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Jinno-Oue A, Tanaka A, Shimizu N, Mori T, Sugiura N, Kimata K, Isomura H, Hoshino H. Inhibitory effect of chondroitin sulfate type E on the binding step of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2013; 29:621-9. [PMID: 23033806 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2012.0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are involved in the binding and entry of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) into host cells, while sulfated polysaccharides such as heparin inhibit HTLV-1 infection. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are classified as another major type of proteoglycans. Here, we examined the effect of four types of chondroitin sulfate (CS) on HTLV-1 infection. Accordingly, a human T cell line, MOLT-4, was inoculated with cell-free HTLV-1 in the presence or absence of soluble CS, and the synthesis of reverse-transcribed HTLV-1 DNA within cells 20 h after inoculation was detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Among the four types of CS (A, C, D, and E), the E type (CSE), which was derived from the squid cartilage, exhibited anti-HTLV-1 activity. Furthermore, we observed that CSE directly interacted with recombinant HTLV-1 envelope (Env) proteins and inhibited the binding of HTLV-1 virions to MOLT-4 cells, indicating that the interaction between Env and CSE plays a significant role in its anti-HTLV-1 activity. In addition, CSE inhibited syncytium formation that was induced by HTLV-1-producing cells. When CSE was mixed with the synthetic fusion inhibitor peptide corresponding to the ectodomain of the Env transmembrane subunit (TM) gp21, the HTLV-1 infection was further inhibited when compared with the inhibitory effect of each compound alone. Thus, further elucidation of the in vitro antiviral mechanism of CSE shown in this study will lead to the development of CSE-like molecules for the entry inhibition of HTLV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Jinno-Oue
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Shimizu
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Takahisa Mori
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Nobuo Sugiura
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Koji Kimata
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroki Isomura
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hiroo Hoshino
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
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2
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Pique C, Jones KS. Pathways of cell-cell transmission of HTLV-1. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:378. [PMID: 23109932 PMCID: PMC3479854 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The deltaretroviruses human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and human T cell lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-2) have long been believed to differ from retroviruses in other genera by their mode of transmission. While other retroviruses were thought to primarily spread by producing cell-free particles that diffuse through extracellular fluids prior to binding to and infecting target cells, HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 were believed to transmit the virus solely by cell–cell interactions. This difference in transmission was believed to reflect the fact that, relative to other retroviruses, the cell-free virions produced by HTLV-infected cells are very poorly infectious. Since HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 are primarily found in T cells in the peripheral blood, spread of these viruses was believed to occur between infected and uninfected, T cells, although little was known about the cellular and viral proteins involved in this interaction. Recent studies have revealed that the method of transmission of HTLV is not unique: other retroviruses including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are also transmitted from cell-to-cell, and this method is dramatically more efficient than cell-free transmission. Moreover, cell–cell transmission of HTLV-1, as well as HIV, can occur following interactions between dendritic cells and T cells, as well as between T cells. Conversely, other studies have shown that cell-free HTLV-1 is not as poorly infectious as previously thought, since it is capable of infecting certain cell types. Here we summarize the recent insights about the mechanisms of cell–cell transmission of HTLV-1 and other retroviruses. We also review in vitro and in vivo studies of infection and discuss how these finding may relate to the spread of HTLV-1 between individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Pique
- CNRS UMR 8104, INSERM U567, Université Paris-Descartes, Institut Cochin Paris, France
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3
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Entry of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 is augmented by heparin sulfate proteoglycans bearing short heparin-like structures. J Virol 2012; 86:2959-69. [PMID: 22238310 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05783-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Three molecules have been identified as the main cellular factors required for binding and entry of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1): glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), heparan sulfate (HS), and neuropilin 1 (NRP-1). However, the precise mechanism of HTLV-1 cell tropism has yet to be elucidated. Here, we examined the susceptibilities of various human cell lines to HTLV-1 by using vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotypes bearing HTLV-1 envelope proteins. We found that the cellular susceptibility to HTLV-1 infection did not correlate with the expression of GLUT1, HS, or NRP-1 alone. To investigate whether other cellular factors were responsible for HTLV-1 susceptibility, we conducted expression cloning. We identified two HS proteoglycan core proteins, syndecan 1 and syndecan 2, as molecules responsible for susceptibility to HTLV-1. We found that treatment of syndecan 1-transduced cells (expressing increased HS) with heparinase, a heparin-degradative enzyme, reduced HTLV-1 susceptibility without affecting the expression levels of HS chains. To further elucidate these results, we characterized the expression of HS chains in terms of the mass, number, and length of HS in several syndecan 1-transduced cell clones as well as human cell lines. We found a significant correlation between HTLV-1 susceptibility and the number of HS chains with short chain lengths. Our findings suggest that a combination of the number and the length of HS chains containing heparin-like regions is a critical factor which affects the cell tropism of HTLV-1.
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Shinagawa M, Jinno-Oue A, Shimizu N, Roy BB, Shimizu A, Hoque SA, Hoshino H. Human T-cell leukemia viruses are highly unstable over a wide range of temperatures. J Gen Virol 2011; 93:608-617. [PMID: 22113012 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.037622-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological properties of human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) and HTLV type II (HTLV-II) are not well elucidated as cell-free viruses. We established new assay systems to detect the infectivity of cell-free HTLVs and examined the stability of cell-free HTLVs at different temperatures. HTLVs lost infectivity more rapidly than did bovine leukemia virus (BLV), which is genetically related to HTLVs. The half-lives of three HTLV-I strains (two cosmopolitan strains and one Melanesian strain) at 37 °C were approximately 0.6 h, whereas the half-life of a BLV strain was 8.5 h. HTLV-I rapidly lost infectivity unexpectedly at 0 and 4 °C. We examined the stability of vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotypes with HTLV-I, HTLV-II or BLV Env proteins, and the Env proteins of HTLVs were found to be more unstable at 4 and 25 °C than the Env proteins of the BLV. Over the course of the viral life cycle, heat treatment inhibited HTLV-I infection at the phase of attachment to the host cells, and inhibition was more marked upon entry into the cells. The HTLV-I Env surface (SU) protein (gp46) was easily released from virions during incubation at 37 °C. However, this release was inhibited by pre-treatment of the virions with N-ethylmaleimide, suggesting that the inter-subunit bond between gp46 SU and gp21 transmembrane (TM) proteins is rearranged by disulfide bond isomerization. HTLVs are highly unstable over a wide range of temperatures because the disulfide bonds between the SU and TM proteins are labile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Shinagawa
- 21st Century COE Program, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.,Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Atsushi Jinno-Oue
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Shimizu
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Bibhuti Bhusan Roy
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Akira Shimizu
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Sk Ariful Hoque
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroo Hoshino
- 21st Century COE Program, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.,Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
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Mori T, Shimizu N, Jinno-Oue A, Tanaka A, Shinagawa M, Tokizawa S, Akagi T, Hoshino H. Tax1-expressing feline 8C cells are useful to monitor the life cycle of human T-cell leukemia virus type I. J Gen Virol 2011; 93:588-593. [PMID: 22071515 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.037382-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extremely low infectivity has hampered direct (cell-free) infection studies of human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I). In order to break through this barrier, we examined the susceptibility of many kinds of cells to HTLV-I and found a feline kidney cell line, 8C, that is highly susceptible to HTLV-I and produced remarkable amounts of infectious progeny viruses. Tax1 protein encoded by HTLV-I is known as a transcription activator for viral and cellular genes. We found that the 8C cells expressing the Tax1 protein (8C/TaxWT cells) can produce more progeny viruses than 8C cells when the cells were exposed to cell-free HTLV-I. A large number of syncytia were also induced in these cells. Here, we propose 8C/TaxWT cells as a useful tool to study the cell-free HTLV-I infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahisa Mori
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Shimizu
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Atsushi Jinno-Oue
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Masahiko Shinagawa
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Shigemi Tokizawa
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | | | - Hiroo Hoshino
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
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Hieshima K, Nagakubo D, Shigeta A, Tanaka Y, Hoshino H, Tsukasaki K, Yamada Y, Yoshie O. c-Maf suppresses human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax by competing for CREB-binding protein. Cancer Sci 2011; 102:890-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.01873.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Shimizu A, Shimizu N, Tanaka A, Jinno-Oue A, Roy BB, Shinagawa M, Ishikawa O, Hoshino H. Human T-cell leukaemia virus type I is highly sensitive to UV-C light. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:2397-2406. [PMID: 15269382 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.19578-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological characteristics of human T-cell leukaemia virus type I (HTLV-I) are not yet well understood. UV light C (UV-C) sensitivity of HTLV-I was studied using a newly established infectivity assay: infection with cell-free HTLV-I dose-dependently induced syncytial plaques in cat cells transduced with the tax1 gene of HTLV-I. HTLV-I was inactivated by a much lower UV dose than bovine leukaemia virus (BLV). The D(10) (10 % survival dose) of HTLV-I was about 20 J m(-2), while that of BLV was about 180 J m(-2), which was similar to the reported D(10) of BLV. The UV sensitivity of HTLV-I and BLV was also examined by detecting viral DNA synthesis 24 h after infection. The D(10) values determined by PCR using the gag primers for HTLV-I and BLV were close to those determined by the infectivity assays. Further PCR analyses were then performed to determine D(10) values using several different primers located between the 5'-long terminal repeat (5'-LTR) and the tax1 gene. The difference in UV sensitivity between HTLV-I and BLV was detected very early during replication, even during reverse transcription of the 5'-LTR of irradiated viruses, and became more prominent as reverse transcription proceeded towards the tax1 gene. Chimeric mouse retroviruses that contain the LTR-tax1 fragments of HTLV-I and BLV were made and hardly any difference in UV sensitivity was detected between them, suggesting that the difference was not determined by the linear RNA sequences of HTLV-I and BLV. HTLV-I was found to be much more sensitive than other retroviruses to UV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Shimizu
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Shimizu
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Atsushi Jinno-Oue
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Bibhuti Bhusan Roy
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Masahiko Shinagawa
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Osamu Ishikawa
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroo Hoshino
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
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Sun B, Nitta T, Shoda M, Tanaka M, Hanai S, Hoshino H, Miwa M. Cell-free human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 binds to, and efficiently enters mouse cells. Jpn J Cancer Res 2002; 93:760-6. [PMID: 12149141 PMCID: PMC5927073 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2002.tb01317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is an etiologic agent of adult T-cell leukemia / lymphoma and other HTLV-1-associated diseases. However, the interaction between HTLV-1 and T cells in the pathogenesis of these diseases is poorly understood. Mouse cells have been reported to be resistant to cell-free HTLV-1 infection. However, we recently reported that HTLV-1 DNA could be observed 24 h after cell-free HTLV-1 infection of mouse cell lines. To understand HTLV-1 replication in these cells in detail, we concentrated the virus produced from c77 feline kidney cell line and established an efficient infection system. The amounts of adsorption of HTLV-1 are larger in mouse T cell lines, EL4 and RLm1, than those in human T cell lines, Molt4 and HUT78, and are similar to that in human kidney cell line, 293T. Unexpectedly, however, the amounts of entry of HTLV-1 are about 10-fold larger in the two mouse cell lines than those in the three human cell lines employed. Moreover, viral DNA was detectable from 1 h in EL4 and RLm1 cells, but only from 2 - 3 h in 293T, Molt4 and HUT78 cells. However, the amount of viral DNA in EL4 cells became smaller than that in Molt4 cells. HTLV-1 expression could be detected until day 1 - 2 in RLm1 and EL4 cells, and until day 4 in Molt4 cells. Our results suggest that mouse cell experiments would give useful information to dissect the early steps of cell-free HTLV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binlian Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Oncology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
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Meng J, Dai X, Chang JC, Lopareva E, Pillot J, Fields HA, Khudyakov YE. Identification and characterization of the neutralization epitope(s) of the hepatitis E virus. Virology 2001; 288:203-11. [PMID: 11601892 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2001.1093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The neutralization epitope(s) of the hepatitis E virus (HEV) was studied by an in vitro neutralization assay using antibodies obtained by immunization of mice with 51 overlapping 30-mer synthetic peptides spanning the region 221-660 amino acids (aa) of the HEV open reading frame 2 encoded protein (pORF2) and 31 overlapping recombinant proteins of different sizes derived from the entire pORF2 of the HEV Burma strain. Antibodies against synthetic peptides and short recombinant proteins of approximately 100 aa did not neutralize HEV, suggesting the HEV neutralization epitope(s) is conformation-dependent. However, one recombinant protein of approximately 400 aa in length comprising the pORF2 sequence at position 274-660 aa as well as all truncated derivatives of this protein containing region 452-617 aa elicited antibodies, demonstrating HEV neutralizing activity. These findings establish for the first time that the minimal size fragment, designated pB166, that can efficiently model the neutralization epitope(s) is 166 aa in length and is located at position 452-617 aa of the HEV pORF2. Additionally, antibodies against pB166 were found to cross-neutralize three different HEV genotypes, suggesting that a common neutralization epitope(s) may exist within the different HEV genotypes. Thus, recombinant proteins constructed in this study may be considered as potential candidates for the development of an HEV subunit vaccine as well as for the development of highly sensitive and specific diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Meng
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
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Feng R, Kabayama A, Uchida K, Hoshino H, Miwa M. Cell-free entry of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 to mouse cells. Jpn J Cancer Res 2001; 92:410-6. [PMID: 11346463 PMCID: PMC5926731 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2001.tb01110.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiologic agent for adult T-cell leukemia and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy / tropical spastic paraparesis. Recently we infected newborn mice by inoculating HTLV-1-producing human cells, and found that T-cells, B-cells and granulocytes were infected in vivo. To understand the mechanism of viral-cell interaction and the pathogenesis of HTLV-1 using the mouse model, it is important to clarify the cellular tropism using a cell-free HTLV-1 transmission system. We employed a highly transmissible cell-free HTLV-1 produced by a feline kidney cell line, c77, and studied the susceptibility of 9 kinds of mouse cell lines, EL4, RLm1, CTLL-2, J774.1, DA-1, Ba / F3, WEHI-3, NIH3T3 and B1, and two kinds of human cell lines, Molt-4 and Hut78. HTLV-1 proviral sequence was found by PCR in all 9 mouse cell lines as well as in 2 human cell lines and viral entry was blocked with sera from an HTLV-1 carrier and an adult T-cell leukemia patient. Unexpectedly, mouse cell lines EL4 and RLm1 and human cell lines Molt-4 and Hut78 showed similar efficiency for viral entry. These results suggest a wide distribution of HTLV-1 receptor in mouse cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Feng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Oncology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Center for Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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11
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Jinno A, Haraguchi Y, Shiraki H, Hoshino H. Inhibition of cell-free human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 infection at a postbinding step by the synthetic peptide derived from an ectodomain of the gp21 transmembrane glycoprotein. J Virol 1999; 73:9683-9. [PMID: 10516085 PMCID: PMC113011 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.11.9683-9689.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the roles of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) envelope (Env) proteins gp46 and gp21 in the early steps of infection, the effects of the 23 synthetic peptides covering the entire Env proteins on transmission of cell-free HTLV-1 were examined by PCR and by the plaque assay using a pseudotype of vesicular stomatis virus (VSV) bearing the Env of HTLV-1 [VSV(HTLV-1)]. The synthetic peptide corresponding to amino acids 400 to 429 of the gp21 Env protein (gp21 peptide 400-429, Cys-Arg-Phe-Pro-Asn-Ile-Thr-Asn-Ser-His-Val-Pro-Ile-Leu-Gln-Glu-Arg-P ro-Pro-Leu-Glu-Asn-Arg-Val-Leu-Thr-Gly-Trp-Gly-Leu) strongly inhibited infection of cell-free HTLV-1. By using the mutant peptide, Asn407, Ser408, and Leu413, -419, -424, and -429 were confirmed to be important amino acids for neutralizing activity of the gp21 peptide 400-429. Addition of this peptide before or during adsorption of HTLV-1 at 4 degrees C did not affect its entry. However, HTLV-1 infection was inhibited about 60% when the gp21 peptide 400-429 was added even 30 min after adsorption of HTLV-1 to cells, indicating that the amino acid sequence 400 to 429 on the gp21 Env protein plays an important role at the postbinding step of HTLV-1 infection. In contrast, a monoclonal antibody reported to recognize the gp46 191-196 peptide inhibited the infection of HTLV-1 at the binding step.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Cats
- Cell Line
- Gene Products, env/chemical synthesis
- Gene Products, env/chemistry
- Gene Products, env/pharmacology
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/genetics
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/physiology
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptides/chemical synthesis
- Peptides/chemistry
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Retroviridae Proteins, Oncogenic/chemical synthesis
- Retroviridae Proteins, Oncogenic/chemistry
- Retroviridae Proteins, Oncogenic/pharmacology
- Transcription, Genetic
- Viral Envelope Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Plaque Assay
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jinno
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University School of Medicine, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
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Ikeda F, Haraguchi Y, Jinno A, Iino Y, Morishita Y, Shiraki H, Hoshino H. Human Complement Component C1q Inhibits the Infectivity of Cell-Free HTLV-I. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.10.5712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) is a retrovirus that is not lysed by human serum or complement. It has not been determined, however, whether HTLV-I directly binds to complement components or whether it retains infectivity after incubation with human serum. We investigated the effects of human serum on the infectivity of cell-free HTLV-I produced by human and animal cells. Plating of vesicular stomatitis virus (HTLV-I) pseudotypes prepared in cat or human cells and formation of HTLV-I DNA after infection of cell-free HTLV-I produced by cat or human cells were markedly inhibited by treatment with fresh human serum, but not by heat-inactivated serum. HTLV-I infection was also inhibited by treatment with C2-, C3-, C6-, or C9-deficient serum, but not by C1q-deficient serum. Inhibitory activities of normal human serum against HTLV-I were neutralized by anti-C1q serum. Furthermore, purified C1q inhibited HTLV-I infection. The direct binding of C1q to HTLV-I was confirmed by comigration of C1q with HTLV-I virion upon sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation of HTLV-I virion treated with C1q. Binding assay using synthetic envelope peptides indicated that C1q bound to an extramembrane region of the gp21 transmembrane protein. These findings indicate that the human complement component C1q inactivates HTLV-I infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiro Ikeda
- *Second Department of Surgery and Departments of
- †Hygiene and Virology and
| | | | | | - Yuichi Iino
- ‡Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Gunma University School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan; and
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Fu DX, Haraguchi Y, Jinno A, Yang D, Hoshino H. Identification of membrane antigens important for adsorption of human T-cell leukaemia virus type I. RESEARCH IN VIROLOGY 1998; 149:383-92. [PMID: 9923014 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2516(99)80006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We isolated three monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), H3e, H11b and H16h, which were capable of inhibiting syncytium formation induced in a human T-cell line MOLT-4 or a human glioma line U251 MG by coculture with human T-cell leukaemia virus type I (HTLV-I)-positive human T-cell lines. The mAbs partially inhibited the plating of pseudotypes of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) bearing envelope antigens of HTLV-I. Formation of proviral DNA was also inhibited when indicator cells were treated with the mAbs before adsorption of HTLV-I, but not after its adsorption. They did not inhibit syncytium formation induced by human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Flow cytometry revealed that H16h hardly reacted with various HTLV-I-positive T cells, while H3e and H11b reacted with HTLV-I-positive human cells as well as HTLV-I-negative human cells. H11b and H16h immunoprecipitated the membrane antigen with a molecular weight of 20 and 110-130 kDa, respectively. Western blot analysis showed that H3e, H11b and H16h bound to the protein of 20, 20 and 110-130 kDa, respectively. Thus, these findings suggest that the 20- and 110-130-kDa cell surface proteins may play a role at the early stage of HTLV-I infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D X Fu
- Department of Hygiene and Virology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Japan
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Haraguchi Y, Takeuchi Y, Hoshino H. Inhibition of plating of human T cell leukemia virus type I and syncytium-inducing types of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by polycations. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1997; 13:1517-23. [PMID: 9390751 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1997.13.1517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the effects of polycations, namely, diethylaminoethyl-dextran (DEAE-dextran) and hexadimethrine bromide (Polybrene), on infection with the retroviruses human T cell leukemia virus types I and II (HTLV-I and HTLV-II) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The plating of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) pseudotype bearing envelope antigens of HTLV-I [VSV(HTLV-I)] was inhibited about 2- and 10-fold by treatment with DEAE-dextran and Polybrene, respectively. The formation of HTLV-I viral DNA detected 1 day after infection was also inhibited by these polycations. In contrast, polycations enhanced the plating of the VSV (HTLV-II) pseudotype two- to threefold. The polycations did not affect the plating efficiency of HTLV-I or HTLV-II when added after virus adsorption. Infection of human T cell lines, peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs), or brain-derived cells with syncytium-inducing (SI) types of HIV-1 strains (GUN1 and IIIB) was inhibited 3- to 20-fold by polycations. However, infection of PBLs or monocyte-derived macrophages with the macrophage-tropic Ba-L or SF162 strain was enhanced 1.5- to twofold by polycations. On the other hand, syncytium formation in coculture induced by HTLV-I, HTLV-II, or HIV-1 was enhanced two- to threefold unanimously by DEAE-dextran or Polybrene. Although polycations have been used to potentiate human retrovirus adsorption, they inhibited infection of cell-free HTLV-I or SI-type HIV-1 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Haraguchi
- Department of Hygiene and Virology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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Yang D, Iwai H, Yamamoto A, Fu D, Hoshino H. Effect of phospholipids on adsorption and penetration of human T-cell leukemia virus type I. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1349:25-32. [PMID: 9421193 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2760(97)00087-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the ability of some phospholipids (PLs) and phospholipases (PLases) to interfere with infection of human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I). Plating of pseudotype of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) bearing envelope antigens of HTLV-I, VSV(HTLV-I), was markedly inhibited by treatment of the cells with cardiolipin (CL) after, but not before, infection. Treatment of the cells with CL after infection also inhibited the plating of VSV pseudotype of bovine leukemia virus (BLV), but scarcely affected VSV infection. Furthermore, the plating of VSV(HTLV-I) was markedly enhanced by treatment with PLCase after infection. Treatment with PLCase, however, did not affect the plating of VSV. These results were also confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR): Formation of proviral DNA was inhibited when indicator cells were treated with CL after cell-free infection of HTLV-I, but not before, and enhanced when indicator cells were treated with PLCase after HTLV-I infection. These findings suggested that PLs might play a role at the early stage of HTLV-I infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Yang
- Department of Hygiene and Virology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan.
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