1
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Tiwari A, Trivedi R, Lin SY. Tumor microenvironment: barrier or opportunity towards effective cancer therapy. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:83. [PMID: 36253762 PMCID: PMC9575280 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00866-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment (TME) is a specialized ecosystem of host components, designed by tumor cells for successful development and metastasis of tumor. With the advent of 3D culture and advanced bioinformatic methodologies, it is now possible to study TME’s individual components and their interplay at higher resolution. Deeper understanding of the immune cell’s diversity, stromal constituents, repertoire profiling, neoantigen prediction of TMEs has provided the opportunity to explore the spatial and temporal regulation of immune therapeutic interventions. The variation of TME composition among patients plays an important role in determining responders and non-responders towards cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, there could be a possibility of reprogramming of TME components to overcome the widely prevailing issue of immunotherapeutic resistance. The focus of the present review is to understand the complexity of TME and comprehending future perspective of its components as potential therapeutic targets. The later part of the review describes the sophisticated 3D models emerging as valuable means to study TME components and an extensive account of advanced bioinformatic tools to profile TME components and predict neoantigens. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive account of the current knowledge available to target TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aadhya Tiwari
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Rakesh Trivedi
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shiaw-Yih Lin
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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2
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Janagama D, Hui SK. 3-D Cell Culture Systems in Bone Marrow Tissue and Organoid Engineering, and BM Phantoms as In Vitro Models of Hematological Cancer Therapeutics-A Review. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13245609. [PMID: 33316977 PMCID: PMC7763362 DOI: 10.3390/ma13245609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We review the state-of-the-art in bone and marrow tissue engineering (BMTE) and hematological cancer tissue engineering (HCTE) in light of the recent interest in bone marrow environment and pathophysiology of hematological cancers. This review focuses on engineered BM tissue and organoids as in vitro models of hematological cancer therapeutics, along with identification of BM components and their integration as synthetically engineered BM mimetic scaffolds. In addition, the review details interaction dynamics of various BM and hematologic cancer (HC) cell types in co-culture systems of engineered BM tissues/phantoms as well as their relation to drug resistance and cytotoxicity. Interaction between hematological cancer cells and their niche, and the difference with respect to the healthy niche microenvironment narrated. Future perspectives of BMTE for in vitro disease models, BM regeneration and large scale ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells for transplantation and therapy are explained. We conclude by overviewing the clinical application of biomaterials in BM and HC pathophysiology and its challenges and opportunities.
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3
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Wang S, Raybuck A, Shiuan E, Cho SH, Wang Q, Brantley-Sieders DM, Edwards D, Allaman MM, Nathan J, Wilson KT, DeNardo D, Zhang S, Cook R, Boothby M, Chen J. Selective inhibition of mTORC1 in tumor vessels increases antitumor immunity. JCI Insight 2020; 5:139237. [PMID: 32759497 PMCID: PMC7455083 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.139237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A tumor blood vessel is a key regulator of tissue perfusion, immune cell trafficking, cancer metastasis, and therapeutic responsiveness. mTORC1 is a signaling node downstream of multiple angiogenic factors in the endothelium. However, mTORC1 inhibitors have limited efficacy in most solid tumors, in part due to inhibition of immune function at high doses used in oncology patients and compensatory PI3K signaling triggered by mTORC1 inhibition in tumor cells. Here we show that low-dose RAD001/everolimus, an mTORC1 inhibitor, selectively targets mTORC1 signaling in endothelial cells (ECs) without affecting tumor cells or immune cells, resulting in tumor vessel normalization and increased antitumor immunity. Notably, this phenotype was recapitulated upon targeted inducible gene ablation of the mTORC1 component Raptor in tumor ECs (RaptorECKO). Tumors grown in RaptorECKO mice displayed a robust increase in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes due to GM-CSF-mediated activation of CD103+ dendritic cells and displayed decreased tumor growth and metastasis. GM-CSF neutralization restored tumor growth and metastasis, as did T cell depletion. Importantly, analyses of human tumor data sets support our animal studies. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that endothelial mTORC1 is an actionable target for tumor vessel normalization, which could be leveraged to enhance antitumor immune therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wang
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Division of Rheumatology and Immunology and
| | - Ariel Raybuck
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Eileen Shiuan
- Program in Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sung Hoon Cho
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Qingfei Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana, USA
| | | | | | - Margaret M Allaman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - James Nathan
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Keith T Wilson
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Program in Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center and.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - David DeNardo
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana, USA
| | - Rebecca Cook
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mark Boothby
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Program in Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center and
| | - Jin Chen
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Division of Rheumatology and Immunology and.,Program in Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center and.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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4
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Bahcecioglu G, Basara G, Ellis BW, Ren X, Zorlutuna P. Breast cancer models: Engineering the tumor microenvironment. Acta Biomater 2020; 106:1-21. [PMID: 32045679 PMCID: PMC7185577 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms behind cancer initiation and progression are not clear. Therefore, development of clinically relevant models to study cancer biology and drug response in tumors is essential. In vivo models are very valuable tools for studying cancer biology and for testing drugs; however, they often suffer from not accurately representing the clinical scenario because they lack either human cells or a functional immune system. On the other hand, two-dimensional (2D) in vitro models lack the three-dimensional (3D) network of cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) and thus do not represent the tumor microenvironment (TME). As an alternative approach, 3D models have started to gain more attention, as such models offer a platform with the ability to study cell-cell and cell-material interactions parametrically, and possibly include all the components present in the TME. Here, we first give an overview of the breast cancer TME, and then discuss the current state of the pre-clinical breast cancer models, with a focus on the engineered 3D tissue models. We also highlight two engineering approaches that we think are promising in constructing models representative of human tumors: 3D printing and microfluidics. In addition to giving basic information about the TME in the breast tissue, this review article presents the state-of-the-art tissue engineered breast cancer models. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Involvement of biomaterials and tissue engineering fields in cancer research enables realistic mimicry of the cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions in the tumor microenvironment (TME), and thus creation of better models that reflect the tumor response against drugs. Engineering the 3D in vitro models also requires a good understanding of the TME. Here, an overview of the breast cancer TME is given, and the current state of the pre-clinical breast cancer models, with a focus on the engineered 3D tissue models is discussed. This review article is useful not only for biomaterials scientists aiming to engineer 3D in vitro TME models, but also for cancer researchers willing to use these models for studying cancer biology and drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Bahcecioglu
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Gozde Basara
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Bradley W Ellis
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Xiang Ren
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Pinar Zorlutuna
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States; Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States; Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States.
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5
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Lin Z, Luo G, Du W, Kong T, Liu C, Liu Z. Recent Advances in Microfluidic Platforms Applied in Cancer Metastasis: Circulating Tumor Cells' (CTCs) Isolation and Tumor-On-A-Chip. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1903899. [PMID: 31747120 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201903899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cancer remains the leading cause of death worldwide despite the enormous efforts that are made in the development of cancer biology and anticancer therapeutic treatment. Furthermore, recent studies in oncology have focused on the complex cancer metastatic process as metastatic disease contributes to more than 90% of tumor-related death. In the metastatic process, isolation and analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) play a vital role in diagnosis and prognosis of cancer patients at an early stage. To obtain relevant information on cancer metastasis and progression from CTCs, reliable approaches are required for CTC detection and isolation. Additionally, experimental platforms mimicking the tumor microenvironment in vitro give a better understanding of the metastatic microenvironment and antimetastatic drugs' screening. With the advancement of microfabrication and rapid prototyping, microfluidic techniques are now increasingly being exploited to study cancer metastasis as they allow precise control of fluids in small volume and rapid sample processing at relatively low cost and with high sensitivity. Recent advancements in microfluidic platforms utilized in various methods for CTCs' isolation and tumor models recapitulating the metastatic microenvironment (tumor-on-a-chip) are comprehensively reviewed. Future perspectives on microfluidics for cancer metastasis are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjie Lin
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Guanyi Luo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Weixiang Du
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Tiantian Kong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Changkun Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Zhou Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
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6
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Lu Z, Zou J, Li S, Topper MJ, Tao Y, Zhang H, Jiao X, Xie W, Kong X, Vaz M, Li H, Cai Y, Xia L, Huang P, Rodgers K, Lee B, Riemer JB, Day CP, Yen RWC, Cui Y, Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhang W, Easwaran H, Hulbert A, Kim K, Juergens RA, Yang SC, Battafarano RJ, Bush EL, Broderick SR, Cattaneo SM, Brahmer JR, Rudin CM, Wrangle J, Mei Y, Kim YJ, Zhang B, Wang KKH, Forde PM, Margolick JB, Nelkin BD, Zahnow CA, Pardoll DM, Housseau F, Baylin SB, Shen L, Brock MV. Epigenetic therapy inhibits metastases by disrupting premetastatic niches. Nature 2020; 579:284-290. [PMID: 32103175 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2054-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cancer recurrence after surgery remains an unresolved clinical problem1-3. Myeloid cells derived from bone marrow contribute to the formation of the premetastatic microenvironment, which is required for disseminating tumour cells to engraft distant sites4-6. There are currently no effective interventions that prevent the formation of the premetastatic microenvironment6,7. Here we show that, after surgical removal of primary lung, breast and oesophageal cancers, low-dose adjuvant epigenetic therapy disrupts the premetastatic microenvironment and inhibits both the formation and growth of lung metastases through its selective effect on myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). In mouse models of pulmonary metastases, MDSCs are key factors in the formation of the premetastatic microenvironment after resection of primary tumours. Adjuvant epigenetic therapy that uses low-dose DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase inhibitors, 5-azacytidine and entinostat, disrupts the premetastatic niche by inhibiting the trafficking of MDSCs through the downregulation of CCR2 and CXCR2, and by promoting MDSC differentiation into a more-interstitial macrophage-like phenotype. A decreased accumulation of MDSCs in the premetastatic lung produces longer periods of disease-free survival and increased overall survival, compared with chemotherapy. Our data demonstrate that, even after removal of the primary tumour, MDSCs contribute to the development of premetastatic niches and settlement of residual tumour cells. A combination of low-dose adjuvant epigenetic modifiers that disrupts this premetastatic microenvironment and inhibits metastases may permit an adjuvant approach to cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Lu
- Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China.,Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jianling Zou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Michael J Topper
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yong Tao
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xi Jiao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbing Xie
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiangqian Kong
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michelle Vaz
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Huili Li
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yi Cai
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Limin Xia
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kristen Rodgers
- Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Beverly Lee
- Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joanne B Riemer
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chi-Ping Day
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ray-Whay Chiu Yen
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ying Cui
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yujiao Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yanni Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Weiqiang Zhang
- Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hariharan Easwaran
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alicia Hulbert
- Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - KiBem Kim
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rosalyn A Juergens
- Division of Medical Oncology, McMaster University, Juravinski Cancer Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen C Yang
- Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard J Battafarano
- Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Errol L Bush
- Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephen R Broderick
- Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Julie R Brahmer
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Charles M Rudin
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Wrangle
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Yuping Mei
- Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Young J Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Ken Kang-Hsin Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Patrick M Forde
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph B Margolick
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Barry D Nelkin
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cynthia A Zahnow
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Drew M Pardoll
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Franck Housseau
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Stephen B Baylin
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Lin Shen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China.
| | - Malcolm V Brock
- Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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7
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Yokoyama S, Cai Y, Murata M, Tomita T, Yoneda M, Xu L, Pilon AL, Cachau RE, Kimura S. A novel pathway of LPS uptake through syndecan-1 leading to pyroptotic cell death. eLife 2018; 7:e37854. [PMID: 30526845 PMCID: PMC6286126 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular lipopolysaccharide (LPS) triggers the non-canonical inflammasome pathway, resulting in pyroptosis of innate immune cells. In addition to its well-known proinflammatory role, LPS can directly cause regression of some tumors, although the underlying mechanism has remained unknown. Here we show that secretoglobin(SCGB)3A2, a small protein predominantly secreted in airways, chaperones LPS to the cytosol through the cell surface receptor syndecan-1; this leads to pyroptotic cell death driven by caspase-11. SCGB3A2 and LPS co-treatment significantly induced pyroptosis of macrophage RAW264.7 cells and decreased cancer cell proliferation in vitro, while SCGB3A2 treatment resulted in reduced progression of xenograft tumors in mice. These data suggest a conserved function for SCGB3A2 in the innate immune system and cancer cells. These findings demonstrate a critical role for SCGB3A2 as an LPS delivery vehicle; they reveal one mechanism whereby LPS enters innate immune cells leading to pyroptosis, and they clarify the direct effect of LPS on cancer cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biological Transport
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/immunology
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/mortality
- Caspases/genetics
- Caspases/immunology
- Caspases, Initiator
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Male
- Melanoma, Experimental/drug therapy
- Melanoma, Experimental/genetics
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/mortality
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Protein Array Analysis
- Pyroptosis/drug effects
- Pyroptosis/genetics
- Pyroptosis/immunology
- RAW 264.7 Cells
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/immunology
- Secretoglobins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Secretoglobins/genetics
- Secretoglobins/immunology
- Signal Transduction
- Survival Analysis
- Syndecan-1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Syndecan-1/genetics
- Syndecan-1/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/immunology
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigetoshi Yokoyama
- Laboratory of MetabolismNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Yan Cai
- Laboratory of MetabolismNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Miyuki Murata
- Laboratory of MetabolismNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Takeshi Tomita
- Laboratory of MetabolismNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Mitsuhiro Yoneda
- Laboratory of MetabolismNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Lei Xu
- Laboratory of MetabolismNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | | | - Raul E Cachau
- Advanced Biomedical Computing CenterFrederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Inc.FrederickUnited States
| | - Shioko Kimura
- Laboratory of MetabolismNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
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8
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de Ruiter JR, Wessels LFA, Jonkers J. Mouse models in the era of large human tumour sequencing studies. Open Biol 2018; 8:180080. [PMID: 30111589 PMCID: PMC6119864 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease in which cells progressively accumulate mutations disrupting their cellular processes. A fraction of these mutations drive tumourigenesis by affecting oncogenes or tumour suppressor genes, but many mutations are passengers with no clear contribution to tumour development. The advancement of DNA and RNA sequencing technologies has enabled in-depth analysis of thousands of human tumours from various tissues to perform systematic characterization of their (epi)genomes and transcriptomes in order to identify (epi)genetic changes associated with cancer. Combined with considerable progress in algorithmic development, this expansion in scale has resulted in the identification of many cancer-associated mutations, genes and pathways that are considered to be potential drivers of tumour development. However, it remains challenging to systematically identify drivers affected by complex genomic rearrangements and drivers residing in non-coding regions of the genome or in complex amplicons or deletions of copy-number driven tumours. Furthermore, functional characterization is challenging in the human context due to the lack of genetically tractable experimental model systems in which the effects of mutations can be studied in the context of their tumour microenvironment. In this respect, mouse models of human cancer provide unique opportunities for pinpointing novel driver genes and their detailed characterization. In this review, we provide an overview of approaches for complementing human studies with data from mouse models. We also discuss state-of-the-art technological developments for cancer gene discovery and validation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R de Ruiter
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L F A Wessels
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of EEMCS, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Jonkers
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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EFHD2 promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and correlates with postsurgical recurrence of stage I lung adenocarcinoma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14617. [PMID: 29097801 PMCID: PMC5668280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15186-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgery is the only curative treatment for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. However, approximately one-third of these patients develop recurrence, which remains the main cause of mortality in the postsurgical treatment of NSCLC. Many molecular markers have been proposed to predict recurrence of early-stage disease, but no marker has demonstrated sufficient reliability for clinical application. In the present study, the novel protein EF-hand domain-containing protein D2 (EFHD2) was identified as expressed in highly metastatic tumor cells. EFHD2 increased the formation of protrusive invadopodia structures and cell migration and invasion abilities and promoted the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) character of lung adenocarcinoma cells. We demonstrated that the mechanism of EFHD2 in enhancing EMT occurs partly through inhibition of caveolin-1 (CAV1) for cancer progression. The expression of EFHD2 was significantly correlated with postsurgical recurrence of patients with stage I lung adenocarcinoma in the Kaplan-Meier-plotter cancer database search and our retrospective cohort study (HR, 6.14; 95% CI, 2.40-15.74; P < 0.001). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that EFHD2 expression was an independent clinical predictor for this disease. We conclude that EFHD2 expression is associated with increased metastasis and EMT and could serve as an independent marker to predict postsurgical recurrence of patients with stage I lung adenocarcinoma.
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10
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Mastri M, Rosario S, Tracz A, Frink RE, Brekken RA, Ebos JML. The Challenges of Modeling Drug Resistance to Antiangiogenic Therapy. Curr Drug Targets 2017; 17:1747-1754. [PMID: 26648063 DOI: 10.2174/1389450117666151209123544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance remains an ongoing challenge for the majority of patients treated with inhibitors of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway, a key regulator of tumor angiogenesis. Preclinical models have played a significant role in identifying multiple complex mechanisms of antiangiogenic treatment failure. Yet questions remain about the optimal methodology to study resistance that may assist in making clinically relevant choices about alternative or combination treatment strategies. The origins of antiangiogenic treatment failure may stem from the tumor vasculature, the tumor itself, or both together, and preclinical methods that define resistance are diverse and rarely compared. We performed a literature search of the preclinical methodologies used to examine resistance to VEGF pathway inhibitors and identified 109 papers from more than 400 that use treatment failure as the starting point for mechanistic study. We found that definitions of resistance are broad and inconsistent, involve only a small number of reagents, and derive mostly from in vitro and in vivo methodologies that often do not represent clinically relevant disease stages or progression. Together, this literature analysis highlights the challenges of studying inhibitors of the tumor microenvironment in the preclinical setting and the need for improved methodology to assist in qualifying (and quantifying) treatment failure to identify mechanisms that will help predict alternative strategies in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - John M L Ebos
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 142631, USA
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11
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Yang Y, Yang HH, Hu Y, Watson PH, Liu H, Geiger TR, Anver MR, Haines DC, Martin P, Green JE, Lee MP, Hunter KW, Wakefield LM. Immunocompetent mouse allograft models for development of therapies to target breast cancer metastasis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:30621-30643. [PMID: 28430642 PMCID: PMC5458155 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective drug development to combat metastatic disease in breast cancer would be aided by the availability of well-characterized preclinical animal models that (a) metastasize with high efficiency, (b) metastasize in a reasonable time-frame, (c) have an intact immune system, and (d) capture some of the heterogeneity of the human disease. To address these issues, we have assembled a panel of twelve mouse mammary cancer cell lines that can metastasize efficiently on implantation into syngeneic immunocompetent hosts. Genomic characterization shows that more than half of the 30 most commonly mutated genes in human breast cancer are represented within the panel. Transcriptomically, most of the models fall into the luminal A or B intrinsic molecular subtypes, despite the predominance of an aggressive, poorly-differentiated or spindled histopathology in all models. Patterns of immune cell infiltration, proliferation rates, apoptosis and angiogenesis differed significantly among models. Inherent within-model variability of the metastatic phenotype mandates large cohort sizes for intervention studies but may also capture some relevant non-genetic sources of variability. The varied molecular and phenotypic characteristics of this expanded panel of models should aid in model selection for development of antimetastatic therapies in vivo, and serve as a useful platform for predictive biomarker identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yang
- Lab of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Howard H. Yang
- High Dimension Data Analysis Group, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ying Hu
- High Dimension Data Analysis Group, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter H. Watson
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver Island Center, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Huaitian Liu
- High Dimension Data Analysis Group, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas R. Geiger
- Lab of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Miriam R. Anver
- Pathology Histotechnology Lab, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick MD, USA
| | - Diana C. Haines
- Pathology Histotechnology Lab, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick MD, USA
| | - Philip Martin
- Pathology Histotechnology Lab, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey E. Green
- Lab of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maxwell P. Lee
- High Dimension Data Analysis Group, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kent W. Hunter
- Lab of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lalage M. Wakefield
- Lab of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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12
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Gu Y, Li J, Li Y, Song L, Li D, Peng L, Wan Y, Hua S. Nanomicelles loaded with doxorubicin and curcumin for alleviating multidrug resistance in lung cancer. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:5757-5770. [PMID: 27843316 PMCID: PMC5098753 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s118568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A new type of polymeric micelle (PM) was assembled using a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-linked (PEGylated) amphiphilic copolymer and d-tocopheryl PEG1000 succinate (TPGS1000). The micelles were used to deliver doxorubicin (DOX) and curcumin (CUR) for alleviating multidrug resistance (MDR) in lung cancer cells while enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of DOX. METHODS Micelles loaded with DOX and CUR were assembled using a film-forming technique. Micelles were used to treat A549/Adr cells to find out whether micelles had the ability to reverse the MDR of A549/Adr cells. Some investigations were conducted using tumor-bearing mice to assess whether these micelles had enhanced antitumor efficacy as compared to DOX alone or the combination of DOX and CUR. RESULTS Some micelles (DOX + CUR)-PMs had a small average size of about 17 nm and showed definite ability to deliver both DOX and CUR into DOX-resistant A549/Adr cells. The PMs had high cytotoxicity toward A549/Adr cells when the applied equivalent DOX dose was 1 µg/mL or higher. The cellular uptake of (DOX + CUR)-PMs into A549/Adr cells was found to be associated with an energy-dependent, caveolae-mediated, and clathrin-independent mechanism. (DOX + CUR)-PMs helped to prolong the circulation of DOX or CUR as compared to the individual administration of DOX or CUR, and they exhibited high inhibiting efficiency against the growth of tumors and were able to reduce the side effects of DOX. CONCLUSION TPGS1000 and CUR could synergistically reverse DOX-resistance of A549/Adr cells. In vivo examinations confirmed that the micelles had the capability to increase the plasma concentration of DOX or CUR, as well as to prolong their respective blood circulation. These micelles were able to significantly inhibit tumor growth in Lewis lung carcinoma tumor-bearing mice while reducing the side effects of DOX. The micelles showed potential in the treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Gu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin
| | - Jing Li
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory on Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin
| | - Lei Song
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin
| | - Liping Peng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin
| | - Ying Wan
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shucheng Hua
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin
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Stereotactic Comparison Study of (18)F-Alfatide and (18)F-FDG PET Imaging in an LLC Tumor-Bearing C57BL/6 Mouse Model. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28757. [PMID: 27350554 PMCID: PMC4923897 DOI: 10.1038/srep28757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to stereotactically compare the PET imaging performance of (18)F-Alfatide ((18)F-ALF-NOTA-PRGD2, denoted as (18)F-Alfatide) and (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining in Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) tumor-bearing C57BL/6 mouse model. (18)F-FDG standard uptake values (SUVs) were higher than (18)F-Alfatide SUVs in tumors, most of the normal tissues and organs except for the bladder. Tumor-to-brain, tumor-to-lung, and tumor-to-heart ratios of (18)F-Alfatide PET were significantly higher than those of (18)F-FDG PET (P < 0.001). The spatial heterogeneity of the tumors was detected, and the tracer accumulation enhanced from the outer layer to the inner layer consistently using the two tracers. The parameters of the tumors were significantly correlated with each other between (18)F-FDG SUV and GLUT-1 (R = 0.895, P < 0.001), (18)F-Alfatide SUV and αvβ3 (R = 0.595, P = 0.019), (18)F-FDG SUV and (18)F-Alfatide SUV (R = 0.917, P < 0.001), and GLUT-1 and αvβ3 (R = 0.637, P = 0.011). Therefore, (18)F-Alfatide PET may be an effective tracer for tumor detection, spatial heterogeneity imaging and an alternative supplement to (18)F-FDG PET, particularly for patients with enhanced characteristics in the brain, chest tumors or diabetes, meriting further study.
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Day CP, Merlino G, Van Dyke T. Preclinical mouse cancer models: a maze of opportunities and challenges. Cell 2015; 163:39-53. [PMID: 26406370 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Significant advances have been made in developing novel therapeutics for cancer treatment, and targeted therapies have revolutionized the treatment of some cancers. Despite the promise, only about five percent of new cancer drugs are approved, and most fail due to lack of efficacy. The indication is that current preclinical methods are limited in predicting successful outcomes. Such failure exacts enormous cost, both financial and in the quality of human life. This Primer explores the current status, promise, and challenges of preclinical evaluation in advanced mouse cancer models and briefly addresses emerging models for early-stage preclinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ping Day
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Glenn Merlino
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Terry Van Dyke
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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15
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Asghar W, El Assal R, Shafiee H, Pitteri S, Paulmurugan R, Demirci U. Engineering cancer microenvironments for in vitro 3-D tumor models. MATERIALS TODAY (KIDLINGTON, ENGLAND) 2015; 18:539-553. [PMID: 28458612 PMCID: PMC5407188 DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The natural microenvironment of tumors is composed of extracellular matrix (ECM), blood vasculature, and supporting stromal cells. The physical characteristics of ECM as well as the cellular components play a vital role in controlling cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism, and differentiation. To mimic the tumor microenvironment outside the human body for drug testing, two-dimensional (2-D) and murine tumor models are routinely used. Although these conventional approaches are employed in preclinical studies, they still present challenges. For example, murine tumor models are expensive and difficult to adopt for routine drug screening. On the other hand, 2-D in vitro models are simple to perform, but they do not recapitulate natural tumor microenvironment, because they do not capture important three-dimensional (3-D) cell-cell, cell-matrix signaling pathways, and multi-cellular heterogeneous components of the tumor microenvironment such as stromal and immune cells. The three-dimensional (3-D) in vitro tumor models aim to closely mimic cancer microenvironments and have emerged as an alternative to routinely used methods for drug screening. Herein, we review recent advances in 3-D tumor model generation and highlight directions for future applications in drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Asghar
- Demirci Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratories, Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Department of Computer Engineering & Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Rami El Assal
- Demirci Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratories, Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Hadi Shafiee
- Demirci Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratories, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Infectious Diseases, Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sharon Pitteri
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Ramasamy Paulmurugan
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Demirci Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratories, Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Demirci Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratories, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Infectious Diseases, Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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De Souza R, Spence T, Huang H, Allen C. Preclinical imaging and translational animal models of cancer for accelerated clinical implementation of nanotechnologies and macromolecular agents. J Control Release 2015; 219:313-330. [PMID: 26409122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The majority of animal models of cancer have performed poorly in terms of predicting clinical performance of new therapeutics, which are most often first evaluated in patients with advanced, metastatic disease. The development and use of metastatic models of cancer may enhance clinical translatability of preclinical studies focused on the development of nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems and macromolecular therapeutics, potentially accelerating their clinical implementation. It is recognized that the development and use of such models are not without challenge. Preclinical imaging tools offer a solution by allowing temporal and spatial characterization of metastatic lesions. This paper provides a review of imaging methods applicable for evaluation of novel therapeutics in clinically relevant models of advanced cancer. An overview of currently utilized models of oncology in small animals is followed by image-based development and characterization of visceral metastatic cancer models. Examples of imaging tools employed for metastatic lesion detection, evaluation of anti-tumor and anti-metastatic potential and biodistribution of novel therapies, as well as the co-development and/or use of imageable surrogates of response, are also discussed. While the focus is on development of macromolecular and nanotechnology-based therapeutics, examples with small molecules are included in some cases to illustrate concepts and approaches that can be applied in the assessment of nanotechnologies or macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel De Souza
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada.
| | - Tara Spence
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Huang Huang
- DLVR Therapeutics, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Christine Allen
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada.
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Wei YC, Hu X, Gao Y, Fu Z, Zhao W, Yu Q, Wang S, Zhu S, Li J, Yu J, Yuan S. Noninvasive Evaluation of Metabolic Tumor Volume in Lewis Lung Carcinoma Tumor-Bearing C57BL/6 Mice with Micro-PET and the Radiotracers 18F-Alfatide and 18F-FDG: A Comparative Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136195. [PMID: 26352404 PMCID: PMC4564167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To explore the value of a new simple lyophilized kit for labeling PRGD2 peptide (18F-ALF-NOTA-PRGD2, denoted as 18F-alfatide) in the determination of metabolic tumor volume (MTV) with micro-PET in lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) tumor-bearing C57BL/6 mice verified by pathologic examination and compared with those using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET. Methods All LLC tumor-bearing C57BL/6 mice underwent two attenuation-corrected whole-body micro-PET scans with the radiotracers 18F-alfatide and 18F-FDG within two days. 18F-alfatide metabolic tumor volume (VRGD) and 18F-FDG metabolic tumor volume (VFDG) were manually delineated slice by slice on PET images. Pathologic tumor volume (VPath) was measured in vitro after the xenografts were removed. Results A total of 37 mice with NSCLC xenografts were enrolled and 33 of them underwent 18F-alfatide PET, and 35 of them underwent 18F-FDG PET and all underwent pathological examination. The mean ± standard deviation of VPath, VRGD, and VFDG were 0.59±0.32 cm3 (range,0.13~1.64 cm3), 0.61±0.37 cm3 (range,0.15~1.86 cm3), and 1.24±0.53 cm3 (range,0.17~2.20 cm3), respectively. VPath vs. VRGD, VPath vs. VFDG, and VRGD vs. VFDG comparisons were t = -0.145, P = 0.885, t = -6.239, P<0.001, and t = -5.661, P<0.001, respectively. No significant difference was found between VPath and VRGD. VFDG was much larger than VRGD and VPath. VRGD seemed more approximate to the pathologic gross tumor volume. Furthermore, VPath was more strongly correlated with VRGD (R = 0.964,P<0.001) than with VFDG (R = 0.584,P<0.001). Conclusions 18F-alfatide PET provided a better estimation of gross tumor volume than 18F-FDG PET in LLC tumor-bearing C57BL/6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chun Wei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, China
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xudong Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, China
| | - Yongsheng Gao
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, China
| | - Zheng Fu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, China
| | - Qingxi Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, China
| | - Suzhen Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, China
| | - Shouhui Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Province Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Jinming Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, China
| | - Shuanghu Yuan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, China
- * E-mail:
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Ebos JML. Prodding the Beast: Assessing the Impact of Treatment-Induced Metastasis. Cancer Res 2015; 75:3427-35. [PMID: 26229121 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The arsenal of treatments for most cancers fit broadly into the categories of surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and targeted therapy. All represent proven and successful strategies, yet each can trigger local (tumor) and systemic (host) processes that elicit unwanted, often opposing, influences on cancer growth. Under certain conditions, nearly all cancer treatments can facilitate metastatic spread, often in parallel (and sometimes in clear contrast) with tumor reducing benefits. The paradox of treatment-induced metastasis (TIM) is not new. Supporting preclinical studies span decades, but are often overlooked. With recent evidence of prometastatic effects following treatment with targeted agents blocking the tumor microenvironment, a closer inspection of this literature is warranted. The TIM phenomena may diminish the impact of effective therapies and play a critical role in eventual resistance. Alternatively, it may simply exemplify the gap between animal and human studies, and therefore have little impact for patient disease and treatment. This review will focus on the preclinical model systems used to evaluate TIM and explore the mechanisms that influence overall treatment efficacy. Understanding the role of TIM in established and emerging drug treatment strategies may help provide rationales for future drug combination approaches with antimetastatic agents to improve outcomes and reduce resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M L Ebos
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York. Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York.
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19
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Day CP, Carter J, Ohler ZW, Bonomi C, El Meskini R, Martin P, Graff-Cherry C, Feigenbaum L, Tüting T, Van Dyke T, Hollingshead M, Merlino G. "Glowing head" mice: a genetic tool enabling reliable preclinical image-based evaluation of cancers in immunocompetent allografts. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109956. [PMID: 25369133 PMCID: PMC4219677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Preclinical therapeutic assessment currently relies on the growth response of established human cell lines xenografted into immunocompromised mice, a strategy that is generally not predictive of clinical outcomes. Immunocompetent genetically engineered mouse (GEM)-derived tumor allograft models offer highly tractable preclinical alternatives and facilitate analysis of clinically promising immunomodulatory agents. Imageable reporters are essential for accurately tracking tumor growth and response, particularly for metastases. Unfortunately, reporters such as luciferase and GFP are foreign antigens in immunocompetent mice, potentially hindering tumor growth and confounding therapeutic responses. Here we assessed the value of reporter-tolerized GEMs as allograft recipients by targeting minimal expression of a luciferase-GFP fusion reporter to the anterior pituitary gland (dubbed the "Glowing Head" or GH mouse). The luciferase-GFP reporter expressed in tumor cells induced adverse immune responses in wildtype mouse, but not in GH mouse, as transplantation hosts. The antigenicity of optical reporters resulted in a decrease in both the growth and metastatic potential of the labeled tumor in wildtype mice as compared to the GH mice. Moreover, reporter expression can also alter the tumor response to chemotherapy or targeted therapy in a context-dependent manner. Thus the GH mice and experimental approaches vetted herein provide concept validation and a strategy for effective, reproducible preclinical evaluation of growth and response kinetics for traceable tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/therapeutic use
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Female
- Genes, Reporter
- Immunocompromised Host
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Luciferases/genetics
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/mortality
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- Paclitaxel/therapeutic use
- Pituitary Gland/metabolism
- Transplantation, Homologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ping Day
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John Carter
- In Vivo Evaluation, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zoe Weaver Ohler
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research of Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Carrie Bonomi
- In Vivo Evaluation, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rajaa El Meskini
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research of Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Philip Martin
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research of Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cari Graff-Cherry
- Laboratory Animal Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lionel Feigenbaum
- Laboratory Animal Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas Tüting
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Terry Van Dyke
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research of The Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Melinda Hollingshead
- Biological Testing Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Glenn Merlino
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Xu L, Stevens J, Hilton MB, Seaman S, Conrads TP, Veenstra TD, Logsdon D, Morris H, Swing DA, Patel NL, Kalen J, Haines DC, Zudaire E, St Croix B. COX-2 inhibition potentiates antiangiogenic cancer therapy and prevents metastasis in preclinical models. Sci Transl Med 2014; 6:242ra84. [PMID: 24964992 PMCID: PMC6309995 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antiangiogenic agents that block vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling are important components of current cancer treatment modalities but are limited by alternative ill-defined angiogenesis mechanisms that allow persistent tumor vascularization in the face of continued VEGF pathway blockade. We identified prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) as a soluble tumor-derived angiogenic factor associated with VEGF-independent angiogenesis. PGE2 production in preclinical breast and colon cancer models was tightly controlled by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, and COX-2 inhibition augmented VEGF pathway blockade to suppress angiogenesis and tumor growth, prevent metastasis, and increase overall survival. These results demonstrate the importance of the COX-2/PGE2 pathway in mediating resistance to VEGF pathway blockade and could aid in the rapid development of more efficacious anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Xu
- Tumor Angiogenesis Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI) at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Janine Stevens
- Tumor Angiogenesis Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI) at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Mary Beth Hilton
- Tumor Angiogenesis Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI) at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA. Basic Research Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Steven Seaman
- Tumor Angiogenesis Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI) at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Thomas P Conrads
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Timothy D Veenstra
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Daniel Logsdon
- Basic Research Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Holly Morris
- Transgenic Core Facility, MCGP, NCI, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Deborah A Swing
- Transgenic Core Facility, MCGP, NCI, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Nimit L Patel
- Small Animal Imaging Program/LASP, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Joseph Kalen
- Small Animal Imaging Program/LASP, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Diana C Haines
- Pathology/Histotechnology Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Enrique Zudaire
- Tumor Angiogenesis Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI) at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Brad St Croix
- Tumor Angiogenesis Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI) at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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21
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Tracz A, Mastri M, Lee CR, Pili R, Ebos JML. Modeling spontaneous metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) in mice following nephrectomy. J Vis Exp 2014. [PMID: 24836396 DOI: 10.3791/51485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the key challenges to improved testing of new experimental therapeutics in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the development of models that faithfully recapitulate early- and late-stage metastatic disease progression. Typical tumor implantation models utilize ectopic or orthotopic primary tumor implantation, but few include systemic spontaneous metastatic disease that mimics the clinical setting. This protocol describes the key steps to develop RCC disease progression stages similar to patients. First, it uses a highly metastatic mouse tumor cell line in a syngeneic model to show orthotopic tumor cell implantation. Methods include superficial and internal implantation into the sub-capsular space with cells combined with matrigel to prevent leakage and early spread. Next it describes the procedures for excision of tumor-bearing kidney (nephrectomy), with critical pre- and post- surgical mouse care. Finally, it outlines the steps necessary to monitor and assess micro-and macro-metastatic disease progression, including bioluminescent imaging as well provides a detailed visual necropsy guide to score systemic disease distribution. The goal of this protocol description is to facilitate the widespread use of clinically relevant metastatic RCC models to improve the predictive value of future therapeutic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Tracz
- Genitourinary Section, Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute
| | - Michalis Mastri
- Genitourinary Section, Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute
| | | | - Roberto Pili
- Genitourinary Section, Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute
| | - John M L Ebos
- Genitourinary Section, Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute;
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22
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Preclinical recapitulation of antiangiogenic drug clinical efficacies using models of early or late stage breast cancer metastatis. Breast 2013; 22 Suppl 2:S57-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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23
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Guerin E, Man S, Xu P, Kerbel RS. A model of postsurgical advanced metastatic breast cancer more accurately replicates the clinical efficacy of antiangiogenic drugs. Cancer Res 2013; 73:2743-8. [PMID: 23610448 PMCID: PMC4334448 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-4183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The failure rate of randomized phase III oncology clinical trials is extremely high, even when preceded by encouraging preclinical studies and phase II trial results of the same therapy. Thus, there is considerable effort being made to improve the predictive clinical potential of preclinical models, in addition to improving phase II trial design. With respect to the former, preclinical models have historically relied heavily on treatment of primary spontaneous or transplanted tumors rather than the more common and therapeutically challenging clinical trial circumstance of advanced metastatic disease. Here, we show that the oral antiangiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), sunitinib, which failed to meet primary or secondary survival endpoints in 4 separate phase III metastatic breast cancer (MBC) trials, either alone or with chemotherapy, similarly failed to show monotherapy or combination chemotherapy efficacy in a model of postsurgical advanced MBC using a metastatic variant of the MDA-MB-231 triple-negative human breast cancer. In contrast, the drug was effective when used to treat established orthotopic primary tumors. Similar results were obtained with pazopanib monotherapy, another antiangiogenic oral TKI. However, when an antibody targeting the VEGF pathway (DC101) was tested, it showed a trend in modestly improving the efficacy of paclitaxel therapy, thus resembling to a degree prior phase III clinical results of bevacizumab plus paclitaxel in MBC. Our results suggest the potential value of treating postsurgical advanced metastatic disease as a possible strategy to improve preclinical models for predicting outcomes in patients with metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Guerin
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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24
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Hammond E, Brandt R, Dredge K. PG545, a heparan sulfate mimetic, reduces heparanase expression in vivo, blocks spontaneous metastases and enhances overall survival in the 4T1 breast carcinoma model. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52175. [PMID: 23300607 PMCID: PMC3530599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PG545 is a clinically relevant heparan sulfate (HS) mimetic which, in addition to possessing anti-angiogenic properties, also acts as a heparanase inhibitor which may differentiate its mechanism(s) of action from approved angiogenesis inhibitors. The degradation of HS by heparanase has been strongly implicated in cell dissemination and the metastatic process. Thus, the anti-metastatic activity of PG545 has been linked to the enzymatic function of heparanase - the only endoglycosidase known to cleave HS, an important component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) which represents a potential avenue for therapeutic intervention for certain metastatic cancer indications. Recent concerns raised about the paucity of overall survival as an endpoint in mouse models of clinically relevant metastasis led us to examine the effect of PG545 on the progression of both primary tumor growth and the spontaneously metastasizing disease in the 4T1 syngeneic breast carcinoma model in a non-surgical and surgical (mastectomy) setting. PG545 significantly inhibited primary tumor growth but importantly also inhibited lung metastasis in treated mice, an effect not observed with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor sorafenib. Importantly, PG545 significantly enhanced overall survival compared to vehicle control and the sorafenib group, suggesting PG545's inhibitory effect on heparanase is indeed a critical attribute to induce anti-metastatic activity. In addition to blocking a common angiogenic signalling pathway in tumor cells, the expression of heparanase in the primary tumor and lung was also significantly reduced by PG545 treatment. These results support the ongoing development of PG545 and highlight the potential utility in metastatic disease settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Hammond
- Research and Development, Progen Pharmaceuticals, Darra, Queensland, Australia.
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