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Jakszyn P, González CA, Luján-Barroso L, Ros MM, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Roswall N, Tjønneland AM, Büchner FL, Egevad L, Overvad K, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Clavel-Chapelon F, Boutron-Ruault MC, Touillaud MS, Chang-Claude J, Allen NE, Kiemeney LA, Key TJ, Kaaks R, Boeing H, Weikert S, Trichopoulou A, Oikonomou E, Zylis D, Palli D, Berrino F, Vineis P, Tumino R, Mattiello A, Peeters PH, Parr CL, Gram IT, Skeie G, Sánchez MJ, Larrañaga N, Ardanaz E, Navarro C, Rodríguez L, Ulmert D, Ehrnström R, Hallmans G, Ljungberg B, Roddam AW, Bingham SA, Khaw KT, Slimani N, Boffetta PA, Jenab M, Mouw T, Michaud DS, Riboli E. Red Meat, Dietary Nitrosamines, and Heme Iron and Risk of Bladder Cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011; 20:555-9. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-0971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Previous epidemiologic studies found inconsistent results for the association between red meat intake, nitrosamines [NDMA: N-nitrosodimethylamine, and ENOC (endogenous nitroso compounds)], and the risk of bladder cancer. We investigated the association between red meat consumption, dietary nitrosamines, and heme iron and the risk of bladder cancer among participants of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC).
Methods: Data on food consumption and complete follow-up for cancer occurrence were available for a total of 481,419 participants, recruited in 10 European countries. Estimates of HRs were obtained by proportional hazard models, stratified by age at recruitment, gender, and study center and adjusted for total energy intake, smoking status, lifetime intensity of smoking, duration of smoking, educational level, and BMI.
Results: After a mean follow-up of 8.7 years, 1,001 participants were diagnosed with bladder cancer. We found no overall association between intake of red meat (log2 HR: 1.06; 95% CI: 0.99–1.13), nitrosamines (log2 HR: 1.09; 95% CI: 0.92–1.30 and HR: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.92–1.05 for ENOC and NDMA, respectively) or heme iron
(log2 HR: 1.05; 95 CI: 0.99–1.12) and bladder cancer risk. The associations did not vary by sex, high- versus low-risk bladder cancers, smoking status, or occupation (high vs. low risk).
Conclusions: Our findings do not support an effect of red meat intake, nitrosamines (endogenous or exogenous), or heme iron intake on bladder cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(3); 555–9. ©2011 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Jakszyn
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Carlos A. González
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Leila Luján-Barroso
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Martine M. Ros
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - H. Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Nina Roswall
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Anne M. Tjønneland
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Frederike L. Büchner
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Lars Egevad
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Kim Overvad
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Ole Raaschou-Nielsen
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Françoise Clavel-Chapelon
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Marina S. Touillaud
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Naomi E. Allen
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Lambertus A. Kiemeney
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Timothy J. Key
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Heiner Boeing
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Steffen Weikert
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Antonia Trichopoulou
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Eleni Oikonomou
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Dimosthenis Zylis
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Domenico Palli
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Franco Berrino
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Paolo Vineis
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Rosario Tumino
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Amalia Mattiello
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Petra H.M. Peeters
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Christine L. Parr
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Inger T. Gram
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Guri Skeie
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Maria-Jose Sánchez
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Nerea Larrañaga
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Eva Ardanaz
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Carmen Navarro
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Laudina Rodríguez
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - David Ulmert
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Roy Ehrnström
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Göran Hallmans
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Borje Ljungberg
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Andrew Wilfred Roddam
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Sheila A. Bingham
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Nadia Slimani
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Paolo A. Boffetta
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Mazda Jenab
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Traci Mouw
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Dominique S. Michaud
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
| | - Elio Riboli
- Authors' Affiliations: 1Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; 2National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; 3Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 4Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 6Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark; 7INSERM (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), Paris; 8Institut de canc_erologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 9Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany; 10Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 11Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; 12Comprehensive Cancer Center East, Nijmegen
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