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Cutaneous melanoma, prostate-specific antigen testing and the subsequent risk of prostate cancer diagnosis: a prospective analysis of the 45 and Up Study. Br J Cancer 2023; 128:71-79. [PMID: 36319848 PMCID: PMC9814593 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-02027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between cutaneous melanoma and subsequent risk of prostate cancer (PC) was examined in a large population-based cohort study. METHODS Male participants in the Sax Institute's 45 and Up Study (Australia) were recruited between 2006 and 2009. Questionnaire data and linked administrative health data from the Centre for Health Record Linkage and Services Australia identified melanomas diagnosed between 1/1/1994 and 12 months before Study recruitment (i.e., between 2005 and 2008), incident PCs, primary healthcare utilisation and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) tests. Men were excluded from the current analyses if they had a recorded PC or other cancer diagnosis other than melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer prior to recruitment. Multivariable Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) adjusting for PSA-testing frequency before PC diagnosis. RESULTS Of 96,548 eligible men, 1899 were diagnosed with melanoma during the melanoma diagnosis period and 3677 incident PC diagnosed during follow-up (latest date 31/12/2013). Men with melanoma diagnosis had increased risk of a subsequent PC diagnoses (vs. no melanoma; fully adjusted HR = 1.32; 95% CI: 1.09-1.60). There was weak evidence of higher risks of a subsequent PC diagnosis for men diagnosed with more than one melanoma compared to men diagnosed with only one melanoma (p = 0.077), and if first melanoma diagnosis was 10 to 15 years before Study recruitment (fully adjusted HR = 2.05; 95% CI [1.35, 3.12]). CONCLUSION Melanoma diagnosis was associated with increased risk of subsequent PC diagnosis, after adjusting for PSA testing and primary healthcare utilisation. While our ability to adjust for PC screening reduced risk of detection bias, we acknowledge that residual confounding from increased medical surveillance after melanoma diagnoses cannot be entirely ruled out.
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2
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Pedersen JE, Hansen J. Occupational exposure to solar ultraviolet B radiation and risk of prostate cancer in Danish men. Cancer Epidemiol 2022; 80:102227. [PMID: 35933762 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2022.102227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Former epidemiological studies have indicated that solar ultraviolet B radiation (UV) may reduce the risk of prostate cancer, however, the evidence is inconclusive. To contribute with evidence, the present study aimed to evaluate the association between occupational UV exposure and prostate cancer in Danish men. METHODS A total of 12,268 men diagnosed with primary prostate cancer before age 70 were identified via the Danish Cancer Registry. The Danish Civil Registration System was used to randomly select five male controls matched on year of birth, alive and free of prostate cancer at the time of diagnosis of the index case. Full individual-level employment history was retrieved from the Danish Supplementary Pension Fund Register and linked to a job exposure matrix to assess occupational UV exposure. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95 % confidence intervals. RESULTS We observed an inverse association between ever exposure to occupational UV and prostate cancer (OR=0.93, 95 % CI: 0.89-0.97). Longer duration of exposure (≥20 years: OR=0.90, 95 % CI: 0.84-0.96) and highest cumulative exposure (OR=0.90, 95 % CI: 0.84-0.96) were both inversely associated with disease risk. CONCLUSIONS The present study indicates a modest protective effect from occupational UV exposure on the risk of prostate cancer. This finding needs further attention in future large-scale studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Elbaek Pedersen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Danish Cancer Society, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Johnni Hansen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Danish Cancer Society, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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3
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Yoon JG, Kim HB. Association between sunlight exposure and risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Public Health 2021; 31:1015-1021. [PMID: 33969413 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckab059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of prostate cancer (PC) is increasing worldwide. An association between sunlight exposure and PC risk has been described by a previously published meta-analysis, although the level of statistical significance was not reached. We have, therefore, performed an updated systematic review and meta-analysis to further elucidate this potential connection. METHODS To identify relevant articles, we conducted an in-depth search of 4 electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, the Web of Science and Scopus) for manuscripts published prior to March 2021. A random-effects model was used to compute a meta-estimate of the effects of sunlight exposure on risk of PC. RESULTS Of the 5680 articles that were initially identified in our search, 12 observational epidemiological studies encompassing 29 282 cases of PC were selected for inclusion in the qualitative systematic review. Of these, two case-control studies were excluded from the meta-analysis. Comparing highest-to-lowest exposure, personal sunlight exposure was significantly associated with a decreased risk of PC [odds ratio (OR) = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.57-0.78] in a random-effects meta-analysis; however, high heterogeneity was present (I2 = 85.9%). Comparing moderate-to-lowest exposure, there was a non-significant relationship between personal sunlight exposure and the risk of PC (OR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.68-1.10; I2 = 74.0%). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that exposure to sunlight may protect against PC. The limitations of our research are occurrence of publication bias and a substantial heterogeneity due to a diversity of criteria for measuring sunlight exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Gyum Yoon
- Department of Family Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Goyang, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Bae Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Goyang, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
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4
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Role of vitamin D 3 in selected malignant neoplasms. Nutrition 2020; 79-80:110964. [PMID: 32877827 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.110964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D3 is a fat-soluble essential nutrient that affects multiple biologic functions in the organism through calcitriol and the vitamin D3 receptor. This review article focuses on the results of studies on the relationship between the level of vitamin D3 and cancer incidence or mortality, but also on the anticancer properties of vitamin D3 that support its significant role in the prevention, clinical course, and overall survival rates of selected cancers (colorectal, prostate, breast, ovarian, endometrial, bladder, and malignant melanoma). The mechanisms of vitamin D3 action involve, among others, polymorphism of vitamin D3 receptor, cell cycle, caspases, and cancer stem cells. The level of vitamin D3 has been also demonstrated to serve as a biomarker in some cancers, and high levels of vitamin D3 can be conducive to successful cancer therapy.
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5
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Acharya P, Mathur M. Prostate cancer risk in patients with melanoma: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Cancer Med 2020; 9:3604-3612. [PMID: 32175697 PMCID: PMC7221441 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Acharya
- Department of Dermatology College of Medical Sciences Bharatpur Nepal
| | - Mahesh Mathur
- Department of Dermatology College of Medical Sciences Bharatpur Nepal
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6
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Borghi A, Corazza M, Chiaranda G, Michiara M, Mangone L, Caruso B, Falcini F, Maestri I, Ferretti S. Second primary malignancies in patients with non-melanoma skin cancer: Results from a cancer registry-based study in Emilia Romagna, north-east Italy. Cancer Epidemiol 2019; 61:176-184. [PMID: 31301588 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND previous research on the risk of subsequent, primary non-cutaneous malignancies among patients with non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) led to conflicting results. We aimed to investigate a possible link between NMSC and second primary malignancies by using the population-based data available in cancer registries. METHODS this observational study retrospectively assessed the risk of occurrence of both synchronous and methachronous second primary tumours in a cohort of cancer patients whose first diagnosis was NMSC. The cohort came from the network of general cancer registries of the Emilia-Romagna Region, northeast Italy, in the period between 1978 and 2012, and was compared with the general population living in the same area. Two main indexes were used: i) Standardized Incidence Ratio (SIR), calculated as the ratio between the observed and the expected number of second cancers and ii) Excess Absolute Risk (EAR), expressing the absolute excess or deficit of second cancer incidence. RESULTS in the period analysed (1978-2012, 72,503,157 person/years, PYs), 89,912 primary NMSC were found in 76,414 patients. Among them, 14,195 developed a second primary cancer in the subsequent 501,763 follow-up PYs. NMSC patients showed an overall SIR of 1.22 (CI 95% 1.20-1,24) and an EAR of 5.11 cases/1000 PYs (CI 95% 4.48-5.74). CONCLUSIONS the study results showed that NMSC patients had an increase in relative risk and, at least for some tumours, in absolute risk of developing a second cancer when compared with the general population. Genetic, environmental and personal risk factors may influence this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Borghi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology and Infectious Diseases, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Monica Corazza
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology and Infectious Diseases, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Maria Michiara
- Parma Cancer Registry, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Lucia Mangone
- Reggio Emilia Cancer Registry, Epidemiology Unit, Local Health Unit-IRCCS Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Bianca Caruso
- Modena Cancer Registry, Public Health Department, Local Health Unit Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Fabio Falcini
- Romagna Cancer Registry, Romagna Cancer Institute, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, IRST, IRCCS, Meldola, Forlì, Italy
| | - Iva Maestri
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefano Ferretti
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Local Health Authority Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Salehi B, Fokou PVT, Yamthe LRT, Tali BT, Adetunji CO, Rahavian A, Mudau FN, Martorell M, Setzer WN, Rodrigues CF, Martins N, Cho WC, Sharifi-Rad J. Phytochemicals in Prostate Cancer: From Bioactive Molecules to Upcoming Therapeutic Agents. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1483. [PMID: 31261861 PMCID: PMC6683070 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a heterogeneous disease, the second deadliest malignancy in men and the most commonly diagnosed cancer among men. Traditional plants have been applied to handle various diseases and to develop new drugs. Medicinal plants are potential sources of natural bioactive compounds that include alkaloids, phenolic compounds, terpenes, and steroids. Many of these naturally-occurring bioactive constituents possess promising chemopreventive properties. In this sense, the aim of the present review is to provide a detailed overview of the role of plant-derived phytochemicals in prostate cancers, including the contribution of plant extracts and its corresponding isolated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahare Salehi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam 44340847, Iran
| | - Patrick Valere Tsouh Fokou
- Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Ngoa Ekelle, Annex Fac. Sci, Yaounde 812, Cameroon
| | | | - Brice Tchatat Tali
- Antimicrobial Agents Unit, Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Messa-Yaoundé 812, Cameroon
| | - Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji
- Applied Microbiology, Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Edo University, Iyamho, Edo State 300271, Nigeria
| | - Amirhossein Rahavian
- Department of Urology, Shohada-e-Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1989934148, Iran
| | - Fhatuwani Nixwell Mudau
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida 1710, South Africa
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepcion, Concepcion 4070386, Chile.
| | - William N Setzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
| | - Célia F Rodrigues
- LEPABE-Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Natália Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - William C Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Zabol Medicinal Plants Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol 61615-585, Iran.
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8
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Dimitriou F, Mangana J, Curioni-Fontecedro A, Rechsteiner M, Turko P, Braun RP, Dummer R, Cheng PF. Melanoma patients with additional primary cancers: a single-center retrospective analysis. Oncotarget 2019; 10:3373-3384. [PMID: 31164959 PMCID: PMC6534365 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recent progress in the diagnosis and treatment of primary and metastatic cutaneous melanoma (CM) has led to a significant increase in the patients` expectancy of life. The development of additional primary tumors (APT) other than CM represents an important survival issue. Results: Of a total of 1764 CM patients, 80 (4.5%) patients developed APT. For tumors diagnosed after CM, there was a 2.7 fold excess risk for APT compared to the swiss german population. A significantly increased risk was noted for female breast (SIR, 2.46), male larynx (SIR, 76.92), male multiple myeloma (SIR, 11.2), male oesophagus (SIR, 10.8) and thyroid on males (SIR, 58.8) and females (SIR, 38.1). All thyroid cancer cases had a common papillary histological subtype and a high rate of BRAFV600E mutation. Melanoma was the primary cause of death in the vast majority of patients. Methods: We used the cancer registry from the Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich (CCCZ) and retrospectively analyzed patients with CM and APT between 2008 and 2018. We calculated the risk of APT compared to the swiss german population using the standardized incidence ratio (SIR). Conclusions: Patients with CM have an increased risk for hematologic and solid APT. Long-term follow-up is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentia Dimitriou
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joanna Mangana
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Curioni-Fontecedro
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Division of Oncology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Rechsteiner
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Turko
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ralph P Braun
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Dummer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Phil F Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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9
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Liu Y, Cui S, Li W, Zhao Y, Yan X, Xu J. PAX3 is a biomarker and prognostic factor in melanoma: Database mining. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:4985-4993. [PMID: 31186709 PMCID: PMC6507366 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Paired box 3 (PAX3) is a transcription factor and critical regulator of pigment cell development during embryonic development. However, while there have been several studies on PAX3, its expression patterns and precise role remain to be clarified. The present study is an in-depth computational study of tumor-associated gene information, with specific emphasis on the expression of PAX3 in melanoma, using Oncomine along with an investigation of corresponding expression profiles in an array of cancer cell lines through Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia analysis. Based on Kaplan-Meier analysis, the prognostic value of high PAX3 expression in tissues from patients with melanoma compared with normal tissues was assessed. PAX3 was more highly expressed in male patients with melanoma compared with female patients with melanoma. Using Oncomine and Coexpedia analysis, it was demonstrated that PAX3 expression was clearly associated with SRY-box 10 expression. The survival analysis results revealed that high PAX3 mRNA expression was associated with worse survival rates in patients with melanoma. These results suggested that PAX3 may be a biomarker and essential prognostic factor for melanoma, and provided an important theoretical basis for the development of melanoma treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, P.R. China
| | - Shengnan Cui
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712046, P.R. China
| | - Wenbin Li
- Department of Dermatology, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, P.R. China
| | - Yiding Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoning Yan
- Department of Dermatology, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, P.R. China
| | - Jianqin Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, P.R. China
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10
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Abstract
The Ultraviolet (UV) radiation contained in sunlight is a powerful mutagen and immune suppressant which partly explains why exposure to solar UV is the biggest risk factor for the development of cutaneous tumours. Evidence is building that sunlight may be protective against some internal malignancies. Because patients with these tumours are often vitamin D deficient, this has led some to propose that vitamin D supplementation will be beneficial in the treatment of these cancers. However, the results from already completed trials have been disappointing which has given weight to the argument that there must be something else about sunlight that explains its cancer-protecting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline E Marshall
- Cellular Photoimmunology Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School at the Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia.
| | - Scott N Byrne
- Cellular Photoimmunology Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School at the Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia.
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11
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Cole-Clark D, Nair-Shalliker V, Bang A, Rasiah K, Chalasani V, Smith DP. An initial melanoma diagnosis may increase the subsequent risk of prostate cancer: Results from the New South Wales Cancer Registry. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7167. [PMID: 29740153 PMCID: PMC5940665 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25408-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that a diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma (CM) may be associated with prostate cancer (PC) incidence. We examined if the incidence of CM was associated with an increased subsequent risk of PC. We used data from the New South Wales Cancer Registry for all CM and PC cases diagnosed between January 1972 and December 2008. We calculated the age standardized incidence ratio (SIR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for PC incidence following a CM diagnosis, applying age- and calendar- specific rates to the appropriate person years at risk. We determined rate ratio (RR) and 95% CI of PC incidence according to specified socio-demographic categories and disease related characteristics, using a negative binomial model. There were 143,594 men diagnosed with PC or CM in the study period and of these 101,198 and 42,396 were diagnosed with PC and CM, respectively, as first primary cancers. Risk of PC incidence increased following CM diagnosis (n = 2,114; SIR = 1.25; 95% CI:1.20.8-1.31: p < 0.0001), with the increased risk apparent in men diagnosed with localised CM (n = 1,862;SIR = 1.26; 95% CI:1.20-1.32). CM diagnosis increased the subsequent risk of PC incidence. This raises the potential for future PC risk to be discussed with newly diagnosed males with CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Cole-Clark
- Department of Surgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
| | - V Nair-Shalliker
- Cancer Research Division, Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Sydney School of Public Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - A Bang
- Cancer Research Division, Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - K Rasiah
- Northern Sydney Local Health District, New South Wales, Australia
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & Kinghorn Cancer Centre, New South Wales, Australia
| | - V Chalasani
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & Kinghorn Cancer Centre, New South Wales, Australia
- Australian and New Zealand Urogenital and Prostate (ANZUP) Cancer Trials Group, Discipline of Surgery, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - D P Smith
- Cancer Research Division, Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney School of Public Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute, Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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12
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Nair-Shalliker V, Egger S, Chrzanowska A, Mason R, Waite L, Le Couteur D, Seibel MJ, Handelsman DJ, Cumming R, Smith DP, Armstrong BK. Associations between sun sensitive pigmentary genes and serum prostate specific antigen levels. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29518100 PMCID: PMC5843239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Melanoma and prostate cancer may share risk factors. This study examined the association between serum PSA levels, which is a risk factor for prostate cancer, and variants in some melanoma-associated pigmentary genes. Methods We studied participants, all aged 70+ years, in the Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project who had no history of prostatitis or received treatment for prostate disease (n = 1033). We genotyped variants in MC1R (rs1805007, rs1805008), ASIP (rs4911414, rs1015362), SLC45A2 (rs28777, rs16891982), IRF4 (rs12203592), TYRP1 (rs1408799), TYR (rs1126809, rs1042602), SLC24A2 (rs12896399), and OCA2 (rs7495174). Generalised linear dominant models with Poisson distribution, log link functions and robust variance estimators estimated adjusted percentage differences (%PSA) in mean serum PSA levels (ng/mL) between variant and wildtype (0%PSA = reference) genotypes, adjusting for age, body mass index, serum 25OHD levels and birth regions (Australia or New Zealand (ANZ), Europe or elsewhere). Results Serum PSA levels were strongly associated with advancing age and birth regions: mean PSA levels were lower in Europe-born (-29.7%) and elsewhere-born (-11.7%) men than ANZ-born men (reference). Lower %PSA was observed in men with variants in SLC45A2: rs28777 (-19.6;95%CI: -33.5, -2.7), rs16891982 (-17.3;95%CI:-30.4,-1.7) than in wildtype men (reference). There were significant interactions between birth regions and PSA levels in men with variants in MC1R (rs1805007; p-interaction = 0.0001) and ASIP (rs4911414; p-interaction = 0.007). For these genes %PSA was greater in ANZ-born men and lower in Europe- and elsewhere-born men with the variant than it was in wildtype men. In a post hoc analysis, serum testosterone levels were increased in men with MC1R rs1805007 and serum dihydrotestosterone in men with ASIP rs1015362. Conclusion Men with SNPs in SLC45A2, who have less sun sensitive skin, have lower PSA levels. Men with SNPs in MC1R and ASIP, who have more sun sensitive skin, and were born in ANZ, have higher PSA levels. Androgens may modify these apparent associations of pigmentary genes and sun exposure with PSA levels. Impact PSA levels and possibly prostate cancer risk may vary with sun sensitivity and sun exposure, the effects of which might be modified by androgen levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Visalini Nair-Shalliker
- Cancer Research Division, Cancer Council New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Sam Egger
- Cancer Research Division, Cancer Council New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Agata Chrzanowska
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rebecca Mason
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Louise Waite
- Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Hospital and The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Le Couteur
- Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Hospital and The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Markus J. Seibel
- Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Hospital and The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David J. Handelsman
- Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Hospital and The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert Cumming
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Hospital and The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David P. Smith
- Cancer Research Division, Cancer Council New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bruce K. Armstrong
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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13
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Leach DA, Powell SM, Bevan CL. WOMEN IN CANCER THEMATIC REVIEW: New roles for nuclear receptors in prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:T85-T108. [PMID: 27645052 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer has, for decades, been treated by inhibiting androgen signalling. This is effective in the majority of patients, but inevitably resistance develops and patients progress to life-threatening metastatic disease - hence the quest for new effective therapies for 'castrate-resistant' prostate cancer (CRPC). Studies into what pathways can drive tumour recurrence under these conditions has identified several other nuclear receptor signalling pathways as potential drivers or modulators of CRPC.The nuclear receptors constitute a large (48 members) superfamily of transcription factors sharing a common modular functional structure. Many of them are activated by the binding of small lipophilic molecules, making them potentially druggable. Even those for which no ligand exists or has yet been identified may be tractable to activity modulation by small molecules. Moreover, genomic studies have shown that in models of CRPC, other nuclear receptors can potentially drive similar transcriptional responses to the androgen receptor, while analysis of expression and sequencing databases shows disproportionately high mutation and copy number variation rates among the superfamily. Hence, the nuclear receptor superfamily is of intense interest in the drive to understand how prostate cancer recurs and how we may best treat such recurrent disease. This review aims to provide a snapshot of the current knowledge of the roles of different nuclear receptors in prostate cancer - a rapidly evolving field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien A Leach
- Division of CancerImperial Centre for Translational & Experimental Medicine, Imperial, College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Sue M Powell
- Division of CancerImperial Centre for Translational & Experimental Medicine, Imperial, College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Charlotte L Bevan
- Division of CancerImperial Centre for Translational & Experimental Medicine, Imperial, College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
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Peters CE, Demers PA, Kalia S, Hystad P, Villeneuve PJ, Nicol AM, Kreiger N, Koehoorn MW. Occupational exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation and the risk of prostate cancer. Occup Environ Med 2016; 73:742-748. [PMID: 27466617 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2016-103567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Preventable risk factors for prostate cancer are poorly understood; sun exposure is a possible protective factor. The goal of this study was to investigate prostate cancer risk in outdoor workers, a population with high sun exposure. METHODS Prostate cancer cases and controls from a large study (conducted between 1994 and 1997) were used for this analysis. A job exposure matrix (JEM) was used to assign solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) at work as moderate (2 to <6 hours outside/day) or high (≥6 hours). Average daily satellite UV-B measures were linked to the latitude/longitude of the residences of each participant. Several other exposure metrics were also examined, including ever/never exposed and standard erythemal dose by years (SED×years). Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between solar UVR exposure and the odds of prostate cancer. RESULTS A total of 1638 cases and 1697 controls were included. Men of Indian and Asian descent had reduced odds of prostate cancer (ORs 0.17 (0.08 to 0.35) and 0.25 (0.15 to 0.41), respectively) compared with Caucasian men, as did single men (OR 0.76 (0.58 to 0.98)) compared with married men. Overall, no statistically significant associations were observed between sun exposure and prostate cancer with 1 exception. In the satellite-enhanced JEM that considered exposure in high category jobs only, prostate cancer odds in the highest quartile of cumulative exposure was decreased compared with unexposed men (OR 0.68 (0.51 to 0.92)). CONCLUSIONS This study found limited evidence for an association with prostate cancer, with the exception of 1 statistically significant finding of a decreased risk among workers with the longest term and highest sun exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl E Peters
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul A Demers
- Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sunil Kalia
- Dermatology & Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Perry Hystad
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Paul J Villeneuve
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Nicol
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nancy Kreiger
- Department of Prevention and Cancer Control, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mieke W Koehoorn
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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15
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Parkin Kullmann JA, Hayes S, Wang MX, Pamphlett R. Designing an Internationally Accessible Web-Based Questionnaire to Discover Risk Factors for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Case-Control Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2015; 4:e96. [PMID: 26239255 PMCID: PMC4705359 DOI: 10.2196/resprot.4840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with a typical survival of three to five years. Epidemiological studies using paper-based questionnaires in individual countries or continents have failed to find widely accepted risk factors for the disease. The advantages of online versus paper-based questionnaires have been extensively reviewed, but few online epidemiological studies into human neurodegenerative diseases have so far been undertaken. Objective To design a Web-based questionnaire to identify environmental risk factors for ALS and enable international comparisons of these risk factors. Methods A Web-based epidemiological questionnaire for ALS has been developed based on experience gained from administering a previous continent-wide paper-based questionnaire for this disease. New and modified questions have been added from our previous paper-based questionnaire, from literature searches, and from validated ALS questionnaires supplied by other investigators. New criteria to allow the separation of familial and sporadic ALS cases have been included. The questionnaire addresses many risk factors that have already been proposed for ALS, as well as a number that have not yet been rigorously examined. To encourage participation, responses are collected anonymously and no personally identifiable information is requested. The survey is being translated into a number of languages which will allow many people around the world to read and answer it in their own language. Results After the questionnaire had been online for 4 months, it had 379 respondents compared to only 46 respondents for the same initial period using a paper-based questionnaire. The average age of the first 379 web questionnaire respondents was 54 years compared to the average age of 60 years for the first 379 paper questionnaire respondents. The questionnaire is soon to be promoted in a number of countries through ALS associations and disease registries. Conclusions Web-based questionnaires are a time- and resource-efficient method for performing large epidemiological studies of neurodegenerative diseases such as ALS. The ability to compare risk factors between different countries using the same analysis tool will be of particular value for finding robust risk factors that underlie ALS.
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16
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Lucas RM, Norval M, Neale RE, Young AR, de Gruijl FR, Takizawa Y, van der Leun JC. The consequences for human health of stratospheric ozone depletion in association with other environmental factors. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:53-87. [DOI: 10.1039/c4pp90033b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ozone depletion, climate and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. M. Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health
- The Australian National University
- Canberra 2601
- Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute
| | - M. Norval
- Biomedical Sciences
- University of Edinburgh Medical School
- Edinburgh EH8 9AG
- UK
| | - R. E. Neale
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute
- Brisbane 4029
- Australia
| | - A. R. Young
- King's College London (KCL)
- St John's Institute of Dermatology
- London SE1 9RT
- UK
| | - F. R. de Gruijl
- Department of Dermatology
- Leiden University Medical Centre
- NL-2300 RC Leiden
- The Netherlands
| | - Y. Takizawa
- Akita University Graduate School of Medicine
- Akita Prefecture
- Japan
- National Institute for Minamata Diseases
- Kumamoto Prefecture
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17
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Cuzick J, Thorat MA, Andriole G, Brawley OW, Brown PH, Culig Z, Eeles RA, Ford LG, Hamdy FC, Holmberg L, Ilic D, Key TJ, La Vecchia C, Lilja H, Marberger M, Meyskens FL, Minasian LM, Parker C, Parnes HL, Perner S, Rittenhouse H, Schalken J, Schmid HP, Schmitz-Dräger BJ, Schröder FH, Stenzl A, Tombal B, Wilt TJ, Wolk A. Prevention and early detection of prostate cancer. Lancet Oncol 2014; 15:e484-92. [PMID: 25281467 PMCID: PMC4203149 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(14)70211-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a common malignancy in men and the worldwide burden of this disease is rising. Lifestyle modifications such as smoking cessation, exercise, and weight control offer opportunities to reduce the risk of developing prostate cancer. Early detection of prostate cancer by prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening is controversial, but changes in the PSA threshold, frequency of screening, and the use of other biomarkers have the potential to minimise the overdiagnosis associated with PSA screening. Several new biomarkers for individuals with raised PSA concentrations or those diagnosed with prostate cancer are likely to identify individuals who can be spared aggressive treatment. Several pharmacological agents such as 5α-reductase inhibitors and aspirin could prevent development of prostate cancer. In this Review, we discuss the present evidence and research questions regarding prevention, early detection of prostate cancer, and management of men either at high risk of prostate cancer or diagnosed with low-grade prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Cuzick
- Centre for Cancer Prevention, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Mangesh A Thorat
- Centre for Cancer Prevention, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Gerald Andriole
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Otis W Brawley
- Office of the Chief Medical Officer, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Hematology and Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Powel H Brown
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zoran Culig
- Molecular Pathology, Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rosalind A Eeles
- Division of Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Academic Urology Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Leslie G Ford
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Lars Holmberg
- Medical School, King's College London, London, UK; Regional Cancer Center Uppsala Orebro and Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dragan Ilic
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Timothy J Key
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Carlo La Vecchia
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Hans Lilja
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Surgery (Urology), Laboratory Medicine, and Medicine (GU-Oncology), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, University Hospital UMAS, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Michael Marberger
- Department of Urology, Vienna University Medical School, Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank L Meyskens
- Biological Chemistry, Public Health, and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Lori M Minasian
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chris Parker
- Academic Urology Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Howard L Parnes
- Prostate and Urologic Cancer Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sven Perner
- Department of Prostate Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Jack Schalken
- Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Hans-Peter Schmid
- Department of Urology, Kantonsspital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | | | - Fritz H Schröder
- Erasmus University and Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Arnulf Stenzl
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Bertrand Tombal
- Department of Urology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Timothy J Wilt
- Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, and Section of General Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Alicja Wolk
- Division of Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Yu J, Lavoué J, Parent MÉ. Sunlight exposure during leisure activities and risk of prostate cancer in Montréal, Canada, 2005-2009. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:756. [PMID: 25065376 PMCID: PMC4122789 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer (PCa) is the leading cause of cancer in men in many developed countries, but no modifiable risk factors have been identified. A handful of analytical studies have suggested a possible etiological role for sunlight exposure. We report here on the association between leisure-time sunlight exposure during adulthood and PCa risk in the context of a population-based case–control study. Methods In all, 1,904 PCa cases were ascertained across Montreal French hospitals between 2005 and 2009. Concurrently, 1,962 population controls, frequency matched to cases by age (±5 years), were selected from the electoral list for French-speakers in Greater Montreal. Interviews elicited the frequency of engagement in any leisure activity during adulthood. This was used to derive cumulative sunlight exposure indices: a cumulative number of leisure activities events entailing sunlight exposure and a cumulative duration of sunlight exposure during leisure activities. Unconditional logistic regression was conducted to yield odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for estimating the association between sunlight exposure indices and PCa risk, adjusting for age, ancestry, family history of PCa, PCa screening, education, solar protection, body mass index and physical activity. Results Compared with men in the upper quartile category for the number of sunlight exposure events, men never exposed during leisure time had an OR of 1.32 (95% CI: 0.82-2.14). ORs were 1.11, 0.91 and 1.00 for the first to the third quartiles of exposure, respectively. Similar results were observed for cumulative duration of exposure to sunlight, and by PCa aggressiveness. Conclusion These findings provide little evidence of an association between sunlight exposure during leisure-time and PCa risk. Men with no sunlight exposure appeared at somewhat higher risks but none of the estimates achieved statistical significance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-756) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marie-Élise Parent
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada.
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Nair-Shalliker V, Dhillon V, Clements M, Armstrong BK, Fenech M. The association between personal sun exposure, serum vitamin D and global methylation in human lymphocytes in a population of healthy adults in South Australia. Mutat Res 2014; 765:6-10. [PMID: 24727138 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a positive association between solar UV exposure and micronucleus frequency in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and this association may be stronger when serum vitamin D (25(OH)D) levels are insufficient (<50 nmol/L). Micronucleus formation can result from global hypomethylation of DNA repeat sequences. The aim of this analysis was to evaluate the relationship between solar UV exposure and methylation pattern in LINE-1 repetitive elements in PBL DNA and to see if serum 25(OH)D levels modify it. METHOD Personal solar UV exposure was estimated from hours of outdoor exposure over 6 weeks recalled at the time of blood collection in 208 male and female participants living in South Australia. Methylation in LINE-1 repetitive elements was assessed in PBL using pyrosequencing. RESULTS Methylation in LINE-1 decreased with increasing solar UV exposure (% decrease = 0.5% per doubling of sUV; 95%CI: -0.7 to -0.2 p(value) = 0.00003). Although there was no correlation between LINE-1 methylation and micronucleus frequency, there was a 4.3% increase (95%CI: 0.6-8.1 p-value = 0.02) in nucleoplasmic bridges and a 4.3% increase in necrosis (CI: 1.9-6.8 p-value = 0.0005) for every 1% increase in LINE-1 methylation. Serum 25(OH)D was not associated with DNA methylation; or did it modify the association of solar UV with DNA methylation. CONCLUSION Exposure to solar UV radiation may reduce DNA methylation in circulating lymphocytes. This association does not appear to be influenced or mediated by vitamin D status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark Clements
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
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20
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Solomon JD, Heitzer MD, Liu TT, Beumer JH, Parise RA, Normolle DP, Leach DA, Buchanan G, DeFranco DB. VDR activity is differentially affected by Hic-5 in prostate cancer and stromal cells. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 12:1166-80. [PMID: 24825850 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Patients with prostate cancer treated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) eventually develop castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3/calcitriol) is a potential adjuvant therapy that confers antiproliferative and pro-differentiation effects in vitro, but has had mixed results in clinical trials. The impact of the tumor microenvironment on 1,25D3 therapy in patients with CRPC has not been assessed. Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), which is associated with the development of tumorigenic "reactive stroma" in prostate cancer, induced vitamin D3 receptor (VDR) expression in the human WPMY-1 prostate stromal cell line. Similarly, TGFβ enhanced 1,25D3-induced upregulation of CYP24A1, which metabolizes 1,25D3 and thereby limits VDR activity. Ablation of Hic-5, a TGFβ-inducible nuclear receptor coregulator, inhibited basal VDR expression, 1,25D3-induced CYP24A1 expression and metabolism of 1,25D3 and TGFβ-enhanced CYP24A1 expression. A Hic-5-responsive sequence was identified upstream (392-451 bp) of the CYP24A1 transcription start site that is occupied by VDR only in the presence of Hic-5. Ectopic expression of Hic-5 sensitized LNCaP prostate tumor cells to growth-inhibitory effects of 1,25D3 independent of CYP24A1. The sensitivity of Hic-5-expressing LNCaP cells to 1,25D3-induced growth inhibition was accentuated in coculture with Hic-5-ablated WPMY-1 cells. Therefore, these findings indicate that the search for mechanisms to sensitize prostate cancer cells to the antiproliferative effects of VDR ligands needs to account for the impact of VDR activity in the tumor microenvironment. IMPLICATIONS Hic-5 acts as a coregulator with distinct effects on VDR transactivation, in prostate cancer and stromal cells, and may exert diverse effects on adjuvant therapy designed to exploit VDR activity in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniel P Normolle
- Biostatistics Facility, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Damien A Leach
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Grant Buchanan
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Donald B DeFranco
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Developmental Biology and Pharmacology and Chemical Biology;
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Sutcliffe S, Colditz GA. Prostate cancer: is it time to expand the research focus to early-life exposures? Nat Rev Cancer 2013; 13:208-518. [PMID: 23363989 PMCID: PMC3962783 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although the contribution of lifestyle and environment (non-genetic factors) to prostate carcinogenesis is indicated by international variation in prostate cancer occurrence and migration studies, no conclusive modifiable risk factors have yet been identified. One possible reason for this may be the dearth of epidemiological research on exposures experienced early in life, when the immature prostate may be more susceptible to carcinogenic exposures. In this Opinion article, we summarize the rationale for studying early-life exposures, describe the small body of early-life research and its associated challenges, and point to solutions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan Sutcliffe
- The Division of Public Health Sciences and Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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van der Rhee H, Coebergh JW, de Vries E. Is prevention of cancer by sun exposure more than just the effect of vitamin D? A systematic review of epidemiological studies. Eur J Cancer 2012; 49:1422-36. [PMID: 23237739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 10/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The number of studies reporting on the association between sunlight exposure, vitamin D and cancer risk is steadily increasing. We reviewed all published case-control and cohort studies concerning colorectal-, prostate-, breast cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and both sunlight and vitamin D to update our previous review and to verify if the epidemiological evidence is in line with the hypothesis that the possible preventive effect of sunlight on cancer might be mediated not only by vitamin D but also by other pathways. We found that almost all epidemiological studies suggest that chronic (not intermittent) sun exposure is associated with a reduced risk of colorectal-, breast-, prostate cancer and NHL. In colorectal- and to a lesser degree in breast cancer vitamin D levels were found to be inversely associated with cancer risk. In prostate cancer and NHL, however, no associations were found. These findings are discussed and it is concluded that the evidence that sunlight is a protective factor for colorectal-, prostate-, breast cancer and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is still accumulating. The same conclusion can be drawn concerning high vitamin D levels and the risk of colorectal cancer and possibly breast cancer. Particularly in prostate cancer and NHL other sunlight potentiated and vitamin D independent pathways, such as modulation of the immune system and the circadian rhythm, and the degradation of folic acid might play a role in reduced cancer risk as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han van der Rhee
- Department of Dermatology, Hagaziekenhuis, P.O. Box 40551, Leyweg 275, 2504 LN Den Haag, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands.
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