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Ferraguti G, Terracina S, Tarani L, Fanfarillo F, Allushi S, Caronti B, Tirassa P, Polimeni A, Lucarelli M, Cavalcanti L, Greco A, Fiore M. Nerve Growth Factor and the Role of Inflammation in Tumor Development. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:965-989. [PMID: 38392180 PMCID: PMC10888178 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46020062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) plays a dual role both in inflammatory states and cancer, acting both as a pro-inflammatory and oncogenic factor and as an anti-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic mediator in a context-dependent way based on the signaling networks and its interaction with diverse cellular components within the microenvironment. This report aims to provide a summary and subsequent review of the literature on the role of NGF in regulating the inflammatory microenvironment and tumor cell growth, survival, and death. The role of NGF in inflammation and tumorigenesis as a component of the inflammatory system, its interaction with the various components of the respective microenvironments, its ability to cause epigenetic changes, and its role in the treatment of cancer have been highlighted in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampiero Ferraguti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Terracina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Tarani
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Fanfarillo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Allushi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Brunella Caronti
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University Hospital of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Tirassa
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC-CNR), Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Polimeni
- Department of Odontostomatological and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Lucarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Pasteur Institute, Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Cavalcanti
- Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Greco
- Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Fiore
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC-CNR), Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Choudhury H, Pandey M, Saravanan V, Mun ATY, Bhattamisra SK, Parikh A, Garg S, Gorain B. Recent progress of targeted nanocarriers in diagnostic, therapeutic, and theranostic applications in colorectal cancer. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 153:213556. [PMID: 37478770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Cancer at the lower end of the digestive tract, colorectal cancer (CRC), starts with asymptomatic polyps, which can be diagnosed as cancer at a later stage. It is the fourth leading cause of malignancy-associated mortality worldwide. Despite progress in conventional treatment strategies, the possibility to overcome the mortality and morbidity issues with the enhancement of the lifespan of CRC patients is limited. With the advent of nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems, a promising revolution has been made in diagnosis, treatment, and theranostic purposes for cancer management. Herein, we reviewed the progress of miniaturized nanocarriers, such as liposomes, niosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, micelles, and polymeric nanoparticles, employed in passive and active targeting and their role in theranostic applications in CRC. With this novel scope, the diagnosis and treatment of CRC have proceeded to the forefront of innovation, where specific characteristics of the nanocarriers, such as processability, flexibility in developing precise architecture, improved circulation, site-specific delivery, and rapid response, facilitate the management of cancer patients. Furthermore, surface-engineered technologies for the nanocarriers could involve receptor-mediated deliveries towards the overexpressed receptors on the CRC microenvironment. Moreover, the potential of clinical translation of these targeted miniaturized formulations as well as the possible limitations and barriers that could impact this translation into clinical practice were highlighted. The advancement of these newest developments in clinical research and progress into the commercialization stage gives hope for a better tomorrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hira Choudhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Manisha Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Vilashini Saravanan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Amanda Tan Yee Mun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Subrat Kumar Bhattamisra
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ankit Parikh
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation (CPI), Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Sanjay Garg
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation (CPI), Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Bapi Gorain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215, Jharkhand, India.
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Marvi MV, Neri I, Evangelisti C, Ramazzotti G, Asioli S, Zoli M, Mazzatenta D, Neri N, Morandi L, Tonon C, Lodi R, Franceschi E, McCubrey JA, Suh PG, Manzoli L, Ratti S. Phospholipases in Gliomas: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives from Bench to Bedside. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050798. [PMID: 37238668 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipases are essential intermediaries that work as hydrolyzing enzymes of phospholipids (PLs), which represent the most abundant species contributing to the biological membranes of nervous cells of the healthy human brain. They generate different lipid mediators, such as diacylglycerol, phosphatidic acid, lysophosphatidic acid, and arachidonic acid, representing key elements of intra- and inter-cellular signaling and being involved in the regulation of several cellular mechanisms that can promote tumor progression and aggressiveness. In this review, it is summarized the current knowledge about the role of phospholipases in brain tumor progression, focusing on low- and high-grade gliomas, representing promising prognostic or therapeutic targets in cancer therapies due to their influential roles in cell proliferation, migration, growth, and survival. A deeper understanding of the phospholipases-related signaling pathways could be necessary to pave the way for new targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vittoria Marvi
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Irene Neri
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Camilla Evangelisti
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Ramazzotti
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sofia Asioli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Programma Neurochirurgia Ipofisi-Pituitary Unit, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, 40124 Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Zoli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Programma Neurochirurgia Ipofisi-Pituitary Unit, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, 40124 Bologna, Italy
| | - Diego Mazzatenta
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Programma Neurochirurgia Ipofisi-Pituitary Unit, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, 40124 Bologna, Italy
| | - Niccolò Neri
- Programma Neurochirurgia Ipofisi-Pituitary Unit, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, 40124 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Morandi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Functional and Molecular Neuroimaging Unit, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy
| | - Caterina Tonon
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Functional and Molecular Neuroimaging Unit, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy
| | - Raffaele Lodi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Functional and Molecular Neuroimaging Unit, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy
| | - Enrico Franceschi
- Nervous System Medical Oncology Department, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy
| | - James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Pann-Ghill Suh
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Lucia Manzoli
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Ratti
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Marvi MV, Mongiorgi S, Ramazzotti G, Follo MY, Billi AM, Zoli M, Mazzatenta D, Morandi L, Asioli S, Papa V, McCubrey JA, Suh PG, Manzoli L, Cocco L, Ratti S. Role of PLCγ1 in the modulation of cell migration and cell invasion in glioblastoma. Adv Biol Regul 2022; 83:100838. [PMID: 34819252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2021.100838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipases C (PLCs) are a class of enzymes involved in several cell activities, such as cell cycle regulation, proliferation, differentiation and cytoskeletal dynamics. Among these enzymes, PLCγ1 is one of the most expressed PLCs in the brain, contributing to a complex network in the developing nervous system. Several studies have shown that PLCγ1 signaling imbalance is linked to several brain disorders, including glioblastoma, the most aggressive brain tumor in adults. Indeed, it has been demonstrated a link between PLCγ1 inhibition and the arrest of glioma cell motility of fetal rat brain aggregates and the impairment of cell invasion abilities following its down-regulation. This study aims to determine the pathological influence of PLCγ1 in glioblastoma, through a translational study which combines in silico data, data from glioblastoma patients' samples and data on engineered cell lines. We found out that PLCγ1 gene expression correlates with the pathological grade of gliomas, and it is higher in fifty patients' glioblastoma tissue samples compared to twenty healthy controls. Moreover, it was demonstrated that PLCγ1 silencing in U87-MG leads to a reduction in cell migration and invasion abilities. The opposite trend was observed following PLCγ1 overexpression, suggesting an interesting possible involvement of PLCγ1 in gliomas' aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vittoria Marvi
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Mongiorgi
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Ramazzotti
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matilde Y Follo
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Billi
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Zoli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Pituitary Unit, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Diego Mazzatenta
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Pituitary Unit, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Morandi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Functional and Molecular Neuroimaging Unit, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sofia Asioli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Pituitary Unit, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Anatomic Pathology Unit, Azienda USL di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Veronica Papa
- Department of Motor Sciences and Wellness (DiSMeB), Università Degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope,", 80133, Napoli, Italy
| | - James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Pann-Ghill Suh
- Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41062, South Korea; School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 689-798, South Korea
| | - Lucia Manzoli
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucio Cocco
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Ratti
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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5
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Lin X, Fang Y, Jin X, Zhang M, Shi K. Modulating Repolarization of Tumor-Associated Macrophages with Targeted Therapeutic Nanoparticles as a Potential Strategy for Cancer Therapy. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:5871-5896. [PMID: 35006894 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There are always some components in the tumor microenvironment (TME), such as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), that help tumor cells escape the body's immune surveillance. Therefore, this situation can lead to tumor growth, progression, and metastasis, resulting in low response rates for cancer therapy. Macrophages play an important role with strong plasticity and functional diversity. Facing different microenvironmental stimulations, macrophages undergo a dynamic change in phenotype and function into two major macrophage subpopulations, namely classical activation/inflammation (M1) and alternative activation/regeneration (M2) type. Through various signaling pathways, macrophages polarize into complex groups, which can perform different immune functions. In this review, we emphasize the use of nanopreparations for macrophage related immunotherapy based on the pathological knowledge of TAMs phenotype. These macrophages targeted nanoparticles re-edit and re-educate macrophages by attenuating M2 macrophages and reducing aggregation to the TME, thereby relieving or alleviating immunosuppression. Among them, we describe in detail the cellular mechanisms and regulators of several major signaling pathways involved in the plasticity and polarization functions of macrophages. The advantages and challenges of those nanotherapeutics for these pathways have been elucidated, providing the basis and insights for the diagnosis and treatment strategies of various diseases centered on macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 117004, P. R. China
| | - Yan Fang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 117004, P. R. China
| | - Xuechao Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 117004, P. R. China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 117004, P. R. China
| | - Kai Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, 300350 Tianjin, China
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Rusciano I, Marvi MV, Owusu Obeng E, Mongiorgi S, Ramazzotti G, Follo MY, Zoli M, Morandi L, Asioli S, Fabbri VP, McCubrey JA, Suh PG, Manzoli L, Cocco L, Ratti S. Location-dependent role of phospholipase C signaling in the brain: Physiology and pathology. Adv Biol Regul 2020; 79:100771. [PMID: 33303387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2020.100771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipases C (PI-PLCs) are a class of enzymes involved in the phosphatidylinositol metabolism, which is implicated in the activation of several signaling pathways and which controls several cellular processes. The scientific community has long accepted the existence of a nuclear phosphoinositide (PI) metabolism, independent from the cytoplasmic one, critical in nuclear function control. Indeed, nuclear PIs are involved in many activities, such as cell cycle regulation, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, membrane transport, gene expression and cytoskeletal dynamics. There are several types of PIs and enzymes implicated in brain activities and among these enzymes, PI-PLCs contribute to a specific and complex network in the developing nervous system. Moreover, considering the abundant presence of PI-PLCβ1, PI-PLCγ1 and PI-PLCβ4 in the brain, a specific role for each PLC subtype has been suggested in the control of neuronal activity, which is important for synapse function, development and other mechanisms. The focus of this review is to describe the latest research about the involvement of PI-PLC signaling in the nervous system, both physiologically and in pathological conditions. Indeed, PI-PLC signaling imbalance seems to be also linked to several brain disorders including epilepsy, movement and behavior disorders, neurodegenerative diseases and, in addition, some PI-PLC subtypes could become potential novel signature genes for high-grade gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Rusciano
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Marvi
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Eric Owusu Obeng
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Mongiorgi
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Ramazzotti
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matilde Y Follo
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Zoli
- Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypothalamic-Pituitary Diseases - Pituitary Unit, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna), Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Morandi
- Functional MR Unit, Bellaria Hospital, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40139, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sofia Asioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, U.O.C. Anatomia Patologica, AUSL, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Programma Neurochirurgia Ipofisi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Viscardo Paolo Fabbri
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Pann-Ghill Suh
- Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea; School of Life Sciences, UNIST, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Lucia Manzoli
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucio Cocco
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Ratti
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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Soubéran A, Tchoghandjian A. Practical Review on Preclinical Human 3D Glioblastoma Models: Advances and Challenges for Clinical Translation. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092347. [PMID: 32825103 PMCID: PMC7563542 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fifteen years after the establishment of the Stupp protocol as the standard of care to treat glioblastomas, no major clinical advances have been achieved and increasing patient’s overall survival remains a challenge. Nevertheless, crucial molecular and cellular findings revealed the intra-tumoral and inter-tumoral complexities of these incurable brain tumors, and the essential role played by cells of the microenvironment in the lack of treatment efficacy. Taking this knowledge into account, fulfilling gaps between preclinical models and clinical samples is necessary to improve the successful rate of clinical trials. Since the beginning of the characterization of brain tumors initiated by Bailey and Cushing in the 1920s, several glioblastoma models have been developed and improved. In this review, we focused on the most widely used 3D human glioblastoma models, including spheroids, tumorospheres, organotypic slices, explants, tumoroids and glioblastoma-derived from cerebral organoids. We discuss their history, development and especially their usefulness.
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Owusu Obeng E, Rusciano I, Marvi MV, Fazio A, Ratti S, Follo MY, Xian J, Manzoli L, Billi AM, Mongiorgi S, Ramazzotti G, Cocco L. Phosphoinositide-Dependent Signaling in Cancer: A Focus on Phospholipase C Isozymes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072581. [PMID: 32276377 PMCID: PMC7177890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositides (PI) form just a minor portion of the total phospholipid content in cells but are significantly involved in cancer development and progression. In several cancer types, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P3] and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2] play significant roles in regulating survival, proliferation, invasion, and growth of cancer cells. Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PLC) catalyze the generation of the essential second messengers diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate (InsP3) by hydrolyzing PtdIns(4,5)P2. DAG and InsP3 regulate Protein Kinase C (PKC) activation and the release of calcium ions (Ca2+) into the cytosol, respectively. This event leads to the control of several important biological processes implicated in cancer. PLCs have been extensively studied in cancer but their regulatory roles in the oncogenic process are not fully understood. This review aims to provide up-to-date knowledge on the involvement of PLCs in cancer. We focus specifically on PLCβ, PLCγ, PLCδ, and PLCε isoforms due to the numerous evidence of their involvement in various cancer types.
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Melnik D, Sahana J, Corydon TJ, Kopp S, Nassef MZ, Wehland M, Infanger M, Grimm D, Krüger M. Dexamethasone Inhibits Spheroid Formation of Thyroid Cancer Cells Exposed to Simulated Microgravity. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020367. [PMID: 32033410 PMCID: PMC7072698 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Detachment and the formation of spheroids under microgravity conditions can be observed with various types of intrinsically adherent human cells. In particular, for cancer cells this process mimics metastasis and may provide insights into cancer biology and progression that can be used to identify new drug/target combinations for future therapies. By using the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DEX), we were able to suppress spheroid formation in a culture of follicular thyroid cancer (FTC)-133 cells that were exposed to altered gravity conditions on a random positioning machine. DEX inhibited the growth of three-dimensional cell aggregates in a dose-dependent manner. In the first approach, we analyzed the expression of several factors that are known to be involved in key processes of cancer progression such as autocrine signaling, proliferation, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and anoikis. Wnt/β-catenin signaling and expression patterns of important genes in cancer cell growth and survival, which were further suggested to play a role in three-dimensional aggregation, such as NFKB2, VEGFA, CTGF, CAV1, BCL2(L1), or SNAI1, were clearly affected by DEX. Our data suggest the presence of a more complex regulation network of tumor spheroid formation involving additional signal pathways or individual key players that are also influenced by DEX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Melnik
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (D.M.); (S.K.); (M.Z.N.); (M.W.); (M.I.)
| | - Jayashree Sahana
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Hoegh-Guldbergsgade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (J.S.); (T.J.C.); (D.G.)
| | - Thomas J. Corydon
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Hoegh-Guldbergsgade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (J.S.); (T.J.C.); (D.G.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Sascha Kopp
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (D.M.); (S.K.); (M.Z.N.); (M.W.); (M.I.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Mohamed Zakaria Nassef
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (D.M.); (S.K.); (M.Z.N.); (M.W.); (M.I.)
| | - Markus Wehland
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (D.M.); (S.K.); (M.Z.N.); (M.W.); (M.I.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Infanger
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (D.M.); (S.K.); (M.Z.N.); (M.W.); (M.I.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Grimm
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Hoegh-Guldbergsgade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (J.S.); (T.J.C.); (D.G.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Pfälzer Platz, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (D.M.); (S.K.); (M.Z.N.); (M.W.); (M.I.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-391-6721-267
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Arthur DE, Uzairu A, Mamza P, Abechi SE, Shallangwa GA. Structure-based optimization of tyrosine kinase inhibitors: a molecular docking study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13721-018-0170-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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11
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Role of Microenvironment in Glioma Invasion: What We Learned from In Vitro Models. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010147. [PMID: 29300332 PMCID: PMC5796096 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The invasion properties of glioblastoma hamper a radical surgery and are responsible for its recurrence. Understanding the invasion mechanisms is thus critical to devise new therapeutic strategies. Therefore, the creation of in vitro models that enable these mechanisms to be studied represents a crucial step. Since in vitro models represent an over-simplification of the in vivo system, in these years it has been attempted to increase the level of complexity of in vitro assays to create models that could better mimic the behaviour of the cells in vivo. These levels of complexity involved: 1. The dimension of the system, moving from two-dimensional to three-dimensional models; 2. The use of microfluidic systems; 3. The use of mixed cultures of tumour cells and cells of the tumour micro-environment in order to mimic the complex cross-talk between tumour cells and their micro-environment; 4. And the source of cells used in an attempt to move from commercial lines to patient-based models. In this review, we will summarize the evidence obtained exploring these different levels of complexity and highlighting advantages and limitations of each system used.
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12
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Gencoglu MF, Barney LE, Hall CL, Brooks EA, Schwartz AD, Corbett DC, Stevens KR, Peyton SR. Comparative Study of Multicellular Tumor Spheroid Formation Methods and Implications for Drug Screening. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017. [PMID: 29527571 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Improved in vitro models are needed to better understand cancer progression and bridge the gap between in vitro proof-of-concept studies, in vivo validation, and clinical application. Multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS) are a popular method for three-dimensional (3D) cell culture, because they capture some aspects of the dimensionality, cell-cell contact, and cell-matrix interactions seen in vivo. Many approaches exist to create MCTS from cell lines, and they have been used to study tumor cell invasion, growth, and how cells respond to drugs in physiologically relevant 3D microenvironments. However, there are several discrepancies in the observations made of cell behaviors when comparing between MCTS formation methods. To resolve these inconsistencies, we created and compared the behavior of breast, prostate, and ovarian cancer cells across three MCTS formation methods: in polyNIPAAM gels, in microwells, or in suspension culture. These methods formed MCTS via proliferation from single cells or passive aggregation, and therefore showed differential reliance on genes important for cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions. We also found that the MCTS formation method dictated drug sensitivity, where MCTS formed over longer periods of time via clonal growth were more resistant to treatment. Toward clinical application, we compared an ovarian cancer cell line MCTS formed in polyNIPAAM with cells from patient-derived malignant ascites. The method that relied on clonal growth (PolyNIPAAM gel) was more time and cost intensive, but yielded MCTS that were uniformly spherical, and exhibited the most reproducible drug responses. Conversely, MCTS methods that relied on aggregation were faster, but yielded MCTS with grapelike, lobular structures. These three MCTS formation methods differed in culture time requirements and complexity, and had distinct drug response profiles, suggesting the choice of MCTS formation method should be carefully chosen based on the application required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria F Gencoglu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, N540 Life Sciences Laboratories, 240 Thatcher Road, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9364, United States
| | - Lauren E Barney
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, N540 Life Sciences Laboratories, 240 Thatcher Road, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9364, United States
| | - Christopher L Hall
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, N540 Life Sciences Laboratories, 240 Thatcher Road, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9364, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Brooks
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, N540 Life Sciences Laboratories, 240 Thatcher Road, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9364, United States
| | - Alyssa D Schwartz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, N540 Life Sciences Laboratories, 240 Thatcher Road, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9364, United States
| | - Daniel C Corbett
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-5061, United States
| | - Kelly R Stevens
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-5061, United States
| | - Shelly R Peyton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, N540 Life Sciences Laboratories, 240 Thatcher Road, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9364, United States
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Alshehri MM, Robbins SM, Senger DL. The Role of Neurotrophin Signaling in Gliomagenesis: A Focus on the p75 Neurotrophin Receptor (p75 NTR/CD271). VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2017; 104:367-404. [PMID: 28215302 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR, a.k.a. CD271), a transmembrane glycoprotein and a member of the tumor necrosis family (TNF) of receptors, was originally identified as a nerve growth factor receptor in the mid-1980s. While p75NTR is recognized to have important roles during neural development, its presence in both neural and nonneural tissues clearly supports the potential to mediate a broad range of functions depending on cellular context. Using an unbiased in vivo selection paradigm for genes underlying the invasive behavior of glioma, a critical characteristic that contributes to poor clinical outcome for glioma patients, we identified p75NTR as a central regulator of glioma invasion. Herein we review the expanding role that p75NTR plays in glioma progression with an emphasis on how p75NTR may contribute to the treatment refractory nature of glioma. Based on the observation that p75NTR is expressed and functional in two critical glioma disease reservoirs, namely, the highly infiltrative cells that evade surgical resection, and the radiation- and chemotherapy-resistant brain tumor-initiating cells (also referred to as brain tumor stem cells), we propose that p75NTR and its myriad of downstream signaling effectors represent rationale therapeutic targets for this devastating disease. Lastly, we provide the provocative hypothesis that, in addition to the well-documented cell autonomous signaling functions, the neurotrophins, and their respective receptors, contribute in a cell nonautonomous manner to drive the complex cellular and molecular composition of the brain tumor microenvironment, an environment that fuels tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Alshehri
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - S M Robbins
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - D L Senger
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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Areeb Z, Stylli SS, Ware TMB, Harris NC, Shukla L, Shayan R, Paradiso L, Li B, Morokoff AP, Kaye AH, Luwor RB. Inhibition of glioblastoma cell proliferation, migration and invasion by the proteasome antagonist carfilzomib. Med Oncol 2016; 33:53. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-016-0767-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Jeong W, Jung S, Bazer FW, Song G, Kim J. Epidermal growth factor: Porcine uterine luminal epithelial cell migratory signal during the peri-implantation period of pregnancy. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 420:66-74. [PMID: 26620571 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The majority of early conceptus mortality in pregnancy occurs during the peri-implantation period, suggesting that this period is important for conceptus viability and the establishment of pregnancy. Successful establishment of pregnancy in all mammalian species depends on the orchestrated molecular events that transpire at the conceptus-uterine interface during the peri-implantation period of pregnancy. This maternal-conceptus interaction is especially crucial in pigs because they have a non-invasive epitheliochorial placentation during a protracted peri-implantation period. During the pre-implantation period of pregnancy, conceptus survival and the establishment of pregnancy depend on the developing conceptus receiving an adequate supply of histotroph which contains a wide range of nutrients and growth factors. Evidence links epidermal growth factor (EGF) to embryogenesis or implantation in various mammalian species. EGF exhibits potential growth-promoting activities on the conceptus and endometrium; however, in the case of pigs, little is known its functions, especially their regulatory mechanisms at the maternal-conceptus interface. EGF receptor (EGFR) mRNA and protein are abundant in endometrial luminal (LE) and glandular (GE) epithelia and conceptus trophectoderm on Days 13-14 of pregnancy, suggesting that EGF provides an autocrine signal to uterine LE and GE just prior to implantation. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine: 1) the potential intracellular signaling pathways responsible for the activities of EGF in porcine uterine LE (pLE) cells; and 2) the changes in cellular activities induced by EGF. EGF treatment of pLE cells increased the abundance of phosphorylated (p)-ERK1/2, p-P70RSK and p-RPS6 compared to that for control cells. Furthermore, EGF-stimulated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 MAPK was inhibited in pLE cells transfected with an EGFR siRNA compared with control siRNA-transfected pLE cells. Moreover, EGF stimulated migration of pLE cells, but this stimulatory effect was blocked by U0126, a pharmacological inhibitor or ERK1/2 MAPK. Collectively, these results provide new insights into mechanisms whereby EGF regulates development of the peri-implantation uterine LE at the fetal-maternal interface. These results indicate that endometrial- and/or conceptus derived EGF effects migration of uterine LE and that those stimulatory effects are regulated via the ERK1/2 MAPK pathway during early pregnancy in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooyoung Jeong
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoungo Jung
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Center for Animal Biotechnology and Genomics and Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jinyoung Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Su YH, Ng KF, Yu MC, Wu TJ, Yeh TS, Lee WC, Lin YS, Hsieh TH, Lin CY, Yeh CT, Chen TC. Impact of epidermal growth factor receptor protein and gene alteration on Taiwanese hepatocellular carcinomas. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 30:1397-404. [PMID: 25765471 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpression is associated with disease progression and poor survival in a variety of solid tumors. The role of EGFR in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains controversial. METHODS One hundred thirty-eight HCCs were analyzed for total EGFR (t-EGFR) and phospho-EGFR (p-EGFR) expression and gene amplification using immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization. The role of EGFR was analyzed in relation to the clinicopathological features. RESULTS Weak to strong p-EGFR immunostaining was noted in 42 of the 138 HCCs. p-EGFR expression correlated with alcoholism (P = 0.03) and chronic hepatitis B infection (P = 0.041). There was no correlation between t-EGFR expression and any of the clinicopathological features. Amplification of the EGFR gene was not identified in the 138 HCCs, but 39.1% of the HCCs showed balanced polysomy of both the EGFR gene and centromere 7. Moreover, 65 tumors showed > 2.2 copies per tumor cell. EGFR copy number gain (CNG) was significantly correlated with gender (P = 0.0491), tumor grade (P = 0.006), and vascular invasion (P = 0.005). HCCs with EGFR CNG also had a poor recurrence-free survival (RFS), as compared with HCCs without EGFR CNG (P = 0.031). When exploring the impact of gender, a significant association of EGFR CNG was found with tumor grade (P = 0.044) and cirrhosis (P = 0.015) exclusively in the male group only; however, the OS and RFS analysis show no significant difference between male and female groups. CONCLUSIONS EGFR CNG was related to crucial clinicopathological features and early recurrence, indicating that EGFR CNG might be a poor prognosis factor for Taiwanese HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hung Su
- Cancer Diagnostic Laboratory, Lin-Kou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Kwai-Fong Ng
- Department of Pathology, Lin-Kou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chin Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Lin-Kou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Jung Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Lin-Kou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Sen Yeh
- Department of General Surgery, Lin-Kou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chen Lee
- Department of General Surgery, Lin-Kou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Yong-Shiang Lin
- Department of Pathology, Lin-Kou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Han Hsieh
- Department of Biobank, Lin-Kou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yen Lin
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Lin-Kou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Ting Yeh
- Liver Research Center, Lin-Kou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Ching Chen
- Cancer Diagnostic Laboratory, Lin-Kou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Lin-Kou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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Chrastina J, Novak Z, Brazdil M, Hermanova M. Glioblastoma Multiforme in a Patient with Isolated Hemimegalencephaly. J Neurol Surg Rep 2015; 76:e160-3. [PMID: 26251796 PMCID: PMC4520982 DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1554929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an exceptional case of a patient with hemimegalencephaly and secondary intractable epilepsy treated with vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) and subsequent glioblastoma development in the hemimegalencephalic hemisphere 6 years after surgery. VNS (at age 18 years) led to a 60% reduction of intractable seizures. However, symptoms of intracranial hypertension suddenly occurred 6 years after surgery. A computed tomography scan revealed a brain tumor in the hemimegalencephalic hemisphere. Pathologic examination confirmed glioblastoma multiforme. The genetic background of hemimegalencephaly is discussed here, with attention paid to the available data about the malignant transformation of malformations of cortical development (MCDs). The case points to the need for adequate clinical and radiologic follow-up care for patients with MCDs including hemimegalencephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Chrastina
- Department of Neurosurgery MF MU, Faculty Hospital St. Ann's, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Novak
- Department of Neurosurgery MF MU, Faculty Hospital St. Ann's, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Brazdil
- Department of Neurosurgery MF MU, Faculty Hospital St. Ann's, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Hermanova
- Department of Pathological Anatomy MF MU, Faculty Hospital St. Ann's, Brno, Czech Republic
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18
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Sobotič B, Vizovišek M, Vidmar R, Van Damme P, Gocheva V, Joyce JA, Gevaert K, Turk V, Turk B, Fonović M. Proteomic Identification of Cysteine Cathepsin Substrates Shed from the Surface of Cancer Cells. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:2213-28. [PMID: 26081835 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.044628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular cysteine cathepsins are known to drive cancer progression, but besides degradation of extracellular matrix proteins little is known about their physiological substrates and thus the molecular mechanisms they deploy. One of the major mechanisms used by other extracellular proteases to facilitate cancer progression is proteolytic release of the extracellular domains of transmembrane proteins or ectodomain shedding. Here we show using a mass spectrometry-based approach that cathepsins L and S act as sheddases and cleave extracellular domains of CAM adhesion proteins and transmembrane receptors from the surface of cancer cells. In cathepsin S-deficient mouse pancreatic cancers, processing of these cathepsin substrates is highly reduced, pointing to an essential role of cathepsins in extracellular shedding. In addition to influencing cell migration and invasion, shedding of surface proteins by extracellular cathepsins impacts intracellular signaling as demonstrated for regulation of Ras GTPase activity, thereby providing a putative mechanistic link between extracellular cathepsin activity and cancer progression. The MS data is available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD002192.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Sobotič
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; §International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Vizovišek
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; §International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Vidmar
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; §International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Petra Van Damme
- ¶Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; ‖Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vasilena Gocheva
- **Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Johanna A Joyce
- **Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Kris Gevaert
- ¶Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; ‖Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vito Turk
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; §International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; ‡‡Centre of Excellence for Integrated Approaches in Chemistry and Biology of Proteins, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boris Turk
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; ‡‡Centre of Excellence for Integrated Approaches in Chemistry and Biology of Proteins, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; §§Center of Excellence NIN, Ljubljana, Slovenia; ¶¶Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Fonović
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; ‡‡Centre of Excellence for Integrated Approaches in Chemistry and Biology of Proteins, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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Bhat SS, Anand D, Khanday FA. p66Shc as a switch in bringing about contrasting responses in cell growth: implications on cell proliferation and apoptosis. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:76. [PMID: 25890053 PMCID: PMC4421994 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0354-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
p66Shc, a member of the ShcA (Src homologous- collagen homologue) adaptor protein family, is one of the three isoforms of this family along with p46Shc and p52Shc. p66Shc, a 66 kDa protein is different from the other isoforms of the ShcA family. p66Shc is the longest isoform of the ShcA family. p66Shc has an additional CH domain at the N-terminal, called the CH2 domain, which is not not present in the other isoforms. This CH2 domain contains a very crucial S36 residue which is phosphorylated in response to oxidative stress and plays a role in apoptosis. Whereas p52Shc and p46Shc are ubiquitously expressed, p66Shc shows constrained expression. This adaptor protein has been shown to be involved in mediating and executing the post effects of oxidative stress and increasing body of evidence is pinpointing to its role in carcinogenesis as well. It shows proto-oncogenic as well as pro-apoptotic properties. This multitasking protein is involved in regulating different networks of cell signaling. On one hand it shows an increased expression profile in different cancers, has a positive role in cell proliferation and migration, whereas on the other hand it promotes apoptosis under oxidative stress conditions by acting as a sensor of ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species). This paradoxical role of p66Shc could be attributed to its involvement in ROS production, as ROS is known to both induce cell proliferation as well as apoptosis. p66Shc by regulating intracellular ROS levels plays a crucial role in regulating longevity and cell senescence. These multi-faceted properties of p66Shc make it a perfect candidate protein for further studies in various cancers and aging related diseases. p66Shc can be targeted in terms of it being used as a possible therapeutic target in various diseases. This review focuses on p66Shc and highlights its role in promoting apoptosis via different cell signaling networks, its role in cell proliferation, along with its presence and role in different forms of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar S Bhat
- Department Of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, Kashmir, India.
| | - Deepak Anand
- Department of Life Sciences, King Fahad University of Petroleum and Minerals, Bld: 7, Room: 129, Dhahran, 31261, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Firdous A Khanday
- Department of Life Sciences, King Fahad University of Petroleum and Minerals, Bld: 7, Room: 129, Dhahran, 31261, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Risk/benefit profile of panitumumab-based therapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: evidence from five randomized controlled trials. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:10409-18. [PMID: 25053599 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2354-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the risk and benefit profiles of panitumumab-based therapy (PBT) in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Relevant randomized controlled trials were identified by searching PubMed, Medline, EMBASE and Cochrane Library. Data on progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), all grade and severe (grade ≥3) adverse events were extracted and pooled to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and risk ratios (RRs) with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). Number needed to treat (NNT) for PFS and number needed to harm (NNH) for significantly changed toxicities were calculated. A total of 4,155 patients were included in the analysis. PBT significantly improved PFS (HRrandom = 0.66, 95 % CI = 0.45-0.95) but not OS (HRfixed = 0.93, 95 % CI = 0.83-1.04) when used in the subsequent-line setting. The effect on PFS was more evident in patients with wild-type KRAS (HRrandom = 0.64, 95 % CI = 0.47-0.87) and the NNT for PFS is 11 to 23at 1 year. PBT did not benefit patients when used in the first-line setting. In addition, PBT significantly increased the risk of skin toxicity, infections, diarrhea, dehydration, mucositis, hypokalemia, fatigue, hypomagnesemia, pulmonary embolism and paronychia. The NNHs for skin toxicity, diarrhea, infection, hypokalemia and mucositis are less than 23. In conclusion, when used in the subsequent-line setting, PBT can improve the disease progression, especially in mCRC patients with wild-type KRAS. Regarding the adverse events associated with the PBT, close monitoring and necessary preparations are recommended during the therapy.
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Jensen SS, Aaberg-Jessen C, Andersen C, Schrøder HD, Kristensen BW. Glioma spheroids obtained via ultrasonic aspiration are viable and express stem cell markers: a new tissue resource for glioma research. Neurosurgery 2014; 73:868-86; discussion 886. [PMID: 23887192 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000000118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultrasonic aspirators allow safe, rapid, and accurate removal of brain tumors. However, the tissue fragments removed are used surprisingly little in research. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether such tissue fragments could be cultured as organotypic multicellular spheroids because access to biopsy tissue is often limited. METHODS Tissue fragments obtained by ultrasonic aspiration from 10 glioblastomas and tumor biopsy tissue from 7 of these tumors were cultured in serum-containing and serum-free medium. On culturing, the fragments formed spheroids, which were prepared for histology. Two glioblastoma cell lines from ultrasonic fragments and biopsy tissue were established as well. RESULTS Hematoxylin and eosin staining showed viable glioma spheroids obtained from both ultrasonic and biopsy tissue in both types of medium. Endothelial growth factor receptor and PTEN/chromosome 10 status was found to be preserved in most spheroids (7-8 of 10 tumors), together with the level of glial fibrillary acidic protein, von Willebrand factor, and Ki-67. The levels of stem cell markers CD133, Bmi-1, nestin, and Sox2 also were preserved. The ultrasonic spheroids had higher levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein and von Willebrand factor and lower levels of Bmi-1, nestin, Sox2, and Olig2 compared with conventional biopsy spheroids. For both types of spheroids, the stem cell medium seemed to favor expression of stem cell markers. The established cell lines were capable of both spheroid formation at clonal density and tumor formation in vivo. CONCLUSION Viable organotypic and proliferating spheroids were easily obtained from ultrasonic tissue fragments. The preservation of markers and the establishment of cell lines with tumor-initiating cell properties suggest ultrasonic spheroids as a new tissue resource for glioma research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Skov Jensen
- *Department of Pathology and ‡Department of Neurosurgery, Odense University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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22
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Wan Y, Tamuly D, Allen PB, Kim YT, Bachoo R, Ellington AD, Iqbal SM. Proliferation and migration of tumor cells in tapered channels. Biomed Microdevices 2014; 15:635-643. [PMID: 23104156 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-012-9721-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells depict two deviant tendencies; over-proliferation and vigorous migration. A tapered channel device is designed and fabricated for in vitro studies. We report inhibited proliferation and migration of human glioblastoma (hGBM) cells when exposed to an aptamer that is known to bind epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR). The device is integrated with controlled ambient and microscope for providing real-time and quantitative characterization of the tumor cell behavior. The results show that hGBM cells loose proliferation and motility when exposed to the anti-EGFR aptamer. The aptamer directly inhibits and blocks EGF-induced EGFR phosphorylation. This also reduces the ability of cells to remodel their internal structure for invasion through narrow constrictions. This provides a framework for possible studies on efficacy of other inhibiting molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wan
- Nano-Bio Lab, University of Texas at Arlington, 500 S. Cooper St, M.S. 19072, Room #217, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA.,Nanotechnology Research and Education Center, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA.,Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, SA, 5095, Australia
| | - Deepika Tamuly
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
| | - Peter B Allen
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Young-Tae Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA.,Nanotechnology Research and Education Center, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
| | - Robert Bachoo
- Annette G. Strauss Center for Neuro-Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Andrew D Ellington
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Samir M Iqbal
- Nano-Bio Lab, University of Texas at Arlington, 500 S. Cooper St, M.S. 19072, Room #217, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA. .,Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA. .,Nanotechnology Research and Education Center, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA. .,Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA. .,Joint Graduate Committee of Bioengineering Program, University of Texas at Arlington and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA.
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Patel S, Ngounou Wetie AG, Darie CC, Clarkson BD. Cancer secretomes and their place in supplementing other hallmarks of cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 806:409-42. [PMID: 24952195 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-06068-2_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The secretome includes all macromolecules secreted by cells, in particular conditions at defined times, allowing cell-cell communication. Cancer cell secretomes that are altered compared to normal cells have shown significant potential for elucidating cancer biology. Proteins of secretomes are secreted by various secretory pathways and can be studied using different methods. Cancer secretomes seem to play an important role in known hallmarks of cancers such as excessive proliferation, reduced apoptosis, immune invasion, angioneogenesis, alteration in energy metabolism, and development of resistance against anti-cancer therapy [1, 2]. If a significant role of an altered secretome can be identified in cancer cells, using advanced mass spectrometry-based techniques, this may allow researchers to screen and characterize the secretome proteins involved in cancer progression and open up new opportunities to develop new therapies. We aim to elaborate upon recent advances in cancer cell secretome analysis using different proteomics techniques. In this review, we highlight the role of the altered secretome in contributing to already recognized and emerging hallmarks of cancer and we discuss new challenges in the field of secretome analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapan Patel
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, 415 East 68th Street, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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24
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Khong TL, Thairu N, Larsen H, Dawson PM, Kiriakidis S, Paleolog EM. Identification of the angiogenic gene signature induced by EGF and hypoxia in colorectal cancer. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:518. [PMID: 24180698 PMCID: PMC4228238 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is characterised by hypoxia, which activates gene transcription through hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF), as well as by expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and EGF receptors, targeting of which has been demonstrated to provide therapeutic benefit in CRC. Although EGF has been demonstrated to induce expression of angiogenic mediators, potential interactions in CRC between EGF-mediated signalling and the hypoxia/HIF pathway remain uncharacterised. METHODS PCR-based profiling was applied to identify angiogenic genes in Caco-2 CRC cells regulated by hypoxia, the hypoxia mimetic dimethyloxallylglycine (DMOG) and/or EGF. Western blotting was used to determine the role of HIF-1alpha, HIF-2alpha and MAPK cell signalling in mediating the angiogenic responses. RESULTS We identified a total of 9 angiogenic genes, including angiopoietin-like (ANGPTL) 4, ephrin (EFNA) 3, transforming growth factor (TGF) β1 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), to be upregulated in a HIF dependent manner in Caco-2 CRC cells in response to both hypoxia and the hypoxia mimetic dimethyloxallylglycine (DMOG). Stimulation with EGF resulted in EGFR tyrosine autophosphorylation, activation of p42/p44 MAP kinases and stabilisation of HIF-1α and HIF-2α proteins. However, expression of 84 angiogenic genes remained unchanged in response to EGF alone. Crucially, addition of DMOG in combination with EGF significantly increased expression of a further 11 genes (in addition to the 9 genes upregulated in response to either DMOG alone or hypoxia alone). These additional genes included chemokines (CCL-11/eotaxin-1 and interleukin-8), collagen type IV α3 chain, integrin β3 chain, TGFα and VEGF receptor KDR. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that although EGFR phosphorylation activates the MAP kinase signalling and promotes HIF stabilisation in CRC, this alone is not sufficient to induce angiogenic gene expression. In contrast, HIF activation downstream of hypoxia/DMOG drives expression of genes such as ANGPTL4, EFNA3, TGFβ1 and VEGF. Finally, HIF activation synergises with EGF-mediated signalling to additionally induce a unique sub-group of candidate angiogenic genes. Our data highlight the complex interrelationship between tumour hypoxia, EGF and angiogenesis in the pathogenesis of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ewa M Paleolog
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK.
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25
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Jackson C, Ruzevick J, Brem H, Lim M. Vaccine strategies for glioblastoma: progress and future directions. Immunotherapy 2013; 5:155-67. [PMID: 23413907 DOI: 10.2217/imt.12.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in glioblastoma therapy have led to optimism that more effective therapies will improve outcomes. Immunotherapy is a promising approach that has demonstrated the potential to eradicate cancer cells with cellular-level accuracy while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue. Several vaccination strategies have been evaluated for activity against glioblastoma in clinical trials. These include peptide vaccines, polyvalent dendritic cell vaccines, heat shock protein vaccines and adoptive immunotherapy. In this review, we highlight clinical trials representative of each of these approaches and discuss strategies for integrating these therapies into routine patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Jackson
- The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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26
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Colon Cancer Liver Metastasis: Addition of Antiangiogenesis or EGFR Inhibitors to Chemotherapy. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11888-012-0148-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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27
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Del Vecchio CA, Li G, Wong AJ. Targeting EGF receptor variant III: tumor-specific peptide vaccination for malignant gliomas. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012; 11:133-44. [PMID: 22309662 DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and deadly of the human brain cancers. The EGF receptor is often amplified in GBM and provides a potential therapeutic target. However, targeting the normal receptor is complicated by its nearly ubiquitous and high level of expression in certain tissues. A naturally occurring deletion mutant of the EGF receptor, EGFRvIII, is a constitutively active variant originally identified in a high percentage of brain cancer cases, and more importantly is rarely found in normal tissue. A peptide vaccine, rindopepimut (CDX-110, Celldex Therapeutics), is directed against the novel exon 1-8 junction produced by the EGFRvIII deletion, and it has shown high efficacy in preclinical models. Recent Phase II clinical trials in patients with newly diagnosed GBM have shown EGFRvIII-specific immune responses and significantly increased time to progression and overall survival in those receiving vaccine therapy, as compared with published results for standard of care. Rindopepimut therefore represents a very promising therapy for patients with GBM.
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Abstract
Glial tumors have demonstrated abilities to sustain growth via recruitment of glial progenitor cells (GPCs), which is believed to be driven by chemotactic cues. Previous studies have illustrated that mouse GPCs of different genetic backgrounds are able to replicate the dispersion pattern seen in the human disease. How GPCs with genetic backgrounds transformed by tumor paracrine signaling respond to extracellular cues via migration is largely unexplored, and remains a limiting factor in utilizing GPCs as therapeutic targets. In this study, we utilized a microfluidic device to examine the chemotaxis of three genetically-altered mouse GPC populations towards tumor conditioned media, as well as towards three growth factors known to initiate the chemotaxis of cells excised from glial tumors: Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF), Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-BB (PDGF-BB), and Transforming Growth Factor-α (TGF-α). Our results illustrate that GPC types studied exhibited chemoattraction and chemorepulsion by different concentrations of the same ligand, as well as enhanced migration in the presence of ultra-low ligand concentrations within environments of high concentration gradient. These findings contribute towards our understanding of the causative and supportive roles that GPCs play in tumor growth and reoccurrence, and also point to GPCs as potential therapeutic targets for glioma treatment.
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29
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Hotta K, Kiura K. Safety profiles of erlotinib therapy in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2012; 11:991-7. [PMID: 21806322 DOI: 10.1586/era.11.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Erlotinib is an orally available, small-molecule EGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. It has shown promising activity in chemotherapy-relapsed patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer and is now approved in many countries. To date, there have been a number of clinical studies of erlotinib therapy demonstrating its safety as well as its efficacy. This article summarizes clinical study results in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer, so that we can comprehensively understand the toxicities expected with erlotinib in non-small-cell lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyuki Hotta
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
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Natalicchio A, Tortosa F, Perrini S, Laviola L, Giorgino F. p66Shc, a multifaceted protein linking Erk signalling, glucose metabolism, and oxidative stress. Arch Physiol Biochem 2011; 117:116-24. [PMID: 21506908 DOI: 10.3109/13813455.2011.562513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
p66Shc, a 66 kDa proto-oncogene Src collagen homologue (Shc) adaptor protein, is classically known as a signalling protein implicated in receptor tyrosine kinase signal transduction. The p66Shc isoform exerts a physiologically relevant, inhibitory signalling effect on the Erk pathway in skeletal muscle myoblasts, which is necessary for actin cytoskeleton polymerization and normal glucose transport responses. More recently, p66Shc has been also identified as a sensor of oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and as a longevity protein in mammals, actions which require Ser36 phosphorylation of the protein and consequent accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species. Oxidative stress plays a key role in dysfunction of several organs and tissues, and this is of interest in metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes. Thus changes in p66Shc expression and/or function may play an important role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and potentially serve as an effective target for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Natalicchio
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
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31
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Cuevas P, Carceller F, Angulo J, González-Corrochano R, Cuevas-Bourdier A, Giménez-Gallego G. Antiglioma effects of a new, low molecular mass, inhibitor of fibroblast growth factor. Neurosci Lett 2011; 491:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Ho-Pun-Cheung A, Assenat E, Bascoul-Mollevi C, Bibeau F, Boissière-Michot F, Cellier D, Azria D, Rouanet P, Senesse P, Ychou M, Lopez-Crapez E. EGFR and HER3 mRNA expression levels predict distant metastases in locally advanced rectal cancer. Int J Cancer 2010; 128:2938-46. [PMID: 20824716 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the HER signaling pathways plays a critical role in the invasive and metastatic potential of tumors. The aim of this study was to address whether, in rectal cancer, alterations of these pathways could have a value as prognostic factors to be used to identify patients who are at risk of distant metastases. Therefore, the mRNA expression of the four members of the HER family as well as the frequency of PTEN allelic loss and KRAS/BRAF mutations were determined in pretreatment biopsies from a series of 100 locally advanced rectal cancers and then their ability to predict distant metastases was evaluated. Over-expression of EGFR (p = 0.021), HER2 (p = 0.011) and HER3 (p = 0.020) was significantly associated with worse metastasis-free survival in univariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, both over-expression of EGFR (p = 0.028) and HER3 (p = 0.011) remained independent prognostic factors for distant metastasis. In conclusion, quantification of EGFR and HER3 mRNA expression in pretreatment biopsies may be useful to identify patients who are at risk of developing metastases.
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33
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Christensen K, Aaberg-Jessen C, Andersen C, Goplen D, Bjerkvig R, Kristensen BW. Immunohistochemical expression of stem cell, endothelial cell, and chemosensitivity markers in primary glioma spheroids cultured in serum-containing and serum-free medium. Neurosurgery 2010; 66:933-47. [PMID: 20404698 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000368393.45935.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of serum-free medium (SFM) supplemented with epidermal growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor compared with conventional serum-containing medium (SCM) on the phenotype of organotypic primary spheroids from seven gliomas. METHODS Paraffin sections of the original surgical specimens, primary glioma spheroids, and U87 derived spheroids were stained immunohistochemically with the stem cell markers CD133, podoplanin, Sox2, Bmi-1, and nestin; the endothelial cell markers CD31, CD34, and Von Willebrand Factor (VWF); the chemosensitivity markers P-glycoprotein and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1); and glial fibrillary acidic protein, neural cell adhesion molecule CD56, and the proliferation marker Ki67. RESULTS Scoring of the immunohistochemical stainings showed that the expression of CD133 and all other markers included was preserved in primary spheroids, confirming the in vivo-like nature of these spheroids. Spheroids in SFM better mimicked the in vivo phenotype with significantly more CD133, CD34, VWF, P-glycoprotein, TIMP-1, and Ki67 compared with SCM. CONCLUSION In this first study of the influence of SFM on primary glioma spheroids, the conditions favored an in vivo-like phenotype with increased expression of CD133. More vascular structures were found in SFM, suggesting that the close relationship between blood vessels and tumor stem-like cells was better preserved in this medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Christensen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
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A Retrospective, Multicenter Study of the Tolerance of Induction Chemotherapy With Docetaxel, Cisplatin, and 5-Fluorouracil Followed by Radiotherapy With Concomitant Cetuximab in 46 Cases of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010; 77:430-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 04/26/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Rajendran M, Thomes P, Zhang L, Veeramani S, Lin MF. p66Shc--a longevity redox protein in human prostate cancer progression and metastasis : p66Shc in cancer progression and metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2010; 29:207-22. [PMID: 20111892 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-010-9213-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
p66Shc, a 66 kDa proto-oncogene Src homologous-collagen homologue (Shc) adaptor protein, is classically known in mediating receptor tyrosine kinase signaling and recently identified as a sensor to oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and as a longevity protein in mammals. The expression of p66Shc is decreased in mice and increased in human fibroblasts upon aging and in aging-related diseases, including prostate cancer. p66Shc protein level correlates with the proliferation of several carcinoma cells and can be regulated by steroid hormones. Recent advances point that p66Shc protein plays a role in mediating cross-talk between steroid hormones and redox signals by serving as a common convergence point in signaling pathways on cell proliferation and apoptosis. This article first reviews the unique function of p66Shc protein in regulating oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Subsequently, we discuss its novel role in androgen-regulated prostate cancer cell proliferation and metastasis and the mechanism by which it mediates androgen action via the redox signaling pathway. The data together indicate that p66Shc might be a useful biomarker for the prognosis of prostate cancer and serve as an effective target for its cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mythilypriya Rajendran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985870 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA
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Teodorczyk M, Martin-Villalba A. Sensing invasion: cell surface receptors driving spreading of glioblastoma. J Cell Physiol 2009; 222:1-10. [PMID: 19688773 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common malignant brain tumour in adults. One main source of its high malignancy is the invasion of isolated tumour cells into the surrounding parenchyma, which makes surgical resection an insufficient therapy in nearly all cases. The invasion is triggered by several cell surface receptors including receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), TGF-beta receptor, integrins, immunoglobulins, tumour necrosis factor (TNF) family, cytokine receptors, and protein tyrosine phosphatase receptors. The cross-talk between cell-surface receptors and the redundancy of downstream effectors make analysis of invasive signals even more complex. Therapies involving inhibition of single receptors do not give promising outcomes and a thorough knowledge of invasive signals of common and exclusive signalling components is required for design of best combinatory treatment schemes to fight the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Teodorczyk
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Petrás M, Hutóczki G, Varga I, Vereb G, Szöllosi J, Bognár L, Ruszthi P, Kenyeres A, Tóth J, Hanzély Z, Scholtz B, Klekner A. [Expression pattern of invasion-related molecules in brain tumors of different origin]. Magy Onkol 2009; 53:253-258. [PMID: 19793689 DOI: 10.1556/monkol.53.2009.3.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cell invasion into the surrounding brain tissue is mainly responsible for the failure of radical surgical resection and successful treatment, with tumor recurrence as microdisseminated disease. Epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs), integrins and their ligands in the extracellular matrix (ECM) predominantly participate in the invasion process, including the cell adhesion to the surrounding microenvironment and cell migration. The extent of infiltration of the surrounding brain tissue by malignant tumors strongly depends on the tumor cell type. Malignant gliomas show much more intensive peritumoral invasion than do metastatic tumors. In this study, the mRNA expression of 29 invasion-related molecules (18 cell membrane receptors or receptor subunits (EGFRs and integrins) and 11 ECM components: collagens, laminins and fibronectin) was investigated by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Fresh frozen human tissue samples from glioblastoma (GBM) and intracerebral bronchial adenocarcinoma metastases (five pieces from each) were evaluated. Significant differences were established in six of the 29 molecules (ErbB1, 2, 3, integrins alpha3, 7 and beta1). To confirm our results at the protein level, immunohistochemical analysis of nine molecules was performed. The staining intensity differed definitely in the case of ErbB1, 2 and integrins alpha3 and beta1. Determining the differences in invasion-related molecules in tumors of different origin can help identify the exact molecular mechanisms that facilitate peritumoral infiltration by glioblastoma cells. These results should allow the selection of target molecules for potential chemotherapeutic agents directed against highly invasive malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Petrás
- Debreceni Egyetem Orvos- és Egészségtudományi Centrum Idegsebészeti Klinika, Debrecen
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Human glioma cell culture: two FCS-free media could be recommended for clinical use in immunotherapy. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2009; 45:500-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-009-9215-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Baritaki S, Chatzinikola AM, Vakis AF, Soulitzis N, Karabetsos DA, Neonakis I, Bonavida B, Spandidos DA. YY1 Over-expression in human brain gliomas and meningiomas correlates with TGF-beta1, IGF-1 and FGF-2 mRNA levels. Cancer Invest 2009; 27:184-92. [PMID: 19235591 DOI: 10.1080/07357900802210760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study we examined by QRT-PCR the mRNA expression of TGF-beta 1, IGF-1, EGF, FGF-2 and YY1 in human brain tumors. Our findings introduce YY1, for the first time, as a novel gene implicated in brain gliomatogenesis and meningioma establishment. We present a positive correlation between the autocrine expression of YY1 and TGF-beta 1, IGF-1 and FGF-2, known to be involved in the progression of gliomas and meningiomas. We suggest that mRNA profiling of the above genes in the early stages of disease development could be useful for prognostic purposes, and these genes can be considered as potential targets for therapeutic approaches against brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavroula Baritaki
- Department of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, Crete, Greece.
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40
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Alam SM, Rajendran M, Ouyang S, Veeramani S, Zhang L, Lin MF. A novel role of Shc adaptor proteins in steroid hormone-regulated cancers. Endocr Relat Cancer 2009; 16:1-16. [PMID: 19001530 PMCID: PMC2776657 DOI: 10.1677/erc-08-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation plays a critical role in growth regulation, and its aberrant regulation can be involved in carcinogenesis. The association of Shc (Src homolog and collagen homolog) adaptor protein family members in tyrosine phosphorylation signaling pathway is well recognized. Shc adaptor proteins transmit activated tyrosine phosphorylation signaling that suggest their plausible role in growth regulation including carcinogenesis and metastasis. In parallel, by sharing a similar mechanism of carcinogenesis, the steroids are involved in the early stage of carcinogenesis as well as the regulation of cancer progression and metastatic processes. Recent evidence indicates a cross-talk between tyrosine phosphorylation signaling and steroid hormone action in epithelial cells, including prostate and breast cancer cells. Therefore, the members of Shc proteins may function as mediators between tyrosine phosphorylation and steroid signaling in steroid-regulated cell proliferation and carcinogenesis. In this communication, we discuss the novel roles of Shc proteins, specifically p52(Shc) and p66(Shc), in steroid hormone-regulated cancers and a novel molecular mechanism by which redox signaling induced by p66(Shc) mediates steroid action via a non-genomic pathway. The p66(Shc) protein may serve as an effective biomarker for predicting cancer prognosis as well as a useful target for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Mahfuzul Alam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5870, USA
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41
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A brief report on the safety study of induction chemotherapy followed by synchronous radiotherapy and cetuximab in stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): SCRATCH study. J Thorac Oncol 2008; 3:648-51. [PMID: 18520806 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e3181757a60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with advanced (stage IIIb/IV) NSCLC, the addition of cetuximab to chemotherapy has demonstrated increased activity compared with chemotherapy alone. Furthermore, the addition of cetuximab to RT in patients with locally advanced squamous cell head & neck carcinoma significantly prolongs the duration of locoregional control and median overall survival compared to radiotherapy alone. Therefore, the SCRATCH study was designed to assess the safety of synchronous cetuximab with radical RT in patients with Stage III NSCLC. The safety results of cohort 1 from this phase I study are presented below. METHODS Twelve patients with inoperable stage III NSCLC were enrolled into cohort I. Inclusion criteria were performance status 0-1, adequate organ function, and disease encompassable within a radical RT volume. Exclusion criteria were previous malignancy, thoracic RT or treatment with EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) targeted therapy. Patients received platinum-based induction chemotherapy, followed by weekly intravenous cetuximab (initial dose 400mg/m2; maintenance dose 250 mg/m2) and concomitant Rt (64Gy/32 fractions/45 days). The primary end-point was toxicity. NCI Common Toxicity Criteria (CTC) V3.0 assessments were preformed weekly during radiotherapy, and at regular follow-up visits. RESULTS 9 out of 12 patients completed the concomitant therapy as planned, with no dose reductions. 3 patients did not complete the full schedule. One died from bronchopneumonia mid-treatment; one experienced grade 3 lethargy following the first cetuximab dose and declined further cetuximab; one experienced a grade 2 skin reaction following the third dose of cetuximab and declined further treatment. On follow-up only one patient has developed a grade III reaction - pneumonitis - which settled on steroids with intermittent oxygen. Three patients have died on follow-up (2 from disease progression and one from thromboembolic disease). Of the 12 patients entered ito the study, 8 have survived at least 1 year, measured from the first day of induction chemotherapy. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the early and late toxicities of synchronous cetuximab and radical RT are acceptable.
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Allerstorfer S, Sonvilla G, Fischer H, Spiegl-Kreinecker S, Gauglhofer C, Setinek U, Czech T, Marosi C, Buchroithner J, Pichler J, Silye R, Mohr T, Holzmann K, Grasl-Kraupp B, Marian B, Grusch M, Fischer J, Micksche M, Berger W. FGF5 as an oncogenic factor in human glioblastoma multiforme: autocrine and paracrine activities. Oncogene 2008; 27:4180-90. [PMID: 18362893 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 5 (FGF5) is widely expressed in embryonic but scarcely in adult tissues. Here we report simultaneous overexpression of FGF5 and its predominant high-affinity receptor (FGFR1 IIIc) in astrocytic brain tumour specimens (N=49) and cell cultures (N=49). The levels of both ligand and receptor increased with enhanced malignancy in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, secreted FGF5 protein was generally present in the supernatants of glioblastoma (GBM) cells. siRNA-mediated FGF5 downmodulation reduced moderately but significantly GBM cell proliferation while recombinant FGF5 (rFGF5) increased this parameter preferentially in cell lines with low endogenous expression levels. Apoptosis induction by prolonged serum starvation was significantly prevented by rFGF5. Moreover, tumour cell migration was distinctly stimulated by rFGF5 but attenuated by FGF5 siRNA. Blockade of FGFR1-mediated signals by pharmacological FGFR inhibitors or a dominant-negative FGFR1 IIIc protein inhibited GBM cell proliferation and/or induced apoptotic cell death. Moreover, rFGF5 and supernatants of highly FGF5-positive GBM cell lines specifically stimulated proliferation, migration and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. In summary, we demonstrate for the first time that FGF5 contributes to the malignant progression of human astrocytic brain tumours by both autocrine and paracrine effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Allerstorfer
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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43
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Targeting the EGFR, VEGFR, and PDGFR on colon cancer cells and stromal cells is required for therapy. Clin Exp Metastasis 2008; 25:477-89. [PMID: 18324358 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-008-9153-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 02/18/2008] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Immunohistochemical analysis of human colon cancers growing in the cecal walls of nude mice revealed that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) were expressed by different tumor cells and tumor-associated endothelial cells, whereas platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)beta was expressed by tumor-associated endothelial cells and pericytes. We hypothesized that treatment of nude mice with AEE788 (an inhibitor of EGFR and VEGFR phosphorylation) and STI571 (an inhibitor of PDGFRbeta phosphorylation) combined with irinotecan would overcome the intratumoral heterogeneity of these growth factors and efficiently inhibit colon cancer growth and metastasis. We implanted HT29 and KM12SM cells into the cecal walls of nude mice. Two weeks later, the mice were treated with oral vehicle solution; oral AEE788, oral STI571, or intraperitoneal injection of irinotecan as single agents; or the various combinations of these agents. We then assessed the mice for tumor growth and metastasis. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that oral AEE788 suppressed proliferation and increased apoptosis of tumor cells and tumor-associated endothelial cells. Oral STI571 increased apoptosis of tumor-associated endothelial cells and pericytes. The combination of AEE788, STI571, and irinotecan produced the greatest inhibition of primary tumor growth and metastasis. Collectively, these data demonstrate that only targeting multiple tyrosine kinase receptors on colon cancer cells and tumor-associated stromal cells can overcome the effects of biologic heterogeneity for resistance to treatment and has the potential to improve therapeutic outcome for patients with this disease.
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44
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Knizetova P, Darling JL, Bartek J. Vascular endothelial growth factor in astroglioma stem cell biology and response to therapy. J Cell Mol Med 2007; 12:111-25. [PMID: 18031298 PMCID: PMC3823475 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2007.00153.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant astrogliomas are among the most aggressive, highly vascular and infiltrating tumours bearing a dismal prognosis, mainly due to their resistance to current radiation treatment and chemotherapy. Efforts to identify and target the mechanisms that underlie astroglioma resistance have recently focused on candidate cancer stem cells, their biological properties, interplay with their local microenvironment or 'niche', and their role in tumour progression and recurrence. Both paracrine and autocrine regulation of astroglioma cell behaviour by locally produced cytokines such as the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are emerging as key factors that determine astroglioma cell fate. Here, we review these recent rapid advances in astroglioma research, with emphasis on the significance of VEGF in astroglioma stem-like cell biology. Furthermore, we highlight the unique DNA damage checkpoint properties of the CD133-marker-positive astroglioma stem-like cells, discuss their potential involvement in astroglioma radioresistance, and consider the implications of this new knowledge for designing combinatorial, more efficient therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Knizetova
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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45
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McCoy E, Sontheimer H. Expression and function of water channels (aquaporins) in migrating malignant astrocytes. Glia 2007; 55:1034-43. [PMID: 17549682 PMCID: PMC2561225 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQP) constitute the principal pathway for water movement across biological membranes. Consequently, their expression and function is important for cell volume regulation. Glioma cells quickly adjust their cell volume in response to osmotic challenges or spontaneously as they invade into the narrow and tortuous extracellular spaces of the brain. These cell volume changes are likely to engage water movements across the cell membrane through AQP. AQP expression in glioma cells is poorly understood. In this study, we examined the expression of AQP in several commonly used human glioma cell lines (D54, D65, STTG1, U87, U251) and in numerous acute patient biopsies by PCR, Western blot, and immunocytochemistry and compared them to nonmalignant astrocytes and normal brain. All glioma patient biopsies expressed AQP1, AQP4 and some expressed AQP5. However, when isolated and grown as cell lines they lose all AQP proteins except a few cell lines that maintain expression of AQP1 (D65, U251, GBM62). Reintroducing either AQP1 or AQP4 stably into glioma cell lines allowed us to show that each AQP is sufficient to restore water permeability. Yet, only the presence of AQP1, but not AQP4, enhanced cell growth and migration, typical properties of gliomas, while AQP4 enhanced cell adhesion suggesting differential biological roles for AQP1 and AQP4 in glioma cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric McCoy
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Glial Biology in Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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46
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Moon DO, Kim MO, Lee JD, Choi YH, Lee MK, Kim GY. Molecular mechanisms of ZD1839 (Iressa)-induced apoptosis in human leukemic U937 cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2007; 28:1205-14. [PMID: 17640484 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2007.00615.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the molecular mechanisms of ZD1839-induced apoptosis in human leukemic U937 cells. METHODS The inhibition of human leukemic U937 cell growth was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphnyl-2H-tetrazolim bromide (MTT) assays, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and cell cycle distribution. The expression of anti- and pro-apoptotic proteins was detected by Western blot analysis. RESULTS This study demonstrated that ZD1839 induced apoptosis in leukemic U937 cells by the downregulation of Bcl-2, caspase activation and subsequent apoptotic features. Cotreatment with ZD1839 and the caspase-3 inhibitor z-DEVD-fmk blocked apoptosis, indicating that caspase-3 activation is at least partially responsible for ZD1839-induced apoptosis. The ectopic expression of Bcl-2 attenuated caspase-3 activation, PARP cleavage, and subsequent indicators of apoptosis, including sub-G1 DNA content and LDH release. These results indicate that the downregulation of Bcl-2 plays a major role in the initiation of ZD1839-induced apoptosis, and that the activation of a caspase cascade is involved in the execution of apoptosis. Furthermore, ZD1839 treatment triggered the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the down-regulation of c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt. The inhibition of the ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways also significantly increased cellular death. CONCLUSION ZD1839 activated caspase-3 and the inhibited Bcl-2 in human leukemic U937 cells through the downregulation of the ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-oh Moon
- Faculty of Applied Marine Science, Cheju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Republic of Korea
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47
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Hansen K, Wagner B, Hamel W, Schweizer M, Haag F, Westphal M, Lamszus K. Autophagic cell death induced by TrkA receptor activation in human glioblastoma cells. J Neurochem 2007; 103:259-75. [PMID: 17635673 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04753.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The neurotrophin receptor tropomyosin-related kinase A (TrkA) and its ligand nerve growth factor (NGF) are expressed in astrocytomas, and an inverse association of TrkA expression with malignancy grade was described. We hypothesized that TrkA expression might confer a growth disadvantage to glioblastoma cells. To analyze TrkA function and signaling, we transfected human TrkA cDNA into the human glioblastoma cell line G55. We obtained three stable clones, all of which responded with striking cytoplasmic vacuolation and subsequent cell death to NGF. Analyzing the mechanism of cell death, we could exclude apoptosis and cellular senescence. Instead, we identified several indications of autophagy: electron microscopy showed typical autophagic vacuoles; acridine orange staining revealed acidic vesicular organelles; acidification of acidic vesicular organelles was prevented using bafilomycin A1; cells displayed arrest in G2/M; increased processing of LC3 occurred; vacuolation was prevented by the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine; no caspase activation was detected. We further found that both activation of ERK and c-Jun N-terminal kinase but not p38 were involved in autophagic vacuolation. To conclude, we identified autophagy as a novel mechanism of NGF-induced cell death. Our findings suggest that TrkA activation in human glioblastomas might be beneficial therapeutically, especially as several of the currently used chemotherapeutics also induce autophagic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hansen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse, Hamburg, Germany
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48
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Laimer K, Spizzo G, Gastl G, Obrist P, Brunhuber T, Fong D, Barbieri V, Jank S, Doppler W, Rasse M, Norer B. High EGFR expression predicts poor prognosis in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx: A TMA-based immunohistochemical analysis. Oral Oncol 2007; 43:193-8. [PMID: 16854613 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2006.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2005] [Revised: 02/14/2006] [Accepted: 02/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This retrospective study was designed to investigate the prognostic significance of EGFR overexpression in human oral squamous cell carcinoma on a long-term follow-up. EGFR expression was examined immunohistochemically on a tissue microarray (TMA) of paraffin embedded tissue specimens from 109 patients who underwent surgical treatment for squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx in the period between 1980 and 1997. High EGFR expression was found in 80 (73.42%) of the tumour samples. Kaplan-Meier curves showed that EGFR overexpression was significantly related to decreased overall survival (p=0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that EGFR overexpression is an independent prognostic marker in these patients (p=0.02, RR 3.6). These results confirm that EGFR overexpression is an independent prognostic marker in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx. The EGFR antigen represents an attractive target for targeted therapies with monoclonal antibodies or specific tyrosine-kinase inhibitors in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Laimer
- Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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49
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Sakariassen PØ, Prestegarden L, Wang J, Skaftnesmo KO, Mahesparan R, Molthoff C, Sminia P, Sundlisæter E, Misra A, Tysnes BB, Chekenya M, Peters H, Lende G, Kalland KH, Øyan AM, Petersen K, Jonassen I, van der Kogel A, Feuerstein BG, Terzis AJA, Bjerkvig R, Enger PØ. Subepithelial myofibroblasts are novel nonprofessional APCs in the human colonic mucosa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:16466-71. [PMID: 17056721 PMCID: PMC1618812 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0607668103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal mucosa is exposed to a diverse normal microflora and dietary Ags and is a common site of entry for pathogens. The mucosal immune system must respond to these diverse signals with either the initiation of immunity or tolerance. APCs are important accessory cells that modulate T cell responses which initiate and maintain adaptive immunity. The ability of APCs to communicate with CD4+ T cells is largely dependent on the expression of class II MHC molecules by the APCs. Using immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy, and flow cytometry, we demonstrate that alpha-smooth muscle actin(+), CD90+ subepithelial myofibroblasts (stromal cells) constitutively express class II MHC molecules in normal colonic mucosa and that they are distinct from professional APCs such as macrophages and dendritic cells. Primary isolates of human colonic myofibroblasts (CMFs) cultured in vitro were able to stimulate allogeneic CD4+ T cell proliferation. This process was dependent on class II MHC and CD80/86 costimulatory molecule expression by the myofibroblasts. We also demonstrate that CMFs, engineered to express a specific DR4 allele, can process and present human serum albumin to a human serum albumin-specific and DR4 allele-restricted T cell hybridoma. These studies characterize a novel cell phenotype which, due to its strategic location and class II MHC expression, may be involved in capture of Ags that cross the epithelial barrier and present them to lamina propria CD4+ T cells. Thus, human CMFs may be important in regulating local immunity in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Ø. Sakariassen
- NorLux NeuroOncology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Lars Prestegarden
- NorLux NeuroOncology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Jian Wang
- NorLux NeuroOncology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Kai-Ove Skaftnesmo
- NorLux NeuroOncology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Rupavathana Mahesparan
- NorLux NeuroOncology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
- Departments of Neurosurgery and
| | - Carla Molthoff
- Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Positron Emission Tomography Center and
| | - Peter Sminia
- Radiation Oncology, Section Radiobiology, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eirik Sundlisæter
- NorLux NeuroOncology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Berit Bølge Tysnes
- NorLux NeuroOncology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Martha Chekenya
- NorLux NeuroOncology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Hans Peters
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Karl Henning Kalland
- Microbiology and Immunology, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
- The Gade Institute, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Anne M. Øyan
- Microbiology and Immunology, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
- The Gade Institute, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Inge Jonassen
- Bergen Center for Computational Science, Unifob A/S and
- Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, N-5021 Norway; and
| | - Albert van der Kogel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - A. Jorge A. Terzis
- NorLux NeuroOncology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology, Centre Recherche de Public Santé, L-1150 Luxembourg
| | - Rolf Bjerkvig
- NorLux NeuroOncology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology, Centre Recherche de Public Santé, L-1150 Luxembourg
| | - Per Øyvind Enger
- NorLux NeuroOncology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
- Departments of Neurosurgery and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Department of Biomedicine/SAC, University of Bergen, Jonas Lie's Vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway. E-mail:
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50
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Bellezza I, Bracarda S, Caserta C, Minelli A. Targeting of EGFR tyrosine kinase by ZD1839 ("Iressa") in androgen-responsive prostate cancer in vitro. Mol Genet Metab 2006; 88:114-22. [PMID: 16487738 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2005.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2005] [Revised: 12/14/2005] [Accepted: 12/15/2005] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
EGFR, highly expressed in a variety of human malignancies, is correlated with poor tumour differentiation, high tumour growth and metastatic rate. EGF and several other ligands, such as transforming growth factor-alpha, amphiregulin, heparin-binding EGF, and betacellulin, activate Ras/Raf mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and phosphatidyl inositol 3'-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signalling pathways. Therefore, EGFR can regulate multiple processes, i.e., gene expression, cellular proliferation, angiogenesis, and inhibition of apoptosis, which contribute to the development of malignancy. In this review, we discuss the inhibition of EGFR by the specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor Iressa (ZD1839) focusing on its effects in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Bellezza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche e Biotecnologie Molecolari, Sezione di Biochimica Cellulare, Università di Perugia, via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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