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Albert V, Bruss C, Tümen D, Piendl G, Weber F, Dahl E, Seitz S, Ortmann O, Wege AK, Brockhoff G. HER4 Affects Sensitivity to Tamoxifen and Abemaciclib in Luminal Breast Cancer Cells and Restricts Tumor Growth in MCF-7-Based Humanized Tumor Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7475. [PMID: 39000582 PMCID: PMC11242770 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The impact of the HER4 receptor on the growth and treatment of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer is widely uncertain. Using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, we generated stable HER4 knockout variants derived from the HER4-positive MCF-7, T-47D, and ZR-75-1 breast cancer cell lines. We investigated tumor cell proliferation as well as the cellular and molecular mechanisms of tamoxifen, abemaciclib, AMG232, and NRG1 treatments as a function of HER4 in vitro. HER4 differentially affects the cellular response to tamoxifen and abemaciclib treatment. Most conspicuous is the increased sensitivity of MCF-7 in vitro upon HER4 knockout and the inhibition of cell proliferation by NRG1. Additionally, we assessed tumor growth and immunological effects as responses to tamoxifen and abemaciclib therapy in humanized tumor mice (HTM) based on MCF-7 HER4-wildtype and the corresponding HER4-knockout cells. Without any treatment, the enhanced MCF-7 tumor growth in HTM upon HER4 knockout suggests a tumor-suppressive effect of HER4 under preclinical but human-like conditions. This phenomenon is associated with an increased HER2 expression in MCF-7 in vivo. Independent of HER4, abemaciclib and tamoxifen treatment considerably inhibited tumor growth in these mice. However, abemaciclib-treated hormone receptor-positive breast cancer patients with tumor-associated mdm2 gene copy gains or pronounced HER4 expression showed a reduced event-free survival. Evidently, the presence of HER4 affects the efficacy of tamoxifen and abemaciclib treatment in different estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells, even to different extents, and is associated with unfavorable outcomes in abemaciclib-treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veruschka Albert
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93935 Regensburg, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christina Bruss
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93935 Regensburg, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Deniz Tümen
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Piendl
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93935 Regensburg, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Florian Weber
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, 93093 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Edgar Dahl
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Stephan Seitz
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93935 Regensburg, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Ortmann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93935 Regensburg, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anja K Wege
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93935 Regensburg, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gero Brockhoff
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93935 Regensburg, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Bruss C, Albert V, Seitz S, Blaimer S, Kellner K, Pohl F, Ortmann O, Brockhoff G, Wege AK. Neoadjuvant radiotherapy in ER +, HER2 +, and triple-negative -specific breast cancer based humanized tumor mice enhances anti-PD-L1 treatment efficacy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1355130. [PMID: 38742103 PMCID: PMC11089195 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1355130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Pre-operative radiation therapy is not currently integrated into the treatment protocols for breast cancer. However, transforming immunological "cold" breast cancers by neoadjuvant irradiation into their "hot" variants is supposed to elicit an endogenous tumor immune defense and, thus, enhance immunotherapy efficiency. We investigated cellular and immunological effects of sub-lethal, neoadjuvant irradiation of ER pos., HER2 pos., and triple-negative breast cancer subtypes in-vitro and in-vivo in humanized tumor mice (HTM). This mouse model is characterized by a human-like immune system and therefore facilitates detailed analysis of the mechanisms and efficiency of neoadjuvant, irradiation-induced "in-situ vaccination", especially in the context of concurrently applied checkpoint therapy. Similar to clinical appearances, we observed a gradually increased immunogenicity from the luminal over the HER2-pos. to the triple negative subtype in HTM indicated by an increasing immune cell infiltration into the tumor tissue. Anti-PD-L1 therapy divided the HER2-pos. and triple negative HTM groups into responder and non-responder, while the luminal HTMs were basically irresponsive. Irradiation alone was effective in the HER2-pos. and luminal subtype-specific HTM and was supportive for overcoming irresponsiveness to single anti-PD-L1 treatment. The treatment success correlated with a significantly increased T cell proportion and PD-1 expression in the spleen. In all subtype-specific HTM combination therapy proved most effective in diminishing tumor growth, enhancing the immune response, and converted non-responder into responder during anti-PD-L1 therapy. In HTM, neoadjuvant irradiation reinforced anti-PD-L1 checkpoint treatment of breast cancer in a subtype -specific manner. According to the "bench to bedside" principle, this study offers a vital foundation for clinical translating the use of neoadjuvant irradiation in the context of checkpoint therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Bruss
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), Regensburg, Germany
| | - Veruschka Albert
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Seitz
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Blaimer
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Kellner
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), Regensburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Pohl
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Radiotherapy, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Ortmann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gero Brockhoff
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anja K. Wege
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), Regensburg, Germany
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3
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Pourjamal N, Yazdi N, Halme A, Joncour VL, Laakkonen P, Saharinen P, Joensuu H, Barok M. Comparison of trastuzumab emtansine, trastuzumab deruxtecan, and disitamab vedotin in a multiresistant HER2-positive breast cancer lung metastasis model. Clin Exp Metastasis 2024; 41:91-102. [PMID: 38367127 PMCID: PMC10973002 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-024-10278-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer with lung metastases resistant to targeted agents is a common therapeutic challenge. Absence of preclinical lung metastasis models that are resistant to multiple anti-HER2 targeted drugs hampers the development of novel therapies. We established a novel HER2-positive breast cancer cell line (L-JIMT-1) with a high propensity to form lung metastases from the parenteral JIMT-1 cell line by injecting JIMT-1 cells into immunodeficient SCID mice. Lung metastases developed in all mice injected with L-JIMT-1 cells, and more rapidly and in greater numbers compared with the parental JIMT-1 cells. L-JIMT-1 cells expressed more epidermal growth factor receptor and HER2 than JIMT-1 cells. L-JIMT-1 cells were resistant to all five tyrosine kinase inhibitors tested in vitro (afatinib, erlotinib, lapatinib, sapitinib, and tucatinib). When we compared JIMT-1 and L-JIMT-1 sensitivity to three HER2-targeting antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1), trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd), and disitamab vedotin (DV) in vitro, JIMT-1 cells were resistant T-DXd, partially sensitive to T-DM1, and sensitive to DV, while L-JIMT-1 cells were resistant to both T-DM1 and T-DXd, but moderately sensitive to DV. In a mouse model, all three ADCs inhibited the growth of L-JIMT-1 lung metastases compared to a vehicle, but DV and T-DXd more strongly than T-DM1, and DV treatment led to the smallest tumor burden. The L-JIMT breast cancer lung metastasis model developed may be useful in the evaluation of anti-cancer agents for multiresistant HER2-positive advanced breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Pourjamal
- Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Narjes Yazdi
- Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aleksi Halme
- Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vadim Le Joncour
- Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirjo Laakkonen
- Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Laboratory Animal Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pipsa Saharinen
- Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Wihuri Research Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Joensuu
- Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mark Barok
- Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Biomedicum Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki, 00290, Finland.
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Kanaya N, Kitamura Y, Vazquez ML, Franco A, Chen KS, van Schaik TA, Farzani TA, Borges P, Ichinose T, Seddiq W, Kuroda S, Boland G, Jahan N, Fisher D, Wakimoto H, Shah K. Gene-edited and -engineered stem cell platform drives immunotherapy for brain metastatic melanomas. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eade8732. [PMID: 37256936 PMCID: PMC10799631 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.ade8732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic virus therapy has shown activity against primary melanomas; however, its efficacy in brain metastases remains challenging, mainly because of the delivery and immunosuppressive nature of tumors in the brain. To address this challenge, we first established PTEN-deficient melanoma brain metastasis mouse models and characterized them to be more immunosuppressive compared with primary melanoma, mimicking the clinical settings. Next, we developed an allogeneic twin stem cell (TSC) system composed of two tumor-targeting stem cell (SC) populations. One SC was loaded with oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV), and the other SC was CRISPR-Cas9 gene-edited to knock out nectin 1 (N1) receptor (N1KO) to acquire resistance to oHSV and release immunomodulators, such as granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Using mouse models of brain metastatic BRAFV600E/PTEN-/- and BRAFV600E/wt/PTEN-/- mutant melanomas, we show that locoregional delivery of TSCs releasing oHSV and GM-CSF (TSC-G) activated dendritic cell- and T cell-mediated immune responses. In addition, our strategy exhibited greater therapeutic efficacy when compared with the existing oncolytic viral therapeutic approaches. Moreover, the TSCs composed of SC-oHSV and SCN1KO-releasing GM-CSF and single-chain variable fragment anti-PD-1 (TSC-G/P) had therapeutic efficacy in both syngeneic and patient-derived humanized mouse models of leptomeningeal metastasis. Our findings provide a promising allogeneic SC-based immunotherapeutic strategy against melanomas in the CNS and a road map toward clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko Kanaya
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Immunotherapy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yohei Kitamura
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Immunotherapy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maria Lopez Vazquez
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Immunotherapy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Arnaldo Franco
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Immunotherapy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kok-Siong Chen
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Immunotherapy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Thijs A. van Schaik
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Immunotherapy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Touraj Aligholipour Farzani
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Immunotherapy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Paulo Borges
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Immunotherapy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Toru Ichinose
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Immunotherapy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Waleed Seddiq
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Immunotherapy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shinji Kuroda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Genevieve Boland
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nusrat Jahan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David Fisher
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hiroaki Wakimoto
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Immunotherapy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Khalid Shah
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Immunotherapy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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5
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Bruss C, Kellner K, Albert V, Hutchinson JA, Seitz S, Ortmann O, Brockhoff G, Wege AK. Immune Checkpoint Profiling in Humanized Breast Cancer Mice Revealed Cell-Specific LAG-3/PD-1/TIM-3 Co-Expression and Elevated PD-1/TIM-3 Secretion. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15092615. [PMID: 37174080 PMCID: PMC10177290 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Checkpoint blockade is particularly based on PD-1/PD-L1-inhibiting antibodies. However, an efficient immunological tumor defense can be blocked not only by PD-(L)1 but also by the presence of additional immune checkpoint molecules. Here, we investigated the co-expression of several immune checkpoint proteins and the soluble forms thereof (e.g., PD-1, TIM-3, LAG-3, PD-L1, PD-L2 and others) in humanized tumor mice (HTM) simultaneously harboring cell line-derived (JIMT-1, MDA-MB-231, MCF-7) or patient-derived breast cancer and a functional human immune system. We identified tumor-infiltrating T cells with a triple-positive PD-1, LAG-3 and TIM-3 phenotype. While PD-1 expression was increased in both the CD4 and CD8 T cells, TIM-3 was found to be upregulated particularly in the cytotoxic T cells in the MDA-MB-231-based HTM model. High levels of soluble TIM-3 and galectin-9 (a TIM-3 ligand) were detected in the serum. Surprisingly, soluble PD-L2, but only low levels of sPD-L1, were found in mice harboring PD-L1-positive tumors. Analysis of a dataset containing 3039 primary breast cancer samples on the R2 Genomics Analysis Platform revealed increased TIM-3, galectin-9 and LAG-3 expression, not only in triple-negative breast cancer but also in the HER2+ and hormone receptor-positive breast cancer subtypes. These data indicate that LAG-3 and TIM-3 represent additional key molecules within the breast cancer anti-immunity landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Bruss
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Kellner
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Veruschka Albert
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - James A Hutchinson
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Seitz
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Ortmann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gero Brockhoff
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anja K Wege
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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6
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Souto EP, Dobrolecki LE, Villanueva H, Sikora AG, Lewis MT. In Vivo Modeling of Human Breast Cancer Using Cell Line and Patient-Derived Xenografts. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2022; 27:211-230. [PMID: 35697909 PMCID: PMC9433358 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-022-09520-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, human breast cancer has been modeled largely in vitro using long-established cell lines primarily in two-dimensional culture, but also in three-dimensional cultures of varying cellular and molecular complexities. A subset of cell line models has also been used in vivo as cell line-derived xenografts (CDX). While outstanding for conducting detailed molecular analysis of regulatory mechanisms that may function in vivo, results of drug response studies using long-established cell lines have largely failed to translate clinically. In an attempt to address this shortcoming, many laboratories have succeeded in developing clinically annotated patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of human cancers, including breast, in a variety of host systems. While immunocompromised mice are the predominant host, the immunocompromised rat and pig, zebrafish, as well as the chicken egg chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) have also emerged as potential host platforms to help address perceived shortcomings of immunocompromised mice. With any modeling platform, the two main issues to be resolved are criteria for "credentialing" the models as valid models to represent human cancer, and utility with respect to the ability to generate clinically relevant translational research data. Such data are beginning to emerge, particularly with the activities of PDX consortia such as the NCI PDXNet Program, EuroPDX, and the International Breast Cancer Consortium, as well as a host of pharmaceutical companies and contract research organizations (CRO). This review focuses primarily on these important aspects of PDX-related research, with a focus on breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Souto
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Lacey E Dobrolecki
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hugo Villanueva
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Andrew G Sikora
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Michael T Lewis
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, BCM-600; Room N1210, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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7
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Bruss C, Kellner K, Ortmann O, Seitz S, Brockhoff G, Hutchinson JA, Wege AK. Advanced Immune Cell Profiling by Multiparameter Flow Cytometry in Humanized Patient-Derived Tumor Mice. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14092214. [PMID: 35565343 PMCID: PMC9103756 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
"Humanized" mice have been widely used for the characterization of human cancer progression and as a powerful preclinical model. Standardization of multicolor phenotyping could help to identify immune cell patterns involved in checkpoint-related complications. Therefore, we applied established protocols for immune cell profiling to our humanized Patient-Derived Xenograft (hPDX) model. hPDX are characterized by the co-existence of a human immune system and a patient-derived tumor transplant. These mice possess a human-like immune system after CD34+ stem cell transplantation while the reconstitution level of the immune system was not related to the quantity of transplanted CD34+ cells. Contamination ≤ 1.2% by CD3+ cells in the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplant did not trigger abnormal T cell maturation. Different B and T cell differentiation stages were identified, as well as regulatory T cells (Tregs) and exhausted T cells that expressed TIGIT, PD-1, or KLRG1. Overall, the application of standardized protocols for the characterization of immune cells using flow cytometry will contribute to a better understanding of immune-oncologic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Bruss
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (C.B.); (K.K.); (O.O.); (S.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Kerstin Kellner
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (C.B.); (K.K.); (O.O.); (S.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Olaf Ortmann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (C.B.); (K.K.); (O.O.); (S.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Stephan Seitz
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (C.B.); (K.K.); (O.O.); (S.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Gero Brockhoff
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (C.B.); (K.K.); (O.O.); (S.S.); (G.B.)
| | - James A. Hutchinson
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Anja Kathrin Wege
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (C.B.); (K.K.); (O.O.); (S.S.); (G.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-941-944-8913
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8
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Wege AK, Rom‐Jurek E, Jank P, Denkert C, Ugocsai P, Solbach C, Blohmer J, Sinn B, Mackelenbergh M, Möbus V, Trumpp A, Marangoni E, Pfarr N, Irlbeck C, Warfsmann J, Polzer B, Weber F, Ortmann O, Loibl S, Vladimirova V, Brockhoff G. mdm2
gene amplification is associated with luminal breast cancer progression in humanized
PDX
mice and a worse outcome of estrogen receptor positive disease. Int J Cancer 2021; 150:1357-1372. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kathrin Wege
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics University Medical Center Regensburg Regensburg Germany
| | - Eva‐Maria Rom‐Jurek
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics University Medical Center Regensburg Regensburg Germany
| | - Paul Jank
- Institute of Pathology, Philipps‐University Marburg UKGM University Hospital Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Carsten Denkert
- Institute of Pathology, Philipps‐University Marburg UKGM University Hospital Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Peter Ugocsai
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics University Medical Center Regensburg Regensburg Germany
| | - Christine Solbach
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics University Hospital Frankfurt Frankfurt Germany
| | - Jens‐Uwe Blohmer
- Breast Cancer Center Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Bruno Sinn
- Breast Cancer Center Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Marion Mackelenbergh
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics Schleswig‐Holstein University Hospital Kiel Germany
| | - Volker Möbus
- Department of Medicine II, Hematology and Oncology Goethe University of Frankfurt Frankfurt Germany
| | - Andreas Trumpp
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and DKFZ‐ZMBH Alliance Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI‐STEM gGmbH), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Heidelberg Germany
| | - Elisabetta Marangoni
- Department of Translational Research, Institute Curie PSL Research University Paris France
| | - Nicole Pfarr
- Institute of Pathology Technical University Munich Munich Germany
| | - Christoph Irlbeck
- Division of Personalized Tumor Therapy Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine Regensburg Germany
- Department of Experimental Medicine University of Regensburg Regensburg Germany
| | - Jens Warfsmann
- Division of Personalized Tumor Therapy Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine Regensburg Germany
- Department of Experimental Medicine University of Regensburg Regensburg Germany
| | - Bernhard Polzer
- Division of Personalized Tumor Therapy Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine Regensburg Germany
- Department of Experimental Medicine University of Regensburg Regensburg Germany
| | | | - Olaf Ortmann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics University Medical Center Regensburg Regensburg Germany
| | - Sibylle Loibl
- German Breast Group GBG Forschungs GmbH Neu‐Isenburg Germany
| | | | - Gero Brockhoff
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics University Medical Center Regensburg Regensburg Germany
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9
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Multiphoton Deep-Tissue Imaging of Micrometastases and Disseminated Cancer Cells Using Conjugates of Quantum Dots and Single-Domain Antibodies. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2350:105-123. [PMID: 34331282 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1593-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Early detection of malignant tumors, micrometastases, and disseminated tumor cells is one of the effective way of fighting cancer. Among the many existing imaging methods like computed tomography (CT), ultrasound (US), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), optical imaging with fluorescent probes is one of the most promising alternatives because it is fast, inexpensive, safe, sensitive, and specific. However, traditional fluorescent probes, based on organic fluorescent dyes, suffer from the low signal-to-noise ratio. Furthermore, conventional organic fluorescent dyes are unsuitable for deep tissue imaging because of the strong visible light absorption by biological tissues. The use of fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals, or quantum dots (QDs), may overcome this limitation due to their large multiphoton cross section, which ensures efficient imaging of thick tissue sections inaccessible with conventional fluorescent probes. Moreover, the lower photobleaching and higher brightness of fluorescence signals from QDs ensures a much better discrimination of positive signals from the background. The use of fluorescent nanoprobes based on QDs conjugated to uniformly oriented high-affinity single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) may significantly increase the sensitivity and specificity due to better recognition of analytes and deeper penetration into tissues due to small size of such nanoprobes.Here, we describe a protocol for the fabrication of nanoprobes based on sdAbs and QDs, preparation of experimental xenograft mouse models for quality control, and multiphoton imaging of deep-tissue solid tumors, micrometastases, and disseminated tumor cells.
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10
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The Microenvironment of Small Intestinal Neuroendocrine Tumours Contains Lymphocytes Capable of Recognition and Activation after Expansion. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174305. [PMID: 34503115 PMCID: PMC8431118 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The body‘s immune system can recognize tumors because they often contain proteins that are either different from or more abundant than in normal cells. Here, we characterised the immune cells of a rare tumor type called small-intestinal neuroendocrine tumors (SINET). We find that so called tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) can be grown in the laboratory and activated by challenging them with digested tumor. This study provides insights into the largely unknown SINET immune landscape and reveals the anti-tumour reactivity of TILs, which might merit adoptive T cell transfer as a feasible treatment option for patients with SINET. Abstract Traditionally, immune evasion and immunotherapy have been studied in cancers with a high mutational load such as melanoma or lung cancer. In contrast, small intestinal neuroendocrine tumours (SINETs) present a low frequency of somatic mutations and are described as genetically stable tumours, rendering immunotherapies largely unchartered waters for SINET patients. SINETs frequently metastasise to the regional lymph nodes and liver at the time of diagnosis, and no curative treatments are currently available for patients with disseminated disease. Here, we characterised the immune landscape of SINET and demonstrated that tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) can be expanded and activated during autologous tumour challenge. The composition of lymphocyte subsets was determined by immunophenotyping of the SINET microenvironment in one hepatic and six lymph node metastases. TILs from these metastases were successfully grown out, enabling immunophenotyping and assessment of PD-1 expression. Expansion of the TILs and exposure to autologous tumour cells in vitro resulted in increased T lymphocyte degranulation. This study provides insights into the largely unknown SINET immune landscape and reveals the anti-tumour reactivity of TILs, which might merit adoptive T cell transfer as a feasible treatment option for patients with SINET.
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11
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Glenny EM, Coleman MF, Giles ED, Wellberg EA, Hursting SD. Designing Relevant Preclinical Rodent Models for Studying Links Between Nutrition, Obesity, Metabolism, and Cancer. Annu Rev Nutr 2021; 41:253-282. [PMID: 34357792 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-120420-032437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Diet and nutrition are intricately related to cancer prevention, growth, and treatment response. Preclinical rodent models are a cornerstone to biomedical research and remain instrumental in our understanding of the relationship between cancer and diet and in the development of effective therapeutics. However, the success rate of translating promising findings from the bench to the bedside is suboptimal. Well-designed rodent models will be crucial to improving the impact basic science has on clinical treatment options. This review discusses essential experimental factors to consider when designing a preclinical cancer model with an emphasis on incorporating these models into studies interrogating diet, nutrition, and metabolism. The aims of this review are to (a) provide insight into relevant considerations when designing cancer models for obesity, nutrition, and metabolism research; (b) identify common pitfalls when selecting a rodent model; and (c) discuss strengths and limitations of available preclinical models. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nutrition, Volume 41 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine M Glenny
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA;
| | - Michael F Coleman
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA;
| | - Erin D Giles
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Wellberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| | - Stephen D Hursting
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA; .,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.,Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA
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12
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Jin KT, Du WL, Lan HR, Liu YY, Mao CS, Du JL, Mou XZ. Development of humanized mouse with patient-derived xenografts for cancer immunotherapy studies: A comprehensive review. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:2592-2606. [PMID: 33938090 PMCID: PMC8253285 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment, however, not all tumor types and patients are completely responsive to this approach. Establishing predictive pre-clinical models would allow for more accurate and practical immunotherapeutic drug development. Mouse models are extensively used as in vivo system for biomedical research. However, due to the significant differences between rodents and human, it is impossible to translate most of the findings from mouse models to human. Pharmacological development and advancing personalized medicine using patient-derived xenografts relies on producing mouse models in which murine cells and genes are substituted with their human equivalent. Humanized mice (HM) provide a suitable platform to evaluate xenograft growth in the context of a human immune system. In this review, we discussed recent advances in the generation and application of HM models. We also reviewed new insights into the basic mechanisms, pre-clinical evaluation of onco-immunotherapies, current limitations in the application of these models as well as available improvement strategies. Finally, we pointed out some issues for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Tao Jin
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Wen-Lin Du
- Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China.,Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huan-Rong Lan
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Yu-Yao Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Chun-Sen Mao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Jin-Lin Du
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Xiao-Zhou Mou
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
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13
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Wege AK, Dreyer TF, Teoman A, Ortmann O, Brockhoff G, Bronger H. CX3CL1 Overexpression Prevents the Formation of Lung Metastases in Trastuzumab-Treated MDA-MB-453-Based Humanized Tumor Mice (HTM). Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102459. [PMID: 34070094 PMCID: PMC8158361 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In about 15–18% of breast cancers the HER2 gene is amplified, which allows an anti-HER2 treatment. However, about 50% of HER2-positive patients experience de novo or acquired resistance to the antibody-based therapy with trastuzumab. Therefore, the identification of predictive markers for therapy success and novel combination strategies is needed. Here we explored the impact of CX3CL1 on trastuzumab treatment efficiency and immunological mechanism involved in a humanized tumor mouse model. Trastuzumab treatment showed pronounced efficiency in CX3CL1 overexpressing cancer cells compared to low expressing cells preventing lung metastasis, while the administration of CX3CL1 shedding inhibition did not cause an enhanced treatment effect. Moreover, the application of shedding inhibitors to CX3CL1 overexpression tumors resulted in a slightly enhanced tumor growth. Therefore, the presence of CX3CL1 might predict a pronounced response to trastuzumab therapy in patients and should be investigated in a large cohort of HER2+ patients. Abstract CX3CL1 is a multifunctional chemokine that is involved in numerous biological processes, such as immune cell attraction and enhanced tumor immune cell interaction, but also in enhancing tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. The multifarious activity is partially determined by two CX3CL1 isoforms, a membrane-bound and a soluble version generated by proteolytic cleavage through proteases. Here, we investigated the impact of CX3CL1 overexpression in MDA-MB-453 and SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells. Moreover, we evaluated the therapeutic capacity of Matrix-Metalloproteinases-inhibitors TMI-1 and GI254023X in combination with the anti-HER2 antibody trastuzumab in vitro and in vivo. TMI-1 and GI254023X caused a reduced shedding of CX3CL1 and of HER2 in vitro but without effects on tumor cell proliferation or viability. In addition, trastuzumab treatment did not retard MDA-MB-453 cell expansion in vitro unless CX3CL1 was overexpressed upon transfection (MDA-MB-453CX3CL1). In humanized tumor mice, which show a coexistence of human tumor and human immune system, CX3CL1 overexpression resulted in a slightly enhanced tumor growth. However, trastuzumab treatment attenuated tumor growth of both MDA-MB-453CX3CL1 and empty vector transfected MDA-MB-453 transplanted mice but showed enhanced efficiency especially in preventing lung metastases in CX3CL1 overexpressing cancer cells. However, TMI-1 did not further enhance the trastuzumab treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kathrin Wege
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Cancer Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (A.T.); (O.O.); (G.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +(49)-(0)941-944-8913
| | - Tobias F. Dreyer
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (T.F.D.); (H.B.)
| | - Attila Teoman
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Cancer Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (A.T.); (O.O.); (G.B.)
| | - Olaf Ortmann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Cancer Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (A.T.); (O.O.); (G.B.)
| | - Gero Brockhoff
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Cancer Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (A.T.); (O.O.); (G.B.)
| | - Holger Bronger
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (T.F.D.); (H.B.)
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14
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Horowitz NB, Mohammad I, Moreno-Nieves UY, Koliesnik I, Tran Q, Sunwoo JB. Humanized Mouse Models for the Advancement of Innate Lymphoid Cell-Based Cancer Immunotherapies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:648580. [PMID: 33968039 PMCID: PMC8100438 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.648580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a branch of the immune system that consists of diverse circulating and tissue-resident cells, which carry out functions including homeostasis and antitumor immunity. The development and behavior of human natural killer (NK) cells and other ILCs in the context of cancer is still incompletely understood. Since NK cells and Group 1 and 2 ILCs are known to be important for mediating antitumor immune responses, a clearer understanding of these processes is critical for improving cancer treatments and understanding tumor immunology as a whole. Unfortunately, there are some major differences in ILC differentiation and effector function pathways between humans and mice. To this end, mice bearing patient-derived xenografts or human cell line-derived tumors alongside human genes or human immune cells represent an excellent tool for studying these pathways in vivo. Recent advancements in humanized mice enable unparalleled insights into complex tumor-ILC interactions. In this review, we discuss ILC behavior in the context of cancer, the humanized mouse models that are most commonly employed in cancer research and their optimization for studying ILCs, current approaches to manipulating human ILCs for antitumor activity, and the relative utility of various mouse models for the development and assessment of these ILC-related immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina B Horowitz
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford Cancer Institute and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine and School of Engineering, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Imran Mohammad
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford Cancer Institute and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Uriel Y Moreno-Nieves
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford Cancer Institute and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Ievgen Koliesnik
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford Cancer Institute and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Quan Tran
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford Cancer Institute and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - John B Sunwoo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford Cancer Institute and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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15
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Lee MW, Miljanic M, Triplett T, Ramirez C, Aung KL, Eckhardt SG, Capasso A. Current methods in translational cancer research. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40:7-30. [PMID: 32929562 PMCID: PMC7897192 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-020-09931-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in pre-clinical screening tools, that more reliably predict the clinical effects and adverse events of candidate therapeutic agents, has ushered in a new era of drug development and screening. However, given the rapid pace with which these models have emerged, the individual merits of these translational research tools warrant careful evaluation in order to furnish clinical researchers with appropriate information to conduct pre-clinical screening in an accelerated and rational manner. This review assesses the predictive utility of both well-established and emerging pre-clinical methods in terms of their suitability as a screening platform for treatment response, ability to represent pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic drug properties, and lastly debates the translational limitations and benefits of these models. To this end, we will describe the current literature on cell culture, organoids, in vivo mouse models, and in silico computational approaches. Particular focus will be devoted to discussing gaps and unmet needs in the literature as well as current advancements and innovations achieved in the field, such as co-clinical trials and future avenues for refinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Lee
- Department of Medical Education, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Mihailo Miljanic
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Todd Triplett
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Craig Ramirez
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Kyaw L Aung
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - S Gail Eckhardt
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Anna Capasso
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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16
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Bitterer F, Hornung M, Platz Batista da Silva N, Schlitt HJ, Stroszczynski C, Wege AK, Jung EM. In vivo detection of breast cancer liver metastases in humanized tumour mice using tumour specific contrast agent BR55®. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2021; 76:559-572. [PMID: 32924994 DOI: 10.3233/ch-200898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the diagnostic accuracy of high-resolution ultrasound (HRU) for the detection of hepatic metastases of breast cancer in a humanized tumour mouse (HTM) using clinical standard technology. In addition, the efficiency of standard contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) [microbubbles of sulphur hexafluoride] and CEUS using a novel VEGFR2-targeted contrast agent [BR55®] was examined. METHODS A total of 14 HTM were sonographically examined twice. In addition to a human immune system, the animals developed hepatic tumour lesions after intrahepatic injection of BT-474 breast cancer cells. Digital cine loops from the arterial phase (15-35 sec), the portal venous phase (35-90 sec) and the late phase (3-15 min) of the entire liver were analysed. Data were correlated to histopathology. RESULTS After 9 months, half of the mice (7/14) revealed the development of hepatic breast cancer metastases. The detection limit was 1 mm tumour diameter. In particular, the use of targeted contrast media reduced the needed tumour diameter and helped to precisely classify tumour tissue. In 93% (13/14), the findings of ultrasound could be approved by histological examination by the pathologist. CONCLUSIONS This study in HTM demonstrated the high feasibility of tumour specific contrast media and standard HRU contrast agents to detect early liver metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Bitterer
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Hornung
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Hans J Schlitt
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Anja K Wege
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ernst-Michael Jung
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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17
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Chen H, Zhuo Q, Ye Z, Xu X, Ji S. Organoid model: A new hope for pancreatic cancer treatment? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1875:188466. [PMID: 33160014 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a rapidly progressing disease with a poor prognosis. We still have many questions about the pathogenesis, early diagnosis and precise treatment of this disease. Organoids, a rapidly emerging technology, can simulate the characteristics of pancreatic tumors. Using the organoid model of pancreatic cancer, we can study and explore the characteristics of pancreatic cancer, thereby effectively guiding clinical practice and improving patient prognosis. This review introduces the development of organoids, comparisons of organoids with other preclinical models and the status of organoids in basic research and clinical applications for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidi Chen
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'An Road, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, No. 270 Dong'An Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qifeng Zhuo
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'An Road, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, No. 270 Dong'An Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeng Ye
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'An Road, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, No. 270 Dong'An Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaowu Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'An Road, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, No. 270 Dong'An Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shunrong Ji
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'An Road, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, No. 270 Dong'An Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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18
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Wege AK, Kirchhammer N, Kazandjian LV, Prassl S, Brandt M, Piendl G, Ortmann O, Fischer S, Brockhoff G. A novel rabbit derived anti-HER2 antibody with pronounced therapeutic effectiveness on HER2-positive breast cancer cells in vitro and in humanized tumor mice (HTM). J Transl Med 2020; 18:316. [PMID: 32799890 PMCID: PMC7429704 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02484-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antibody based cancer therapies have achieved convincing success rates combining enhanced tumor specificity and reduced side effects in patients. Trastuzumab that targets the human epidermal growth factor related receptor 2 (HER2) is one of the greatest success stories in this field. For decades, trastuzumab based treatment regimens are significantly improving the prognosis of HER2-positive breast cancer patients both in the metastatic and the (neo-) adjuvant setting. Nevertheless, ≥ 50% of trastuzumab treated patients experience de-novo or acquired resistance. Therefore, an enhanced anti-HER2 targeting with improved treatment efficiency is still aspired. Methods Here, we determined cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the treatment of HER2-positive BC cells with a new rabbit derived HER2 specific chimeric monoclonal antibody called “B100″. We evaluated the B100 treatment efficiency of HER2-positive BC cells with different sensitivity to trastuzumab both in vitro and in the presence of a human immune system in humanized tumor mice. Results B100 not only efficiently blocks cell proliferation but more importantly induces apoptotic tumor cell death. Detailed in vitro analyses of B100 in comparison to trastuzumab (and pertuzumab) revealed equivalent HER2 internalization and recycling capacity, similar Fc receptor signaling, but different HER2 epitope recognition with high binding and treatment efficiency. In trastuzumab resistant SK-BR-3 based humanized tumor mice the B100 treatment eliminated the primary tumor but even more importantly eradicated metastasized tumor cells in lung, liver, brain, and bone marrow. Conclusion Overall, B100 demonstrated an enhanced anti-tumor activity both in vitro and in an enhanced preclinical HTM in vivo model compared to trastuzumab or pertuzumab. Thus, the use of B100 is a promising option to complement and to enhance established treatment regimens for HER2-positive (breast) cancer and to overcome trastuzumab resistance. Extended preclinical analyses using appropriate models and clinical investigations are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kathrin Wege
- Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Nicole Kirchhammer
- Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Gerhard Piendl
- Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Ortmann
- Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Gero Brockhoff
- Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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19
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Zanoni M, Cortesi M, Zamagni A, Arienti C, Pignatta S, Tesei A. Modeling neoplastic disease with spheroids and organoids. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:97. [PMID: 32677979 PMCID: PMC7364537 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00931-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease in which both genetic defects and microenvironmental components contribute to the development, progression, and metastasization of disease, representing major hurdles in the identification of more effective and safer treatment regimens for patients. Three-dimensional (3D) models are changing the paradigm of preclinical cancer research as they more closely resemble the complex tissue environment and architecture found in clinical tumors than in bidimensional (2D) cell cultures. Among 3D models, spheroids and organoids represent the most versatile and promising models in that they are capable of recapitulating the heterogeneity and pathophysiology of human cancers and of filling the gap between conventional 2D in vitro testing and animal models. Such 3D systems represent a powerful tool for studying cancer biology, enabling us to model the dynamic evolution of neoplastic disease from the early stages to metastatic dissemination and the interactions with the microenvironment. Spheroids and organoids have recently been used in the field of drug discovery and personalized medicine. The combined use of 3D models could potentially improve the robustness and reliability of preclinical research data, reducing the need for animal testing and favoring their transition to clinical practice. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the use of these 3D systems for cancer modeling, focusing on their innovative translational applications, looking at future challenges, and comparing them with most widely used animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Zanoni
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy.
| | - Michela Cortesi
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Alice Zamagni
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Chiara Arienti
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Sara Pignatta
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Anna Tesei
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy.
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20
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Stripecke R, Münz C, Schuringa JJ, Bissig K, Soper B, Meeham T, Yao L, Di Santo JP, Brehm M, Rodriguez E, Wege AK, Bonnet D, Guionaud S, Howard KE, Kitchen S, Klein F, Saeb‐Parsy K, Sam J, Sharma AD, Trumpp A, Trusolino L, Bult C, Shultz L. Innovations, challenges, and minimal information for standardization of humanized mice. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e8662. [PMID: 32578942 PMCID: PMC7338801 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice xenotransplanted with human cells and/or expressing human gene products (also known as "humanized mice") recapitulate the human evolutionary specialization and diversity of genotypic and phenotypic traits. These models can provide a relevant in vivo context for understanding of human-specific physiology and pathologies. Humanized mice have advanced toward mainstream preclinical models and are now at the forefront of biomedical research. Here, we considered innovations and challenges regarding the reconstitution of human immunity and human tissues, modeling of human infections and cancer, and the use of humanized mice for testing drugs or regenerative therapy products. As the number of publications exploring different facets of humanized mouse models has steadily increased in past years, it is becoming evident that standardized reporting is needed in the field. Therefore, an international community-driven resource called "Minimal Information for Standardization of Humanized Mice" (MISHUM) has been created for the purpose of enhancing rigor and reproducibility of studies in the field. Within MISHUM, we propose comprehensive guidelines for reporting critical information generated using humanized mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Stripecke
- Regenerative Immune Therapies AppliedHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF)Hannover RegionGermany
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral ImmunobiologyInstitute of Experimental ImmunologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Jan Jacob Schuringa
- Department of HematologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael Brehm
- University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMAUSA
| | | | - Anja Kathrin Wege
- Department of Gynecology and ObstetricsUniversity Cancer Center RegensburgRegensburgGermany
| | | | | | | | - Scott Kitchen
- University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | | | | | | | - Amar Deep Sharma
- Regenerative Immune Therapies AppliedHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Andreas Trumpp
- Division of Stem Cells and CancerGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI‐STEM gGmbH)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Livio Trusolino
- Department of OncologyUniversity of Torino Medical SchoolTurinItaly
- Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO IRCCSCandioloItaly
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21
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Bürtin F, Mullins CS, Linnebacher M. Mouse models of colorectal cancer: Past, present and future perspectives. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:1394-1426. [PMID: 32308343 PMCID: PMC7152519 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i13.1394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common diagnosed malignancy among both sexes in the United States as well as in the European Union. While the incidence and mortality rates in western, high developed countries are declining, reflecting the success of screening programs and improved treatment regimen, a rise of the overall global CRC burden can be observed due to lifestyle changes paralleling an increasing human development index. Despite a growing insight into the biology of CRC and many therapeutic improvements in the recent decades, preclinical in vivo models are still indispensable for the development of new treatment approaches. Since the development of carcinogen-induced rodent models for CRC more than 80 years ago, a plethora of animal models has been established to study colon cancer biology. Despite tenuous invasiveness and metastatic behavior, these models are useful for chemoprevention studies and to evaluate colitis-related carcinogenesis. Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) mirror the pathogenesis of sporadic as well as inherited CRC depending on the specific molecular pathways activated or inhibited. Although the vast majority of CRC GEMM lack invasiveness, metastasis and tumor heterogeneity, they still have proven useful for examination of the tumor microenvironment as well as systemic immune responses; thus, supporting development of new therapeutic avenues. Induction of metastatic disease by orthotopic injection of CRC cell lines is possible, but the so generated models lack genetic diversity and the number of suited cell lines is very limited. Patient-derived xenografts, in contrast, maintain the pathological and molecular characteristics of the individual patient’s CRC after subcutaneous implantation into immunodeficient mice and are therefore most reliable for preclinical drug development – even in comparison to GEMM or cell line-based analyses. However, subcutaneous patient-derived xenograft models are less suitable for studying most aspects of the tumor microenvironment and anti-tumoral immune responses. The authors review the distinct mouse models of CRC with an emphasis on their clinical relevance and shed light on the latest developments in the field of preclinical CRC models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Bürtin
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, Rostock 18057, Germany
| | - Christina S Mullins
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, Rostock 18057, Germany
| | - Michael Linnebacher
- Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock 18057, Germany
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22
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Alisjahbana A, Mohammad I, Gao Y, Evren E, Ringqvist E, Willinger T. Human macrophages and innate lymphoid cells: Tissue-resident innate immunity in humanized mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 174:113672. [PMID: 31634458 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are tissue-resident cells that play important roles in organ homeostasis and tissue immunity. Their intricate relationship with the organs they reside in allows them to quickly respond to perturbations of organ homeostasis and environmental challenges, such as infection and tissue injury. Macrophages and ILCs have been extensively studied in mice, yet important species-specific differences exist regarding innate immunity between humans and mice. Complementary to ex-vivo studies with human cells, humanized mice (i.e. mice with a human immune system) offer the opportunity to study human macrophages and ILCs in vivo within their surrounding tissue microenvironments. In this review, we will discuss how humanized mice have helped gain new knowledge about the basic biology of these cells, as well as their function in infectious and malignant conditions. Furthermore, we will highlight active areas of investigation related to human macrophages and ILCs, such as their cellular heterogeneity, ontogeny, tissue residency, and plasticity. In the near future, we expect more fundamental discoveries in these areas through the combined use of improved humanized mouse models together with state-of-the-art technologies, such as single-cell RNA-sequencing and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlisa Alisjahbana
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels allé 8, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Imran Mohammad
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels allé 8, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yu Gao
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels allé 8, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elza Evren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels allé 8, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma Ringqvist
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels allé 8, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tim Willinger
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels allé 8, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden.
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23
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Abdel-Aziz AK, Saadeldin MK, D'Amico P, Orecchioni S, Bertolini F, Curigliano G, Minucci S. Preclinical models of breast cancer: Two-way shuttles for immune checkpoint inhibitors from and to patient bedside. Eur J Cancer 2019; 122:22-41. [PMID: 31606656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2019.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Food and Drug Administration has lately approved atezolizumab, anti-programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), to be used together with nanoparticle albumin-bound (nab) paclitaxel in treating patients with triple negative breast cancer (BC) expressing PD-L1. Nonetheless, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are still challenged by the resistance and immune-related adverse effects evident in a considerable subset of treated patients without conclusive comprehension of the underlying molecular basis, biomarkers and tolerable therapeutic regimens capable of unleashing the anti-tumour immune responses. Stepping back to preclinical models is thus inevitable to address these inquiries. Herein, we comprehensively review diverse preclinical models of BC exploited in investigating ICIs underscoring their pros and cons as well as the learnt and awaited lessons to allow full exploitation of ICIs in BC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Kamal Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mona Kamal Saadeldin
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Faculty of Biotechnology, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 6th October City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Paolo D'Amico
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Orecchioni
- Laboratory of Hematology-Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Bertolini
- Laboratory of Hematology-Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Curigliano
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Saverio Minucci
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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24
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Bleijs M, van de Wetering M, Clevers H, Drost J. Xenograft and organoid model systems in cancer research. EMBO J 2019; 38:e101654. [PMID: 31282586 PMCID: PMC6670015 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019101654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient‐derived tumour xenografts and tumour organoids have become important preclinical model systems for cancer research. Both models maintain key features from their parental tumours, such as genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity, which allows them to be used for a wide spectrum of applications. In contrast to patient‐derived xenografts, organoids can be established and expanded with high efficiency from primary patient material. On the other hand, xenografts retain tumour–stroma interactions, which are known to contribute to tumorigenesis. In this review, we discuss recent advances in patient‐derived tumour xenograft and tumour organoid model systems and compare their promises and challenges as preclinical models in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Bleijs
- Oncode Institute, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc van de Wetering
- Oncode Institute, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Oncode Institute, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jarno Drost
- Oncode Institute, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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25
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Burlion A, Ramos RN, Kc P, Sendeyo K, Corneau A, Ménétrier-Caux C, Piaggio E, Olive D, Caux C, Marodon G. A novel combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy controls tumor growth in mice with a human immune system. Oncoimmunology 2019; 8:1596005. [PMID: 31143518 PMCID: PMC6527285 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1596005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice reconstituted with a human immune system and bearing human tumors represent a promising model for developing novel cancer immunotherapies. Here, we used mass cytometry and multi-parametric flow cytometry to characterize human leukocytes infiltrating a human breast cancer tumor model in immunocompromised NOD.SCID.γc-null mice reconstituted with a human immune system and compared it to samples of breast cancer patients. We observed highly activated human CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the tumor, as well as minor subsets of innate immune cells in both settings. We also report that ICOS+ CD4+ regulatory T cells (Treg) were enriched in the tumor relative to the periphery in humanized mice and patients, providing a target to affect Treg and tumor growth. Indeed, administration of a neutralizing mAb to human ICOS reduced Treg proportions and numbers and improved CD4 + T cell proliferation in humanized mice. Moreover, a combination of the anti-ICOS mAb with cyclophosphamide reduced tumor growth, and that was associated with an improved CD8 to Treg ratio. Depletion of human CD8+ T cells or of murine myeloid cells marginally affected the effect of the combination therapy. Altogether, our results indicate that a combination of anti-ICOS mAb and chemotherapy controls tumor growth in humanized mice, opening new perspectives for the treatment of breast cancer. One sentence summary: Targeting ICOS in combination with chemotherapy is a promising strategy to improve tumor immunity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Burlion
- CNRS, INSERM U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Rodrigo N Ramos
- INSERM U932, SiRIC Translational Immunotherapy Team, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France
| | - Pukar Kc
- CNRS, INSERM U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Kélhia Sendeyo
- CNRS, INSERM U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | | | - Christine Ménétrier-Caux
- INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Department of Translational Research and Innovation, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, CRCL, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Eliane Piaggio
- INSERM U932, SiRIC Translational Immunotherapy Team, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Olive
- INSERM U1068, CNRS, Institut Paoli - Calmettes, Centre de recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, CRCM, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Christophe Caux
- INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Department of Translational Research and Innovation, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, CRCL, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Gilles Marodon
- CNRS, INSERM U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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26
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Abstract
Immunotherapy is one of the most exciting recent breakthroughs in the field of cancer treatment. Many different approaches are being developed and a number have already gained regulatory approval or are under investigation in clinical trials. However, learning from the past, preclinical animal models often insufficiently reflect the physiological situation in humans, which subsequently causes treatment failures in clinical trials. Due to species-specific differences in most parts of the immune system, the transfer of knowledge from preclinical studies to clinical trials is eminently challenging. Human tumor cell line-based or patient-derived xenografts in immunocompromised mice have been successfully applied in the preclinical testing of cytotoxic or molecularly targeted agents, but naturally these systems lack the human immune system counterpart. The co-transplantation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells or hematopoietic stem cells is employed to overcome this limitation. This review summarizes some important aspects of the different available tumor xenograft mouse models, their history, and their implementation in drug development and personalized therapy. Moreover, recent progress, opportunities and limitations of different humanized mouse models will be discussed.
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27
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Morton JJ, Keysar SB, Perrenoud L, Chimed TS, Reisinger J, Jackson B, Le PN, Nieto C, Gomez K, Miller B, Gao D, Somerset H, Wang XJ, Jimeno A. Dual use of hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells enhances engraftment and immune cell trafficking in an allogeneic humanized mouse model of head and neck cancer. Mol Carcinog 2018; 57:1651-1663. [PMID: 30129680 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we describe in detail the evolving procedures to optimize humanized mouse cohort generation, including optimal conditioning, choice of lineage for engraftment, threshold for successful engraftment, HNSCC tumor implantation, and immune and stroma cell analyses. We developed a dual infusion protocol of human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), leading to incremental human bone marrow engraftment, and exponential increase in mature peripheral human immune cells, and intratumor homing that includes a more complete lineage reconstitution. Additionally, we have identified practical rules to predict successful HSPC/MSC expansion, and a peripheral human cell threshold associated with bone marrow engraftment, both of which will optimize cohort generation and management. The tremendous advances in immune therapy in cancer have made the need for appropriate and standardized models more acute than ever, and therefore, we anticipate that this manuscript will have an immediate impact in cancer-related research. The need for more representative tools to investigate the human tumor microenvironment (TME) has led to the development of humanized mouse models. However, the difficulty of immune system engraftment and minimal human immune cell infiltration into implanted xenografts are major challenges. We have developed an improved method for generating mismatched humanized mice (mHM), using a dual infusion of human HSPCs and MSCs, isolated from cord blood and expanded in vitro. Engraftment with both HSPCs and MSCs produces mice with almost twice the percentage of human immune cells in their bone marrow, compared to mice engrafted with HSPCs alone, and yields 9- to 38-fold higher levels of mature peripheral human immune cells. We identified a peripheral mHM blood human B cell threshold that predicts an optimal degree of mouse bone marrow humanization. When head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) tumors are implanted on the flanks of HSPC-MSC engrafted mice, human T cells, B cells, and macrophages infiltrate the stroma of these tumors at 2- to 8-fold higher ratios. In dually HSPC-MSC engrafted mice we also more frequently observed additional types of immune cells, including regulatory T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and MDSCs. Higher humanization was associated with in vivo response to immune-directed therapy. The complex immune environment arising in tumors from dually HSPC-MSC engrafted mice better resembles that of the originating patient's tumor, suggesting an enhanced capability to accurately recapitulate a human TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Morton
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Stephen B Keysar
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Loni Perrenoud
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Tugs-Saikhan Chimed
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Julie Reisinger
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Brian Jackson
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Phuong N Le
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Cera Nieto
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Karina Gomez
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Bettina Miller
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Dexiang Gao
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Hilary Somerset
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Xiao-Jing Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado.,Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Antonio Jimeno
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado.,Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
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28
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Özdemir BC, Sflomos G, Brisken C. The challenges of modeling hormone receptor-positive breast cancer in mice. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:R319-R330. [PMID: 29563191 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) tumors account for 70-80% of all breast cancer (BC) cases and are characterized by estrogen dependency for their growth. Endocrine therapies using estrogen receptor antagonists or aromatase inhibitors represent a key component of the standard of care for these tumors. The occurrence of de novo or acquired resistance to estrogen withdrawal represents an important clinical problem, impacting on patient survival. In addition, despite an initially favorable outcome, a part of ER+ BC patients present with disease recurrence locally or at distant sites years or even decades after apparent remission. In vivo models that closely mimic human disease are urgently needed to study the biology of these tumors, investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying endocrine resistance and identify patients at risk of recurrence. Despite the similarities in the overall hormonal regulation of mammary gland development between mice and humans, the majority of the mammary carcinomas occurring in genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) are ER negative and most xenograft models are based on few ER+ cancer cell lines. We recently showed that the microenvironment is critical for ER+ cancer cells and discuss in this review the potential of intraductal xenograft model for basic and preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berna C Özdemir
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
- International Cancer Prevention Institute, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - George Sflomos
- ISREC - Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cathrin Brisken
- International Cancer Prevention Institute, Epalinges, Switzerland
- ISREC - Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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29
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Schlieckau F, Schulz D, Fill Malfertheiner S, Entleutner K, Seelbach-Goebel B, Ernst W. A novel model to study neonatal Escherichia coli sepsis and the effect of treatment on the human immune system using humanized mice. Am J Reprod Immunol 2018; 80:e12859. [PMID: 29672989 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Neonatal sepsis is a serious threat especially for preterm infants. As existing in vitro and in vivo models have limitations, we generated a novel neonatal sepsis model using humanized mice and tested the effect of Betamethasone and Indomethacin which are used in the clinic in case of premature birth. METHOD OF STUDY Humanized mice were infected with Escherichia coli (E. coli). Subsequently, the effect of the infection itself, and treatment with Betamethasone and Indomethacin on survival, recovery, bacterial burden, leukocyte populations, and cytokine production, was analyzed. RESULTS The human immune system in the animals responded with leukocyte trafficking to the site of infection and granulopoiesis in the bone marrow. Treatment with Indomethacin had no pronounced effect on the immune system or bacterial burden. Betamethasone induced a decline of splenocytes. CONCLUSION The human immune system in humanized mice responds to the infection, making them a suitable model to study neonatal E. coli sepsis and the immune response of the neonatal immune system. Treatment with Betamethasone could have potential negative long-term effects for the immune system of the child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Schlieckau
- Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics St. Hedwig, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Schulz
- Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics St. Hedwig, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sara Fill Malfertheiner
- Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics St. Hedwig, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Entleutner
- Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics St. Hedwig, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Birgit Seelbach-Goebel
- Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics St. Hedwig, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Ernst
- Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics St. Hedwig, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Single- and two-photon imaging of human micrometastases and disseminated tumour cells with conjugates of nanobodies and quantum dots. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4595. [PMID: 29545609 PMCID: PMC5854706 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22973-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection of malignant tumours and, especially, micrometastases and disseminated tumour cells is still a challenge. In order to implement highly sensitive diagnostic tools we demonstrate the use of nanoprobes engineered from nanobodies (single-domain antibodies, sdAbs) and fluorescent quantum dots (QDs) for single- and two-photon detection and imaging of human micrometastases and disseminated tumour cells in ex vivo biological samples of breast and pancreatic metastatic tumour mouse models expressing human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) or carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). By staining thin (5–10 µm) paraffin and thick (50 µm) agarose tissue sections, we detected HER2- and CEA-positive human tumour cells infiltrating the surrounding tissues or metastasizing to different organs, including the brain, testis, lung, liver, and lymph nodes. Compared to conventional fluorescently labelled antibodies the sdAb-HER2-QD and sdAb-CEA-QD nanoprobes are superior in detecting micrometastases in tissue sections by lower photobleaching and higher brightness of fluorescence signals ensuring much better discrimination of positive signals versus background. Very high two-photon absorption cross-sections of QDs and small size of the nanoprobes ensure efficient imaging of thick tissue sections unattainable with conventional fluorescent probes. The nanobody–QD probes will help to improve early cancer diagnosis and prognosis of progression by assessing metastasis.
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Wege AK, Weber F, Kroemer A, Ortmann O, Nimmerjahn F, Brockhoff G. IL-15 enhances the anti-tumor activity of trastuzumab against breast cancer cells but causes fatal side effects in humanized tumor mice (HTM). Oncotarget 2018; 8:2731-2744. [PMID: 27835865 PMCID: PMC5356837 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has been shown to enhance established treatment regimens. We evaluated the potential reinforcing effect of IL-15 in trastuzumab treated humanized tumor mice (HTM) which were generated by concurrent transplantation of neonatal NOD-scid IL2Rγnull mice with human hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and HER2 positive breast cancer cells (metastasizing SK-BR-3, solid tumor forming BT474). We found that trastuzumab treatment efficacy mainly depends on the immediate anti-tumorigenic cellular effect which is significantly enhanced by tumor interacting immune cells upon cotransplantion of HSC. However, trastuzumab treatment caused elevated CD44 expression on tumor cells that metastasized into the lung and liver but did not hinder tumor cell dissemination into the bone marrow. Moreover, in a number of SK-BR-3-transplanted animals disseminated CD44high/CD24low tumor cells lost trastuzumab sensitivity. Concerning the FcγRIIIa polymorphism, trastuzumab treatment efficiency in HTM was higher in mice with NK-cells harboring the high affinity FcγRIIIa compared to those with low affinity FcγRIIIa. In contrast, IL-15 caused the strongest NK-cell activation in heterozygous low affinity FcγRIIIa animals. Although IL-15 enhanced the trastuzumab mediated tumor defense, an unspecific immune stimulation resulted in preterm animal death due to systemic inflammation. Overall, treatment studies based on “patient-like” HTM revealed critical and adverse immune-related mechanisms which must be managed prior to clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja K Wege
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Florian Weber
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Kroemer
- MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Olaf Ortmann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- Institute of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gero Brockhoff
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Regulation of Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) Expression in Breast Cancer Cell Lines In Vitro and in Immunodeficient and Humanized Tumor Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020563. [PMID: 29438316 PMCID: PMC5855785 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression is an efficient strategy of tumor cells to escape immunological eradiation. However, only little is known about the factors that affect the cellular expression levels. Here we assessed the PD-L1 expression on different breast cancer cell lines under standard in vitro culture conditions and as a function of Epirubicin or Paclitaxel treatment. Moreover, we evaluated the expression in immunodeficient tumor mice as well as in humanized tumor mice (i.e., in the presence of a human immune system). We found highest PD-L1 levels in JIMT-1 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Epirubicin treatment caused a decrease and Paclitaxel treatment an increased PD-L1 expression in MDA-MB-231 cells. In addition, we identified nuclear PD-L1 in MDA-MB-231 cells. All in vivo transplanted breast cancer cell lines downregulated PD-L1 expression compared to their in vitro counterpart. Neither the gene copy number nor the presence of human immune system in humanized tumor mice had an effect on the PD-L1 content. We demonstrate that the degree of PD-L1 expression amongst breast cancer cell lines varies considerably. In addition, cytotoxic treatments and other extrinsic parameters differentially affect the expression. Hence, further investigations including in vivo evaluations are necessary to understand PD-L1 regulation for advanced breast cancer stratification.
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Yong KSM, Her Z, Chen Q. Humanized Mice as Unique Tools for Human-Specific Studies. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2018; 66:245-266. [PMID: 29411049 PMCID: PMC6061174 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-018-0506-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
With an increasing human population, medical research is pushed to progress into an era of precision therapy. Humanized mice are at the very heart of this new forefront where it is acutely required to decipher human-specific disease pathogenesis and test an array of novel therapeutics. In this review, “humanized” mice are defined as immunodeficient mouse engrafted with functional human biological systems. Over the past decade, researchers have been conscientiously making improvements on the development of humanized mice as a model to closely recapitulate disease pathogenesis and drug mechanisms in humans. Currently, literature is rife with descriptions of novel and innovative humanized mouse models that hold a significant promise to become a panacea for drug innovations to treat and control conditions such as infectious disease and cancer. This review will focus on the background of humanized mice, diseases, and human-specific therapeutics tested on this platform as well as solutions to improve humanized mice for future clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie Su Mei Yong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117596, Singapore
| | - Zhisheng Her
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Qingfeng Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673, Singapore.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117545, Singapore.
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.
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Lam HM, Nguyen HM, Corey E. Generation of Prostate Cancer Patient-Derived Xenografts to Investigate Mechanisms of Novel Treatments and Treatment Resistance. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1786:1-27. [PMID: 29786784 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7845-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Treatment advances lead to survival benefits of patients with advanced prostate cancer. These treatments are highly efficacious in a subset of patients; however, similarly to other cancers, after initial responses the tumors develop resistance (acquired resistance) and the patients succumb to the disease. Furthermore, there is a subset of patients who do not respond to the treatment at all (de novo resistance). Preclinical testing using patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) has led to successful drug development, and PDXs will continue to provide valuable resources to generate clinically relevant data with translational potential. PDXs demonstrate tumor heterogeneity observed in patients, preserve tumor-microenvironment architecture, and provide clinically relevant treatment responses. In view of the evolving biology of the advanced prostate cancer associated with new treatments, PDXs representing these new tumor phenotypes are urgently needed for the study of treatment responses and resistance. In this chapter, we describe methodologies used to establish prostate cancer PDXs and use of these PDXs to study de novo and acquired resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Ming Lam
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Holly M Nguyen
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Clinical responses to adoptive T-cell transfer can be modeled in an autologous immune-humanized mouse model. Nat Commun 2017; 8:707. [PMID: 28955032 PMCID: PMC5617838 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00786-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive cell transfer (ACT) of autologous tumor-infiltrating T cells have shown durable responses in patients with melanoma. To study ACT and immunotherapies in a humanized model, we have developed PDXv2.0 — a melanoma PDX model where tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating T cells from the same patient are transplanted sequentially in non-obese diabetic/severe combined immune-deficient/common gamma chain (NOG/NSG) knockout mouse. Key to T-cell survival/effect in this model is the continuous presence of interleukin-2 (IL-2). Tumors that grow in PDXv2.0 are eradicated if the autologous tumor cells and T cells come from a patient that exhibited an objective response to ACT in the clinic. However, T cells from patients that are non-responders to ACT cannot kill tumor cells in PDXv2.0. Taken together, PDXv2.0 provides the potential framework to further model genetically diverse human cancers for assessing the efficacy of immunotherapies as well as combination therapies. Combining different types of immune therapies might benefit certain patients. Here, the authors develop an autologous immune-humanized melanoma mouse model that allows the preclinical assessment of cancer cell–T cell interactions from each individual patient and the benefits of immunotherapies combinations.
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Decker WK, da Silva RF, Sanabria MH, Angelo LS, Guimarães F, Burt BM, Kheradmand F, Paust S. Cancer Immunotherapy: Historical Perspective of a Clinical Revolution and Emerging Preclinical Animal Models. Front Immunol 2017; 8:829. [PMID: 28824608 PMCID: PMC5539135 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
At the turn of the last century, the emerging field of medical oncology chose a cytotoxic approach to cancer therapy over an immune-centered approach at a time when evidence in support of either paradigm did not yet exist. Today, nearly 120 years of data have established that (a) even the best cytotoxic regimens only infrequently cure late-stage malignancy and (b) strategies that supplement and augment existing antitumor immune responses offer the greatest opportunities to potentiate durable remission in cancer. Despite widespread acceptance of these paradigms today, the ability of the immune system to recognize and fight cancer was a highly controversial topic for much of the twentieth century. Why this modern paradigmatic mainstay should have been both dubious and controversial for such an extended period is a topic of considerable interest that merits candid discussion. Herein, we review the literature to identify and describe the watershed events that ultimately led to the acceptance of immunotherapy as a viable regimen for the treatment of neoplastic malignancy. In addition to noting important clinical discoveries, we also focus on research milestones and the development of critical model systems in rodents and dogs including the advanced modeling techniques that allowed development of patient-derived xenografts. Together, their use will further our understanding of cancer biology and tumor immunology, allow for a speedier assessment of the efficacy and safety of novel approaches, and ultimately provide a faster bench to beside transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- William K. Decker
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Rodrigo F. da Silva
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Women’s Hospital – CAISM, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Mayra H. Sanabria
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Laura S. Angelo
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - Bryan M. Burt
- Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Farrah Kheradmand
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Silke Paust
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
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Wegner A. Chimeric antigen receptor T cells for the treatment of cancer and the future of preclinical models for predicting their toxicities. Immunotherapy 2017; 9:669-680. [DOI: 10.2217/imt-2017-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy has achieved highly promising results in clinical trials, particularly in B-cell malignancies. However, reports of serious adverse events including a number of patient deaths have raised concerns about safety of this treatment. Presently available preclinical models are not designed for predicting toxicities seen in human patients. Besides choosing the right animal model, careful considerations must be taken in chimeric antigen receptor T-cell design and the amount of T cells infused. The development of more sophisticated in vitro models and humanized mouse models for preclinical modeling and toxicity tests will help us to improve the design of clinical trials in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Wegner
- Department of Research Oncology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital Campus, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, Roland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
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Hosur V, Low BE, Avery C, Shultz LD, Wiles MV. Development of Humanized Mice in the Age of Genome Editing. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:3043-3048. [PMID: 28332231 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mice are the most commonly used model organisms to study human disease. Many genetic human diseases can be recapitulated by modifying the mouse genome allowing the testing of existing and novel therapeutics, including combinatorial therapeutics, without putting humans at risk. Specifically, the development of "humanized" mice, that is, severely immunodeficient mice engrafted with functional human hematopoietic and immune cells and tissues, has revolutionized our ability to study and model human diseases in preclinical in vivo systems. Until recently it has been challenging to develop strains of humanized mice with targeted mutations or that transgenically express human genes with site-specific mutations, and can permit optimal growth of functional human cells and tissues. However, recent advances in targeted nuclease-based genetic engineering have enabled precise modification and development of humanized mouse models at an unprecedented pace. These modifications permit optimal growth of functional human cells and tissues and can be used to replicate human genetically determined diseases. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 3043-3048, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cindy Avery
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor 04609, Maine
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Holen I, Speirs V, Morrissey B, Blyth K. In vivo models in breast cancer research: progress, challenges and future directions. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:359-371. [PMID: 28381598 PMCID: PMC5399571 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.028274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Research using animal model systems has been instrumental in delivering improved therapies for breast cancer, as well as in generating new insights into the mechanisms that underpin development of the disease. A large number of different models are now available, reflecting different types and stages of the disease; choosing which one to use depends on the specific research question(s) to be investigated. Based on presentations and discussions from leading experts who attended a recent workshop focused on in vivo models of breast cancer, this article provides a perspective on the many varied uses of these models in breast cancer research, their strengths, associated challenges and future directions. Among the questions discussed were: how well do models represent the different stages of human disease; how can we model the involvement of the human immune system and microenvironment in breast cancer; what are the appropriate models of metastatic disease; can we use models to carry out preclinical drug trials and identify pathways responsible for drug resistance; and what are the limitations of patient-derived xenograft models? We briefly outline the areas where the existing breast cancer models require improvement in light of the increased understanding of the disease process, reflecting the drive towards more personalised therapies and identification of mechanisms of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingunn Holen
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Valerie Speirs
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Bethny Morrissey
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Karen Blyth
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
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40
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Tsoneva D, Minev B, Frentzen A, Zhang Q, Wege AK, Szalay AA. Humanized Mice with Subcutaneous Human Solid Tumors for Immune Response Analysis of Vaccinia Virus-Mediated Oncolysis. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2017; 5:41-61. [PMID: 28480327 PMCID: PMC5415323 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic vaccinia virus (VACV) therapy is an alternative cancer treatment modality that mediates targeted tumor destruction through a tumor-selective replication and an induction of anti-tumor immunity. We developed a humanized tumor mouse model with subcutaneous human tumors to analyze the interactions of VACV with the developing tumors and human immune system. A successful systemic reconstitution with human immune cells including functional T cells as well as development of tumors infiltrated with human T and natural killer (NK) cells was observed. We also demonstrated successful in vivo colonization of such tumors with systemically administered VACVs. Further, a new recombinant GLV-1h376 VACV encoding for a secreted human CTLA4-blocking single-chain antibody (CTLA4 scAb) was tested. Surprisingly, although proving CTLA4 scAb's in vitro binding ability and functionality in cell culture, beside the significant increase of CD56bright NK cell subset, GLV-1h376 was not able to increase cytotoxic T or overall NK cell levels at the tumor site. Importantly, the virus-encoded β-glucuronidase as a measure of viral titer and CTLA4 scAb amount was demonstrated. Therefore, studies in our "patient-like" humanized tumor mouse model allow the exploration of newly designed therapy strategies considering the complex relationships between the developing tumor, the oncolytic virus, and the human immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desislava Tsoneva
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Boris Minev
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, Rebecca & John Moores Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.,Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, CA 92109, USA
| | - Alexa Frentzen
- Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, CA 92109, USA
| | - Qian Zhang
- Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, CA 92109, USA
| | - Anja K Wege
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Aladar A Szalay
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany.,Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, Rebecca & John Moores Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.,Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, CA 92109, USA.,Rudolph Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
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Rodewohl A, Scholbach J, Leichsenring A, Köberle M, Lange F. Age-dependent cellular reactions of the human immune system of humanized NOD scid gamma mice on LPS stimulus. Innate Immun 2017; 23:258-275. [PMID: 28162006 DOI: 10.1177/1753425917690814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite sepsis being a life-threatening disease, targeted drugs that improve the therapy of affected patients are still lacking. Infants and adults differ in the maturity level of their immune system and this results in distinct reactions to Gram-negative bacteria. To study reactions of human immune cells in vivo, we used NOD scid gamma mice transplanted with human CD34+ stem cells to engraft a functional human immune system. Human cells undergo differentiation and maturation in these mice after transplantation and, accordingly, animals were divided into two groups: 8-13 wk and 15-22 wk after transplantation. Endotoxemia was induced by injecting LPS. Six h later, mice were euthanized. In both groups, LPS stimulation induced a decrease of CD14+ monocytes in peripheral blood, an up-regulation of activation markers on different cell subsets such as myeloid dendritic cells, and a release of the human cytokines TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10. However, significant differences were detected with regard to the amounts of released cytokines, and 8-13-wk-old mice produced more IL-6, while PTX3 was mainly released by 15-22-wk-old animals. Thus, here we provide a potential model for preclinical research of sepsis in infants and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Rodewohl
- 1 Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany.,2 Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johanna Scholbach
- 1 Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany.,3 Institute of Clinical Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anna Leichsenring
- 1 Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Margarethe Köberle
- 1 Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany.,2 Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Franziska Lange
- 1 Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
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Abstract
Immuno-oncology (I/O) research has intensified significantly in recent years due to the breakthrough development and the regulatory approval of several immune checkpoint inhibitors, leading to the rapid expansion of the new discovery of novel I/O therapies, new checkpoint inhibitors and beyond. However, many I/O questions remain unanswered, including why only certain subsets of patients respond to these treatments, who the responders would be, and how to expand patient response (the conversion of non-responders or maximizing response in partial responders). All of these require relevant I/O experimental systems, particularly relevant preclinical animal models. Compared to other oncology drug discovery, e.g. cytotoxic and targeted drugs, a lack of relevant animal models is a major obstacle in I/O drug discovery, and an urgent and unmet need. Despite the obvious importance, and the fact that much I/O research has been performed using many different animal models, there are few comprehensive and introductory reviews on this topic. This article attempts to review the efforts in development of a variety of such models, as well as their applications and limitations for readers new to the field, particularly those in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Xiang Li
- Crown Bioscience Inc., 3375 Scott Blvd, Suite 108, Santa Clara, CA 95054, USA; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Gerold Feuer
- HuMurine Technologies, Inc., 2700 Stockton Blvd, Rm. 1403, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Xuesong Ouyang
- Crown Bioscience Inc., 3375 Scott Blvd, Suite 108, Santa Clara, CA 95054, USA
| | - Xiaoyu An
- Crown Bioscience Inc., 3375 Scott Blvd, Suite 108, Santa Clara, CA 95054, USA; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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Walsh NC, Kenney LL, Jangalwe S, Aryee KE, Greiner DL, Brehm MA, Shultz LD. Humanized Mouse Models of Clinical Disease. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2016; 12:187-215. [PMID: 27959627 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-052016-100332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immunodeficient mice engrafted with functional human cells and tissues, that is, humanized mice, have become increasingly important as small, preclinical animal models for the study of human diseases. Since the description of immunodeficient mice bearing mutations in the IL2 receptor common gamma chain (IL2rgnull) in the early 2000s, investigators have been able to engraft murine recipients with human hematopoietic stem cells that develop into functional human immune systems. These mice can also be engrafted with human tissues such as islets, liver, skin, and most solid and hematologic cancers. Humanized mice are permitting significant progress in studies of human infectious disease, cancer, regenerative medicine, graft-versus-host disease, allergies, and immunity. Ultimately, use of humanized mice may lead to the implementation of truly personalized medicine in the clinic. This review discusses recent progress in the development and use of humanized mice and highlights their utility for the study of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Walsh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Laurie L Kenney
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Sonal Jangalwe
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Ken-Edwin Aryee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Dale L Greiner
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Michael A Brehm
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
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Dobrolecki LE, Airhart SD, Alferez DG, Aparicio S, Behbod F, Bentires-Alj M, Brisken C, Bult CJ, Cai S, Clarke RB, Dowst H, Ellis MJ, Gonzalez-Suarez E, Iggo RD, Kabos P, Li S, Lindeman GJ, Marangoni E, McCoy A, Meric-Bernstam F, Piwnica-Worms H, Poupon MF, Reis-Filho J, Sartorius CA, Scabia V, Sflomos G, Tu Y, Vaillant F, Visvader JE, Welm A, Wicha MS, Lewis MT. Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models in basic and translational breast cancer research. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2016; 35:547-573. [PMID: 28025748 PMCID: PMC5396460 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-016-9653-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of a growing spectrum of cancers are rapidly supplanting long-established traditional cell lines as preferred models for conducting basic and translational preclinical research. In breast cancer, to complement the now curated collection of approximately 45 long-established human breast cancer cell lines, a newly formed consortium of academic laboratories, currently from Europe, Australia, and North America, herein summarizes data on over 500 stably transplantable PDX models representing all three clinical subtypes of breast cancer (ER+, HER2+, and "Triple-negative" (TNBC)). Many of these models are well-characterized with respect to genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic features, metastatic behavior, and treatment response to a variety of standard-of-care and experimental therapeutics. These stably transplantable PDX lines are generally available for dissemination to laboratories conducting translational research, and contact information for each collection is provided. This review summarizes current experiences related to PDX generation across participating groups, efforts to develop data standards for annotation and dissemination of patient clinical information that does not compromise patient privacy, efforts to develop complementary data standards for annotation of PDX characteristics and biology, and progress toward "credentialing" of PDX models as surrogates to represent individual patients for use in preclinical and co-clinical translational research. In addition, this review highlights important unresolved questions, as well as current limitations, that have hampered more efficient generation of PDX lines and more rapid adoption of PDX use in translational breast cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacey E. Dobrolecki
- The Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030,
| | | | - Denis G. Alferez
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Division of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Studies, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M21 4QL, UK,
| | - Samuel Aparicio
- Dept. Path & Lab Medicine, BC Cancer Agency, 675 W10th Avenue, Vancouver V6R 3A6, Canada,
| | - Fariba Behbod
- Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, WHE 1005B, Kansas City, KS 66160,
| | - Mohamed Bentires-Alj
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Lab 306, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland,
| | - Cathrin Brisken
- ISREC - Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), SV2.832 Station 19, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. Phone +41 (0)21 693 07 81, Sec: +41 (0)21 693 07 62, Fax +41 (0)21 693 07 40,
| | | | - Shirong Cai
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030,
| | - Robert B. Clarke
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Division of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Studies, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M21 4QL, UK,
| | - Heidi Dowst
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030,
| | - Matthew J. Ellis
- The Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030,
| | - Eva Gonzalez-Suarez
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, PEBC, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research, IDIBELL, Av.Gran Via de L'Hospitalet, 199 – 203, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain, , Phone: +34 932607347, Fax: +34 932607139
| | - Richard D. Iggo
- INSERM U1218, Bergonié Cancer Institute, 229 cours de l'Argonne, 33076 Bordeaux, France,
| | - Peter Kabos
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045,
| | - Shunqiang Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, Tel. 314-747-9311,
| | - Geoffrey J. Lindeman
- Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Familial Cancer Centre, The Royal Melbourne Hospital and Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre. Grattan St, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia,
| | - Elisabetta Marangoni
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, 26, rue d’Ulm, 75005 Paris - FRANCE,
| | - Aaron McCoy
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030,
| | - Funda Meric-Bernstam
- Departments of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics and Breast Surgical Oncology, UT M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX 77030,
| | - Helen Piwnica-Worms
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030,
| | - Marie-France Poupon
- Founder and Scientific Advisor, Xentech SA, Genepole, 4 rue Pierre Fontaine, 91000 Evry, France,
| | - Jorge Reis-Filho
- Director of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Affiliate Member, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, and Center for Computational Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY,
| | - Carol A. Sartorius
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045,
| | - Valentina Scabia
- ISREC - Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), SV2.832 Station 19, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland,
| | - George Sflomos
- ISREC - Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), SV2.832 Station 19, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Yizheng Tu
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030,
| | - François Vaillant
- Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia,
| | - Jane E. Visvader
- Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia,
| | - Alana Welm
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT 84112,
| | - Max S. Wicha
- Madeline and Sidney Forbes Professor of Oncology, Director, Forbes Institute for Cancer Discovery, NCRC 26-335S, SPC 2800, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2800, Phone: (734)763-1744, Fax: (734)764-1228, http://www.med.umich.edu/wicha-lab/index.html,
| | - Michael T. Lewis
- The Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030, , TEL: 713-798-3296, FAX: 713-798-1659
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Morton JJ, Bird G, Refaeli Y, Jimeno A. Humanized Mouse Xenograft Models: Narrowing the Tumor-Microenvironment Gap. Cancer Res 2016; 76:6153-6158. [PMID: 27587540 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer research has long been hampered by the limitations of the current model systems. Both cultured cells and mouse xenografts grow in an environment highly dissimilar to that of their originating tumor, frequently resulting in promising treatments that are ultimately clinically ineffective. The development of highly immunodeficient mouse strains into which human immune systems can be engrafted can help bridge this gap. Humanized mice (HM) allow researchers to examine xenograft growth in the context of a human immune system and resultant tumor microenvironment, and recent studies have highlighted the increased similarities in attendant tumor structure, metastasis, and signaling to those features in cancer patients. This setting also facilitates the examination of investigational cancer therapies, including new immunotherapies. This review discusses recent advancements in the generation and application of HM models, their promise in cancer research, and their potential in generating clinically relevant treatments. This review also focuses on current efforts to improve HM models by engineering mouse strains expressing human cytokines or HLA proteins and implanting human bone, liver, and thymus tissue to facilitate immune cell maturation and trafficking. Finally, we discuss how these improvements may help direct future HM model cancer studies. Cancer Res; 76(21); 6153-8. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jason Morton
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Gregory Bird
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Yosef Refaeli
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Antonio Jimeno
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado. .,Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
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Ladomersky E, Genet M, Zhai L, Gritsina G, Lauing KL, Lulla RR, Fangusaro J, Lenzen A, Kumthekar P, Raizer JJ, Binder DC, James CD, Wainwright DA. Improving vaccine efficacy against malignant glioma. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1196311. [PMID: 27622066 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1196311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The effective treatment of adult and pediatric malignant glioma is a significant clinical challenge. In adults, glioblastoma (GBM) accounts for the majority of malignant glioma diagnoses with a median survival of 14.6 mo. In children, malignant glioma accounts for 20% of primary CNS tumors with a median survival of less than 1 y. Here, we discuss vaccine treatment for children diagnosed with malignant glioma, through targeting EphA2, IL-13Rα2 and/or histone H3 K27M, while in adults, treatments with RINTEGA, Prophage Series G-100 and dendritic cells are explored. We conclude by proposing new strategies that are built on current vaccine technologies and improved upon with novel combinatorial approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Ladomersky
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthew Genet
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lijie Zhai
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Galina Gritsina
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kristen L Lauing
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rishi R Lulla
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Ann & Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jason Fangusaro
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Ann & Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alicia Lenzen
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Ann & Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Priya Kumthekar
- Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Raizer
- Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David C Binder
- Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - C David James
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Derek A Wainwright
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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47
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Neuroblastoma patient-derived orthotopic xenografts reflect the microenvironmental hallmarks of aggressive patient tumours. Cancer Lett 2016; 375:384-389. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Kozlowska AK, Kaur K, Topchyan P, Jewett A. Adoptive transfer of osteoclast-expanded natural killer cells for immunotherapy targeting cancer stem-like cells in humanized mice. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2016; 65:835-45. [PMID: 27034236 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-016-1822-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Based on data obtained from oral, pancreatic and lung cancers, glioblastoma, and melanoma, we have established that natural killer (NK) cells target cancer stem-like cells (CSCs). CSCs displaying low MHC class I, CD54, and PD-L1 are killed by cytotoxic NK cells and are differentiated by split anergized NK cells through both membrane bound and secreted forms of TNF-α and IFN-γ. NK cells select and differentiate both healthy and transformed stem-like cells, resulting in target cell maturation and shaping of their microenvironment. In our recent studies, we have observed that oral, pancreatic, and melanoma CSCs were capable of forming large tumors in humanized bone marrow, liver, thymus (hu-BLT) mice with fully reconstituted human immune system. In addition, major human immune subsets including NK cells, T cells, B cells, and monocytes were present in the spleen, bone marrow, peripheral blood, and tumor microenvironment. Similar to our previously published in vitro data, CSCs differentiated with split anergized NK cells prior to implantation in mice formed smaller tumors. Intravenous injection of functionally potent osteoclast-expanded NK cells inhibited tumor growth through differentiation of CSCs in humanized mice. In this review, we present current approaches, advances, and existing limitations in studying interactions of the immune system with the tumor, in particular NK cells with CSCs, using in vivo preclinical hu-BLT mouse model. In addition, we discuss the use of osteoclast-expanded NK cells in targeting cancer stem-like tumors in humanized mice-a strategy that provides a much-needed platform to develop effective cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Kozlowska
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Kawaljit Kaur
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paytsar Topchyan
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anahid Jewett
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA School of Dentistry and Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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49
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Holzapfel BM, Wagner F, Thibaudeau L, Levesque JP, Hutmacher DW. Concise review: humanized models of tumor immunology in the 21st century: convergence of cancer research and tissue engineering. Stem Cells 2016; 33:1696-704. [PMID: 25694194 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite positive testing in animal studies, more than 80% of novel drug candidates fail to proof their efficacy when tested in humans. This is primarily due to the use of preclinical models that are not able to recapitulate the physiological or pathological processes in humans. Hence, one of the key challenges in the field of translational medicine is to "make the model organism mouse more human." To get answers to questions that would be prognostic of outcomes in human medicine, the mouse's genome can be altered in order to create a more permissive host that allows the engraftment of human cell systems. It has been shown in the past that these strategies can improve our understanding of tumor immunology. However, the translational benefits of these platforms have still to be proven. In the 21st century, several research groups and consortia around the world take up the challenge to improve our understanding of how to humanize the animal's genetic code, its cells and, based on tissue engineering principles, its extracellular microenvironment, its tissues, or entire organs with the ultimate goal to foster the translation of new therapeutic strategies from bench to bedside. This article provides an overview of the state of the art of humanized models of tumor immunology and highlights future developments in the field such as the application of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine strategies to further enhance humanized murine model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Michael Holzapfel
- Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Wuerzburg, Koenig-Ludwig-Haus, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Wagner
- Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Orthopedics, University of Regensburg, Asklepios Klinikum Bad Abbach, Bad Abbach, Germany
| | - Laure Thibaudeau
- Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jean-Pierre Levesque
- Stem Cell Biology Group, Blood and Bone Diseases Program, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dietmar Werner Hutmacher
- Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University Munich, Garching, Munich, Germany
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Abstract
Immunotherapy is now evolving into a major therapeutic option for cancer patients. Such clinical advances also promote massive interest in the search for novel immunotherapy targets, and to understand the mechanism of action of current drugs. It is projected that a series of novel immunotherapy agents will be developed and assessed for their therapeutic activity. In light of this, in vivo experimental mouse models that recapitulate human malignancies serve as valuable tools to validate the efficacy and safety profile of immunotherapy agents, before their transition into clinical trials. In this review, we will discuss the major classes of experimental mouse models of cancer commonly used for immunotherapy assessment and provide examples to guide the selection of appropriate models. We present some new data concerning the utility of a carcinogen-induced tumor model for comparing immunotherapies and combining immunotherapy with chemotherapy. We will also highlight some recent advances in experimental modeling of human malignancies in mice that are leading towards personalized therapy in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Foong Ngiow
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia; University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Sherene Loi
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia; University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - David Thomas
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark J Smyth
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia; University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia; University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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