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Lin CH, Cheng PL, Chuang CY, Kang YT, Lee LW, Hsiao TH, Hsu CP. The Expression of TP63 as a Biomarker of Early Recurrence in Resected Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma after Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1101. [PMID: 38791062 PMCID: PMC11117789 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12051101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer ranks among the ten most common cancers worldwide. Despite the adoption of neoadjuvant concurrent chemoradiotherapy (nCCRT) followed by surgery as the standard treatment approach in recent years, the local recurrence rate remains high. In this study, we employed RNA-seq to investigate distinctive gene expression profiles in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) with or without recurrence following a standard treatment course. Our findings indicate that recurrent ESCC exhibits heightened keratinizing and epidermis development activity compared to non-recurrent ESCC. We identified TP63 as a potential candidate for distinguishing clinical outcomes. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry confirmed the trend of TP63 overexpression in ESCC recurrence. Patients with elevated TP63 expression had poorer overall survival and lower 3-year recurrence-free survival. This study underscores the potential of TP63 as a biomarker for detecting cancer recurrence and suggests its role in guiding future treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hung Lin
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (C.-Y.C.)
| | - Po-Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Cheng-Yeh Chuang
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (C.-Y.C.)
| | - Yu-Ting Kang
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan; (Y.-T.K.); (L.-W.L.)
| | - Li-Wen Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan; (Y.-T.K.); (L.-W.L.)
| | - Tzu-Hung Hsiao
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan; (Y.-T.K.); (L.-W.L.)
- Research Center for Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ping Hsu
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (C.-Y.C.)
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
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Wang T, Jin Y, Wang M, Chen B, Sun J, Zhang J, Yang H, Deng X, Cao X, Wang L, Tang Y. SALL4 in gastrointestinal tract cancers: upstream and downstream regulatory mechanisms. Mol Med 2024; 30:46. [PMID: 38584262 PMCID: PMC11000312 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-024-00812-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Effective therapeutic targets and early diagnosis are major challenges in the treatment of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) cancers. SALL4 is a well-known transcription factor that is involved in organogenesis during embryonic development. Previous studies have revealed that SALL4 regulates cell proliferation, survival, and migration and maintains stem cell function in mature cells. Additionally, SALL4 overexpression is associated with tumorigenesis. Despite its characterization as a biomarker in various cancers, the role of SALL4 in GIT cancers and the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We describe the functions of SALL4 in GIT cancers and discuss its upstream/downstream genes and pathways associated with each cancer. We also consider the possibility of targeting these genes or pathways as potential therapeutic options for GIT cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tairan Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Yan Jin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Mengyao Wang
- First Clinical Medical College, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Boya Chen
- First Clinical Medical College, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Jinyu Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Jiaying Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Hui Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xinyao Deng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xingyue Cao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Lidong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment and Henan Key, Laboratory for Esophageal Cancer Research of The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Tang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
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3
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Ahuja P, Yadav R, Goyal S, Yadav C, Ranga S, Kadian L. Targeting epigenetic deregulations for the management of esophageal carcinoma: recent advances and emerging approaches. Cell Biol Toxicol 2023; 39:2437-2465. [PMID: 37338772 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-023-09818-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Ranking from seventh in incidence to sixth in mortality, esophageal carcinoma is considered a severe malignancy of food pipe. Later-stage diagnosis, drug resistance, and a high mortality rate contribute to its lethality. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and esophageal adenocarcinoma are the two main histological subtypes of esophageal carcinoma, with squamous cell carcinoma alone accounting for more than eighty percent of its cases. While genetic anomalies are well known in esophageal cancer, accountability of epigenetic deregulations is also being explored for the recent two decades. DNA methylation, histone modifications, and functional non-coding RNAs are the crucial epigenetic players involved in the modulation of different malignancies, including esophageal carcinoma. Targeting these epigenetic aberrations will provide new insights into the development of biomarker tools for risk stratification, early diagnosis, and effective therapeutic intervention. This review discusses different epigenetic alterations, emphasizing the most significant developments in esophageal cancer epigenetics and their potential implication for the detection, prognosis, and treatment of esophageal carcinoma. Further, the preclinical and clinical status of various epigenetic drugs has also been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Ahuja
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, (Haryana), Rohtak, 124001, India
| | - Ritu Yadav
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, (Haryana), Rohtak, 124001, India.
| | - Sandeep Goyal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pt. B.D, Sharma University of Health Sciences, (Haryana), Rohtak, 124001, India
| | - Chetna Yadav
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, (Haryana), Rohtak, 124001, India
| | - Shalu Ranga
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, (Haryana), Rohtak, 124001, India
| | - Lokesh Kadian
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, USA
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Aberrant promoter methylation of Wnt inhibitory factor-1 gene is a potential target for treating psoriasis. Clin Immunol 2023; 250:109294. [PMID: 36925027 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease mediated by immune and complex genetic factors. The wingless-related integration site (Wnt) signaling pathway plays a critical role in psoriasis, but how the Wnt pathway is regulated in psoriatic skin and whether it can be exploited for therapeutic benefits is unclear. By comparing biopsies from healthy and psoriatic skin, we found that Wnt inhibitory factor 1 (WIF1), an inhibitor of Wnt signaling, showed reduced expression at both mRNA and protein levels in psoriatic skin. We then quantified methylation of the WIF1 gene promoter by DNA methylation sequencing and found that the WIF1 promoter region was hypermethylated. We further showed that recombinant WIF1 injection ameliorates the imiquimod (IMQ) mouse model of psoriasis. We also revealed that treatment with the DNA methylation inhibitor, decitabine, inhibited proliferation of immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT) in a psoriasis-like inflammatory environment. Finally, we applied decitabine to the IMQ mouse model and demonstrated that treatment of mice with decitabine ameliorates the disease. Therefore, our study reveals that methylation of the WIF1 gene is associated with the pathogenesis of psoriasis, and suggests that pharmacological targeting of DNA methylation is a potential treatment strategy for psoriasis.
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Liu WJ, Zhao Y, Chen X, Miao ML, Zhang RQ. Epigenetic modifications in esophageal cancer: An evolving biomarker. Front Genet 2023; 13:1087479. [PMID: 36704345 PMCID: PMC9871503 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1087479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is a widespread cancer of the digestive system that has two main subtypes: esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA). In the diverse range of cancer therapy schemes, the side effects of conventional treatments remain an urgent challenge to be addressed. Therefore, the pursuit of novel drugs with multiple targets, good efficacy, low side effects, and low cost has become a hot research topic in anticancer therapy. Based on this, epigenetics offers an attractive target for the treatment of esophageal cancer, where major mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, non-coding RNA regulation, chromatin remodelling and nucleosome localization offer new opportunities for the prevention and treatment of esophageal cancer. Recently, research on epigenetics has remained at a high level of enthusiasm, focusing mainly on translating the basic research into the clinical setting and transforming epigenetic alterations into targets for cancer screening and detection in the clinic. With the increasing emergence of tumour epigenetic markers and antitumor epigenetic drugs, there are also more possibilities for anti-esophageal cancer treatment. This paper focuses on esophageal cancer and epigenetic modifications, with the aim of unravelling the close link between them to facilitate precise and personalized treatment of esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jian Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xu Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Man-Li Miao
- School of Basic Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ren-Quan Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China,*Correspondence: Ren-Quan Zhang,
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Bai L, Yan L, Guo Y, He L, Sun Z, Cao W, Lu J, Mo S. Perineural Invasion Is a Significant Indicator of High Malignant Degree and Poor Prognosis in Esophageal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:816270. [PMID: 35756642 PMCID: PMC9213664 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.816270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Perineural invasion (PNI) is a malignant metastatic mode of tumors and has been reported in many tumors including esophageal cancer (EC). However, the role of PNI in EC has been reported differently. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to focus on the role of PNI in EC. Methods Eight databases of CNKI, VIP, Wanfang, Scopus, Wiley, ISI, PubMed, and EBSCO are used for literature search. The association of PNI with gender, pathological stages of T and N (pT and pN), lymphovascular invasion (LVI), lymph node metastasis, 5-year overall survival (OS), and 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) was examined in the meta-analysis by Revman5.0 Software. The pooled OR/HR and 95% CI were used to assess the risk and prognostic value. Results Sixty-nine published studies were screened for analysis of PNI in EC. The incidence of PNI in esophageal squamous carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) was different, but not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The PNI-positive patients had a significantly higher risk of pT stage (OR = 3.85, 95% CI = 2.45–6.05, p < 0.00001), pN stage (OR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.52–2.28, p < 0.00001), LVI (OR = 2.44, 95% CI = 1.55–3.85, p = 0.0001), and lymph node metastasis (OR = 2.87, 95% CI = 1.56–5.29, p = 0.0007). Furthermore, the cumulative analysis revealed a significant correlation between PNI and poor OS (HR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.24–1.51, p < 0.0001), as well as poor DFS (HR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.38–1.74, p < 0.0001). Conclusion PNI occurrence is significantly related to tumor stage, LVI, lymph node metastasis, OS, and DFS. These results indicate that PNI can serve as an indicator of high malignant degree and poor prognosis in EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyang Bai
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liangying Yan
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yaping Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Luyun He
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhiyan Sun
- Department of Special Service, No. 988 Hospital of the Joint Service Support Force of People's Liberation Army of China (PLA), Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenbo Cao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Saijun Mo
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou, China
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7
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Dickkopf Proteins and Their Role in Cancer: A Family of Wnt Antagonists with a Dual Role. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14080810. [PMID: 34451907 PMCID: PMC8400703 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway regulates crucial aspects such as cell fate determination, cell polarity and organogenesis during embryonic development. Wnt pathway deregulation is a hallmark of several cancers such as lung, gastric and liver cancer, and has been reported to be altered in others. Despite the general agreement reached by the scientific community on the oncogenic potential of the central components of the pathway, the role of the antagonist proteins remains less clear. Deregulation of the pathway may be caused by overexpression or downregulation of a wide range of antagonist proteins. Although there is growing information related to function and regulation of Dickkopf (DKK) proteins, their pharmacological potential as cancer therapeutics still has not been fully developed. This review provides an update on the role of DKK proteins in cancer and possible potential as therapeutic targets for the treatment of cancer; available compounds in pre-clinical or clinical trials are also reviewed.
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Nagaraju GP, Kasa P, Dariya B, Surepalli N, Peela S, Ahmad S. Epigenetics and therapeutic targets in gastrointestinal malignancies. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:2303-2314. [PMID: 33895313 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies account for substantial mortality and morbidity worldwide. They are generally promoted by dysregulated signal transduction and epigenetic pathways, which are controlled by specific enzymes. Recent studies demonstrated that histone deacetylases (HDACs) together with DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) have crucial roles in the signal transduction/epigenetic pathways in GI regulation. In this review, we discuss various enzyme targets and their functional mechanisms responsible for the regulatory processes of GI malignancies. We also discuss the epigenetic therapeutic targets that are mainly facilitated by DNMT and HDAC inhibitors, which have functional consequences and clinical outcomes for GI malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganji Purnachandra Nagaraju
- Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Prameswari Kasa
- Dr L.V. Prasad Diagnostics and Research Laboratory, Khairtabad, Hyderabad 500004, India
| | - Begum Dariya
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Sujatha Peela
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr B.R. Ambedkar University, Srikakulam 532410, AP, India
| | - Sarfraz Ahmad
- AdventHealth Cancer Institute, FSU and UCF Colleges of Medicine, Orlando, FL 32804, USA.
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Chen H, Luo J, Guo J. Construction and Validation of a 7-Immune Gene Model for Prognostic Assessment of Esophageal Carcinoma. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e927392. [PMID: 33275591 PMCID: PMC7722773 DOI: 10.12659/msm.927392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We constructed a predictive risk model of esophageal carcinoma (EC) for prognostic prediction. Material/Methods Immune genes and the expression data were downloaded from the ImmPort database and The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Univariate analysis, Lasso regression, and multivariate analysis were applied to screen the ultimately included prognostic immune genes for the model based on the training cohort. Survival analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were applied to evaluate the model. The model was further validated in the testing and entire cohorts, and the clinical utility of the model and its ability to assess the subtypes of EC were evaluated in the entire cohort. Results We detected 297 differentially expressed immune genes, including 241 upregulated genes and 56 downregulated genes in EC patients. Based on these genes, we developed a 7-immune gene model of EC, including HSPA6, S100A12, NOS2, DKK1, OSM, AR, and OXTR. The area under the curve (AUC) of the model at 1 year was 0.825. Similarly, the AUC values for the validating cohorts were 0.813 and 0.816, respectively. Pathological stage and risk score of the model were independent prognostic factors. This model was effective for both subtypes of EC. Conclusions We constructed a 7-gene model consisting of HSPA6, S100A12, NOS2, DKK1, OSM, AR, and OXTR. This risk model could be used for prognostic prediction of EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Pathology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland).,Wuhan University Center for Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Jianchun Guo
- Department of Pathology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland).,Wuhan University Center for Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
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Businello G, Parente P, Mastracci L, Pennelli G, Traverso G, Milione M, Bellan E, Michelotto M, Kotsafti A, Grillo F, Fassan M. The Pathologic and Molecular Landscape of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082160. [PMID: 32759723 PMCID: PMC7465394 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma represents the most common histotype of epithelial neoplasm occurring within esophageal mucosa worldwide. Despite the comprehensive molecular characterization of this entity, to date no significant targeted therapy has been introduced into clinical practice. In this review, we describe the molecular landscape of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma based on the most recent literature. Moreover, we focus on other rare variants and on the relationship with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Businello
- Surgical Pathology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (G.B.); (G.P.); (E.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Paola Parente
- Pathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo FG, Italy;
| | - Luca Mastracci
- Anatomic Pathology, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, 16132 Genova, Italy; (L.M.); (F.G.)
- Anatomic Pathology, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy;
| | - Gianmaria Pennelli
- Surgical Pathology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (G.B.); (G.P.); (E.B.); (M.M.)
| | | | - Massimo Milione
- Anatomic Pathology, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy;
| | - Elena Bellan
- Surgical Pathology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (G.B.); (G.P.); (E.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Mauro Michelotto
- Surgical Pathology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (G.B.); (G.P.); (E.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Andromachi Kotsafti
- Laboratory of Advanced Translational Research, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV–IRCCS, 35128 Padua, Italy;
| | - Federica Grillo
- Anatomic Pathology, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, 16132 Genova, Italy; (L.M.); (F.G.)
- Anatomic Pathology, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy;
| | - Matteo Fassan
- Surgical Pathology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (G.B.); (G.P.); (E.B.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +39-49-821-1312; Fax: +39-49-827-2277
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High Detection Rate for Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Using an Approved DNA Methylation Signature Test. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2019; 18:210-221. [PMID: 32139301 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cystoscopy and transurethral resection are the current reference standard tests to diagnose and histologically confirm non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). In other tumor entities (ie, colon carcinoma, cervical cancer), DNA methylation markers have been approved as diagnostic tests with high diagnostic power. In our case-control study, we used an approved molecular cervical cancer diagnostics test that includes 6 DNA methylation markers (GynTect) for the detection of bladder cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS We included samples from 40 patients with bladder cancer and 34 control subjects. In a pilot study, we analyzed DNA methylation in 38 tumor tissues and 4 healthy ureters using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. Subsequently, we determined the sensitivity and specificity of the GynTect for the detection of bladder cancer in urine sediments from 40 patients with bladder cancer and 30 control subjects with benign prostatic hyperplasia or urolithiasis. RESULTS The markers showed very different methylation rates in the NMIBC tissues, ranging from 2.6% to 78.9%. No methylation of any of the markers was detectable in the healthy ureters. Using the urine sediments from the patients with cancer and control subjects, we found surprisingly high sensitivity and specificity for the GynTect assay (60% and 96.7%, respectively). The application of different algorithms for evaluation of the markers included in GynTect resulted in a sensitivity of ≤ 90% and specificity of ≤ 100%. CONCLUSION The GynTect assay, originally designed for cervical cancer diagnostics, showed unexpectedly high diagnostic accuracy for bladder cancer detection. The inclusion of additional methylation markers might allow for the development of a suitable diagnostic marker set based on the GynTect test for NMIBC diagnostics.
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12
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Kuo IY, Huang YL, Lin CY, Lin CH, Chang WL, Lai WW, Wang YC. SOX17 overexpression sensitizes chemoradiation response in esophageal cancer by transcriptional down-regulation of DNA repair and damage response genes. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:20. [PMID: 30777052 PMCID: PMC6378712 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0510-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients is poor and the concurrent chemoradiation therapy (CCRT) provided to ESCC patients often failed due to resistance. Therefore, development of biomarkers for predicting CCRT response is immensely important. In this study, we evaluated the predicting value of SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 17 (SOX17) protein during CCRT and its dysregulation of transcriptional targets in CCRT resistance in ESCC. Methods Pyrosequencing methylation, RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry assays were performed to examine the DNA methylation, mRNA expression and protein expression levels of SOX17 in endoscopic biopsy from a total of 70 ESCC patients received CCRT. Cell proliferation, clonogenic survival and xenograft growth were used to confirm the sensitization of ESCC cell line KYSE510 in response to cisplatin, radiation or CCRT treatment by SOX17 overexpression in vitro and in vivo. Luciferase activity, RT-qPCR and ChIP-qPCR assays were conducted to examine transcription regulation of SOX17 in KYSE510 parental, KYSE510 radio-resistant cells and their derived xenografts. Results High DNA methylation coincided with low mRNA and protein expression levels of SOX17 in pre-treatment endoscopic biopsy from ESCC patients with poor CCRT response. SOX17 protein expression exhibited a good prediction performance in discriminating poor CCRT responders from good responder. Overexpression of SOX17 sensitized KYSE510 radio-resistant cells to cisplatin, radiation or CCRT treatment in cell and xenograft models. Importantly, SOX17 transcriptionally down-regulated DNA repair and damage response-related genes including BRCA1, BRCA2, RAD51, KU80 DNAPK, p21, SIRT1, NFAT5 and REV3L in KYSE510 radio-resistant cells to achieve the sensitization effect to anti-cancer treatment. Low expression of BRCA1, DNAPK, p21, RAD51 and SIRT1 was confirmed in SOX17 sensitized xenograft tissues derived from radio-resistant ESCC cells. Conclusions Our study reveals a novel mechanism by which SOX17 transcriptionally inactivates DNA repair and damage response-related genes to sensitize ESCC cell or xenograft to CCRT treatment. In addition, we establish a proof-of-concept CCRT prediction biomarker using SOX17 immunohistochemical staining in pre-treatment endoscopic biopsies to identify ESCC patients who are at high risk of CCRT failure and need intensive care. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12929-019-0510-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ying Kuo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lin Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsun Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lun Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.138, Sheng Li Road, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
| | - Wu-Wei Lai
- Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.138, Sheng Li Road, Tainan, 704, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Ching Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan. .,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.
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13
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Tungekar A, Mandarthi S, Mandaviya PR, Gadekar VP, Tantry A, Kotian S, Reddy J, Prabha D, Bhat S, Sahay S, Mascarenhas R, Badkillaya RR, Nagasampige MK, Yelnadu M, Pawar H, Hebbar P, Kashyap MK. ESCC ATLAS: A population wide compendium of biomarkers for Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 30143675 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30579-3,] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is the eighth most aggressive malignancy and its treatment remains a challenge due to the lack of biomarkers that can facilitate early detection. EC is identified in two major histological forms namely - Adenocarcinoma (EAC) and Squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), each showing differences in the incidence among populations that are geographically separated. Hence the detection of potential drug target and biomarkers demands a population-centric understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of EC. To provide an adequate impetus to the biomarker discovery for ESCC, which is the most prevalent esophageal cancer worldwide, here we have developed ESCC ATLAS, a manually curated database that integrates genetic, epigenetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic ESCC-related genes from the published literature. It consists of 3475 genes associated to molecular signatures such as, altered transcription (2600), altered translation (560), contain copy number variation/structural variations (233), SNPs (102), altered DNA methylation (82), Histone modifications (16) and miRNA based regulation (261). We provide a user-friendly web interface ( http://www.esccatlas.org , freely accessible for academic, non-profit users) that facilitates the exploration and the analysis of genes among different populations. We anticipate it to be a valuable resource for the population specific investigation and biomarker discovery for ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asna Tungekar
- Mbiomics, Manipal, Karnataka, India.,Manipal Life Sciences Center, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sumana Mandarthi
- Mbiomics, Manipal, Karnataka, India.,Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Pooja Rajendra Mandaviya
- Mbiomics, Manipal, Karnataka, India.,Manipal Life Sciences Center, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Veerendra P Gadekar
- Mbiomics, Manipal, Karnataka, India.,Manipal Life Sciences Center, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India.,Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ananthajith Tantry
- Mbiomics, Manipal, Karnataka, India.,Manipal Center for Information Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sowmya Kotian
- Mbiomics, Manipal, Karnataka, India.,Manipal Life Sciences Center, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Jyotshna Reddy
- Mbiomics, Manipal, Karnataka, India.,Manipal Life Sciences Center, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Sushma Bhat
- Mbiomics, Manipal, Karnataka, India.,Manipal Life Sciences Center, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Roshan Mascarenhas
- Mbiomics, Manipal, Karnataka, India.,Manipal Life Sciences Center, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India.,Newcastle University Medicine Malaysia, Johor Bahru, 79200, Malaysia
| | - Raghavendra Rao Badkillaya
- Mbiomics, Manipal, Karnataka, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Alva's college, Moodubidre, Karnataka, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Nagasampige
- Mbiomics, Manipal, Karnataka, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Sikkim Manipal University, Gangtok, Sikkim, 737102, India
| | - Mohan Yelnadu
- Mbiomics, Manipal, Karnataka, India.,Manipal Center for Information Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India.,Infosys Technologies Ltd, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.,Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Harsh Pawar
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Prashantha Hebbar
- Mbiomics, Manipal, Karnataka, India. .,Manipal Life Sciences Center, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
| | - Manoj Kumar Kashyap
- Mbiomics, Manipal, Karnataka, India. .,Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India. .,School of Life and Allied Health Sciences, Glocal University, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 247001, India. .,Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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14
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Tungekar A, Mandarthi S, Mandaviya PR, Gadekar VP, Tantry A, Kotian S, Reddy J, Prabha D, Bhat S, Sahay S, Mascarenhas R, Badkillaya RR, Nagasampige MK, Yelnadu M, Pawar H, Hebbar P, Kashyap MK. ESCC ATLAS: A population wide compendium of biomarkers for Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12715. [PMID: 30143675 PMCID: PMC6109081 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30579-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is the eighth most aggressive malignancy and its treatment remains a challenge due to the lack of biomarkers that can facilitate early detection. EC is identified in two major histological forms namely - Adenocarcinoma (EAC) and Squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), each showing differences in the incidence among populations that are geographically separated. Hence the detection of potential drug target and biomarkers demands a population-centric understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of EC. To provide an adequate impetus to the biomarker discovery for ESCC, which is the most prevalent esophageal cancer worldwide, here we have developed ESCC ATLAS, a manually curated database that integrates genetic, epigenetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic ESCC-related genes from the published literature. It consists of 3475 genes associated to molecular signatures such as, altered transcription (2600), altered translation (560), contain copy number variation/structural variations (233), SNPs (102), altered DNA methylation (82), Histone modifications (16) and miRNA based regulation (261). We provide a user-friendly web interface ( http://www.esccatlas.org , freely accessible for academic, non-profit users) that facilitates the exploration and the analysis of genes among different populations. We anticipate it to be a valuable resource for the population specific investigation and biomarker discovery for ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asna Tungekar
- Mbiomics, Manipal, Karnataka, India
- Manipal Life Sciences Center, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sumana Mandarthi
- Mbiomics, Manipal, Karnataka, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Pooja Rajendra Mandaviya
- Mbiomics, Manipal, Karnataka, India
- Manipal Life Sciences Center, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Veerendra P Gadekar
- Mbiomics, Manipal, Karnataka, India
- Manipal Life Sciences Center, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ananthajith Tantry
- Mbiomics, Manipal, Karnataka, India
- Manipal Center for Information Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sowmya Kotian
- Mbiomics, Manipal, Karnataka, India
- Manipal Life Sciences Center, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Jyotshna Reddy
- Mbiomics, Manipal, Karnataka, India
- Manipal Life Sciences Center, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Sushma Bhat
- Mbiomics, Manipal, Karnataka, India
- Manipal Life Sciences Center, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Roshan Mascarenhas
- Mbiomics, Manipal, Karnataka, India
- Manipal Life Sciences Center, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
- Newcastle University Medicine Malaysia, Johor Bahru, 79200, Malaysia
| | - Raghavendra Rao Badkillaya
- Mbiomics, Manipal, Karnataka, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Alva's college, Moodubidre, Karnataka, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Nagasampige
- Mbiomics, Manipal, Karnataka, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Sikkim Manipal University, Gangtok, Sikkim, 737102, India
| | - Mohan Yelnadu
- Mbiomics, Manipal, Karnataka, India
- Manipal Center for Information Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
- Infosys Technologies Ltd, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Harsh Pawar
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Prashantha Hebbar
- Mbiomics, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
- Manipal Life Sciences Center, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
| | - Manoj Kumar Kashyap
- Mbiomics, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India.
- School of Life and Allied Health Sciences, Glocal University, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 247001, India.
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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15
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Misawa K, Imai A, Mochizuki D, Mima M, Endo S, Misawa Y, Kanazawa T, Mineta H. Association of TET3 epigenetic inactivation with head and neck cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:24480-24493. [PMID: 29849955 PMCID: PMC5966249 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to clarify the epigenetic regulation of ten eleven translocation protein (TET) family genes, which can provide insights into the mechanisms of tumorigenesis and the risk of disease recurrence in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). We generated methylation profiles of TET1, TET2 and TET3 genes in tumor samples obtained from 233 patients with HNSCC; these included 57 hypopharynx, 44 larynx, 69 oral cavity, and 63 oropharynx tumor samples. The mRNA expression and promoter DNA methylation of TET family genes were examined via quantitative RT-PCR and methylation-specific PCR, respectively. Promoter methylation was compared with various clinical characteristics and the TET methylation index (TE-MI). The TE-MI, representing the number of methylation events in TET family genes, was positively correlated with alcohol consumption (P = 0.004), high-risk human papilloma virus (HPV) status (P = 0.004) and disease recurrence (P = 0.002). The simultaneous methylation analysis of TET family genes was correlated with reduced disease-free survival in unfavorable event groups (log-rank test, P = 0.026). In the multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis, TET3 methylation in T1 and T2 tumor stages, oropharyngeal cancer, and oral cancer patients exhibited high association with poor survival (hazard ratio: 2.64, P = 0.014; 3.55, P = 0.048; 2.63, P = 0.028, respectively). A joint analysis of the tumor suppressor gene methylation index showed a significant trend toward a higher TE-MI. The methylation status of TET3 was independently associated with aggressive tumor behavior and a global effect on DNA methylation status in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Misawa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Imai
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Daiki Mochizuki
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masato Mima
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Shiori Endo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yuki Misawa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takeharu Kanazawa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mineta
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
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16
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Vrana D, Hlavac V, Brynychova V, Vaclavikova R, Neoral C, Vrba J, Aujesky R, Matzenauer M, Melichar B, Soucek P. ABC Transporters and Their Role in the Neoadjuvant Treatment of Esophageal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E868. [PMID: 29543757 PMCID: PMC5877729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of esophageal cancer (EC) is poor, despite considerable effort of both experimental scientists and clinicians. The tri-modality treatment consisting of neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by surgery has remained the gold standard over decades, unfortunately, without significant progress in recent years. Suitable prognostic factors indicating which patients will benefit from this tri-modality treatment are missing. Some patients rapidly progress on the neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, which is thus useless and sometimes even harmful. At the same time, other patients achieve complete remission on neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and subsequent surgery may increase their risk of morbidity and mortality. The prognosis of patients ranges from excellent to extremely poor. Considering these differences, the role of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters, among other factors, in the EC response to chemotherapy may be more important compared, for example, with pancreatic cancer where all patients progress on chemotherapy regardless of the treatment or disease stage. This review surveys published literature describing the potential role of ATP-binding cassette transporters, the genetic polymorphisms, epigenetic regulations, and phenotypic changes in the prognosis and therapy of EC. The review provides knowledge base for further research of potential predictive biomarkers that will allow the stratification of patients into defined groups for optimal therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Vrana
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 976/3, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Viktor Hlavac
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 76, 32300 Pilsen, Czech Republic.
| | - Veronika Brynychova
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 76, 32300 Pilsen, Czech Republic.
| | - Radka Vaclavikova
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 76, 32300 Pilsen, Czech Republic.
| | - Cestmir Neoral
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 976/3, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiri Vrba
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 976/3, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Rene Aujesky
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 976/3, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Marcel Matzenauer
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 976/3, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Bohuslav Melichar
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 976/3, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Soucek
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 76, 32300 Pilsen, Czech Republic.
- Department of Surgery, Faculty Hospital Pilsen, Alej Svobody 80, 30460 Pilsen, Czech Republic.
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17
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Misawa K, Mochizuki D, Imai A, Endo S, Mima M, Misawa Y, Kanazawa T, Carey TE, Mineta H. Prognostic value of aberrant promoter hypermethylation of tumor-related genes in early-stage head and neck cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:26087-98. [PMID: 27027429 PMCID: PMC5041966 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Staging and pathological grading are useful, but imperfect predictors of recurrence in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Accordingly, molecular biomarkers that predict the risk of recurrence are necessary to improve clinical outcomes. The methylation statuses of the promoters of 11 tumor-related genes (p16, RASSF1A, E-cadherin, H-cadherin, MGMT, DAPK, DCC, COL1A2, TAC1, SST, and GALR1) were analyzed in 133 HNSCC cases using quantitative methylation-specific PCR. We detected frequent methylation of p16 (44%), RASSF1A (18%), E-cadherin (53%), H-cadherin (35%), MGMT (35%), DAPK (53%), DCC (42%), COL1A2 (44%), TAC1 (61%), SST (64%), and GALR1 (44%) in HNSCC. Disease-free survival was lower in patients with 6–11 methylated genes than in those with 0–5 methylated genes (log-rank test, P = 0.001). In a multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis, the methylation of E-cadherin, COL1A2, TAC1, and GALR1 was associated with poor survival, with hazard ratios of 4.474 (95% CI, 1.241–16.124). In a joint analysis of these four genes, patients with 2–4 methylated genes had a significantly lower survival rate than those with 0–1 methylated genes in early-stage HNSCC. Importantly, the methylation of some genes was closely related to poor prognosis in early-stage HNSCC, providing strong evidence that these hypermethylated genes are valuable biomarkers for prognostic evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Misawa
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Daiki Mochizuki
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Imai
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Shiori Endo
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masato Mima
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yuki Misawa
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takeharu Kanazawa
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Thomas E Carey
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Laboratory of Head and Neck Cancer Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Mineta
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
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18
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Liu DS, Hoefnagel SJM, Fisher OM, Krishnadath KK, Montgomery KG, Busuttil RA, Colebatch AJ, Read M, Duong CP, Phillips WA, Clemons NJ. Novel metastatic models of esophageal adenocarcinoma derived from FLO-1 cells highlight the importance of E-cadherin in cancer metastasis. Oncotarget 2018; 7:83342-83358. [PMID: 27863424 PMCID: PMC5347774 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently a paucity of preclinical models available to study the metastatic process in esophageal cancer. Here we report FLO-1, and its isogenic derivative FLO-1LM, as two spontaneously metastatic cell line models of human esophageal adenocarcinoma. We show that FLO-1 has undergone epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasizes following subcutaneous injection in mice. FLO-1LM, derived from a FLO-1 liver metastasis, has markedly enhanced proliferative, clonogenic, anti-apoptotic, invasive, immune-tolerant and metastatic potential. Genome-wide RNAseq profiling revealed a significant enrichment of metastasis-related pathways in FLO-1LM cells. Moreover, CDH1, which encodes the adhesion molecule E-cadherin, was the most significantly downregulated gene in FLO-1LM compared to FLO-1. Consistent with this, repression of E-cadherin expression in FLO-1 cells resulted in increased metastatic activity. Importantly, reduced E-cadherin expression is commonly reported in esophageal adenocarcinoma and independently predicts poor patient survival. Collectively, these findings highlight the biological importance of E-cadherin activity in the pathogenesis of metastatic esophageal adenocarcinoma and validate the utility of FLO-1 parental and FLO-1LM cells as preclinical models of metastasis in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Liu
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.,Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Sanne J M Hoefnagel
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Oliver M Fisher
- Gastroesophageal Cancer Program, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, 2010, Australia
| | - Kausilia K Krishnadath
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Karen G Montgomery
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Rita A Busuttil
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,The University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew J Colebatch
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Matthew Read
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.,Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Cuong P Duong
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.,Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Wayne A Phillips
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.,Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Clemons
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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19
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Hosoda K, Yashima K, Tamoto A, Yamamoto S, Kawata S, Ikebuchi Y, Matsumoto K, Kawaguchi K, Harada K, Murawaki Y, Isomoto H. Expression of methylation-modulated tumor-related genes in endoscopically resected early esophageal squamous neoplasia. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:737-742. [PMID: 28693228 PMCID: PMC5494775 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Smoking and alcohol consumption are major risk factors for the development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Recent studies have demonstrated that smoking and alcohol consumption may be associated with altered DNA methylation in human cancer development. The aim of the present study was to evaluate methylation-modulated protein expression of tumor-related genes (TRGs) in the early stages of esophageal squamous neoplasia (ESN). ESN tissue samples (n=141) comprising 19 cases of low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (LGIN), 70 of high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia/carcinoma in situ (HGIN/CIS) and 52 of invasive cancer, were endoscopically resected. The methylation-modulated protein expression of 5 TRGs [fragile histidine triad (FHIT), E-cadherin, MutL homolog 1 (MLH1) /MutS homolog 2 (MSH2) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)] as well as p53 was examined with immunohistochemistry, and their expression was compared with patient clinicopathological characteristics. Reduced or loss of FHIT, E-cadherin, MLH1/MSH2 and COX-2 expression was detected in 26.3 (5/19), 5.3 (1/19), 0 (0/19) and 63.2% (12/19) of LGIN cases, 61.4 (43/70), 18.6 (13/70), 7.1 (5/70) and 65.7% (46/70) of HGIN/CIS cases, and 78.8 (41/52), 50.0 (26/52), 11.5 (6/52) and 59.6% (31/52) of invasive cancer cases, respectively. Reduced or absent expression of FHIT and E-cadherin was significantly associated with neoplastic progression (FHIT, P=0.0007; E-cadherin, P=0.00014). The mean number of TRGs (FHIT, E-cadherin, MLH1/MSH2, and COX-2) that exhibited reduced or absent expression in LGIN, HGIN/CIS and invasive cancer specimens was 1.12±0.61, 1.66±0.93 and 2.09±0.96, respectively, demonstrating a significant stepwise increment from LGIN to HGIN/CIS and then to invasive cancer (P<0.05). p53 overexpression was frequently detected in ESN with head and neck carcinomas. However p53 overexpression was not significantly associated with ESN progression. An increase in the number of the 5 TRG proteins with reduced or loss of expression in the early stages of esophageal tumorigenesis was demonstrated, and their decreased expression was observed to be associated with tumor progression. Therefore, smoking and alcohol drinking may be associated with not only carcinogenesis but also the progression of ESN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Hosoda
- Division of Medicine and Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yashima
- Division of Medicine and Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
| | - Akihiro Tamoto
- Division of Medicine and Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
| | - Sohei Yamamoto
- Division of Medicine and Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
| | - Soichiro Kawata
- Division of Medicine and Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Ikebuchi
- Division of Medicine and Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
| | - Kazuya Matsumoto
- Division of Medicine and Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
| | - Koichiro Kawaguchi
- Division of Medicine and Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
| | - Kenichi Harada
- Division of Medicine and Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Murawaki
- Division of Medicine and Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
| | - Hajime Isomoto
- Division of Medicine and Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
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Chen X, Hu H, Liu J, Yang Y, Liu G, Ying X, Chen Y, Li B, Ye C, Wu D, Duan S. FOXF2 promoter methylation is associated with prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317692230. [PMID: 28222662 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317692230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is a commonly malignant tumor of digestive tract with poor prognosis. Previous studies suggested that forkhead box F2 ( FOXF2) could be a candidate gene for assessing and predicting the prognosis of human cancers. However, the relationship between FOXF2 promoter methylation and the prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma remained unclear. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded esophageal squamous cell carcinoma tissues of 135 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients were detected for FOXF2 promoter methylation status by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction approach. DNA methylation results were evaluated with regard to clinicopathological features and overall survival. Our study confirmed that FOXF2 promoter hypermethylation could independently predict a poorer overall survival of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients ( p = 0.002), which was consistent with the data mining results of the data from 82 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients in The Cancer Genome Atlas datasets ( p = 0.036). In addition, no correlation was found between FOXF2 promoter methylation and other clinic pathological parameters (age, gender, differentiation, lymph node metastasis, stage, cutting edge, vascular invasion, smoking behavior, and drinking history). In conclusion, FOXF2 methylation might be a useful prognostic biomarker for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Chen
- 1 Medical Genetics Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Haochang Hu
- 1 Medical Genetics Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jing Liu
- 1 Medical Genetics Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yong Yang
- 1 Medical Genetics Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Guili Liu
- 1 Medical Genetics Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiuru Ying
- 1 Medical Genetics Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yingmin Chen
- 1 Medical Genetics Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Bin Li
- 1 Medical Genetics Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Cong Ye
- 1 Medical Genetics Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Dongping Wu
- 2 Department of Medical Oncology, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University), Shaoxing, China
| | - Shiwei Duan
- 1 Medical Genetics Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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21
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Huang J, Wang G, Tang J, Zhuang W, Wang LP, Liou YL, Liu YZ, Zhou HH, Zhu YS. DNA Methylation Status of PAX1 and ZNF582 in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14020216. [PMID: 28241446 PMCID: PMC5334770 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14020216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypermethylation of specific gene promoters is an important mechanism of carcinogenesis. A high frequency of promoter methylation of PAX1 and ZNF582 genes has been detected in cervical cancer. In the present study, we investigated the methylation status of PAX1 and ZNF582 genes in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tissues. Tumor and paracancerous tissues were obtained from 14 ESCC patients. Genomic DNA was extracted from both tumor and paracancerous tissues, and the concentration of DNA were determined. DNA methylation analysis of PAX1 and ZNF582 genes was carried out using quantitative methylation-specific PCR. To assess the diagnostic performance of the two methylated genes for cancer detection, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated. Sensitivities and specificities were tested at cut-offs obtained from the ROC curves. The methylation levels of both PAX1 and ZNF582 genes were significantly higher in tumor tissues compared to non-tumor paracancerous tissues. The methylation rates of PAX1 and ZNF582 in ESCC tumor and paracancerous tissues were 100% and 21.4% (p = 0.006), 85.7% and 0% (p < 0.001), respectively. The sensitivities and specificities of PAX1 and ZNF582 methylation for the detection of cancer were 100% and 85.7%, and 78.6% and 100%, respectively. The DNA methylation levels and frequencies of PAX1 and ZNF582 genes were markedly higher in ESCC tumor tissues compared to those in paracancerous tissues. Moreover, the conclusions were verified by using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets. DNA methylation status of these two genes showed a relatively good sensitivity and specificity for the detection of ESCC tumors. This data suggests that DNA methylation testing holds a great promise for ESCC screening and warrants further prospective population-based studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China.
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China.
| | - Guo Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China.
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China.
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China.
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China.
| | - Wei Zhuang
- Department of Cardiovascular & Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China.
| | - Li-Ping Wang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Chenzhou 423000, Hunan, China.
| | - Yu-Ligh Liou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China.
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China.
- iStat Biomedical Co. Ltd., Taipei 221, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Zi Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China.
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China.
| | - Hong-Hao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China.
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China.
| | - Yuan-Shan Zhu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China.
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China.
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22
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Zhu J, Ling Y, Xu Y, Lu M, Liu Y, Zhang C. Promoter hypermethylation of the RECK gene is associated with its low expression and poor survival of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:1911-1918. [PMID: 28454343 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the association between the methylation status of the reversion-inducing cysteine-rich protein with kazal motifs (RECK) gene and its mRNA expression levels in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The methylation status of RECK was analyzed by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and RECK mRNA expression levels were analyzed by quantitative PCR, in 310 paired ESCC tissues. The mean RECK methylation index (MI) was 0.65 in ESCCs and 0.49 in non-tumor samples. There was a significant association between RECK methylation and the American Joint Committee on Cancer stage and lymph node metastasis in ESCC (P<0.0001; P=0.001). The mRNA expression level of RECK was lower in ESCC tissues (mean-∆Cq=-4.66) compared with non-tumor tissues (mean-∆Cq=-2.79), and decreased RECK mRNA expression levels were associated with lymph node metastasis in ESCC. In addition, RECK mRNA levels were decreased in ESCC patients with hypermethylation of the RECK gene (∆MI >0.16; mean-∆∆Cq=-2.85) compared with those with hypomethylation of the RECK gene (∆MI ≤0.16; mean-∆∆Ct=-0.83), and there was a significant difference in the mRNA expression levels of RECK between those with N0-1 and N2-3 lymph node metastasis (P<0.0001). A significant correlation was observed between RECK mRNA expression levels, the MI of RECK and poor postoperative survival (P=0.0003; P<0.0001). The results of the present study suggested that promoter hypermethylation may be an important factor for loss of RECK mRNA expression and may be an indicator of poor survival in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhu
- Clinical Oncology Laboratory, Changzhou Cancer Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213002, P.R. China
| | - Yang Ling
- Clinical Oncology Laboratory, Changzhou Cancer Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213002, P.R. China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Oncology, Nanyang Center Hospital, Nanyang, Henan 473000, P.R. China
| | - Mingzhu Lu
- Clinical Oncology Laboratory, Changzhou Cancer Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213002, P.R. China
| | - Yongping Liu
- Clinical Oncology Laboratory, Changzhou Cancer Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213002, P.R. China
| | - Changsong Zhang
- Clinical Oncology Laboratory, Changzhou Cancer Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213002, P.R. China
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23
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Li W, Wu D, Niu Z, Jiang D, Ma H, He H, Zuo X, Xie X, He Y. 5-Azacytidine suppresses EC9706 cell proliferation and metastasis by upregulating the expression of SOX17 and CDH1. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:1047-54. [PMID: 27513557 PMCID: PMC5029961 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
5-Azacytidine is a well-known anticancer drug that is clinically used in the treatment of breast cancer, melanoma and colon cancer. It has been reported that 5-azacytidine suppresses the biological behavior of esophageal cancer cells. However, corresponding mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, using Transwell invasion and cell proliferation assays, we demonstrated that 5-azacytidine significantly inhibited the metastasis and proliferation of EC9706 cells, and upregulated the expression of cadherin 1 (CDH1) and SRY-box containing gene 17 (SOX17). Moreover, the inhibition of the metastasis of the 5-azacytidine-treated EC9706 cells was impaired following transfection with siRNA targeting CDH1 (CDH1 siRNA), and the inhibition of cell proliferation was attenuated following the downregulation of SOX17 by siRNA targeting SOX17 (SOX17 siRNA). Furthermore, 5-azacytidine remarkably reduced the CDH1 and SOX17 promoter methylation levels, suggesting that 5-azacytidine upregulates the expression of SOX17 and CDH1 by inhibiting the methylation of the SOX17 and CDH1 promoter. The findings of our study confirm that 5-azacytidine suppresses the proliferation and metastasis of EC9706 esophageal cancer cells by upregulating the expression of CDH1 and SOX17. The expression levels of CDH1 and SOX17 negatively correlate with the promoter methylation levels. CDH1 and SOX17 are potential indicators of the clinical application of 5-azacytidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266011, P.R. China
| | - Ziyu Niu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266011, P.R. China
| | - Dalei Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266011, P.R. China
| | - Huan Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266011, P.R. China
| | - Heming He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266011, P.R. China
| | - Xiuli Zuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Xiangjun Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266011, P.R. China
| | - Yuanlong He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266011, P.R. China
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24
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Ma K, Cao B, Guo M. The detective, prognostic, and predictive value of DNA methylation in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Epigenetics 2016; 8:43. [PMID: 27110300 PMCID: PMC4840959 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-016-0210-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is one of the most common malignancies in the world. Squamous cell carcinoma accounts for approximately 90 % of esophageal cancer cases. Genetic and epigenetic changes have been found to accumulate during the development of various cancers, including esophageal squamous carcinoma (ESCC). Tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption are two major risk factors for ESCC, and both tobacco and alcohol were found to induce methylation changes in ESCC. Growing evidence demonstrates that aberrant epigenetic changes play important roles in the multiple-step processes of carcinogenesis and tumor progression. DNA methylation may occur in the key components of cancer-related signaling pathways. Aberrant DNA methylation affects genes involved in cell cycle, DNA damage repair, Wnt, TGF-β, and NF-κB signaling pathways, including P16, MGMT, SFRP2, DACH1, and ZNF382. Certain genes methylated in precursor lesions of the esophagus demonstrate that DNA methylation may serve as esophageal cancer early detection marker, such as methylation of HIN1, TFPI-2, DACH1, and SOX17. CHFR methylation is a late stage event in ESCC and is a sensitive marker for taxanes in human ESCC. FHIT methylation is associated with poor prognosis in ESCC. Aberrant DNA methylation changes may serve as diagnostic, prognostic, and chemo-sensitive markers. Characterization of the DNA methylome in ESCC will help to better understand its mechanisms and develop improved therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ma
- />Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Baoping Cao
- />Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, #28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Mingzhou Guo
- />Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, #28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
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25
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Kishino T, Niwa T, Yamashita S, Takahashi T, Nakazato H, Nakajima T, Igaki H, Tachimori Y, Suzuki Y, Ushijima T. Integrated analysis of DNA methylation and mutations in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Carcinog 2016; 55:2077-2088. [PMID: 26756304 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The recent development of next-generation sequencing technology for extensive mutation analysis, and beadarray technology for genome-wide DNA methylation analysis has made it possible to obtain integrated pictures of genetic and epigenetic alterations, using the same cancer samples. In this study, we aimed to characterize such a picture in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCCs). Base substitutions of 55 cancer-related genes and copy number alterations (CNAs) of 28 cancer-related genes were analyzed by targeted sequencing. Forty-four of 57 ESCCs (77%) had 64 non-synonymous somatic mutations, and 24 ESCCs (42%) had 35 CNAs. A genome-wide DNA methylation analysis using an Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip array showed that the CpG island methylator phenotype was unlikely to be present in ESCCs, a different situation from gastric and colon cancers. Regarding individual pathways affected in ESCCs, the WNT pathway was activated potentially by aberrant methylation of its negative regulators, such as SFRP1, SFRP2, SFRP4, SFRP5, SOX17, and WIF1 (33%). The p53 pathway was inactivated by TP53 mutations (70%), and potentially by aberrant methylation of its downstream genes. The cell cycle was deregulated by mutations of CDKN2A (9%), deletions of CDKN2A and RB1 (32%), and by aberrant methylation of CDKN2A and CHFR (9%). In conclusion, ESCCs had unique methylation profiles different from gastric and colon cancers. The genes involved in the WNT pathway were affected mainly by epigenetic alterations, and those involved in the p53 pathway and cell cycle regulation were affected mainly by genetic alterations. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Kishino
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Esophageal Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Tohru Niwa
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamashita
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takamasa Takahashi
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Esophageal Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidetsugu Nakazato
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Esophageal Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakajima
- Division of Endoscopy, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Igaki
- Division of Esophageal Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Tachimori
- Division of Esophageal Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Ushijima
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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26
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Lattanzio L, Lo Nigro C. Epigenetics and DNA methylation in cancer. World J Transl Med 2015; 4:11-24. [DOI: 10.5528/wjtm.v4.i1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic is the study of those alterations regulating gene expression without altering DNA sequence and inherited by transmission through cell division. Mutational and epimutational events that alterate cellular growth and division are combined in carcinogenesis. Advances in genome and epigenome-wide analysis identify DNA hypomethylation, hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes, aberrant histone modifications and/or specific miRNA expression profiles to contribute to tumor initiation and progression. The major challenge for cancer researchers is to enlighten the complex relationship between the epigenetic and genetic machinery in order to optimize combined therapies, reducing chemoresistance and minimizing adverse effects in cancer patients. In this review we will cover many distinct aspects of epigenetic phenomenon. Firstly, we will globally explain the most common epigenetic events and their effects on gene expression regulation. Secondly, we will review the evidence of the correlation between epigenetics and cancer progression, focusing in particular on the effect of aberrant hypo- and hyper-methylation. We will also consider the main methods currently used for methylation analysis, covering both locus-specific technologies and genome-wide analysis. Finally, we will discuss the introduction of novel epigenetic drugs in combination with conventional treatments in order to develop more effective cancer therapies. Such information could help in understanding the important role of epigenetics in cancer.
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27
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Methylation of Integrin α4 and E-Cadherin Genes in Human Prostate Cancer. Pathol Oncol Res 2015; 21:921-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-015-9917-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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28
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Hu L, Wu Y, Tan D, Meng H, Wang K, Bai Y, Yang K. Up-regulation of long noncoding RNA MALAT1 contributes to proliferation and metastasis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2015; 34:7. [PMID: 25613496 PMCID: PMC4322446 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-015-0123-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastasis Associated Lung Adenocarcinoma Transcript 1 (MALAT1) has been demonstrated to be an important player in various human malignancies; it is thought to promote tumor growth by cell cycle regulating. However, the roles of MALAT1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC), and the mechanisms involved in cell cycle regulation remain poorly understood. Moreover, the factors contributing to its up-regulation in tumor tissues are still largely unclear. METHODS Expression of MALAT1 was determined from cell lines and clinical samples by qRT-PCR. The effects of MALAT1 knockdown on cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, migration, and invasion were evaluated by in vitro and in vivo assays. The potential protein expression changes were investigated by Western-blotting. The methylation status of the CpG island in the MALAT1 promoter was explored by bisulfite sequencing, while the copy numbers in tumor tissues and blood samples were detected by a well-established AccuCopy(TM) method. RESULTS MALAT1 was over-expressed in 46.3% of ESCC tissues, mostly in the high-stage tumor samples. Enhanced MALAT1 expression levels were positively correlated with clinical stages, primary tumor size, and lymph node metastasis. Inhibition of MALAT1 suppressed tumor proliferation in vitro and in vivo, as well as the migratory and invasive capacity. MALAT1 depletion also induced G2/M phase arrest and increased the percentage of apoptotic cells. Western-blotting results implicated that the ATM-CHK2 pathway which is associated with G2/M arrest was phosphorylated by MALAT1 knockdown. No effects of CpG island methylation status on MALAT1 expression were found, whereas amplification of MALAT1 was found in 22.2% of tumor tissues, which correlated significantly with its over-expression. However, neither association between tissue copy number amplification and germline copy number variation, nor correlation between germline copy number variation and ESCC risk were identified in the case-control study. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that MALAT1 serves as an oncogene in ESCC, and it regulates ESCC growth by modifying the ATM-CHK2 pathway. Moreover, amplification of MALAT1 in tumor tissues may play an important role for its up-regulation, and it seems that the gene amplification in tumor tissues emerges during ESCC progression, but is not derived from germline origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Hu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan St., Shapingba District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Science, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan St., Shapingba District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Deli Tan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan St., Shapingba District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui Meng
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Science, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan St., Shapingba District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Science, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan St., Shapingba District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yun Bai
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Science, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan St., Shapingba District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kang Yang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan St., Shapingba District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
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Integrin genetic variants and stage-specific tumor recurrence in patients with stage II and III colon cancer. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2014; 15:226-34. [PMID: 25487679 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2014.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Integrins (ITGs) are key elements in cancer biology, regulating tumor growth, angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis through interactions of the tumor cells with the microenvironment. Moving from the hypothesis that ITGs could have different effects in stage II and III colon cancer, we tested whether a comprehensive panel of germline single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ITG genes could predict stage-specific time to tumor recurrence (TTR). A total of 234 patients treated with 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy at the University of Southern California were included in this study. Whole-blood samples were analyzed for germline SNPs in ITG genes using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism or direct DNA sequencing. In the multivariable analysis, stage II colon cancer patients with at least one G allele for ITGB3 rs4642 had higher risk of recurrence (hazard ratio (HR)=4.027, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.556-10.421, P=0.004). This association was also significant in the combined stage II-III cohort (HR=1.975, 95% CI 1.194-3.269, P=0.008). The predominant role of ITGB3 rs4642 in stage II diseases was confirmed using recursive partitioning, showing that ITGB3 rs4642 was the most important factor in stage II diseases. In contrast, in stage III diseases the combined analysis of ITGB1 rs2298141 and ITGA4 rs7562325 allowed to identify three distinct prognostic subgroups (P=0.009). The interaction between stage and the combined ITGB1 rs2298141 and ITGA4 rs7562325 on TTR was significant (P=0.025). This study identifies germline polymorphisms in ITG genes as independent stage-specific prognostic markers for stage II and III colon cancer. These data may help to select subgroups of patients who may benefit from ITG-targeted treatments.
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Li RN, Yu FJ, Wu CC, Chen YK, Yu CC, Chou SH, Lee JY, Cheng YJ, Wu MT, Wu IC. Methylation status of retinoic acid receptor beta2 promoter and global DNA in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 2014; 109:623-7. [PMID: 24510455 DOI: 10.1002/jso.23522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Focal hypermethylation in promoter regions of tumor suppressor genes against the background of global hypomethylation is a landmark of carcinogenesis. This study aimed to investigate the methylation status of retinoic acid receptor beta2 (RARβ2) and long interspersed nuclear elements (LINE-1) in different stages of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). METHOD The tumor and adjacent normal esophageal tissues from 125 male ESCC patients who underwent primary surgery were analyzed for the methylation status of RARβ2 promoter and LINE-1 through methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction and pyrosequencing. RESULTS RARβ2 hypermethylation was detected in 20% of the tumor samples, but not in the normal counterparts. The methylation frequency of LINE-1 was significantly lower in the tumor than in the normal parts (median: 67.7% vs. 80%, P < 0.0005). Ninety-eight patients (78.4%) had both RARβ2 hypermethylation and LINE-1 hypomethylation or either one. There was a trend toward higher risk of advanced T stage (P for trend = 0.05) or lymph node metastasis (P for trend = 0.02) when more adverse gene methylation profiles were present. CONCLUSION Methylation status of RARβ2 and LINE-1 was related to the development and possibly the severity of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruei-Nian Li
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Kuo IY, Chang JM, Jiang SS, Chen CH, Chang IS, Sheu BS, Lu PJ, Chang WL, Lai WW, Wang YC. Prognostic CpG methylation biomarkers identified by methylation array in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients. Int J Med Sci 2014; 11:779-87. [PMID: 24936140 PMCID: PMC4057483 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.7405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is an aggressive cancer with poor prognosis. We aimed to identify a panel of CpG methylation biomarkers for prognosis prediction of ESCC patients. METHODS Illumina's GoldenGate methylation array, supervised principal components, Kaplan-Meier survival analyses and Cox regression model were conducted on dissected tumor tissues from a training cohort of 40 ESCC patients to identify potential CpG methylation biomarkers. Pyrosequencing quantitative methylation assay were performed to validate prognostic CpG methylation biomarkers in 61 ESCC patients. The correlation between DNA methylation and RNA expression of a validated marker, SOX17, was examined in a validation cohort of 61 ESCC patients. RESULTS We identified a panel of nine CpG methylation probes located at promoter or exon1 region of eight genes including DDIT3, FES, FLT3, NTRK3, SEPT5, SEPT9, SOX1, and SOX17, for prognosis prediction in ESCC patients. Risk score calculated using the eight-gene panel statistically predicted poor outcome for patients with high risk score. These eight-gene also showed a significantly higher methylation level in tumor tissues than their corresponding normal samples in all patients analyzed. In addition, we also detected an inverse correlation between CpG hypermethylation and the mRNA expression level of SOX17 gene in ESCC patients, indicating that DNA hypermethylation was responsible for decreased expression of SOX17. CONCLUSIONS This study established a proof-of-concept CpG methylation biomarker panel for ESCC prognosis that can be further validated by multiple cohort studies. Functional characterization of the eight prognostic methylation genes in our biomarker panel could help to dissect the mechanism of ESCC tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ying Kuo
- 1. Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Ming Chang
- 2. Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; ; 3. Department of Surgery, Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Sheng Jiang
- 4. National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsin Chen
- 4. National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - I-Shou Chang
- 4. National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Shyang Sheu
- 5. Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jung Lu
- 2. Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lun Chang
- 5. Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wu-Wei Lai
- 6. Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Wang
- 1. Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; ; 2. Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; ; 7. Department of Pharmacology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Shimizu M, Zaninotto G, Nagata K, Graham DY, Lauwers GY. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma with special reference to its early stage. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2013; 27:171-86. [PMID: 23809239 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The term 'early squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus', which was previously restricted to superficial carcinoma with no lymph node metastasis, now encompasses intramucosal carcinoma regardless of the nodal status. Such lesions are rare in Western countries, where the experience is limited. In recent years, the development and greater use of chromoendoscopy and narrow band imaging (NBI), both of which facilitate the evaluation of mucosal morphology, have played an important role in the detection of early esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. In addition, the techniques and indications of endoscopic resection (mucosal resection [EMR] and mucosal dissection [ESD]) are still being refined. In the present article, we will discuss the clinical and pathologic features of esophageal early squamous cell carcinoma, as well as the epidemiology and aetiology of esophageal cancer in general. In addition, we will provide a therapeutic decision tree taking into account endoscopic and surgical modalities as they apply to early esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Shimizu
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical University, Saitama International Medical Center, 1397-1 Yamane, Hidaka City, Saitama 350-1298, Japan.
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Ko E, Lee BB, Kim Y, Lee EJ, Cho EY, Han J, Shim YM, Park J, Kim DH. Association of RASSF1A and p63 with poor recurrence-free survival in node-negative stage I-II non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:1204-12. [PMID: 23319821 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-2848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was aimed at analyzing the recurrence-related prognostic significance of 12 candidate molecular biomarkers in node-negative stage I-II non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We retrospectively analyzed promoter methylation of eight genes using methylation-specific PCR in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues from 328 node-negative stage I-II NSCLCs. The expression of Bcl-2, E-cadherin, p53, and p63 proteins was also assessed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Recurrence was found in 145 (44%) of 328 node-negative stage I-II NSCLCs with a median follow-up period of 6.2 years. No association was found between recurrence and alteration of individual biomarker in univariate analysis. We defined recurrently divergent groups on the basis of recursive partitioning analyses for 12 biomarkers and found a significant association of co-alteration of RASSF1A and p63 with poor recurrence-free survival (RFS). Cox proportional hazards analysis showed that hypermethylation of RASSF1A and negative expression of p63 was associated with poor RFS [HR, 1.93; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.13-5.47; P = 0.009] compared with those without co-alteration of RASSF1A and p63, after adjusting for age, adjuvant therapy, histology, and tumor size. Random forest classifier including RASSF1A and p63 showed best performance in the prediction of recurrence in node-negative stage I-II NSCLCs: area under receiver operator characteristic curve for random forest was 0.91 and error rate for the model was 17%. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that RASSF1A and p63 may be independent prognostic indicators for RFS in node-negative stage I-II NSCLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyung Ko
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Lee E, Lee BB, Ko E, Kim Y, Han J, Shim YM, Park J, Kim DH. Cohypermethylation of p14 in combination with CADM1 or DCC as a recurrence-related prognostic indicator in stage I esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer 2013; 119:1752-60. [PMID: 23310950 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.27948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to discover molecular biomarkers associated with the recurrence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). METHODS The authors retrospectively analyzed the hypermethylation status of 11 genes using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), O-6 methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), tumor protein 53 (p53), and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) using immunohistochemistry in 329 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded ESCCs. RESULTS Recurrence was identified in 151 of 329 ESCCs (46%) at a median follow-up of 4.5 years. The recurrence was associated with hypermethylation of the genes cell adhesion molecule 1 (CADM1) (P = .003), deleted in colon carcinoma (DCC) (P = .04), or cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (p14) (P = .02) in patients with stage I ESCC. Thirty-six of 37 Stage I ESCCs (97%) that had cohypermethylation of at least 2 of the 3 genes had hypermethylation of p14 plus either CADM1 or DCC or both CADM1 and DCC. The 5-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) rates were 93% in patients who had stage I disease without hypermethylation of the 3 genes and 56% in those who had cohypermethylation of p14 in combination with CADM1 and/or DCC. Patients who had stage I ESCC with cohypermethylation of p14 in combination with DCC and/or CADM1 had 7.13 times (95% confidence interval, 1.61-31.64 times; P = .009) poorer RFS compared with those who had no hypermethylation of the 3 genes after adjusting confounding factors. Hypermethylation of the other 8 genes and altered expression of 4 proteins were not associated with recurrence across pathologic stages. CONCLUSIONS The current results suggested that cohypermethylation of p14 in combination with DCC and/or CADM1 may be an independent prognostic factor for recurrence in patients with stage I ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunju Lee
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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Baba Y, Watanabe M, Baba H. A review of the alterations in DNA methylation in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Surg Today 2013; 43:1355-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00595-012-0451-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Li JS, Ying JM, Wang XW, Wang ZH, Tao Q, Li LL. Promoter methylation of tumor suppressor genes in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2012; 32:3-11. [PMID: 22572016 PMCID: PMC3845589 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.011.10381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a prevalent and fatal cancer in China and other Asian countries. Epigenetic silencing of key tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) is critical to ESCC initiation and progression. Recently, many novel TSGs silenced by promoter methylation have been identified in ESCC, and these genes further serve as potential tumor markers for high-risk group stratification, early detection, and prognosis prediction. This review summarizes recent discoveries on aberrant promoter methylation of TSGs in ESCC, providing better understanding of the role of disrupted epigenetic regulation in tumorigenesis and insight into diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Sheng Li
- Department of Chemotherapy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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Schrump DS. Targeting epigenetic mediators of gene expression in thoracic malignancies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2012; 1819:836-45. [PMID: 22507242 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lung and esophageal cancers and malignant pleural mesotheliomas are highly lethal neoplasms that are leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Presently, limited information is available pertaining to epigenetic mechanisms mediating initiation and progression of these neoplasms. The following presentation will focus on the potential clinical relevance of epigenomic alterations in thoracic malignancies mediated by DNA methylation, perturbations in the histone code, and polycomb group proteins, as well as ongoing translational efforts to target epigenetic regulators of gene expression for treatment of these neoplasms. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Chromatin in time and space.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Schrump
- Thoracic Oncology Section, Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Rm. 4-3940, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1201, Bethesda, MD 20892-1201, USA.
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Kaz AM, Grady WM. Epigenetic biomarkers in esophageal cancer. Cancer Lett 2012; 342:193-9. [PMID: 22406828 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aberrant DNA methylation of tumor suppressor genes is well documented in esophageal cancer, including adenocarcinoma (EAC) and squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) as well as in Barrett's esophagus (BE), a pre-malignant condition that is associated with chronic acid reflux. BE is a well-recognized risk factor for the development of EAC, and consequently the standard of care is for individuals with BE to be placed in endoscopic surveillance programs aimed at detecting early histologic changes that associate with an increased risk of developing EAC. Yet because the absolute risk of EAC in individuals with BE is minimal, a clinical need in the management of BE is the identification of additional risk markers that will indicate individuals who are at a significant absolute risk of EAC so that they may be subjected to more intensive surveillance. The best currently available risk marker is the degree of dysplasia in endoscopic biopsies from the esophagus; however, this marker is suboptimal for a variety of reasons. To date, there are no molecular biomarkers that have been translated to widespread clinical practice. The search for biomarkers, including hypermethylated genes, for either the diagnosis of BE, EAC, or ESCC or for risk stratification for the development of EAC in those with BE is currently an area of active research. In this review, we summarize the status of identified candidate epigenetic biomarkers for BE, EAC, and ESCC. Most of these aberrantly methylated genes have been described in the context of early detection or diagnostic markers; others might prove useful for estimating prognosis or predicting response to treatment. Finally, special attention will be paid to some of the challenges that must be overcome in order to develop clinically useful esophageal cancer biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Kaz
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States; Research and Development Service, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States.
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Li B, Wang B, Niu LJ, Jiang L, Qiu CC. Hypermethylation of multiple tumor-related genes associated with DNMT3b up-regulation served as a biomarker for early diagnosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Epigenetics 2011; 6:307-16. [PMID: 21150312 PMCID: PMC3092679 DOI: 10.4161/epi.6.3.14182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to determine the significance of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) in DNA hypermethylation in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and to identify DNA methylation markers in serum for the early diagnosis of ESCC. A promoter methylation profile of 12 tumor-related genes was assessed using methylation-specific PCR in ESCC and paired non-tumor tissue samples from 47 patients. Expression levels of DNMTs were examined by real-time reverse transcription-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Using MethyLight, the methylation status of 5 genes was analyzed in serum samples from 45 patients and 15 healthy individuals. A total of 46 (97.9%) of 47 ESCC samples showed methylation in at least one of the examined genes, and methylation was most frequent for RAR-β (46.8%), DAPK (46.8%), p16 (44.7%), and CDH1 (42.6%). Methylation of RASSF1A was significantly correlated with the poorly differentiated tumors and the early pathologic tumor classification (P=0.035 and P=0.046, respectively). Tumoral DNMT3b mRNA up-regulation was significantly correlated with hypermethylation of multiple tumor-related genes (P=0.021). In addition, hypermethylation of cell-free serum DNA was common in ESCC patients, and diagnostic accuracy was increased when methylation of multiple genes (RAR-β, DAPK, CDH1, p16 and RASSF1A) were analyzed in combination (ROC AUC 0.911, 82.2% sensitivity and 100% specificity). The present study suggests that hypermethylation of multiple tumor-related genes may be involved in the pathogenesis of ESCC and mediated by the increase of DNMT3b expression. A cluster of multiple methylated genes in serum DNA has the potential as a novel biomarker for ESCC diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences; Cancer Hospital; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery; Cancer Hospital; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing, China
| | - Li-Juan Niu
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging; Cancer Hospital; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences; Cancer Hospital; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing, China
| | - Chang-Chun Qiu
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences; Cancer Hospital; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing, China
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Zhang XM, Guo MZ. The value of epigenetic markers in esophageal cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 4:378-84. [PMID: 21107750 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-010-0230-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Developing esophageal cancer is a multi-step process that begins with the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations, and leads to the activation of oncogenes and the inactivation or loss of tumor suppressor genes (TSG). In addition to genetic alteration, epigenetic modifications, and in particular DNA methylation, are recognized as a common molecular alteration in human tumors. In esophageal cancer, aberrant methylation of promoter regions occurs not only in advanced cancer, but also in premalignant lesions. DNA methylation is related to survival time and sensitivity of chemoradiotherapy. This review is mainly focused on epigenetic changes in esophageal cancer and the value of early detection for patient prognosis, treatment choices, and potential targeting therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Mei Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
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Ellinger J, Holl D, Nuhn P, Kahl P, Haseke N, Staehler M, Siegert S, Hauser S, Stief CG, Müller SC, Bastian PJ. DNA hypermethylation in papillary renal cell carcinoma. BJU Int 2010; 107:664-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2010.09468.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Radaelli E, Damonte P, Cardiff RD. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in mouse mammary tumorigenesis. Future Oncol 2010; 5:1113-27. [PMID: 19852725 DOI: 10.2217/fon.09.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition tumorigenesis in the mouse has been described for over 100 years using various terms and with little comprehension of the underlying mechanisms. Recently, epithelial-mesenchymal transition tumors have been recognized in mammary glands of genetically engineered mice. This review provides a historical perspective and the current observations in the context of some of the key molecular biology. The biology of mouse mammary epithelial-mesenchymal transition tumorigenesis is discussed with comparisons to human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Radaelli
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Hygiene and Public Health, Section of Veterinary and Avian Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 10 20133 Milano, Italy
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Fan H, Liu D, Qiu X, Qiao F, Wu Q, Su X, Zhang F, Song Y, Zhao Z, Xie W. A functional polymorphism in the DNA methyltransferase-3A promoter modifies the susceptibility in gastric cancer but not in esophageal carcinoma. BMC Med 2010; 8:12. [PMID: 20128888 PMCID: PMC2829483 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-8-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA-methyltransferase (DNMT)-3A plays an important role in the development of embryogenesis and the generation of aberrant methylation in carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of a DNMT3A promoter genetic variant on its transcriptional activity and to evaluate the association between DNMT3A gene polymorphism and the susceptibility to gastric cancer (GC) and oesophagus carcinoma (EC) in the Chinese population. METHODS We selected one of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) -448A>G in the DNMT3A promoter region and evaluated its effect on activity using a luciferase assay. -448A>G polymorphisms of DNMT3A were determined by polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism and confirmed by sequencing. The distribution of -448A>G polymorphisms was detected in 208 GC patients and 346 healthy controls matched for age and gender. The distribution of -448A>G polymorphisms was also detected in 96 EC patients and matched 241 healthy controls. The association of -448A>G polymorphisms of DNMT3A and the risk of GC and EC was evaluated by stratified analysis according to the patient's age and gender. RESULTS In a promoter assay, carriage of the -448 A allele showed a significantly higher promoter activity (> two fold) compared with the -448G allele (P < 0.001). The allele frequency of -448A among GC patients and controls was 32.9% versus 19.9%, respectively. Overall, we found that, compared with GG carriers, the DNMT3A -448AA homozygotes has a > six fold increased risk of GC. Stratification analysis showed that AA homozygotes have a more profound risk in the subgroups of individuals at the age range <or= 60 years in GC. However, individuals with -448AG and -448AA were not statistically significantly associated with an increased risk of EC compared with those carried the -448GG genotype. CONCLUSIONS The DNMT3A -448A>G polymorphism is a novel functional SNP and contributes to its genetic susceptibility to GC. -448A>G can be used as a stratification marker to predict an individual's susceptibility to GC, especially in the subgroups of individuals at the age range <or= 60 years. However, the relative distribution of -448A>G in EC can not be used as a prediction marker in order to evaluate an individual's susceptibility to EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Fan
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Wang H, Zhong L, Wang JF, Zhang XG. Research and application of tumor markers in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2009; 17:1842-1848. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v17.i18.1842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), the main type of esophageal cancer, is one of the most common gastrointestinal malignant cancers. Tumor markers detection are easy, economical, fast and non-invasive. Some tumor markers can be expressed before morphological changes occurred in tissues and organs; therefore, they can be used for the diagnosis of disease in the asymptomatic stage, thus making the research into tumor marker discovery even more meaningful. This paper summarizes several known tumor makers' expression detected in ESCC in recent years, and illustrates them from the aspects of genes, proteins, autoimmune antibodies, antigens and prognostic factors.
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Zare M, Jazii FR, Alivand MR, Nasseri NK, Malekzadeh R, Yazdanbod M. Qualitative analysis of Adenomatous Polyposis Coli promoter: hypermethylation, engagement and effects on survival of patients with esophageal cancer in a high risk region of the world, a potential molecular marker. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:24. [PMID: 19149902 PMCID: PMC2637891 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2008] [Accepted: 01/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus (SCCE) occurs at a high incidence rate in certain parts of the world. This feature necessitates that different aspects of the disease and in particular genetic characteristics be investigated in such regions. In addition, such investigations might lead to achievement of molecular markers helpful for early detection, successful treatment and follow up of the disease. Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) promoter hypermethylation has been shown to be a suitable marker for both serum and solid tumors of adenocarcinoma of esophagus. We investigated the status of APC promoter hypermethylation in Iranian patients, compared the results with the former studies, and evaluated its applicability as a candidate molecular marker by examining association between survival of SCCE patients and APC promoter methylation. Methods For evaluating the status of APC promoter hypermethylation and its association with SCCE, a qualitative methylation specific PCR (MSP) was used. DNA was extracted and digested with an appropriate restriction enzyme, treated with sodium bisulfite in agarose beads and amplified in two-step PCR reaction by applying either methylated or unmethylated promoter specific primers. Universally methylated DNA and methylase treated blood DNA of healthy donors were used as positive controls as well. Survival of patients was followed up for two years after treatment and survival rate of patients with methylated APC promoter was compared with that of unmethylated patients. Results Assessment of APC promoter methylation revealed that normal tissues were unmethylated, while twenty out of forty five (44.4%) tumor tissues were hypermethylated either in one or both alleles of APC. Among the tissues in which methylation was detected, seven were hypermethylated in both alleles while the other thirteen were hypermethylated in one of the two alleles of APC. Analyzing two-year survival rate of patients with respect to promoter hypermethylation showed a lower rate of survival for patients with methylated APC promoter following their treatment. Further investigation into the association between promoter hypermethylation and tumor differentiation status indicated that patients with well differentiated tumors were more likely to develop promoter hypermethylation. Conclusion Observing similar level of APC promoter hypermethylation in patients with SCCE in this high risk region and comparing it with other parts of the world could support the hypothesis that a common molecular mechanism might be involved in tumorigenesis of SCCE. In addition, the higher rate of two-year survival for patients with unmethylated APC promoter as well as its relationship with tumor differentiation would suggest that this tumor suppressor could be an appropriate candidate molecular marker for evaluating tumor malignancy and predicting survival of patients subsequent to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Zare
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran.
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