associated with high-grade cancer (for quartile 4 vs. quartile 1, odds ratios were 1.27 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.57) and 0.43 (95% CI: 0.21, 0.89), respectively). Neither dietary nor supplemental intakes of nutrients often suggested for prostate cancer prevention, including lycopene, long-chain n-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, vitamin E, and selenium, were significantly associated with cancer risk. High intake of n-6 fatty acids, through their effects on inflammation and oxidative stress, may increase prostate cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Kristal
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109-1024, USA.
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Messina M, Messina V. The role of soy in vegetarian diets. Nutrients 2010; 2:855-88. [PMID: 22254060 PMCID: PMC3257705 DOI: 10.3390/nu2080855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 07/31/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Soyfoods have long been prized among vegetarians for both their high protein content and versatility. Soybeans differ markedly in macronutrient content from other legumes, being much higher in fat and protein, and lower in carbohydrate. In recent years however, soyfoods and specific soybean constituents, especially isoflavones, have been the subject of an impressive amount of research. Nearly 2,000 soy-related papers are published annually. This research has focused primarily on the benefits that soyfoods may provide independent of their nutrient content. There is particular interest in the role that soyfoods have in reducing risk of heart disease, osteoporosis and certain forms of cancer. However, the estrogen-like effects of isoflavones observed in animal studies have also raised concerns about potential harmful effects of soyfood consumption. This review addresses questions related to soy and chronic disease risk, provides recommendations for optimal intakes, and discusses potential contraindications. As reviewed, the evidence indicates that, with the exception of those individuals allergic to soy protein, soyfoods can play a beneficial role in the diets of vegetarians. Concerns about adverse effects are not supported by the clinical or epidemiologic literature. Based on the soy intake associated with health benefits in the epidemiologic studies and the benefits noted in clinical trials, optimal adult soy intake would appear to be between two and four servings per day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Messina
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Nutrition Matters, Inc., Port Townsend, WA 98368, USA;
| | - Virginia Messina
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Nutrition Matters, Inc., Port Townsend, WA 98368, USA;
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Plasma phytanic acid concentration and risk of prostate cancer: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91:1769-76. [PMID: 20427733 PMCID: PMC5749610 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytanic acid, a fatty acid predominantly obtained from foods high in ruminant fat, may have a biological role in the up-regulation of the protein alpha-methylacyl-coenzyme A racemase, which is overexpressed in prostate cancer tissue. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the association between plasma concentrations of phytanic acid and subsequent risk of prostate cancer. DESIGN Within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort, 566 incident prostate cancer cases from Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, and the United Kingdom were individually matched to 566 controls by study center, age at recruitment, and time of day and duration of fasting at blood collection. Phytanic acid concentrations were measured by using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry assay. RESULTS In controls, plasma phytanic acid concentration was strongly correlated with dairy fat intake (r = 0.49, P < 0.0001), varied significantly by country (P for heterogeneity < 0.0001), and decreased with age (P for trend = 0.02) and duration of fasting at blood collection (P for trend = 0.002). There was no significant association of phytanic acid with prostate cancer risk overall (odds ratio for a doubling in concentration: 1.05; 95% CI: 0.91, 1.21; P for trend = 0.53) or by stage or grade of disease. However, in men who had fasted (>3 h) at blood collection, the odds ratio for prostate cancer was 1.27 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.60; P for trend = 0.04). CONCLUSION Plasma phytanic acid concentration is significantly associated with intake of dairy fat but not with overall risk of prostate cancer in this European population.
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Ward HA, Kuhnle GGC. Phytoestrogen consumption and association with breast, prostate and colorectal cancer in EPIC Norfolk. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 501:170-5. [PMID: 20494649 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Revised: 05/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are polyphenolic secondary plant metabolites that have structural and functional similarities to 17beta-oestradiol and have been associated with a protective effect against hormone-related cancers. Most foods in the UK only contain small amounts of phytoestrogens (median content 21 microg/100 g) and the highest content is found in soya and soya-containing foods. The highest phytoestrogen content in commonly consumed foods is found in breads (average content 450 microg/100 g), the main source of isoflavones in the UK diet. The phytoestrogen consumption in cases and controls was considerably lower than in Asian countries. No significant associations between phytoestrogen intake and breast cancer risk in a nested case-control study in EPIC Norfolk were found. Conversely, colorectal cancer risk was inversely associated with enterolignan intake in women but not in men. Prostate cancer risk was positively associated with enterolignan intake, however this association became non-significant when adjusting for dairy intake, suggesting that enterolignans can act as a surrogate marker for dairy or calcium intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Ward
- MRC Centre for Nutritional Epidemiology in Cancer Prevention and Survival, Department for Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
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Ward HA, Kuhnle GGC, Mulligan AA, Lentjes MAH, Luben RN, Khaw KT. Breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Norfolk in relation to phytoestrogen intake derived from an improved database. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91:440-8. [PMID: 20007303 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The characterization of phytoestrogen intake and cancer risk has been hindered by the absence of accurate dietary phytoestrogen values. OBJECTIVE We examined the risk of breast, colorectal, and prostate cancers relative to phytoestrogen intake on the basis of a comprehensive database. DESIGN Demographic and anthropometric characteristics, a medical history, and 7-d records of diet were collected prospectively from participants (aged 40-79 y) in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Norfolk (EPIC-Norfolk). Five hundred nine food items were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry, and (13)C(3)-labeled internal standards were analyzed for isoflavones (genistein, daidzein, glycitein, biochanin A, and formononetin), lignans (secoisolariciresinol and matairesinol), and enterolignans from gut microbial metabolism in animal food sources (equol and enterolactone). From the direct analysis, values for 10,708 foods were calculated. Odds ratios (ORs) for breast (244 cases, 941 controls), colorectal (221 cases, 886 controls), and prostate (204 cases, 812 controls) cancers were calculated relative to phytoestrogen intake. RESULTS Phytoestrogen intake was not associated with breast cancer among women or colorectal cancer among men. Among women, colorectal cancer risk was inversely associated with enterolactone (OR: 0.33; 95% CI: 0.14, 0.74) and total enterolignans (OR: 0.32; 95% CI: 0.13, 0.79), with a positive trend detected for secoisolariciresinol (OR: 1.60; 95% CI: 0.96, 2.69). A positive trend between enterolignan intake and prostate cancer risk (OR: 1.27; 95% CI: 0.97, 1.66) was attenuated after adjustment for dairy intake (OR: 1.19; 95% CI: 0.77, 1.82). CONCLUSION Dietary phytoestrogens may contribute to the risk of colorectal cancer among women and prostate cancer among men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Ward
- MRC Centre for Nutrition and Cancer, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Wort's Causeway, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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Ma RWL, Chapman K. A systematic review of the effect of diet in prostate cancer prevention and treatment. J Hum Nutr Diet 2009; 22:187-99; quiz 200-2. [PMID: 19344379 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-277x.2009.00946.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dietary therapy has been proposed as a cost effective and noninvasive means of reducing the risk of prostate cancer (PC) and its progression. There is a large volume of published studies describing the role of diet in the prevention and treatment of PC. This article systematically reviews the data for dietary-based therapy in the prevention of PC, as well as in the management of patients with PC, aiming to provide clarity surrounding the role of diet in preventing and treating PC. Although conclusive evidence is limited, the current data are indicative that a diet low in fat, high in vegetables and fruits, and avoiding high energy intake, excessive meat, excessive dairy products and calcium intake, is possibly effective in preventing PC. However, caution must be taken to ensure that members of the public do not take excessive amounts of dietary supplements because there may be adverse affects associated with their over consumption. The dietary recommendations for patients diagnosed with PC are similar to those aiming to reduce their risk of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W-L Ma
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Park Y, Leitzmann MF, Subar AF, Hollenbeck A, Schatzkin A. Dairy food, calcium, and risk of cancer in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 169:391-401. [PMID: 19237724 DOI: 10.1001/archinternmed.2008.578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dairy food and calcium intakes have been hypothesized to play roles that differ among individual cancer sites, but the evidence has been limited and inconsistent. Moreover, their effect on cancer in total is unclear. METHODS Dairy food and calcium intakes in relation to total cancer as well as cancer at individual sites were examined in the National Institutes of Health (NIH)-AARP (formerly known as the American Association of Retired Persons) Diet and Health Study. Intakes of dairy food and calcium from foods and supplements were assessed with a food frequency questionnaire. Incident cancer cases were identified through linkage with state cancer registries. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate relative risks and 2-sided 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS During an average of 7 years of follow-up, we identified 36 965 and 16 605 cancer cases in men and women, respectively. Calcium intake was not related to total cancer in men but was nonlinearly associated with total cancer in women: the risk decreased up to approximately 1300 mg/d, above which no further risk reduction was observed. In both men and women, dairy food and calcium intakes were inversely associated with cancers of the digestive system (multivariate relative risk for the highest quintile of total calcium vs the lowest, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.77-0.92 in men, and 0.77; 95% CI, 0.69-0.91 in women). Decreased risk was particularly pronounced with colorectal cancer. Supplemental calcium intake was also inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that calcium intake is associated with a lower risk of total cancer and cancers of the digestive system, especially colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikyung Park
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 6120 Executive Blvd., Bethesda, MD 20852, USA.
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Health professionals' roles in animal agriculture, climate change, and human health. Am J Prev Med 2009; 36:182-7. [PMID: 19135909 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2008.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Revised: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
What we eat is rapidly becoming an issue of global concern. With food shortages, the rise in chronic disease, and global warming, the impact of our dietary choices seems more relevant today than ever. Globally, a transition is taking place toward greater consumption of foods of animal origin, in lieu of plant-based diets. With this transition comes intensification of animal agriculture that in turn is associated with the emergence of zoonotic infectious diseases, environmental degradation, and the epidemics of chronic disease and obesity. Health professionals should be aware of these trends and consider them as they promote healthier and more environmentally-sustainable diets.
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Huncharek M, Muscat J, Kupelnick B. Dairy products, dietary calcium and vitamin D intake as risk factors for prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of 26,769 cases from 45 observational studies. Nutr Cancer 2008; 60:421-41. [PMID: 18584476 DOI: 10.1080/01635580801911779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the available evidence and sources of heterogeneity for studies of dairy products, calcium, and vitamin D intake and the risk of prostate cancer. We pooled data from 45 observational studies using a general variance-based, meta-analytic method employing CIs. Summary relative risks (RRs) were calculated for specific dairy products such as milk and dairy micronutrients. Sensitivity analyses were performed to test the robustness of these summary measures of effect. Cohort studies showed no evidence of an association between dairy [RR = 1.06; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.92-1.22] or milk intake (RR = 1.06; 95% CI = 0.91-1.23) and risk of prostate cancer. This was supported by pooled results of case-control analyses (RR = 1.14; 95% CI = 1.00-1.29), although studies using milk as the exposure of interest were heterogeneous and could not be combined. Calcium data from cohort studies were heterogeneous. Case-control analyses using calcium as the exposure of interest demonstrated no association with increased risk of prostate cancer (RR = 1.04; 95% CI = 0.90-1.15). Dietary intake of vitamin D also was not related to prostate cancer risk (RR = 1.16; 95% CI = 0.98-1.38). The data from observational studies do not support an association between dairy product use and an increased risk of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Huncharek
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina 29209, USA.
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