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Parra-Soto S, Araya C, Knight K, Livingstone KM, Malcomson FC, Sharp L, Mathers JC, Ho FK, Celis-Morales C, Pell JP. Different Sources of Fiber Intake and Risk of 17 Specific Cancers and All Cancers Combined: Prospective Study of 364,856 Participants in the UK Biobank. Am J Epidemiol 2024; 193:660-672. [PMID: 37855261 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwad202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Inverse associations between dietary fiber (DF) and colorectal cancer risk are well-established. However, evidence is limited in relation to other cancer sites. This study, of 364,856 participants from the UK Biobank, aimed to evaluate the associations between total and source-specific partial DF and risk of 17 specific cancers and all cancers combined. Partial DF was derived from baseline touchscreen questionnaire data on cereal, bread, fruit, and vegetable intake. The outcomes were incident cancer at 17 sites and all cancers combined. Cox proportional hazards models were applied. Over a median 8.8-year follow-up period, 30,725 people were diagnosed with cancer. After adjusting for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, those in the highest quintile of partial DF compared with the lowest quintile (<9.6 vs ≥19.1 g/day) had 10% lower risk of cancer overall, with the greatest risk reductions observed for cervical (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.33, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.14; 0.82), esophageal (HR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.52; 0.84), lung (HR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.59; 0.76), bladder (HR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.56; 0.91), and kidney (HR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.61; 0.92) cancers. Associations between DF and lung cancer were observed only in current and former smokers. Higher DF intake, in particular cereal fiber and fruit and vegetable fiber, was associated with a lower risk of overall and multiple site-specific cancers.
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Meer R, van de Pol J, van den Brandt PA, Schouten LJ. The association of healthy lifestyle index score and the risk of renal cell cancer in the Netherlands cohort study. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:156. [PMID: 36797692 PMCID: PMC9933336 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-10627-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diet, alcohol, cigarette smoking, physical inactivity, and body mass index have been studied as risk factors for renal cell cancer (RCC). The joint effects of these lifestyle factors, captured as Healthy Lifestyle Index (HLI), were examined in one previous study. This study aims to investigate the association between HLI score and RCC risk in the prospective Netherlands Cohort Study (NLCS). METHODS A case-cohort analysis (3,767 subcohort members, 485 cases) was conducted using NLCS data (n = 120,852). Data on aforementioned risk factors was used to calculate HLI score, ranging 0-20, with higher scores reflecting healthier lifestyles. RCC occurrence was obtained by record linkage to cancer registries. Multivariable-adjusted proportional hazard models were used to calculate Hazard Ratios (HR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (95%CI). RESULTS Compared to participants in the unhealthiest HLI category, participants within the healthiest category had a lower RCC risk (HR = 0.79, 95%CI = 0.56-1.10, p for trend 0.045). A standard deviation (± 3-unit) increase in HLI score was not statistically significantly associated with a lower RCC risk (HR = 0.92, 95%CI = 0.83-1.01). This association was stronger after excluding diet or alcohol from the score, although confidence intervals overlap. CONCLUSIONS Adherence to a healthy lifestyle was weakly, though not statistically significantly, associated with a lower RCC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Meer
- grid.5012.60000 0001 0481 6099Department of Epidemiology, GROW- School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Peter Debyeplein 1, 6229 HA Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen van de Pol
- grid.5012.60000 0001 0481 6099Department of Epidemiology, GROW- School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Peter Debyeplein 1, 6229 HA Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Piet A. van den Brandt
- grid.5012.60000 0001 0481 6099Department of Epidemiology, GROW- School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Peter Debyeplein 1, 6229 HA Maastricht, The Netherlands ,grid.5012.60000 0001 0481 6099Department of Epidemiology, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Leo J. Schouten
- grid.5012.60000 0001 0481 6099Department of Epidemiology, GROW- School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Peter Debyeplein 1, 6229 HA Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Kamal N, Ilowefah MA, Hilles AR, Anua NA, Awin T, Alshwyeh HA, Aldosary SK, Jambocus NGS, Alosaimi AA, Rahman A, Mahmood S, Mediani A. Genesis and Mechanism of Some Cancer Types and an Overview on the Role of Diet and Nutrition in Cancer Prevention. Molecules 2022; 27:1794. [PMID: 35335158 PMCID: PMC8955916 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a major disease with a high mortality rate worldwide. In many countries, cancer is considered to be the second most common cause of death after cardiovascular disease. The clinical management of cancer continues to be a challenge as conventional treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy, have limitations due to their toxicity profiles. Unhealthy lifestyle and poor dietary habits are the key risk factors for cancer; having a healthy diet and lifestyle may minimize the risk. Epidemiological studies have shown that a high fruit and vegetable intake in our regular diet can effectively reduce the risk of developing certain types of cancers due to the high contents of antioxidants and phytochemicals. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that phytochemicals exert significant anticancer effects due to their free radical scavenging capacity potential. There has been extensive research on the protective effects of phytochemicals in different types of cancers. This review attempts to give an overview of the etiology of different types of cancers and assesses the role of phytonutrients in the prevention of cancers, which makes the present review distinct from the others available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurkhalida Kamal
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (N.K.); (N.A.A.)
| | - Muna Abdulsalam Ilowefah
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Sabha University, Sabha 00218, Libya;
| | - Ayah Rebhi Hilles
- Institute for Halal Research and Training (INHART), International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 53100, Malaysia;
| | - Nurul Adlina Anua
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (N.K.); (N.A.A.)
| | - Tahani Awin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Benghazi, Qar Yunis, Benghazi 5341, Libya;
| | - Hussah Abdullah Alshwyeh
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia; (H.A.A.); (S.K.A.); (A.A.A.)
- Basic & Applied Scientific Research Centre, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahar Khamees Aldosary
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia; (H.A.A.); (S.K.A.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Najla Gooda Sahib Jambocus
- Ministry of Education, Tertiary Education, Science and Technology, MITD House, Phoenix 73544, Mauritius;
| | - Areej A. Alosaimi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia; (H.A.A.); (S.K.A.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Azizur Rahman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Syed Mahmood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Ahmed Mediani
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (N.K.); (N.A.A.)
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Xu X, Zhu Y, Li J, Wang S. Dietary fiber, glycemic index, glycemic load and renal cell carcinoma risk. Carcinogenesis 2020; 40:441-447. [PMID: 30859214 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgz049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Several epidemiological studies have investigated the potential association between dietary fiber, glycemic index (GI) or glycemic load (GL), and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) risk with inconsistent results. The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate this issue with a meta-analysis approach. A comprehensive literature search up to March 2018 was performed in PubMed and Web of Science databases. Summary relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated with a random-effects model. Twelve studies were finally included in this study (eight for fiber analysis, five for GI and five for GL). A significant positive association was observed between GI and the risk of RCC (summary RR 1.16, 95% CI 1.02-1.32), and no significant heterogeneity was detected among studies (I2 = 22.8%, P = 0.262). A significant inverse association was found between fiber intake and the risk of RCC (summary RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.72-0.92), and no significant heterogeneity was observed across studies (I2 = 27.6%, P = 0.218). GL was not significantly associated with RCC risk (summary RR 1.14, 95% CI 0.81-1.60), and significant heterogeneity was found across studies (I2 = 78.6%, P < 0.001). In conclusion, this systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that dietary GI and fiber may be associated with the risk of RCC. Further large prospective cohort studies are still warranted to confirm our preliminary findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiangfeng Li
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Song Wang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Al-Bayati O, Hasan A, Pruthi D, Kaushik D, Liss MA. Systematic review of modifiable risk factors for kidney cancer. Urol Oncol 2019; 37:359-371. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Zhang S, Jia Z, Yan Z, Yang J. Consumption of fruits and vegetables and risk of renal cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Oncotarget 2018; 8:27892-27903. [PMID: 28427188 PMCID: PMC5438616 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There have been inconsistent results about the association between consumption of fruits and vegetables and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) risk. We conducted a meta-analysis of the published observational studies to explore this association. Results Nineteen observational studies (4 cohort, 1 pooled and 14 case-control studies), involving 10,215 subjects with RCC were part of this meta-analysis. The SRR for the highest vs. the lowest intake of vegetables was 0.73 (95% CI: 0.63–0.85; Pheterogeneity = 0.004, I2 = 53.5%), whereas for fruits it was 0.86 (95% CI: 0.75–0.98; Pheterogeneity = 0.012, I2 = 47.4%). Linear dose-response analysis also showed similar results, e.g., for per 1 serving/day increment of vegetables, the SRR was 0.90 (95% CI: 0.84–0.96) and for fruits it was 0.97 (95% CI: 0.93–1.01). Nonlinear association was only observed for vegetables (Pnonlinearity = 0.001), but not for fruits (Pnonlinearity = 0.221). Materials and Methods Eligible studies up to August 31, 2016 were identified and retrieved by searching MEDLINE and EMBASE databases along with manual review of the reference list from the retrieved studies. Quality of included studies was evaluated using Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale (NOS). Random-effects model was used to calculate summary relative risk (SRR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI). Conclusions This meta-analysis indicated a protective effect of consumption of vegetables and fruits on RCC risk. Further studies are warranted with prospective designs that use validated questionnaires and control for important confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojing Zhang
- Department of Urology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Zhankui Jia
- Department of Urology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Zechen Yan
- Department of Urology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Jinjian Yang
- Department of Urology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
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Alizadeh S, Shab-Bidar S, Mohtavinejad N, Djafarian K. A posteriori dietary patterns and risk of pancreatic and renal cancers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1108/nfs-03-2017-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
Dietary patterns have been used to explore the association between dietary factors and risk of pancreatic cancer (PC) and renal cancer (RC); however, the association remains unclear. The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively review these associations.
Design/methodology/approach
Pertinent studies published prior to March 2016 were systematically searched and retrieved through PubMed and Scopus databases. Adjusted risk estimates were derived by comparing the highest with the lowest categories of dietary pattern scores and were combined by using the fixed-effects model when no substantial heterogeneity was observed; otherwise, the random-effects model was used.
Findings
A total of nine studies, five for PC (including 2,059 cases and 41,774 participants/controls) and four for RC (with 1,327 cases and 53,007 participants/controls), were included in this meta-analysis. A decreased risk of PC was shown for the highest compared with the lowest categories of the healthy dietary pattern (OR = 0.72, 95 per cent CI = 0.51-0.94, random effects (p-value for heterogeneity = 0.004)), whereas no significant association with Western dietary was observed (OR = 1.16, 95 per cent CI = 0.87-1.44, fixed effects). In the overall analysis, a significant association was found between the healthy dietary pattern and reduced risk of RC (OR = 0.59, 95 per cent CI = 0.48-0.71, fixed effects (p-value for heterogeneity = 0.459)), whereas the Western pattern was positively associated with risk of RC (OR = 1.42, 95 per cent CI = 1.14-1.69, fixed effects). For both cancers, the reduced risk associated with the healthy pattern was restricted to case-control, but not cohort, studies. Furthermore, drinking pattern was significantly related to reduced risk of RC (OR = 0.68, 95 per cent CI = 0.42-0.94).
Originality/value
To the authors’ knowledge, the present study is the first English document to summarize systematically the findings from observational studies in response to this question whether a posteriori dietary patterns are associated with susceptibility to the risk of renal and ovarian cancers.
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Zhu J, Tu H, Matin SF, Tannir NM, Wood CG, Wu X. Glycemic index, glycemic load and carbohydrate intake in association with risk of renal cell carcinoma. Carcinogenesis 2017; 38:1129-1135. [PMID: 28968893 PMCID: PMC5862287 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgx083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate intake affects postprandial glucose levels and insulin response, which plays a role in carcinogenesis. The relationship between carbohydrate intake, dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL), and risk of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains unclear. We conducted a case-control study including 854 patients with newly diagnosed RCC (cases) and 1255 healthy participants (controls) recruited since 2002. GI, GL and carbohydrate intake were obtained via a validated food frequency questionnaire. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for potential confounders. We found that higher GI was significantly associated with RCC risk with an OR of 1.32 (95% CI, 0.99-1.74; Ptrend = 0.026) (the highest versus the lowest quartiles). We also observed an inverse association between fiber intake and RCC risk with OR of 0.70 (95% CI = 0.50-0.99) as well as between starch intake and risk of RCC with OR of 0.65 (95% CI = 0.49-0.87). Individuals with a high-GI diet and hypertension or high body mass index (BMI) had a 2.7 times (OR = 2.67, 95% CI = 1.96-3.64) and two times (OR = 1.95, 95% CI = 1.29-2.92) higher RCC risk, respectively, than those without these factors. Our findings suggest that a high-GI diet is associated with an increased risk of RCC, whereas increased fiber and starch intakes appear to be associated with a decreased risk of RCC. We found that reducing GI levels and increasing fiber intake could be a dietary strategy to decrease RCC risk, especially for individuals with hypertension or high BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfen Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Huakang Tu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Nizar M Tannir
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX 77030USA
| | | | - Xifeng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Zhang S, Wang Q, He J. Intake of red and processed meat and risk of renal cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Oncotarget 2017; 8:77942-77956. [PMID: 29100437 PMCID: PMC5652826 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Findings on the association between intake of red and processed meat with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) risk are mixed. We conducted a meta-analysis to investigate this association. Materials and Methods Eligible studies up to August 31, 2016, were identified and retrieved by searching the MEDLINE and Embase databases along with manual review of the reference lists from the retrieved studies. The quality of the included studies was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. The summary relative risk (SRR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using a random-effects model. Results Twenty-three publications were included in this meta-analysis: four cohort studies, one pooled study, and 18 case-control studies. The SRR (95% CI) for the highest vs. lowest intake of red meat was 1.36 (1.16–1.58, Pheterogeneity < 0.001); that for processed meat was 1.13 (95% CI, 1.03–1.24, Pheterogeneity = 0.014). Linear dose-response analysis yielded similar results, i.e., the SRR for per 100 g/day increment of red meat and per 50 g/day increment of processed meat was 1.21 (95% CI, 1.08–1.36) and 1.16 (95% CI, 0.99–1.36), respectively. A non-linear association was observed only for red meat (Pnonlinearity = 0.002), and not for processed meat (Pnonlinearity = 0.231). Statistically significant positive associations were observed for intake of beef, salami/ham/bacon/sausage, and hamburger. Conclusions This meta-analysis indicates a significant positive association between red and processed meat intake and RCC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojing Zhang
- Department of Urology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Qingwei Wang
- Department of Urology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Juanjuan He
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
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Rohrmann S, Linseisen J, Overvad K, Lund Würtz AM, Roswall N, Tjonneland A, Boutron-Ruault MC, Racine A, Bastide N, Palli D, Agnoli C, Panico S, Tumino R, Sacerdote C, Weikert S, Steffen A, Kühn T, Li K, Khaw KT, Wareham NJ, Bradbury KE, Peppa E, Trichopoulou A, Trichopoulos D, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Peeters PHM, Hjartåker A, Skeie G, Weiderpass E, Jakszyn P, Dorronsoro M, Barricarte A, Santiuste de Pablos C, Molina-Montes E, de la Torre RA, Ericson U, Sonestedt E, Johansson M, Ljungberg B, Freisling H, Romieu I, Cross AJ, Vergnaud AC, Riboli E, Boeing H. Meat and fish consumption and the risk of renal cell carcinoma in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. Int J Cancer 2015; 136:E423-31. [PMID: 25258006 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Renal cell cancer (RCC) incidence varies worldwide with a higher incidence in developed countries and lifestyle is likely to contribute to the development of this disease. We examined whether meat and fish consumption were related to the risk of RCC in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). The analysis included 493,179 EPIC participants, recruited between 1992 and 2000. Until December 2008, 691 RCC cases have been identified. Meat and fish consumption was assessed at baseline using country-specific dietary assessment instruments; 24-hour recalls were applied in an 8% subsample for calibration purposes. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Women with a high consumption of red meat (HR = 1.36, 95% CI 1.14-1.62; calibrated, per 50 g/day) and processed meat (HR = 1.78, 95% CI 1.05-3.03; calibrated, per 50 g/day) had a higher risk of RCC, while no association existed in men. For processed meat, the association with RCC incidence was prominent in premenopausal women and was lacking in postmenopausal women (p interaction = 0.02). Neither poultry nor fish consumption were statistically significantly associated with the risk of RCC. The results show a distinct association of red and processed meat consumption with incident RCC in women but not in men. A biological explanation for these findings remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Rohrmann
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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Huang TB, Ding PP, Chen JF, Yan Y, Zhang L, Liu H, Liu PC, Che JP, Zheng JH, Yao XD. Dietary fiber intake and risk of renal cell carcinoma: evidence from a meta-analysis. Med Oncol 2014; 31:125. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Schwab U, Lauritzen L, Tholstrup T, Haldorsson TI, Riserus U, Uusitupa M, Becker W. Effect of the amount and type of dietary fat on cardiometabolic risk factors and risk of developing type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer: a systematic review. Food Nutr Res 2014; 58:25145. [PMID: 25045347 PMCID: PMC4095759 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v58.25145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of both the amount and quality of dietary fat have been studied intensively during the past decades. Previously, low-fat diets were recommended without much attention to the quality of fat, whereas there is general emphasis on the quality of fat in current guidelines. The objective of this systematic review (SR) was to assess the evidence of an effect of the amount and type of dietary fat on body weight (BW), risk factors, and risk of non-communicable diseases, that is, type 2 diabetes (T2DM), cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and cancer in healthy subjects or subjects at risk for these diseases. This work was performed in the process of updating the fourth edition of the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations from 2004. The literature search was performed in October 2010 covering articles published since January 2000. A complementary search was done in February 2012 covering literature until December 2011. Two authors independently selected articles for inclusion from a total of about 16,000 abstracts according to predefined criteria. Randomized controlled trials (RCT) and prospective cohort studies (PCS) were included as well as nested case-control studies. A few retrospective case-control studies were also included when limited or no data were available from other study types. Altogether 607 articles were quality graded and the observed effects in these papers were summarized. Convincing evidence was found that partial replacement of saturated fat (SFA) with polyunsaturated fat (PUFA) or monounsaturated fat (MUFA) lowers fasting serum/plasma total and LDL cholesterol concentrations. The evidence was probable for a decreasing effect of fish oil on concentration of serum/plasma total triglycerides as compared with MUFA. Beneficial effect of MUFA both on insulin sensitivity and fasting plasma/serum insulin concentration was considered as probable in comparisons of MUFA and carbohydrates versus SFA, whereas no effect was found on fasting glucose concentration in these comparisons. There was probable evidence for a moderate direct association between total fat intake and BW. Furthermore, there was convincing evidence that partial replacement of SFA with PUFA decreases the risk of CVD, especially in men. This finding was supported by an association with biomarkers of PUFA intake; the evidence of a beneficial effect of dietary total PUFA, n-6 PUFA, and linoleic acid (LA) on CVD mortality was limited suggestive. Evidence for a direct association between total fat intake and risk of T2DM was inconclusive, whereas there was limited-suggestive evidence from biomarker studies that LA is inversely associated with the risk of T2DM. However, there was limited-suggestive evidence in biomarker studies that odd-chain SFA found in milk fat and fish may be inversely related to T2DM, but these associations have not been supported by controlled studies. The evidence for an association between dietary n-3 PUFA and T2DM was inconclusive. Evidence for effects of fat on major types of cancer was inconclusive regarding both the amount and quality of dietary fat, except for prostate cancer where there was limited-suggestive evidence for an inverse association with intake of ALA and for ovarian cancer for which there was limited-suggestive evidence for a positive association with intake of SFA. This SR reviewed a large number of studies focusing on several different health outcomes. The time period covered by the search may not have allowed obtaining the full picture of the evidence in all areas covered by this SR. However, several SRs and meta-analyses that covered studies published before year 2000 were evaluated, which adds confidence to the results. Many of the investigated questions remain unresolved, mainly because of few studies on certain outcomes, conflicting results from studies, and lack of high quality-controlled studies. There is thus an evident need of highly controlled RCT and PCS with sufficient number of subjects and long enough duration, specifically regarding the effects of the amount and quality of dietary fat on insulin sensitivity, T2DM, low-grade inflammation, and blood pressure. New metabolic and other potential risk markers and utilization of new methodology in the area of lipid metabolism may provide new insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Schwab
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lotte Lauritzen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tine Tholstrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thorhallur I. Haldorsson
- Unit for Nutrition Research, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland & University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ulf Riserus
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Matti Uusitupa
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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13
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Bradbury KE, Appleby PN, Key TJ. Fruit, vegetable, and fiber intake in relation to cancer risk: findings from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 100 Suppl 1:394S-8S. [PMID: 24920034 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.071357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruit, vegetables, and certain components of plant foods, such as fiber, have long been thought to protect against cancer. The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) is a prospective cohort that includes >500,000 participants from 10 European countries and has made a substantial contribution to knowledge in this research area. The purpose of this article is to summarize the findings published thus far from the EPIC study on the associations between fruit, vegetable, or fiber consumption and the risk of cancer at 14 different sites. The risk of cancers of the upper gastrointestinal tract was inversely associated with fruit intake but was not associated with vegetable intake. The risk of colorectal cancer was inversely associated with intakes of total fruit and vegetables and total fiber, and the risk of liver cancer was also inversely associated with the intake of total fiber. The risk of cancer of the lung was inversely associated with fruit intake but was not associated with vegetable intake; this association with fruit intake was restricted to smokers and might be influenced by residual confounding due to smoking. There was a borderline inverse association of fiber intake with breast cancer risk. For the other 9 cancer sites studied (stomach, biliary tract, pancreas, cervix, endometrium, prostate, kidney, bladder, and lymphoma) there were no reported significant associations of risk with intakes of total fruit, vegetables, or fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Bradbury
- From the Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul N Appleby
- From the Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J Key
- From the Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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14
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Daniel CR, Park Y, Chow WH, Graubard BI, Hollenbeck AR, Sinha R. Intake of fiber and fiber-rich plant foods is associated with a lower risk of renal cell carcinoma in a large US cohort. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 97:1036-43. [PMID: 23515007 PMCID: PMC3628376 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.045351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant-based and fiber-rich diets high in vegetables, fruit, and whole grains are recommended to prevent cancer and chronic conditions associated with renal cell carcinoma (RCC), such as obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. Diet may play a role in the etiology of RCC directly and/or indirectly. OBJECTIVE In a large prospective cohort of US men and women, we comprehensively investigated dietary intake and food sources of fiber in relation to RCC risk. DESIGN Participants of the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study (n = 491,841) completed a self-administered questionnaire of demographics, diet, lifestyle, and medical history. Over 9 (mean) years of follow-up we identified 1816 incident cases of RCC. HRs and 95% CIs were estimated within quintiles by using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS Total dietary fiber intake was associated with a significant 15-20% lower risk of RCC in the 2 highest quintiles compared with the lowest (P-trend = 0.005). Intakes of legumes, whole grains, and cruciferous vegetables were also associated with a 16-18% reduced risk of RCC. Conversely, refined grain intake was positively associated with RCC risk in a comparison of quintile 5 with quintile 1 (HR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.39; P-trend = 0.04). The inverse association between fiber intake and RCC was consistent among participants who never smoked, had a body mass index [BMI (in kg/m(2))] <30, and did not report a history of diabetes or hypertension. CONCLUSIONS Intake of fiber and fiber-rich plant foods was associated with a significantly lower risk of RCC in this large US cohort. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00340015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie R Daniel
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
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15
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Qayyum T, Oades G, Horgan P, Aitchison M, Edwards J. The epidemiology and risk factors for renal cancer. Curr Urol 2013; 6:169-74. [PMID: 24917738 DOI: 10.1159/000343534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal cancer is a frequently occurring malignancy with over 270,000 new cases diagnosed and it being responsible for 110,000 deaths annually on a global basis. Incidence rates have gradually increased whilst mortality rates are starting to plateau. OBJECTIVE To review epidemiology and risk factors for renal cancer. METHODS The current data is based on a thorough review of available original and review articles on epidemiology and risk factors for renal cancer with a systemic literature search utilising Medline. RESULTS The prevalence of associated risk factors such as genetic susceptibility, smoking, hypertension and obesity are changing and could account for the changes in incidence whilst the role of diet and occupational exposure to carcinogens requires further investigation. CONCLUSION Despite the evidence of various associated risk factors, further work is required from well designed studies to gain a greater understanding of the etiology of renal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Qayyum
- Unit of Experimental Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer, College of MVLS, University of Glasgow, Western Infirmary, UK ; School of Medicine, College of MVLS, University of Glasgow, Royal Infirmary, UK
| | - Grenville Oades
- Department of Urology, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Paul Horgan
- School of Medicine, College of MVLS, University of Glasgow, Royal Infirmary, UK
| | | | - Joanne Edwards
- Unit of Experimental Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer, College of MVLS, University of Glasgow, Western Infirmary, UK
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Schmitz-Dräger B, Lümmen G, Bismarck E, Fischer C. Prävention uroonkologischer Erkrankungen. Urologe A 2012; 51:727-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00120-012-2855-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Abstract
Renal cell cancer (RCC) is increasingly diagnosed at an early stage in many countries, which likely contributes to the recent leveling of RCC mortality in the United States and many European countries. However, over all stages nearly 50% of the patients die within 5 years after diagnosis. Smoking and obesity may account for approximately 40% of all incidental cases in high-risk countries. Besides obesity, rising prevalence of hypertension may play a growing role. Several other occupational and lifestyle factors may also affect the risk of RCC. Genetic variations may be an important factor in the differing incidence among populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunyoung Cho
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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18
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Abstract
CONTEXT Kidney cancer is among the 10 most frequently occurring cancers in Western communities. Globally, about 270 000 cases of kidney cancer are diagnosed yearly and 116 000 people die from the disease. Approximately 90% of all kidney cancers are renal cell carcinomas (RCC). OBJECTIVE The causes of RCC are not completely known. We have reviewed known aetiologic factors. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION The data provided in the current review are based on a thorough review of available original and review articles on RCC epidemiology with a systemic literature search using Medline. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Smoking, overweight and obesity, and germline mutations in specific genes are established risk factors for RCC. Hypertension and advanced kidney disease, which makes dialysis necessary, also increase RCC risk. Specific dietary habits and occupational exposure to specific carcinogens are suspected risk factors, but results in the literature are inconclusive. Alcohol consumption seems to have a protective effect for reasons yet unknown. Hardly any information is available for some factors that may have a high a priori role in the causation of RCC, such as salt consumption. CONCLUSIONS Large collaborative studies with uniform data collection seem to be necessary to elucidate a complete list of established risk factors of RCC. This is necessary to make successful prevention possible for a disease that is diagnosed frequently in a stage where curative treatment is not possible anymore.
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Hu J, La Vecchia C, de Groh M, Negri E, Morrison H, Mery L. Dietary cholesterol intake and cancer. Ann Oncol 2011; 23:491-500. [PMID: 21543628 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdr155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study assesses the association between dietary cholesterol intake and the risk of various cancers. PATIENTS AND METHODS Mailed questionnaires were completed between 1994 and 1997 in eight Canadian provinces by 1182 incident histologically confirmed cases of the stomach, 1727 of the colon, 1447 of the rectum, 628 of the pancreas, 3341 of the lung, 2362 of the breast, 442 of the ovary, 1799 of the prostate, 686 of the testis, 1345 of the kidney, 1029 of the bladder, 1009 of the brain, 1666 non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL), 1069 leukemia and 5039 population controls. Information on dietary habits and nutrition intake were obtained using a food frequency questionnaire, which provided data on eating habits 2 years before the study. Odds ratios (ORs) were derived by unconditional logistic regression to adjust for total energy intake and other potential confounding factors. RESULTS Dietary cholesterol was positively associated with the risk of cancers of the stomach, colon, rectum, pancreas, lung, breast (mainly postmenopausal), kidney, bladder and NHL: the ORs for the highest versus the lowest quartile ranged from 1.4 to 1.7. In contrast, cholesterol intake was inversely associated with prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS Our findings add to the evidence that high cholesterol intake is linked to increased risk of various cancers. A diet low in cholesterol may play a role in the prevention of several cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hu
- Science Integration Division, Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Control, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
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Weikert S, Ljungberg B. Contemporary epidemiology of renal cell carcinoma: perspectives of primary prevention. World J Urol 2010; 28:247-52. [PMID: 20390283 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-010-0555-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epidemiological research of recent years has produced evidence for a role of lifestyle-associated risk factors in the etiology of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the most common renal tumor. In this review, we give an overview of recent trends in incidence and mortality and summarize the current knowledge on risk factors of RCC. METHODS Data on incidence and mortality in the literature were reviewed. Global incidence data were derived from the Globocan database. A literature review of epidemiological studies on risk factors of kidney cancer was performed, with special emphasis on recent studies with high level of evidence, i.e., meta-analyses and prospective cohort studies. RESULTS The incidence of renal malignancies has increased over recent decades in the context of the more widespread use of diagnostic imaging. However, time trends and geographic variations in incidence and mortality may also relate to changes in the prevalence of risk factors. Cigarette smoking, excess body weight and uncontrolled blood pressure are the most important and modifiable risk factors for RCC with a high prevalence in the general population. Moreover, dietary habits associated with a Western lifestyle were proposed as potential risk factors, but no food or food group has consistently been related to RCC risk. CONCLUSION Based on the current evidence, reductions in the prevalence of cigarette smoking, overweight and hypertension are preventive strategies for RCC. More research is needed to establish the underlying mechanisms linking these risk factors and renal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Weikert
- Department of Urology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
After more than two decades of rising rates, in recent years the total kidney cancer incidence worldwide has shown signs of stabilizing, or even decreasing. In adults, kidney cancer consists of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the predominant form, and renal transitional cell carcinoma (RTCC); these types primarily arise in the renal parenchyma and renal pelvis, respectively. Although temporal trends by kidney cancer type are not well established worldwide, incidence of RCC in the US has continued to rise, mainly for early-stage tumors, while that of RTCC has declined, and total kidney cancer mortality rates have leveled. Stabilization of kidney cancer mortality rates has also been reported in Europe. These trends are consistent with reports of increasing incidental diagnoses and a downward shift in tumor stage and size in clinical series. The changing prevalence of known risk factors for RCC, including cigarette smoking, obesity, and hypertension, is also likely to affect incidence trends, although their relative impact may differ between populations. Accumulating evidence suggests an etiologic role in RCC for physical activity, alcohol consumption, occupational exposure to trichloroethylene, and high parity among women, but further research is needed into the potential causal effects of these factors. Genetic factors and their interaction with environmental exposures are believed to influence risk of developing RCC, but a limited number of studies using candidate-gene approaches have not produced conclusive results. Large consortium efforts employing genome-wide scanning technology are underway, which hold promise for novel discoveries in renal carcinogenesis.
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Urol 2010; 20:443-51. [PMID: 20679773 DOI: 10.1097/mou.0b013e32833dde0d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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