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Zhang J, Wang X, Li K, Rao W, Jiao X, Liang W, Gao H, Wang D, Cao Y, Wei X, Yang J. Hyperosmotic Stress Induces Inflammation and Excessive Th17 Response to Blunt T-Cell Immunity in Tilapia. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:1877-1890. [PMID: 38700398 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Despite the advances in study on osmotic physiology in bony fish, the mechanism by which the immune system, especially T-cell immunity, adapts and responds to osmotic stress remains unknown. In the current study, we investigated the response of T cells to hyperosmotic stress in the bony fish Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). As a euryhaline fish, tilapia was able to adapt to a wide range of salinities; however, hypertonic stress caused inflammation and excessive T-cell activation. Furthermore, hypertonic stress increased the expression of IL-17A in T cells, upregulated the transcription factor RORα, and activated STAT3 signaling, along with IL-6- and TGF-β1-mediated pathways, revealing an enhanced Th17 response in this early vertebrate. These hypertonic stress-induced events collectively resulted in an impaired antibacterial immune response in tilapia. Hypertonic stress elevated the intracellular ROS level, which in turn activated the p38-MK2 signaling pathway to promote IL-17A production by T cells. Both ROS elimination and the p38-MK2 axis blockade diminished the increased IL-17A production in T cells under hypertonic conditions. Moreover, the produced proinflammatory cytokines further amplified the hypertonic stress signaling via the MKK6-p38-MK2 axis-mediated positive feedback loop. To our knowledge, these findings represent the first description of the mechanism by which T-cell immunity responds to hypertonic stress in early vertebrates, thus providing a novel perspective for understanding the adaptive evolution of T cells under environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenzhuo Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinying Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyou Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ding Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiumei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, China
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2
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Jacenik D. Tumor microenvironment and immune response: A gateway to novel therapies in gastrointestinal cancers. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167203. [PMID: 38688415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Damian Jacenik
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Cytobiochemistry, Lodz, Poland.
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Li SH, Li MY, Yuan TT, Wang GW, Zeng JB, Shi Z, Liu JH, Su JC. Osthole Activates the Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory Pathway via α7nAChR Upregulation to Alleviate Inflammatory Responses. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202400290. [PMID: 38389159 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Osthole (also known as Osthol) is the main anti-inflammatory coumarin found in Cnidium monnieri and severs as the exclusive quality-controlled component according the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. However, its underlying anti-inflammatory mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that Osthole treatment significantly inhibited the generation of TNF-α, but not IL-6 in the classical LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage model. In addition, LPS induced the activation of both MAPK and NF-κB signalling pathways, of which the former was dose-dependently restrained by Osthole via suppressing the phosphorylation of JNK and P38 proteins, while the phosphorylation of IκB and P65 proteins remained unaffected. Interestingly, Osthole dose-dependently up-regulated the expression of the key cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway regulator α7nAChR, and the TNF-α inhibition effect of Osthole was also significantly alleviated by the treatment of α7nAChR antagonist methylbetaine. These results demonstrate that Osthole may regulate TNF-α by promoting the expression of α7nAChR, thereby activate the vagus nerve-dependent cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hang Li
- Beihai Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Beihai, Guangxi, China
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Meng-Ying Li
- Beihai Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Beihai, Guangxi, China
| | - Tao-Tao Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Guo-Wei Wang
- Beihai Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Beihai, Guangxi, China
| | - Jian-Bin Zeng
- Beihai Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Beihai, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhimian Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Jian-Hang Liu
- Beihai Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Beihai, Guangxi, China
| | - Jun-Cheng Su
- Beihai Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Beihai, Guangxi, China
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
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Yu S, Wang X, Li Z, Jin D, Yu M, Li J, Li Y, Liu X, Zhang Q, Liu Y, Liu R, Wang X, Fang B, Zhang C, Wang R, Ren F. Solobacterium moorei promotes the progression of adenomatous polyps by causing inflammation and disrupting the intestinal barrier. J Transl Med 2024; 22:169. [PMID: 38368407 PMCID: PMC10874563 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-04977-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adenomatous polyps (APs) with inflammation are risk factors for colorectal cancer. However, the role of inflammation-related gut microbiota in promoting the progression of APs is unknown. METHODS Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was conducted to identify characteristic bacteria in AP tissues and normal mucosa. Then, the roles of inflammation-related bacteria were clarified by Spearman correlation analysis. Furthermore, colorectal HT-29 cells, normal colon NCM460 cells, and azoxymethane-treated mice were used to investigate the effects of the characteristic bacteria on progression of APs. RESULTS The expression levels of inflammation-related markers (diamine oxidase, D-lactate, C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 and interleukin-1β) were increased, whereas the expression levels of anti-inflammatory factors (interleukin-4 and interleukin-10) were significantly decreased in AP patients as compared to healthy controls. Solobacterium moorei (S. moorei) was enriched in AP tissues and fecal samples, and significantly positively correlated with serum inflammation-related markers. In vitro, S. moorei preferentially attached to HT-29 cells and stimulated cell proliferation and production of pro-inflammatory factors. In vivo, the incidence of intestinal dysplasia was significantly increased in the S. moorei group. Gavage of mice with S. moorei upregulated production of pro-inflammatory factors, suppressed proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+cells, and disrupted the integrity of the intestinal barrier, thereby accelerating progression of APs. CONCLUSIONS S. moorei accelerated the progression of AP in mice via activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, chronic low-grade inflammation, and intestinal barrier disruption. Targeted reduction of S. moorei presents a potential strategy to prevent the progression of APs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoujuan Yu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xifan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Ziyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Co-Constructed By Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Dekui Jin
- Department of General Practice, The Third Centers of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Mengyang Yu
- Department of General Practice, The Third Centers of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Jingnan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yixuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Co-Constructed By Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xiaoxue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Co-Constructed By Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Co-Constructed By Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yinghua Liu
- Department of Nutrition, The First Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Co-Constructed By Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Bing Fang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Co-Constructed By Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Chengying Zhang
- Department of General Practice, The Third Centers of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China.
| | - Ran Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Co-Constructed By Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Fazheng Ren
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Wójcik M, Plata-Babula A, Głowaczewska A, Sirek T, Orczyk A, Małecka M, Grabarek BO. Expression profile of mRNAs and miRNAs related to mitogen-activated kinases in HaCaT cell culture treated with lipopolysaccharide a and adalimumab. Cell Cycle 2024; 23:385-404. [PMID: 38557266 PMCID: PMC11174132 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2024.2335051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Studies indicate that mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) exhibit activation and overexpression within psoriatic lesions. This study aimed to investigate alterations in the expression patterns of genes encoding MAPKs and microRNA (miRNA) molecules that potentially regulate their expression in human adult low-calcium high-temperature (HaCaT) keratinocytes when exposed to bacterial lipopolysaccharide A (LPS) and adalimumab. HaCaT cells underwent treatment with 1 µg/mL LPS for 8 hours, followed by treatment with 8 µg/mL adalimumab for 2, 8, or 24 hours. Untreated cells served as controls. The molecular analysis involved microarray, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RTqPCR), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analyses. Changes in the expression profile of seven mRNAs: dual specificity phosphatase 1 (DUSP1), dual specificity phosphatase 3 (DUSP3), dual specificity phosphatase 4 (DUSP4), mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 (MAPK9), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 2 (MAP3K2), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 (MAP2K2), and MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MAPKAPK2, also known as MK2) in cell culture exposed to LPS or LPS and the drug compared to the control. It was noted that miR-34a may potentially regulate the activity of DUSP1, DUSP3, and DUSP4, while miR-1275 is implicated in regulating MAPK9 expression. Additionally, miR-382 and miR-3188 are potential regulators of DUSP4 levels, and miR-200-5p is involved in regulating MAPKAPK2 and MAP3K2 levels. Thus, the analysis showed that these mRNA molecules and the proteins and miRNAs they encode appear to be useful molecular markers for monitoring the efficacy of adalimumab therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Wójcik
- Collegium Medicum, WSB University, Dabrowa Gornicza, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Plata-Babula
- Department of Nursing and Maternity, High School of Strategic Planning in Dabrowa Gornicza, Dabrowa Gornicza, Poland
| | - Amelia Głowaczewska
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Applied Sciences in Nysa, Nysa, Poland
| | - Tomasz Sirek
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Academia of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hospital for Minimally Invasive and Reconstructive Surgery in Bielsko-Biała, Bielsko-Biala, Poland
| | - Aneta Orczyk
- Collegium Medicum, WSB University, Dabrowa Gornicza, Poland
| | - Mariola Małecka
- Faculty of Medicine, Uczelnia Medyczna im. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie, Warszawa, Poland
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Jiang S, Ma W, Ma C, Zhang Z, Zhang W, Zhang J. An emerging strategy: probiotics enhance the effectiveness of tumor immunotherapy via mediating the gut microbiome. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2341717. [PMID: 38717360 PMCID: PMC11085971 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2341717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The occurrence and progression of tumors are often accompanied by disruptions in the gut microbiota. Inversely, the impact of the gut microbiota on the initiation and progression of cancer is becoming increasingly evident, influencing the tumor microenvironment (TME) for both local and distant tumors. Moreover, it is even suggested to play a significant role in the process of tumor immunotherapy, contributing to high specificity in therapeutic outcomes and long-term effectiveness across various cancer types. Probiotics, with their generally positive influence on the gut microbiota, may serve as effective agents in synergizing cancer immunotherapy. They play a crucial role in activating the immune system to inhibit tumor growth. In summary, this comprehensive review aims to provide valuable insights into the dynamic interactions between probiotics, gut microbiota, and cancer. Furthermore, we highlight recent advances and mechanisms in using probiotics to improve the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapy. By understanding these complex relationships, we may unlock innovative approaches for cancer diagnosis and treatment while optimizing the effects of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiming Jiang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, PR China
| | - Wenyao Ma
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, PR China
| | - Chenchen Ma
- Department of Human Cell Biology and Genetics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Zeng Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, PR China
| | - Wanli Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, PR China
| | - Jiachao Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, PR China
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7
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Florescu DN, Boldeanu MV, Șerban RE, Florescu LM, Serbanescu MS, Ionescu M, Streba L, Constantin C, Vere CC. Correlation of the Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, Inflammatory Markers, and Tumor Markers with the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Colorectal Cancer. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2261. [PMID: 38137862 PMCID: PMC10744550 DOI: 10.3390/life13122261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the most important global health problems, being in the top 3 neoplasms in terms of the number of cases worldwide. Although CRC develops predominantly from the adenoma-adenocarcinoma sequence through APC gene mutations, in recent years, studies have demonstrated the role of chronic inflammation in this neoplasia pathogenesis. Cytokines are important components of chronic inflammation, being some of the host regulators in response to inflammation. The pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α are involved in tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis and seem to strengthen each other's mode of action, these being stimulated by the same mediators. In our study, we collected data on 68 patients with CRC and 20 healthy patients from the Gastroenterology Department of Craiova County Emergency Clinical Hospital, who were assessed between January 2022 and February 2023. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between increased plasma levels of the cytokines and the extent of the tumor, lymph nodes, and metastasis-(TNM stage), as well as the patients' prognoses. We also compared the plasma levels of cytokines and acute inflammatory markers, namely, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), c-reactive protein (CRP), and fibrinogen, along with the tumor markers, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen 19.9 (CA 19.9), in CRC patients. We showed that all the pro-inflammatory cytokines studied had higher levels in patients with CRC in comparison with the control group. We also showed that the acute inflammatory markers of erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, and fibrinogen, and the tumor markers of CEA and CA 19.9 can be useful in diagnosis and prognosis in patients with CRC. Considering the association between pro-inflammatory cytokines and CRC, the development of new targeted therapies against IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α can improve patient care and the CRC survival rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Nicolae Florescu
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (D.N.F.); (C.C.V.)
- Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200638 Craiova, Romania
| | - Mihail-Virgil Boldeanu
- Department of Immunology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Robert-Emmanuel Șerban
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (D.N.F.); (C.C.V.)
- Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200638 Craiova, Romania
| | - Lucian Mihai Florescu
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (L.M.F.); (C.C.)
| | - Mircea-Sebastian Serbanescu
- Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Mihaela Ionescu
- Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Liliana Streba
- Department of Oncology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, 2 Petru Rares Str., 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Cristian Constantin
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (L.M.F.); (C.C.)
| | - Cristin Constantin Vere
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (D.N.F.); (C.C.V.)
- Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200638 Craiova, Romania
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8
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Ballarò C, Quaranta V, Giannelli G. Colorectal Liver Metastasis: Can Cytokines Make the Difference? Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5359. [PMID: 38001618 PMCID: PMC10670198 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15225359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Metastasis is the prime driver of CRC-related mortality, and the liver is the organ most frequently involved. Despite the overall success of current treatments, colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM) is associated with poor prognoses and a survival rate of only 14%. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and the crosstalk within it in determining the invasion of distant organs by circulating cancer cells. In the TME, cellular communication is mediated via soluble molecules, among which cytokines have recently emerged as key regulators, involved in every aspect of tumor progression and the metastatic cascade. Indeed, in the serum of CRC patients elevated levels of several cytokines are associated with cancer development and progression. The current review evaluates the role of different cytokines during CRLM development. Additionally, considering the increasing amount of data concerning the importance of cytokine complex networks, we outline the potential of combination treatments using targeted cytokines together with other well-established therapies, such as immune checkpoint blockades, chemotherapy, or gene therapy, to improve therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Ballarò
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Gastroenterology, IRCCS “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, Via Turi 27, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy
| | - Valeria Quaranta
- Laboratory of Personalized Medicine, National Institute of Gastroenterology, IRCCS “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, Via Turi 27, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy;
| | - Gianluigi Giannelli
- Scientific Direction, National Institute of Gastroenterology, IRCCS “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, Via Turi 27, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy;
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9
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Du A, Yang Q, Sun X, Zhao Q. Exosomal circRNA-001264 promotes AML immunosuppression through induction of M2-like macrophages and PD-L1 overexpression. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110868. [PMID: 37657244 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes can help to effectively regulate the crosstalk between cancer cells and normal cells in the tumor microenvironment. They also regulate cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis by virtue of their cargo molecules. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) together with differential ultracentrifugation served for verifying the presence of exosomes. In vivo and in vitro assays served for determining the role of exosomal circ_001264. RNA pull-down and dual-luciferase reporter assays assisted in the classification of the mechanism of exosomal circ_001264-mediated regulation of the crosstalk between Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells and M2 macrophages. Furthermore, we adopted a programmed death ligand 1 antibody (aPD-L1) in combination with exosomal circ_001264 siRNA for antitumor treatment in vitro and in vivo mouse models served for validating the in vivo outcomes. Out study illustrated the aberrant overexpression of circ_001264 in AML patients and its correlation with poor patient prognosis. AML cell-derived exosomal circ_001264 regulated the RAF1 expression and activated the p38-STAT3 signaling pathway, thereby inducing the M2 macrophage polarization. Polarized M2 macrophages can induce PD-L1 overexpression by secreting PD-L1. Here, a programmed death ligand (aPD-L1) was adopted for preventing the immunosuppression, which was able to achieve the desired therapeutic effect at the tumor site. Indeed, in the mouse model, leukemia tumor load decreased remarkably in the exosomal circ_001264 siRNA plus aPD-L1 combination group. Taken together, our study contributed to a theoretical basis for AML treatment. The co-administration of exosomal circ_001264 siRNA and aPD-L1 exhibited an obvious anti-cancer effectiveness in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashuai Du
- Department of Infection, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550002, PR China
| | - Qinglong Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Guizhou Provincial people's Hospital, Guiyang 550002, PR China; Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Sun
- The First Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China; School of Nursing, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 528406, China.
| | - Qiangqiang Zhao
- Department of Hematology, The People's Hospital of Liuzhou City, Liuzhou 545026, PR China; Department of Hematology, the Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining 810007, PR China.
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10
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Jacenik D, Lebish EJ, Beswick EJ. MK2 drives progression of pancreas and colon cancers by suppressing CD8 + T cell cytotoxic function and is a potential immunotherapy target. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1212100. [PMID: 37415974 PMCID: PMC10321668 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1212100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Immune cell composition is a critical and dynamic component of the tumor microenvironment, which has an impact on immunosuppression and progression of cancer. T cells, especially CD8+ T cells, are one of the major immune cell types responsible for tumor cell killing employing receptor-ligand mediated apoptosis and/or releasing lytic granules among others. Accumulating evidence highlighted that adoptive transfer of activated and/or modified immune cells can enhance anti-tumorigenic immune responses and serve as promising therapy approach for patients with cancers. The mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) is a serine/threonine protein kinase, which controls production and secretion of numerous pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines involved in tumorigenesis. However, limited efforts have been made to learn how MK2 may affects CD8+ T cell action and function in the tumor microenvironment especially in gastrointestinal cancers. Methods To explore the therapeutic potential of MK2 in the immune response mediated by CD8+ T cells, RAG1 knockout mice with PK5L1940 and BRAF cells-derived allograft tumors were treated with WT or MK2 knockout CD8+ T cells. The phenotype of CD8+ T cells with MK2 depletion were evaluated in vitro. Immunofluorescence staining, real-time PCR and multiplex analysis were utilized to estimate the expression of apoptotic and lytic factors. Results Here, we show that CD8+ T cells with MK2 depletion prevent gastrointestinal cancer growth, which is accompanied by enhanced expression and secretion of factors related to apoptosis. Moreover, using in vitro and in vivo approaches, we found that depletion of MK2 lead to hyperactivation of CD8+ T cells and enhanced anti-tumor immunity. Conclusion Overall, we documented that MK2 drives the progression of gastrointestinal cancers and prevents immune response generated by CD8+ T cells suggesting potential implications of MK2 in the immunotherapy of gastrointestinal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Jacenik
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Eric J. Lebish
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Ellen J. Beswick
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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11
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Optimized Antimicrobial Peptide Jelleine-I Derivative Br-J-I Inhibits Fusobacterium Nucleatum to Suppress Colorectal Cancer Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021469. [PMID: 36674985 PMCID: PMC9865857 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major health burden worldwide due to its high morbidity, mortality, and complex etiology. Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn), a Gram-negative anaerobe found in 30% of CRC patients, promotes CRC carcinogenesis, metastasis, and chemoresistance. Effective antimicrobial treatment is an unmet need for the rising CRC burden. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent a new class of antimicrobial drugs. In our previous study, we did the structure-activity study of Jelleine-I (J-I) and identified several halogenated J-I derivatives Cl-J-I, Br-J-I, and I-J-I. To determine whether those J-I derivatives can be a new therapy for bacterial-associated CRC, here we tested the antibacterial activities of these AMPs against Fn and their effects on CRC development. We found that Br-J-I showed the highest anti-Fn activity and Br-J-I may target membrane-associated FadA for Fn membrane disruption. More importantly, Fn promoted the growth of CRC cells-derived xenograft tumors. Br-J-I suppressed Fn load, colon inflammation, and Fn-induced CRC growth. Of note, Br-J-I induced better anti-CRC effects than common antibiotic metronidazole and Br-J-I sensitized the cancer-killing effect of chemotherapy drug 5-fluorouracil. These results suggest that Br-J-I could be considered as an adjunctive agent for CRC treatment and AMPs-based combination treatment is a new strategy for CRC in the future.
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12
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Parvimonas micra activates the Ras/ERK/c-Fos pathway by upregulating miR-218-5p to promote colorectal cancer progression. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2023; 42:13. [PMID: 36627634 PMCID: PMC9830783 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02572-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the world, and a strong relationship exists between CRC and gut microbiota, which affects the occurrence, development, and metastasis of cancer. Bioinformatics-based analyses revealed that the abundance of Parvimonas micra (P. micra) in the feces of patients with cancer is significantly higher than that in healthy people. Therefore, an important relationship may exist between P. micra and CRC. METHODS We first confirmed that P. micra can promote the proliferation of cell lines through cell experiments and mouse models. Then we selected the signaling pathways and content of exosomes to promote the development of CRC by transcriptomics and microRNA sequencing. Finally, we confirmed that P. micra promoted CRC development through miR-218-5p/Ras/ERK/c-Fos pathway through the in vivo and in vitro experiments. RESULTS First, it was confirmed by in vitro and in vivo experiments that P. micra can promote the development of CRC. Transcriptome analysis after the coincubation of bacteria and cells revealed that P. micra promoted cell proliferation by activating the Ras/ERK/c-Fos pathway. Furthermore, microRNA sequencing analysis of the cells and exosomes showed that miR-218-5p and protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor R (PTPRR) were the key factors involved in activating the Ras/ERK/c-Fos pathway, and the miR-218-5p inhibitor was used to confirm the role of microRNA in xenograft mice. CONCLUSION This experiment confirmed that P. micra promoted the development of CRC by upregulating miR-218-5p expression in cells and exosomes, inhibiting PTPRR expression, and ultimately activating the Ras/ERK/c-Fos signaling pathway.
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13
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Sodium New Houttuyfonate Inhibits Cancer-Promoting Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) to Reduce Colorectal Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246111. [PMID: 36551597 PMCID: PMC9775898 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recent studies showed that the common anaerobe Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) is closely associated with a higher risk for carcinogenesis, metastasis, and chemoresistance of CRC. However, there is no specific antimicrobial therapy for CRC treatment. Herbal medicine has a long history of treating diseases with remarkable effects and is attracting extensive attention. In this study, we tested six common phytochemicals for their antimicrobial activities against Fn and whether anti-Fn phytochemicals can modulate CRC development associated with Fn. Among these antimicrobials, we found that SNH showed the highest antimicrobial activity and little cytotoxicity toward cancer cells and normal cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, SNH may target membrane-associated FadA, leading to FadA oligomerization, membrane fragmentation and permeabilization. More importantly, SNH blocked the tumor-promoting activity of Fn and Fn-associated cancer-driven inflammation, thus improving the intestinal barrier damaged by Fn. SNH reduced Fn load in the CRC-cells-derived mice xenografts with Fn inoculation and significantly inhibited CRC progression. Our data suggest that SNH could be used for an antimicrobial therapy that inhibits Fn and cancer-driven inflammation of CRC. Our results provide an important foundation for future gut microbiota-targeted clinical treatment of CRC.
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14
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Pal S, Saini AK, Kaushal A, Gupta S, Gaur NA, Chhillar AK, Sharma AK, Gupta VK, Saini RV. The Colloquy between Microbiota and the Immune System in Colon Cancer: Repercussions on the Cancer Therapy. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:3478-3485. [PMID: 36415093 DOI: 10.2174/1381612829666221122115906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide and has engrossed researchers' attention toward its detection and prevention at early stages. Primarily associated with genetic and environmental risk factors, the disease has also shown its emergence due to dysbiosis in microbiota. The microbiota not only plays a role in modulating the metabolisms of metastatic tissue but also has a keen role in cancer therapy. The immune cells are responsible for secreting various chemokines and cytokines, and activating pattern recognition receptors by different microbes can lead to the trail by which these cells regulate cancer. Furthermore, mixed immune reactions involving NK cells, tumor-associated macrophages, and lymphocytes have shown their connection with the microbial counterpart of the disease. The microbes like Bacteroides fragilis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Enterococcus faecalis and their metabolites have engendered inflammatory reactions in the tumor microenvironment. Hence the interplay between immune cells and various microbes is utilized to study the changing metastasis stage. Targeting either immune cells or microbiota could not serve as a key to tackling this deadly disorder. However, harnessing their complementation towards the disease can be a powerful weapon for developing therapy and diagnostic/prognostic markers. In this review, we have discussed various immune reactions and microbiome interplay in CRC, intending to evaluate the effectiveness of chemotherapy and immunotherapy and their parallel relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Pal
- Department of Biotechnology, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, India
| | - Adesh K Saini
- Department of Biotechnology, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, India.,Central Research Cell, MMIMSR, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, India
| | - Ankur Kaushal
- Department of Biotechnology, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, India
| | - Shagun Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, India
| | - Naseem A Gaur
- Department of Yeast Biofuel, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Anil K Chhillar
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University (MDU), Rohtak, India
| | - Anil K Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, India
| | - Vijai K Gupta
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Reena V Saini
- Department of Biotechnology, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, India.,Central Research Cell, MMIMSR, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, India
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15
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Jacenik D, Lebish EJ, Beswick EJ. MK2 Promotes the Development and Progression of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors Mediated by Macrophages and Metabolomic Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13561. [PMID: 36362348 PMCID: PMC9658113 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cases of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are growing in number, and new treatment options are needed in order to improve patient outcomes. The mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) is a crucial regulator of cytokine/chemokine production. The significance of MK2 expression and signaling pathway mediated by MK2 in PNETs has not been investigated. To characterize the impact of MK2 on PNET growth, we used the RipTag2 transgenic murine model of PNETs, and we developed a primary PNET cell line for both in vitro and in vivo studies. In the transgenic murine model of PNETs, we found that MK2 inhibition improves survival of mice and prevents PNET progression. MK2 blockade abolished cytokine/chemokine production, which was related to macrophage function. A role for MK2 in the regulation of metabolic factor secretion in PNETs was identified, making this the first study to identify a potential role for the MK2 pathway in regulation of tumor metabolism. Moreover, using an in vitro approach and allograft model of PNETs, we were able to show that macrophages with MK2 depletion exhibit increased cytotoxicity against PNET cells and substantially decreased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, as well as metabolic factors. Taken together, our work identifies MK2 as a potent driver of immune response and metabolic effectors in PNETs, suggesting it is a potential therapeutic target for patients with PNETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Jacenik
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Eric J. Lebish
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Ellen J. Beswick
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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16
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The Role of Inflammatory Mediators in Colorectal Cancer Hepatic Metastasis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152313. [PMID: 35954156 PMCID: PMC9367504 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of death in cancer patients in the USA, whereas the major cause of CRC deaths is hepatic metastases. The liver is the most common site of metastasis in patients with CRC due to hepatic portal veins receiving blood from the digestive tract. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of hepatic metastases is of dire need for the development of potent targeted therapeutics. Immuno-signaling molecules including cytokines and chemokines play a pivotal role in hepatic metastases from CRC. This brief review discusses the involvement of three representative cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β), a lipid molecule PGE2 and two chemokines (CXCL1 and CXCL2) in the process of CRC liver metastases.
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17
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Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-activated protein kinases (MAPKAPKs) are defined by their exclusive activation by MAPKs. They can be activated by classical and atypical MAPKs that have been stimulated by mitogens and various stresses. Genetic deletions of MAPKAPKs and availability of highly specific small-molecule inhibitors have continuously increased our functional understanding of these kinases. MAPKAPKs cooperate in the regulation of gene expression at the level of transcription; RNA processing, export, and stability; and protein synthesis. The diversity of stimuli for MAPK activation, the cross talk between the different MAPKs and MAPKAPKs, and the specific substrate pattern of MAPKAPKs orchestrate immediate-early and inflammatory responses in space and time and ensure proper control of cell growth, differentiation, and cell behavior. Hence, MAPKAPKs are promising targets for cancer therapy and treatments for conditions of acute and chronic inflammation, such as cytokine storms and rheumatoid arthritis. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biochemistry, Volume 91 is June 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ronkina
- Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany;
| | - Matthias Gaestel
- Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany;
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18
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Pre-Administration of Berberine Exerts Chemopreventive Effects in AOM/DSS-Induced Colitis-Associated Carcinogenesis Mice via Modulating Inflammation and Intestinal Microbiota. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14040726. [PMID: 35215376 PMCID: PMC8879943 DOI: 10.3390/nu14040726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory activation and intestinal flora imbalance play an essential role in the development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). Berberine (BBR) has attracted great attention in recent years due to its heath-related benefits in inflammatory disorders and tumors, but the intricate mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. In this study, the effects and the mechanism of BBR on colon cancer were investigated in an azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis-associated carcinogenesis mice model. Our results showed that pre-administration of BBR showed a decrease in weight loss, disease activity index (DAI) score, and the number of colon tumors in mice, compared with the model group. The evidence from pathological examination indicated that the malignancy of intestinal tumors was ameliorated after pre-administration of BBR. Additionally, pre-administration with BBR suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory factors (interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α) and the cell-proliferation marker Ki67, while expression of the tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and occludin) were increased in colon tissue. Moreover, the levels of critical pathway proteins involved in the inflammatory process (p-STAT3 and p-JNK) and cell cycle regulation molecules (β-catenin, c-Myc and CylinD1) exhibited lower expression levels. Besides, 16S rRNA sequence analysis indicated that pre-administration of BBR increased the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F:M) and the relative abundance of potentially beneficial bacteria, while the abundance of cancer-related bacteria was decreased. Gavage with Lactobacillus rhamnosus can improve the anti-tumor effect of BBR. Overall, pre-administration of BBR exerts preventive effects in colon carcinogenesis, and the mechanisms underlying these effects are correlated with the inhibition of inflammation and tumor proliferation and the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis.
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19
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Xie J, Zhang Y, Jiang L. Role of Interleukin-1 in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer: A brief look at anakinra therapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 105:108577. [PMID: 35121226 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is known as one of the deadliest and most common cancers globally and causes nearly one million cancer deaths yearly. Like many malignancies, the immune system and its components play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of CRC. As multifunction mediators of the immune system, cytokines are involved in several inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) belongs to a family of 11 members and is involved in inflammatory responses. Beyond its biological role as a mediator of innate immune responses, it is also seen in chronic stress and inflammation and numerous pathological states. The role of IL-1 in malignancies can also be very significant because it has recently been shown that this cytokine can also be secreted from tumor cells and induce the recruitment of myeloid-derived immunosuppressive cells. As a result, the tumor microenvironment (TME) is affected and, despite being inflammatory, causes the onset and progression of tumor cells. Since surgery and chemotherapy are the first choices to treat patients with cancer, especially CRC, it is usually not well-prognosed, particularly in patients with metastatic lesions CRC. Therefore, targeted therapy may prolong the overall survival of CRC patients. Furthermore, evidence shows that anakinra has had satisfactory results in treating CRC. Therefore, this review summarized the role of IL-1 in the pathogenesis of CRC as well as immunotherapy based on inhibition of this cytokine in this type of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xie
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Cancer Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014,Zhejiang, China
| | - Luxi Jiang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
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20
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Park SJ, Kim D, Lee M, Jung J, Eun S, Kim OK. Effects of Bonito Elastin HC on Skin Dryness, Wrinkles, and Pigmentation In Vitro and In Vivo. J Med Food 2022; 25:48-60. [PMID: 35029512 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2021.k.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of bonito fish (Katsuwonus pelamis) elastin HC (KE) on skin dryness, wrinkles, and pigmentation in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, we evaluated the expression of mRNA genes and proteins related to skin dryness, wrinkles, and pigmentation. HaCaT and HS27 cells were exposed to ultraviolet B radiation (UVB) (50 mJ/cm2), and B16F10 cells were stimulated with 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX, 250 μg/mL) for 72 h to induce melanin synthesis. All cells were treated with KE (50-400 μg/mL) for 24 h. We found that KE increased the expression of long-chain base 1, dihydroceramide desaturase 1, elastin, hyaluronan synthase 2, and ceramide synthase 4 mRNA or protein as well as hyaluronic acid and sphingomyelin levels in UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells. Moreover, KE regulated factors related to collagen production, wrinkles, and melanin production in UVB-irradiated HS27 cells and IBMX-stimulated B16F10 cells. In vivo, we evaluated skin hydration and the expression of mRNA genes and proteins in the skin, and conducted morphological observations in SKH-I hairless mice (5-week-old male). The mice were exposed stepwise to UVB and given KE (10, 20, and 30 mg/kg b.w.) for 8 weeks. We found that skin hydration and protein or mRNA expression related to skin moisturization were increased in the KE group. Moreover, KE intake increased factors related to collagen production, wrinkles, and melanin production in UVB-irradiated SKH-I hairless mice. These results suggest that KE may have efficacy for the development of treatments for improving skin health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jeung Park
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Dakyung Kim
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Minhee Lee
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Jaeeun Jung
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Sangwon Eun
- R&D Division, Daehan Chemtech Co. Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Ok-Kyung Kim
- Division of Food and Nutrition and Research Institute for Human Ecology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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21
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Liu K, Liu E, Lin L, Hu Y, Yuan Y, Xiao W. L-theanine mediates the p38MAPK signaling pathway to alleviate heat-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in mice. Food Funct 2022; 13:2120-2130. [DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03077a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
L-theanine, an active ingredient in the tea plant (Camellia sinensis) associated with calming, is widely used as a functional ingredient and dietary supplement. In this study, a heat stress mouse...
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22
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Wang G, Yu Y, Li ZM, Zhu ZM, Wang ZJ, Tao MF. Triterpenoids of Rhus chinensis Supressed Colorectal Cancer Progress by Enhancing Antitumor Immunity and CD8 + T Cells Tumor Infiltration. Nutr Cancer 2021; 74:2550-2564. [PMID: 34866510 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2021.2009523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The absence of CD8+ T cells in the tumor center has become a major obstacle in the immunotherapy of colorectal cancer. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies are urgently needed to promote the accumulation of CD8+ T cells in the tumor center. Previous studies have shown that triterpenoid of Rhus chinensis (TER) is involved in the proliferation and apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells, and can regulate their immune activity, but its mechanism needs to be further elucidated. In this study, the antitumor effect and adaptive immune response of TER on tumor-bearing mice were evaluated and compared with 5-fluorouracil. The results showed that TER could significantly inhibit tumor growth and prolong the survival time of tumor-bearing mice. The In Vivo studies have shown that TER can not only enhance antitumor immunity and promote the accumulation of CD8 + T cells to tumor sites, but also inhibit tumor progression by regulating the expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 and significantly reducing the mortality of mice. Our study demonstrated for the first time that TER has oncolytic effect, and recruited adaptive immune cells to enhance the efficacy of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 in colorectal cancer, which provides a potential therapeutic target for combined immunotherapy of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zi-Meng Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Min Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Jie Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min-Fang Tao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Shanghai, China
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23
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Zhang W, Karagiannidis I, Van Vliet EDS, Yao R, Beswick EJ, Zhou A. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor promotes an aggressive phenotype of colon and breast cancer cells with biochemical changes investigated by single-cell Raman microspectroscopy and machine learning analysis. Analyst 2021; 146:6124-6131. [PMID: 34543367 PMCID: PMC8631005 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00938a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is produced at high levels in several cancers and is directly linked with metastasis in gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. In order to further understand the alteration of molecular compositions and biochemical features triggered by G-CSF treatment at molecular and cell levels, we sought to investigate the long term treatment of G-CSF on colon and breast cancer cells measured by label-free, non-invasive single-cell Raman microspectroscopy. Raman spectrum captures the molecule-specific spectral signatures ("fingerprints") of different biomolecules presented on cells. In this work, mouse breast cancer line 4T1 and mouse colon cancer line CT26 were treated with G-CSF for 7 weeks and subsequently analyzed by machine learning based Raman spectroscopy and gene/cytokine expression. The principal component analysis (PCA) identified the Raman bands that most significantly changed between the control and G-CSF treated cells. Notably, here we proposed the concept of aggressiveness score, which can be derived from the posterior probability of linear discriminant analysis (LDA), for quantitative spectral analysis of tumorigenic cells. The aggressiveness score was effectively applied to analyze and differentiate the overall cell biochemical changes of G-CSF-treated two model cancer cells. All these tumorigenic progressions suggested by Raman analysis were confirmed by pro-tumorigenic cytokine and gene analysis. A high correlation between gene expression data and Raman spectra highlights that the machine learning based non-invasive Raman spectroscopy offers emerging and powerful tools to better understand the regulation mechanism of cytokines in the tumor microenvironment that could lead to the discovery of new targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
| | - Ioannis Karagiannidis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT84132, USA.
| | - Eliane De Santana Van Vliet
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT84132, USA.
| | - Ruoxin Yao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT84132, USA.
| | - Ellen J Beswick
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT84132, USA.
| | - Anhong Zhou
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
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Morgan D, Berggren KL, Spiess CD, Smith HM, Tejwani A, Weir SJ, Lominska CE, Thomas SM, Gan GN. Mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase-2 (MK2) and its role in cell survival, inflammatory signaling, and migration in promoting cancer. Mol Carcinog 2021; 61:173-199. [PMID: 34559922 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer and the immune system share an intimate relationship. Chronic inflammation increases the risk of cancer occurrence and can also drive inflammatory mediators into the tumor microenvironment enhancing tumor growth and survival. The p38 MAPK pathway is activated both acutely and chronically by stress, inflammatory chemokines, chronic inflammatory conditions, and cancer. These properties have led to extensive efforts to find effective drugs targeting p38, which have been unsuccessful. The immediate downstream serine/threonine kinase and substrate of p38 MAPK, mitogen-activated-protein-kinase-activated-protein-kinase-2 (MK2) protects cells against stressors by regulating the DNA damage response, transcription, protein and messenger RNA stability, and motility. The phosphorylation of downstream substrates by MK2 increases inflammatory cytokine production, drives an immune response, and contributes to wound healing. By binding directly to p38 MAPK, MK2 is responsible for the export of p38 MAPK from the nucleus which gives MK2 properties that make it unique among the large number of p38 MAPK substrates. Many of the substrates of both p38 MAPK and MK2 are separated between the cytosol and nucleus and interfering with MK2 and altering this intracellular translocation has implications for the actions of both p38 MAPK and MK2. The inhibition of MK2 has shown promise in combination with both chemotherapy and radiotherapy as a method for controlling cancer growth and metastasis in a variety of cancers. Whereas the current data are encouraging the field requires the development of selective and well tolerated drugs to target MK2 and a better understanding of its effects for effective clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deri Morgan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Kiersten L Berggren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Section of Radiation Oncology, UNM School of Medicine, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Colby D Spiess
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Hannah M Smith
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Ajay Tejwani
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Scott J Weir
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Christopher E Lominska
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Sufi M Thomas
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Gregory N Gan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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25
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Liu MM, Liu T, Yeung S, Wang Z, Andresen B, Parsa C, Orlando R, Zhou B, Wu W, Li X, Zhang Y, Wang C, Huang Y. Inhibitory activity of medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum on colorectal cancer by attenuating inflammation. PRECISION CLINICAL MEDICINE 2021; 4:231-245. [PMID: 35692861 PMCID: PMC8982591 DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbab023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (GL, Reishi or Lingzhi) exhibits an inhibitory effect on cancers. However, the underlying mechanism of the antitumor activity of GL is not fully understood. In this study, we characterized the gene networks regulated by a commercial product of GL containing a mixture of spores and fruiting bodies namely “GLSF”, in colorectal carcinoma. We found that in vitro co-administration of GLSF extract at non-toxic concentrations significantly potentiated growth inhibition and apoptosis induced by paclitaxel in CT26 and HCT-15 cells. GLSF inhibited NF-κB promoter activity in HEK-293 cells but did not affect the function of P-glycoprotein in K562/DOX cells. Furthermore, we found that when mice were fed a modified diet containing GLSF for 1 month prior to the CT26 tumor cell inoculation, GLSF alone or combined with Nab-paclitaxel markedly suppressed tumor growth and induced apoptosis. RNA-seq analysis of tumor tissues derived from GLSF-treated mice identified 53 differentially expressed genes compared to normal tissues. Many of the GLSF-down-regulated genes were involved in NF-κB-regulated inflammation pathways, such as IL-1β, IL-11 and Cox-2. Pathway enrichment analysis suggested that several inflammatory pathways involving leukocyte migration and adhesion were most affected by the treatment. Upstream analysis predicted activation of multiple tumor suppressors such as α-catenin and TP53 and inhibition of critical inflammatory mediators. “Cancer” was the major significantly inhibited biological effect of GLSF treatment. These results demonstrate that GLSF can improve the therapeutic outcome for colorectal cancer through a mechanism involving suppression of NF-κB-regulated inflammation and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy M Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Tiantian Liu
- Center for Genomics & Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Steven Yeung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Zhijun Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Marshall B. Ketchum University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | - Bradley Andresen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Cyrus Parsa
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
- Department of Pathology, Beverly Hospital, Montebello, California, CA 90640, USA
| | - Robert Orlando
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
- Department of Pathology, Beverly Hospital, Montebello, California, CA 90640, USA
| | - Bingsen Zhou
- Beijing Tong Ren Tang Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd., New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Beijing Tong Ren Tang Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd., New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xia Li
- Beijing Tong Ren Tang Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd., New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yilong Zhang
- Beijing Tong Ren Tang Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd., New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Charles Wang
- Center for Genomics & Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
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26
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Chang GR, Kuo CY, Tsai MY, Lin WL, Lin TC, Liao HJ, Chen CH, Wang YC. Anti-Cancer Effects of Zotarolimus Combined with 5-Fluorouracil Treatment in HCT-116 Colorectal Cancer-Bearing BALB/c Nude Mice. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154683. [PMID: 34361836 PMCID: PMC8347948 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Zotarolimus is a semi-synthetic derivative of rapamycin and an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. Currently, zotarolimus is used to prolong the survival time of organ grafts, but it is also a novel immunosuppressive agent with potent anti-proliferative activity. Here, we examine the anti-tumor effect of zotarolimus, alone and in combination with 5-fluorouracil, on HCT-116 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells implanted in BALB/c nude mice. Compared with the control mice, mice treated with zotarolimus or zotarolimus combined with 5-FU showed retarded tumor growth; increased tumor apoptosis through the enhanced expression of cleaved caspase 3 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation; reduced inflammation-related factors such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein; and inhibited metastasis-related factors such as CD44, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Notably, mice treated with a combination of zotarolimus and 5-FU showed significantly retarded tumor growth, reduced tumor size, and increased tumor inhibition compared with mice treated with 5-FU or zotarolimus alone, indicating a strong synergistic effect. This in vivo study confirms that zotarolimus or zotarolimus combined with 5-FU can be used to retard colorectal adenocarcinoma growth and inhibit tumorigenesis. Our results suggest that zotarolimus may increase the chemo-sensitization of tumor cells. Therefore, zotarolimus alone and zotarolimus combined with 5-FU may be potential anti-tumor agents in the treatment of human colon adenocarcinoma. Future research on zotarolimus may lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng-Ruei Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, 580 Xinmin Road, Chiayi 600023, Taiwan; (G.-R.C.); (T.-C.L.); (H.-J.L.)
| | - Chan-Yen Kuo
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, 289 Jianguo Road, Xindian District, New Taipei 231405, Taiwan;
- Department of Nursing, Cardinal Tien College of Healthcare and Management, 112 Minzu Road, Sindian District, New Taipei 231038, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yang Tsai
- Animal Industry Division, Livestock Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 112 Muchang, Xinhua Dist, Tainan 71246, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Bioresources, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Li Lin
- Bachelor Degree Program in Animal Healthcare, Hungkuang University, 6 Section, 1018 Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung 433304, Taiwan;
- General Education Center, Chaoyang University of Technology, 168 Jifeng Eastern Road, Taichung 413310, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chun Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, 580 Xinmin Road, Chiayi 600023, Taiwan; (G.-R.C.); (T.-C.L.); (H.-J.L.)
| | - Huei-Jyuan Liao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, 580 Xinmin Road, Chiayi 600023, Taiwan; (G.-R.C.); (T.-C.L.); (H.-J.L.)
| | - Chung-Hung Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, 6 Lugong Road, Lukang Township, Changhua 505029, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-H.C.); (Y.-C.W.); Tel.: +886-975-617357 (C.-H.C.); +886-2332-3456 (Y.-C.W.)
| | - Yu-Chen Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Asia University Hospital, 222 Fuxin Road, Wufeng District, Taichung 413505, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, 500 Lioufeng Road, Wufeng District, Taichung 413305, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, 2 Yude Road, North District, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, North District, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-H.C.); (Y.-C.W.); Tel.: +886-975-617357 (C.-H.C.); +886-2332-3456 (Y.-C.W.)
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27
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Yang X, Siddique A, Khan AA, Wang Q, Malik A, Jan AT, Rudayni HA, Chaudhary AA, Khan S. Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection: Their potential implication in the Etiology of Cervical Cancer. J Cancer 2021; 12:4891-4900. [PMID: 34234859 PMCID: PMC8247366 DOI: 10.7150/jca.58582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic bacterial strains can alter the normal function of cells and induce different levels of inflammatory responses that are connected to the development of different diseases, such as tuberculosis, diarrhea, cancer etc. Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) is an intracellular obligate gram-negative bacterium which has been connected with the cervical cancer etiology. Nevertheless, establishment of causality and the underlying mechanisms of carcinogenesis of cervical cancer associated with C. trachomatis remain unclear. Studies reveal the existence of C. trachomatis in cervical cancer patients. The DNA repair pathways including mismatch repair, nucleotide excision, and base excision are vital in the abatement of accumulated mutations that can direct to the process of carcinogenesis. C. trachomatis recruits DDR proteins away from sites of DNA damage and, in this way, impedes the DDR. Therefore, by disturbing host cell-cycle control, chromatin and DDR repair, C. trachomatis makes a situation favorable for malignant transformation. Inflammation originated due to infection directs over production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and consequent oxidative DNA damage. This review may aid our current understanding of the etiology of cervical cancer in C. trachomatis-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingju Yang
- Department of Nursing, Jinan People's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 271199, China
| | - Anam Siddique
- Department of Biosciences, Shri Ram Group of College (SRGC), Muzaffarnagar 251001, India
| | - Abdul Arif Khan
- Division of Microbiology, Indian Council of Medical Research-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jinan Fifth People's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, China
| | - Abdul Malik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 2457, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arif Tasleem Jan
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185236, India
| | - Hassan Ahmed Rudayni
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anis Ahmad Chaudhary
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahanavaj Khan
- Department of Biosciences, Shri Ram Group of College (SRGC), Muzaffarnagar 251001, India
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 2457, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Health Sciences, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia
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28
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Pancione M, Cerulo L, Remo A, Giordano G, Gutierrez-Uzquiza Á, Bragado P, Porras A. Centrosome Dynamics and Its Role in Inflammatory Response and Metastatic Process. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050629. [PMID: 33922633 PMCID: PMC8146599 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is a process by which cancer cells escape from the location of the primary tumor invading normal tissues at distant organs. Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a hallmark of human cancer, associated with metastasis and therapeutic resistance. The centrosome plays a major role in organizing the microtubule cytoskeleton in animal cells regulating cellular architecture and cell division. Loss of centrosome integrity activates the p38-p53-p21 pathway, which results in cell-cycle arrest or senescence and acts as a cell-cycle checkpoint pathway. Structural and numerical centrosome abnormalities can lead to aneuploidy and CIN. New findings derived from studies on cancer and rare genetic disorders suggest that centrosome dysfunction alters the cellular microenvironment through Rho GTPases, p38, and JNK (c-Jun N-terminal Kinase)-dependent signaling in a way that is favorable for pro-invasive secretory phenotypes and aneuploidy tolerance. We here review recent data on how centrosomes act as complex molecular platforms for Rho GTPases and p38 MAPK (Mitogen activated kinase) signaling at the crossroads of CIN, cytoskeleton remodeling, and immune evasion via both cell-autonomous and non-autonomous mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Pancione
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0824305116
| | - Luigi Cerulo
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy;
| | - Andrea Remo
- Pathology Unit, Mater Salutis Hospital AULSS9, “Scaligera”, 37122 Verona, Italy;
| | - Guido Giordano
- Department of Medical Oncology Unit, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Álvaro Gutierrez-Uzquiza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Á.G.-U.); (P.B.); (A.P.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Bragado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Á.G.-U.); (P.B.); (A.P.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Porras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Á.G.-U.); (P.B.); (A.P.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
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29
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Zhao L, Shen J, Jia K, Shi F, Hao Q, Gao F. MicroRNA-24-3p Inhibits Microglia Inflammation by Regulating MK2 Following Spinal Cord Injury. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:843-852. [PMID: 33439430 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03211-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a functional impairment of the spinal cord caused by external forces, accompanied by limb movement disorders and permanent paralysis, which seriously lowers the life quality of SCI patients. Secondary injury caused by inflammation attenuated the therapeutic effects of SCI. Therefore, the exploration of biomarkers associated with the inflammatory response following SCI might provide novel therapy strategy against SCI.SCI rat model was established as previously reported and evaluated by BBB score. The expression of microRNA-24-3p (miR-24-3p) and MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) in spinal cord tissues of SCI rats and HAPI cells was analyzed by qRT-PCR. Protein expression of MK2, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule-1 (Iba-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was assessed by western blot assay. The release of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The interaction between miR-24-3p and MK2 was examined by the luciferase reporter system. Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) score dramatically reduced in rats following SCI compared with sham rats. Moreover, the expression of miR-24-3p was down-regulated, while MK2 was up-regulated in the spinal cord tissues of SCI rats and LPS-induced microglia cells compared with the corresponding control group. Luciferase reporter system confirmed the interaction between miR-24-3p and MK2. In addition, miR-24-3p upregulation or MK2 knockdown attenuated LPS induced activation of microglial cells and expression of inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and IL-1β. Besides, we discovered that miR-24-3p regulated inflammation of highly aggressively proliferating immortalized (HAPI) cells by targeting MK2.In our study, we clarified that miR-24-3p repressed inflammation of microglia cells following SCI by regulating MK2, thereby providing promising biomarkers for SCI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Juan Shen
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kunpeng Jia
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fangfang Shi
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qin Hao
- Department of Nursing, Medical College of Yan'an University, Guanghua Road, Baota District, Yan'an, 716000, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Yan'an University, Guanghua Road, Baota District, Yan'an, 716000, Shaanxi, China.
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30
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Wang X, Jia Y, Wen L, Mu W, Wu X, Liu T, Liu X, Fang J, Luan Y, Chen P, Gao J, Nguyen KA, Cui J, Zeng G, Lan P, Chen Q, Cheng B, Wang Z. Porphyromonas gingivalis Promotes Colorectal Carcinoma by Activating the Hematopoietic NLRP3 Inflammasome. Cancer Res 2021; 81:2745-2759. [PMID: 34003774 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-3827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is a keystone periodontal pathogen associated with various digestive cancers. However, whether P. gingivalis can promote colorectal cancer and the underlying mechanism associated with such promotion remains unclear. In this study, we found that P. gingivalis was enriched in human feces and tissue samples from patients with colorectal cancer compared with those from patients with colorectal adenoma or healthy subjects. Cohort studies demonstrated that P. gingivalis infection was associated with poor prognosis in colorectal cancer. P. gingivalis increased tumor counts and tumor volume in the ApcMin/+ mouse model and increased tumor growth in orthotopic rectal and subcutaneous carcinoma models. Furthermore, orthotopic tumors from mice exposed to P. gingivalis exhibited tumor-infiltrating myeloid cell recruitment and a proinflammatory signature. P. gingivalis promoted colorectal cancer via NLRP3 inflammasome activation in vitro and in vivo. NLRP3 chimeric mice harboring orthotopic tumors showed that the effect of NLRP3 on P. gingivalis pathogenesis was mediated by hematopoietic sources. Collectively, these data suggest that P. gingivalis contributes to colorectal cancer neoplasia progression by activating the hematopoietic NLRP3 inflammasome. SIGNIFICANCE: This study demonstrates that the periodontal pathogen P. gingivalis can promote colorectal tumorigenesis by recruiting myeloid cells and creating a proinflammatory tumor microenvironment. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/81/10/2745/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiqun Jia
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Stomatology Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, the First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liling Wen
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenxin Mu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianrui Wu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangqi Liu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Fang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yizhao Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jinlong Gao
- Institute of Dental Research, Sydney Dental School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ky-Anh Nguyen
- Institute of Dental Research, Sydney Dental School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jun Cui
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gucheng Zeng
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Lan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianming Chen
- The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bin Cheng
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhi Wang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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31
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Shafiq M, Jagavelu K, Iqbal H, Yadav P, Chanda D, Verma NK, Ghosh JK, Gaestel M, Hanif K. Inhibition of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK)-Activated Protein Kinase 2 (MK2) is Protective in Pulmonary Hypertension. Hypertension 2021; 77:1248-1259. [PMID: 33641361 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.15229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shafiq
- From the Division of Pharmacology (M.S., K.J., K.H.), CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India (M.S., K.J., K.H.)
| | - Kumaravelu Jagavelu
- From the Division of Pharmacology (M.S., K.J., K.H.), CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India (M.S., K.J., K.H.)
| | - Hina Iqbal
- Department of Molecular Bio-Prospection, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India (H.I., P.Y., D.C.)
| | - Pankaj Yadav
- Department of Molecular Bio-Prospection, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India (H.I., P.Y., D.C.)
| | - Debabrata Chanda
- Department of Molecular Bio-Prospection, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India (H.I., P.Y., D.C.)
| | - Neeraj Kumar Verma
- Division of Molecular and Structural Biology (N.K.V., J.K.G.), CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Jimut Kanti Ghosh
- Division of Molecular and Structural Biology (N.K.V., J.K.G.), CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Matthias Gaestel
- Institute for Zellbiochemie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (MHH), Hanover, Germany (M.G.)
| | - Kashif Hanif
- From the Division of Pharmacology (M.S., K.J., K.H.), CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India (M.S., K.J., K.H.)
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32
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Suarez-Lopez L, Kong YW, Sriram G, Patterson JC, Rosenberg S, Morandell S, Haigis KM, Yaffe MB. MAPKAP Kinase-2 Drives Expression of Angiogenic Factors by Tumor-Associated Macrophages in a Model of Inflammation-Induced Colon Cancer. Front Immunol 2021; 11:607891. [PMID: 33708191 PMCID: PMC7940202 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.607891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation increases the risk for colorectal cancer through a variety of mechanisms involving the tumor microenvironment. MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2), a major effector of the p38 MAPK stress and DNA damage response signaling pathway, and a critical regulator of pro-inflammatory cytokine production, has been identified as a key contributor to colon tumorigenesis under conditions of chronic inflammation. We have previously described how genetic inactivation of MK2 in an inflammatory model of colon cancer results in delayed tumor progression, decreased tumor angiogenesis, and impaired macrophage differentiation into a pro-tumorigenic M2-like state. The molecular mechanism responsible for the impaired angiogenesis and tumor progression, however, has remained contentious and poorly defined. Here, using RNA expression analysis, assays of angiogenesis factors, genetic models, in vivo macrophage depletion and reconstitution of macrophage MK2 function using adoptive cell transfer, we demonstrate that MK2 activity in macrophages is necessary and sufficient for tumor angiogenesis during inflammation-induced cancer progression. We identify a critical and previously unappreciated role for MK2-dependent regulation of the well-known pro-angiogenesis factor CXCL-12/SDF-1 secreted by tumor associated-macrophages, in addition to MK2-dependent regulation of Serpin-E1/PAI-1 by several cell types within the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Suarez-Lopez
- Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, Koch Institute for Integrated Cancer Research and Departments of Biological Engineering and Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yi Wen Kong
- Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, Koch Institute for Integrated Cancer Research and Departments of Biological Engineering and Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Ganapathy Sriram
- Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, Koch Institute for Integrated Cancer Research and Departments of Biological Engineering and Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Jesse C. Patterson
- Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, Koch Institute for Integrated Cancer Research and Departments of Biological Engineering and Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Samantha Rosenberg
- Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, Koch Institute for Integrated Cancer Research and Departments of Biological Engineering and Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Sandra Morandell
- Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, Koch Institute for Integrated Cancer Research and Departments of Biological Engineering and Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Kevin M. Haigis
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michael B. Yaffe
- Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, Koch Institute for Integrated Cancer Research and Departments of Biological Engineering and Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Divisions of Acute Care Surgery, Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, and Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
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Jabbari N, Kenerson HL, Lausted C, Yan X, Meng C, Sullivan KM, Baloni P, Bergey D, Pillarisetty VG, Hood LE, Yeung RS, Tian Q. Modulation of Immune Checkpoints by Chemotherapy in Human Colorectal Liver Metastases. CELL REPORTS MEDICINE 2020; 1:100160. [PMID: 33377131 PMCID: PMC7762777 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major cause of cancer-related death, and incidence is rising in younger populations (younger than 50 years). Current chemotherapies can achieve response rates above 50%, but immunotherapies have limited value for patients with microsatellite-stable (MSS) cancers. The present study investigates the impact of chemotherapy on the tumor immune microenvironment. We treat human liver metastases slices with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) plus either irinotecan or oxaliplatin, then perform single-cell transcriptome analyses. Results from eight cases reveal two cellular subtypes with divergent responses to chemotherapy. Susceptible tumors are characterized by a stemness signature, an activated interferon pathway, and suppression of PD-1 ligands in response to 5-FU+irinotecan. Conversely, immune checkpoint TIM-3 ligands are maintained or upregulated by chemotherapy in CRC with an enterocyte-like signature, and combining chemotherapy with TIM-3 blockade leads to synergistic tumor killing. Our analyses highlight chemomodulation of the immune microenvironment and provide a framework for combined chemo-immunotherapies. CRLM slice culture can assess immune response to chemotherapy Single-cell analysis identifies cancer subtypes with differing response to chemotherapy 5-FU+irinotecan modulates interferon and PD-L1 pathways in stem-like CRLM Combining chemotherapy with TIM-3 blockade is synergistic in enterocyte-like CRLM
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heidi L Kenerson
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Xiaowei Yan
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Kevin M Sullivan
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Dani Bergey
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Raymond S Yeung
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Qiang Tian
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
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Nakamura N. A hypothesis: radiation carcinogenesis may result from tissue injuries and subsequent recovery processes which can act as tumor promoters and lead to an earlier onset of cancer. Br J Radiol 2020; 93:20190843. [PMID: 31860335 PMCID: PMC8519633 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20190843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer risks from radiation can be observed as an increase in mortality when compared to a control group. However, it is unknown if this increased risk results from the induction of cancer or from an earlier onset of cancer. In mouse studies, it has been repeatedly shown that after an irradiation, the survival curve is shifted toward lower ages, but remains parallel to the control curve, and the extent of the shift in time to lower ages is dose-dependent. This shift is not satisfactorily explained by the induction model which assumes that cancers in the exposed group consist of spontaneous and induced events. Consequently, it seems that this shift could be interpreted to mean that all animals in the exposed group had suffered from life shortening. Under this scenario, however, it turns out that the radiation effects can no longer be interpreted as the result of oncogenic mutations, because these effects would have to involve all tumors, and the effectiveness of radiation changes with the dose. This leads to the speculation that radiation exposures induce a broad range of tissue injuries, and that these injuries are subsequently subjected to longlasting systemic recovery processes which act as promoters for tumor cells. In other words, potential cancer stem cells which were located in the irradiated field can escape oncogenic damage but undergo stimulation later in life toward the development of malignancy from radiation-induced activated microenvironment. This is an unusual form of the non-targeted or bystander effects of radiation. It is worth noting that this model suggests that there could be a path or paths which could be used to intervene in the process of post-exposure carcinogenesis, and that cancer risks at low doses could be described as days or weeks of life lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nori Nakamura
- Dept. of Molecular Biosciences, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima city, Japan
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Karagiannidis I, de Santana Van Vilet E, Said Abu Egal E, Phinney B, Jacenik D, Prossnitz ER, Beswick EJ. G-CSF and G-CSFR Induce a Pro-Tumorigenic Macrophage Phenotype to Promote Colon and Pancreas Tumor Growth. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102868. [PMID: 33036138 PMCID: PMC7601499 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in the gastrointestinal tumor microenvironment (TME) are known to polarize into populations exhibiting pro- or anti-tumoral activity in response to stimuli such as growth factors and cytokines. Our previous work has recognized granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) as a cytokine capable of influencing immune cells of the TME exhibiting pro-tumoral activity. Here, we aimed to focus on how G-CSF regulates TAM phenotype and function and the effects on gastrointestinal (GI) tumor progression. Thus, wildtype (WT) and G-CSFR-/- macrophages were examined for cytokine production, gene expression, and transcription factor activity. Adoptive transfer of WT or G-CSFR-/- macrophages into tumor-bearing mice was performed to study their influence in the progression of colon (MC38) and pancreatic (PK5L1940) tumor mouse models. Finally, the difference in cytotoxic potential between WT and G-CSFR-/- macrophages was examined both in vitro and in vivo. Our results indicate that G-CSF promotes increased IL-10 production and decreased IL-12 production, which was reversed in G-CSFR-/- macrophages for a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Furthermore, G-CSFR-/- macrophages were characterized by higher levels of NOS2 expression and NO production, which led to greater tumor related cytotoxicity both in vitro and in vivo. Our results suggest that in the absence of G-CSFR, macrophage-related tumor cytotoxicity was amplified. These findings, along with our previous reports, pinpoint G-CSF /G-CSFR as a prominent target for possible clinical applications that aim to control the TME and the GI tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Karagiannidis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; (I.K.); (E.d.S.V.V.); (E.S.A.E.)
| | - Eliane de Santana Van Vilet
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; (I.K.); (E.d.S.V.V.); (E.S.A.E.)
| | - Erika Said Abu Egal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; (I.K.); (E.d.S.V.V.); (E.S.A.E.)
| | - Brandon Phinney
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine; Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (B.P.); (D.J.); (E.R.P.)
| | - Damian Jacenik
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine; Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (B.P.); (D.J.); (E.R.P.)
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Eric R. Prossnitz
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine; Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (B.P.); (D.J.); (E.R.P.)
| | - Ellen J. Beswick
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; (I.K.); (E.d.S.V.V.); (E.S.A.E.)
- Correspondence:
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Muthusami S, Ramachandran IK, Babu KN, Krishnamoorthy S, Guruswamy A, Queimado L, Chaudhuri G, Ramachandran I. Role of Inflammation in the Development of Colorectal Cancer. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 21:77-90. [PMID: 32901590 DOI: 10.2174/1871530320666200909092908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation can lead to the development of many diseases, including cancer. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that includes both ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohnmp's disease (CD) are risk factors for the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). Many cytokines produced primarily by the gut immune cells either during or in response to localized inflammation in the colon and rectum are known to stimulate the complex interactions between the different cell types in the gut environment resulting in acute inflammation. Subsequently, chronic inflammation, together with genetic and epigenetic changes, have been shown to lead to the development and progression of CRC. Various cell types present in the colon, such as enterocytes, Paneth cells, goblet cells, and macrophages, express receptors for inflammatory cytokines and respond to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-6, and other cytokines. Among the several cytokines produced, TNF-α and IL-1β are the key pro-inflammatory molecules that play critical roles in the development of CRC. The current review is intended to consolidate the published findings to focus on the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines, namely TNF-α and IL-1β, on inflammation (and the altered immune response) in the gut, to better understand the development of CRC in IBD, using various experimental model systems, preclinical and clinical studies. Moreover, this review also highlights the current therapeutic strategies available (monotherapy and combination therapy) to alleviate the symptoms or treat inflammation-associated CRC by using monoclonal antibodies or aptamers to block pro-inflammatory molecules, inhibitors of tyrosine kinases in the inflammatory signaling cascade, competitive inhibitors of pro-inflammatory molecules, and the nucleic acid drugs like small activating RNAs (saRNAs) or microRNA (miRNA) mimics to activate tumor suppressor or repress oncogene/pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Muthusami
- Department of Biochemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore 641 021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Kokelavani Nampalli Babu
- Department of Biochemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore 641 021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sneha Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Biochemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore 641 021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Akash Guruswamy
- University of Missouri- Kansas City, College of Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64110, United States
| | - Lurdes Queimado
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Cell Biology, Pediatrics, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
| | - Gautam Chaudhuri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Ilangovan Ramachandran
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
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Josa V, Ferenczi S, Szalai R, Fuder E, Kuti D, Horvath K, Hegedus N, Kovacs T, Bagamery G, Juhasz B, Winkler Z, Veres DS, Zrubka Z, Mathe D, Baranyai Z. Thrombocytosis and Effects of IL-6 Knock-Out in a Colitis-Associated Cancer Model. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176218. [PMID: 32867390 PMCID: PMC7504541 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing number of studies showing that thrombocytosis—accompanying a variety of solid tumors including colorectal cancer (CRC)—is associated with shorter survival and earlier development of metastases. The mechanisms of cancer-associated thrombocytosis are not completely understood yet. The aim of our study was to evaluate the role of IL-6 in tumor development and thrombocytosis in mice with inflammation-induced CRC, using a CRISPR/cas9 IL-6 knockout (KO) strain. Adult male FB/Ant mice (n = 39) were divided into four groups: (1) IL-6 KO controls (n = 5); (2) IL-6 KO CRC model group (n = 18); (3) Wild-type (WT) controls (n = 6); and (4) WT CRC model group (n = 10). CRC model animals in (2) and (4) received azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) treatment to induce inflammation-related CRC. Plasma and liver tissues were obtained to determine platelet counts, IL-6 and thrombopoietin-1 (TPO) levels. In 1 WT and 2 IL-6 KO mice in vivo confocal endomicroscopy and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/MRI examinations were performed to evaluate the inflammatory burden and neoplastic transformation. At the end of the study, tumorous foci could be observed macroscopically in both CRC model groups. Platelet counts were significantly elevated in the WT CRC group compared to the IL-6 KO CRC group. TPO levels moved parallelly with platelet counts. In vivo fluorescent microscopy showed signs of disordered and multi-nuclear crypt morphology with increased mucus production in a WT animal, while regular mucosal structure was prominent in the IL-6 KO animals. The WT animal presented more intense and larger colonic FDG uptake than IL-6 KO animals. Our study confirmed thrombocytosis accompanying inflammation-related CRC and the crucial role of IL-6 in this process. Significantly higher platelet counts were found in the WT CRC group compared to both the control group and the IL-6 KO group. Concomitantly, the tumor burden of WT mice was also greater than that of IL-6 KO mice. Our findings are in line with earlier paraneoplastic IL-6 effect suggestions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Josa
- Jahn Ferenc Del-pesti Korhaz es Rendelointezet, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, 1135 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence:
| | - Szilamer Ferenczi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (S.F.); (D.K.); (K.H.); (B.J.); (Z.W.)
| | - Rita Szalai
- Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Eniko Fuder
- Department of Pathology, Uzsoki utcai Hospital, 1145 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Daniel Kuti
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (S.F.); (D.K.); (K.H.); (B.J.); (Z.W.)
| | - Krisztina Horvath
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (S.F.); (D.K.); (K.H.); (B.J.); (Z.W.)
| | - Nikolett Hegedus
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (N.H.); (D.S.V.); (D.M.)
- CROmed Translational Research Ltd., 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Kovacs
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, University of Pannonia, Institute of Radiochemistry and Radioecology, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary;
| | - Gergo Bagamery
- Mediso Medical Imaging Systems Ltd., 1037 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Balazs Juhasz
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (S.F.); (D.K.); (K.H.); (B.J.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zsuzsanna Winkler
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (S.F.); (D.K.); (K.H.); (B.J.); (Z.W.)
| | - Daniel S. Veres
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (N.H.); (D.S.V.); (D.M.)
| | - Zsombor Zrubka
- University Research, Innovation and Service Center, University of Óbuda, 1034 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Domokos Mathe
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (N.H.); (D.S.V.); (D.M.)
- CROmed Translational Research Ltd., 1094 Budapest, Hungary
- Hungarian Center for Excellence in Molecular Medicine, 6723 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Baranyai
- 1st Department of Surgery, Semmelweis University, 1082 Budapest, Hungary;
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Wang Q, Li XL, Mei Y, Ye JC, Fan W, Cheng GH, Zeng MS, Feng GK. The anti-inflammatory drug dimethyl itaconate protects against colitis-associated colorectal cancer. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:1457-1466. [PMID: 32840638 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01963-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common diagnosed cancer of which risk factors include unhealthy diet, smoking, and chronic inflammation. Weakening the inflammatory response emerges as an effective therapeutic strategy to prevent the progression of CRC. Inflammatory macrophages produce substantial amounts of immunoregulatory metabolite itaconate, which is synthesized by the immune response gene 1 (Irg1). In this study, we use a membrane-permeable itaconate derivative, dimethyl itaconate (DI), for the protection against CRC in mouse model. DI decreased the high inflammatory state of ulcerative colitis and reduced the colitis-associated cancer (CAC) risk. Mechanistically, DI inhibited the secretion of the cytokines IL-1β and CCL2 from intestinal epithelial cells, and therefore reduced the recruitment of macrophages into tumor microenvironment. Meanwhile, the decrease of macrophage infiltration was accompanied by a decrease of myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) infiltration and the differentiation of T cell subsets into cytotoxic T cells. We showed that itaconate derivative limits inflammatory response, indicating a negative feedback loop that involves an inflammatory agent and itaconate. Our findings demonstrate the potential application of DI for the prevention of colitis-associated CRC. KEY MESSAGES: Dimethyl itaconate (DI) suppresses ulcerative colitis and colitis-associated colorectal cancer DI decreases infiltration of macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells into tumor DI weakens the inflammatory response via inhibiting the secretion of IL-1β and CCL2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Xin Ling Li
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Radiation Oncology Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yan Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Jia-Chong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Radiation Oncology Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Guang-Hui Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China.
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| | - Guo-Kai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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Metformin and Probiotics in the Crosstalk between Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer and Diabetes in Mice. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071857. [PMID: 32664279 PMCID: PMC7408863 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The co-occurrence of colorectal cancer (CRC) and diabetes mellitus along with inflammation and dismicrobism has been frequently reported. Several studies shed light on the antioncogenic potential of metformin on colorectal carcinogenesis. This study aimed to demonstrate that metformin in association with probiotics acts in a synergic effect in breaking the crosstalk, thus inhibiting CRC progression, improving diabetes, and reducing inflammation. Ninety-six male Balb/c mice, 6–8 weeks old, were divided into 16 control and experimental groups to assess the effect of the different treatments and combinations at the clinical, histological, and molecular levels. Metformin and probiotics showed beneficial outcomes on CRC and diabetes, alone and most importantly in combination. Their effects were exerted by inhibiting the inflammatory process whereby a downregulation of IL-6 and TNF-α as well as oxidative stress were depicted. The characterization of the effects of probiotics and metformin on CRC and diabetes sheds light on the role of inflammation and microbiota in this crosstalk. Deciphering the downstream signaling pathways elicited by these compounds will help in developing new effective targeted treatment modalities.
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6-Gingerol delays tumorigenesis in benzo[a]pyrene and dextran sulphate sodium-induced colorectal cancer in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 142:111483. [PMID: 32512025 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) has been linked to dietary consumption of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). 6-Gingerol (6-G), a component of ginger has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, but little is known regarding the mechanism of 6-G in CRC chemoprevention. We therefore investigated the effect of 6-G on B[a]P. and dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) induced CRC in mice. Mice in Group I and Group II received corn oil and 6-G orally at 2 ml/kg and 100 mg/kg, respectively for 126 days. Group III were administered 125 mg/kg of B[a]P for 5 days followed by 3 cycles of 4% dextran sulphate sodium (DSS). Group IV received 6-G for 7 days followed by co-administration with 125 mg/kg of B[a]P. for 5 days and 3 cycles of 4% DSS. Tumor formation was reduced and expression of Ki-67, WNT3a, DVL-2 and β-catenin following 6-G exposure. Also, 6-G increases expression of APC, P53, TUNEL positive nuclei and subsequently decreased the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, INOS, COX-2 and cyclin D1. 6-G inhibited angiogenesis by decreasing the concentration of VEGF, Angiopoietin-1, FGF and GDF-15 in the colon of B[a]P. and DSS exposed mice. Overall, 6-G attenuated B[a]P and DSS-induced CRC in mice via anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and apoptotic mechanisms.
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Qeadan F, Bansal P, Hanson JA, Beswick EJ. The MK2 pathway is linked to G-CSF, cytokine production and metastasis in gastric cancer: a novel intercorrelation analysis approach. J Transl Med 2020; 18:137. [PMID: 32216812 PMCID: PMC7098132 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02294-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gastric cancer is associated with chronic inflammation, but there is still much to understand about the tumor microenvironment and the underlying tumor-promoting mechanisms. The Map kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) pathway is a regulator of inflammatory cytokine production that we have been studying in gastrointestinal cancers. Here, we set out to determine the significance of this gene in gastric cancer along with its downstream mediators and if there were differences in the primary tumors with and without metastasis. Methods Human gastric cancer tissues with and without metastasis were examined for MK2 expression and cytokine profile in organ culture supernatants. Advanced statistical methods including a lower triangular correlation matrix, novel rooted correlation network, linear and logistic regression modeling along with Kruskal–Wallis testing with Sidak correction for multiple testing were applied to gain understanding of cytokines/chemokines linked to metastasis. Results The MK2 pathway is strongly linked with metastasis and a panel of cytokines. Gene expression was able to classify gastric cancer metastasis 85.7% of the time. A significant association with a panel of cytokines was found, including G-CSF, GM-CSF, Mip-1β, IFN-α, MCP-1, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Mip-1β was found to have the strongest association with MK2 and metastasis after Sidak correction for multiple testing. Conclusions MK2 gene expression and a novel associated cytokine panel are linked to gastric cancer metastasis. G-CSF is the strongest cytokine to differentiate between metastasis and non-metastasis patients and had the lowest P value, while Mip-1β showed the strongest association with MK2 and metastasis after Sidak correction. MK2 and associated cytokines are potential biomarkers for gastric cancer metastasis. The novel intercorrelation analysis approach is a promising method for understanding the complex nature of cytokine/chemokine regulation and links to disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fares Qeadan
- Department of Family and Preventative Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Pranshu Bansal
- New Mexico Oncology Hematology Consultants, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Joshua A Hanson
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Ellen J Beswick
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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Wang ST, Cui WQ, Pan D, Jiang M, Chang B, Sang LX. Tea polyphenols and their chemopreventive and therapeutic effects on colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:562-597. [PMID: 32103869 PMCID: PMC7029350 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i6.562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC), a multifactorial disease, is usually induced and developed through complex mechanisms, including impact of diet and lifestyle, genomic abnormalities, change of signaling pathways, inflammatory response, oxidation stress, dysbiosis, and so on. As natural polyphenolic phytochemicals that exist primarily in tea, tea polyphenols (TPs) have been shown to have many clinical applications, especially as anticancer agents. Most animal studies and epidemiological studies have demonstrated that TPs can prevent and treat CRC. TPs can inhibit the growth and metastasis of CRC by exerting the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative or pro-oxidative, and pro-apoptotic effects, which are achieved by modulations at multiple levels. Many experiments have demonstrated that TPs can modulate several signaling pathways in cancer cells, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt pathway, Wnt/β-catenin pathway, and 67 kDa laminin receptor pathway, to inhibit proliferation and promote cell apoptosis. In addition, novel studies have also suggested that TPs can prevent the growth and metastasis of CRC by modulating the composition of gut microbiota to improve immune system and decrease inflammatory responses. Molecular pathological epidemiology, a novel multidisciplinary investigation, has made great progress on CRC, and the further molecular pathological epidemiology research should be developed in the field of TPs and CRC. This review summarizes the existing in vitro and in vivo animal and human studies and potential mechanisms to examine the effects of tea polyphenols on CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Tong Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Wen-Qi Cui
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Dan Pan
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Bing Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Li-Xuan Sang
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
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43
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Saber S, Ghanim AMH, El-Ahwany E, El-Kader EMA. Novel complementary antitumour effects of celastrol and metformin by targeting IκBκB, apoptosis and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in diethylnitrosamine-induced murine hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2020; 85:331-343. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-020-04033-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Wang J, Ke Y, Shu T. Crocin has pharmacological effects against the pathological behavior of colon cancer cells by interacting with the STAT3 signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2019; 19:1297-1303. [PMID: 32010302 PMCID: PMC6966197 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate changes in proliferation, apoptosis, inflammation and chemokine release of colon cancer cells after treatment with crocin, as well as to investigate the signaling pathway that is regulated by crocin. The inhibition rates of different doses of crocin on the proliferation of HCT116 cells were measured by MTT assay. The IC50 was calculated from the inhibition rates at 48 h. Proliferation curves of HCT116 cells were plotted after treatment with 271.18 µM (high-dose group) or 135.6 µM (low-dose group) crocin. Flow cytometry and Hoechst 33342/propidium iodide double staining were used for detecting apoptosis. ELISA was used to measure the levels of macrophage inflammatory protein 2, interleukin (IL)-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in the supernatant from cultured HCT116 cells following both high- and low-dose crocin treatment. Phosphorylated (P)-STAT3/STAT3 in HCT116 cells were measured by western blotting. Crocin inhibited the proliferation of HCT116 cells in a dose-dependent manner and the high-dose treatment with crocin resulted in a lower rate of proliferation. Additionally, crocin increased the apoptosis of HCT116 cells and the high-dose treatment with crocin led to a higher level of apoptosis. Notably, crocin decreased the secretion of chemokines and inflammatory factors from HCT116 cells and the high-dose treatment with crocin caused the greatest reduction in secretion of the factors. Crocin reduced the ratio of P-STAT3/STAT3, and thereby reduced the release of cytokines. The present study demonstrated that crocin may have pharmacological effects against the pathological behavior of colon cancer cells, and its mechanism of action may be related to the STAT3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Graduate School, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, P.R. China
| | - Yupei Ke
- Graduate School, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, P.R. China
| | - Tao Shu
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, P.R. China
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45
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Emerging Roles of 5-Lipoxygenase Phosphorylation in Inflammation and Cell Death. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:2749173. [PMID: 31871543 PMCID: PMC6906800 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2749173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
5-Lipoxygenase (ALOX5) is an iron-containing and nonheme dioxygenase that catalyzes the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic acid. ALOX5 is the rate-limiting enzyme for the biosynthesis of leukotrienes, a family of proinflammatory lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid. ALOX5 also make great contributions to mediating lipid peroxidation. In recent years, it has been discovered that ALOX5 plays a central role in cell death including apoptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis, a newly discovered type of cell death. According to the previous studies, ALOX5 can regulate cell death in two ways: one is inflammation and the other is lipid peroxidation. Meanwhile, it has been shown that ALOX5 activity is regulated by several factors including protein phosphorylation, ALOX5-interactng protein, redox state, and metal ions such as iron and calcium. In this review, we aim to summarize the knowledge on the emerging roles of ALOX5 protein phosphorylation in the regulation of cell death and inflammation in order to explore a potential target for human diseases.
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46
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Berggren KL, Restrepo Cruz S, Hixon MD, Cowan AT, Keysar SB, Craig S, James J, Barry M, Ozbun MA, Jimeno A, McCance DJ, Beswick EJ, Gan GN. MAPKAPK2 (MK2) inhibition mediates radiation-induced inflammatory cytokine production and tumor growth in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncogene 2019; 38:7329-7341. [PMID: 31417185 PMCID: PMC6883149 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0945-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) is a cornerstone of treatment in the management of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC), yet treatment failure and disease recurrence are common. The p38/MK2 pathway is activated in response to cellular stressors, including radiation, and promotes tumor inflammation in a variety of cancers. We investigated MK2 pathway activation in HNSCC and the interaction of MK2 and RT in vitro and in vivo. We used a combination of an oropharyngeal SCC tissue microarray, HNSCC cell lines and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) tumor models to study the effect of RT on MK2 pathway activation and to determine how inhibition of MK2 by pharmacologic (PF-3644022) and genetic (siRNA) methods impacts tumor growth. We show that high phosphorylated MK2 (p-MK2) levels are associated with worsened disease specific survival in p16-negative HNSCC patients. RT increased p-MK2 in both p16-positive, HPV-positive and p16-negative, HPV-negative HNSCC cell lines. Pharmacologic inhibition or gene silencing of MK2 in vitro abrogated RT-induced increases in p-MK2; inflammatory cytokine expression and expression of the downstream MK2 target, heat shock protein 27 (HSP27); and markers of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Mouse PDX models treated with a combination of RT and MK2 inhibitor experienced decreased tumor growth and increased survival. Our results suggest that MK2 is a potential prognostic biomarker for head and neck cancer and that MK2 pathway activation can mediate radiation resistance in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiersten L Berggren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Radiation Oncology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.,The University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Therapeutics Program, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Sebastian Restrepo Cruz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Radiation Oncology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.,The University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Therapeutics Program, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Michael D Hixon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Radiation Oncology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.,The University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Therapeutics Program, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Andrew T Cowan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.,The University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Biology and Signaling Program, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Stephen B Keysar
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Stephanie Craig
- Center for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland
| | - Jacqueline James
- Center for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland
| | - Marc Barry
- Department of Pathology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Michelle A Ozbun
- The University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Biology and Signaling Program, Albuquerque, NM, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Antonio Jimeno
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Dennis J McCance
- Department of Pathology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Ellen J Beswick
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepataology, and Nutrition, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Gregory N Gan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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Soni S, Anand P, Padwad YS. MAPKAPK2: the master regulator of RNA-binding proteins modulates transcript stability and tumor progression. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:121. [PMID: 30850014 PMCID: PMC6408796 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1115-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) pathway has been implicated in a variety of pathological conditions including inflammation and metastasis. Post-transcriptional regulation of genes harboring adenine/uridine-rich elements (AREs) in their 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) is controlled by MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MAPKAPK2 or MK2), a downstream substrate of the p38MAPK. In response to diverse extracellular stimuli, MK2 influences crucial signaling events, regulates inflammatory cytokines, transcript stability and critical cellular processes. Expression of genes involved in these vital cellular cascades is controlled by subtle interactions in underlying molecular networks and post-transcriptional gene regulation that determines transcript fate in association with RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). Several RBPs associate with the 3'-UTRs of the target transcripts and regulate their expression via modulation of transcript stability. Although MK2 regulates important cellular phenomenon, yet its biological significance in tumor progression has not been well elucidated till date. In this review, we have highlighted in detail the importance of MK2 as the master regulator of RBPs and its role in the regulation of transcript stability, tumor progression, as well as the possibility of use of MK2 as a therapeutic target in tumor management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourabh Soni
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Food and Nutraceuticals Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prince Anand
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Food and Nutraceuticals Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Yogendra S Padwad
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Food and Nutraceuticals Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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A Systems Pharmacology Approach for Identifying the Multiple Mechanisms of Action of the Wei Pi Xiao Decoction for the Treatment of Gastric Precancerous Lesions. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:1562707. [PMID: 30854000 PMCID: PMC6378068 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1562707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Wei Pi Xiao (WPX) decoction, based on the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, has been widely used for the treatment of gastric precancerous lesions (GPL). Although WPX is known to be effective for the treatment of GPL, its active ingredients, cellular targets, and the precise molecular mechanism of action are not known. This study aimed to identify the multiple mechanisms of action of the WPX decoction in the treatment of GPL. The active compounds, drug targets, and the key pathways involved in the therapeutic effect of WPX in the treatment of GPL were analyzed by an integrative analysis pipeline. The information pertaining to the compounds present in WPX and their disease targets was obtained from TCMSP and GeneCards, respectively. The mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect of WPX were investigated with gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis. A total of 82 bioactive compounds and 146 related targets were identified in this study. Following target analyses, the targets were further mapped to 26 key biological processes and 21 related pathways to construct a target-pathway network and an integrated GPL pathway. The study demonstrated that the WPX formula primarily treats the dysfunctions of GPL arising from cell proliferation, apoptosis, and mucosal inflammation, which offered a novel insight into the pathogenesis of GPL and revealed the molecular mechanism underlying the therapeutic effects of the WPX formula in GPL. This study offers a novel approach for the systematic investigation of the mechanisms of action of herbal medicines, which will provide an impetus to the GPL drug development pipeline.
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Wang A, Yang T, Zhang L, Jia L, Wu Q, Yao S, Xu J, Yang H. IP3-Mediated Calcium Signaling Is Involved in the Mechanism of Fractalkine-Induced Hyperalgesia Response. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:8804-8811. [PMID: 30517088 PMCID: PMC6290586 DOI: 10.12659/msm.913787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fractalkine is widely expressed throughout the brain and spinal cord, where it can exert effects on pain enhancement and hyperalgesia by activating microglia through CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1), which triggers the release of several pro-inflammatory cytokines in the spinal cord. Fractalkine has also been shown to increase cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+]i) in microglia. Material/Methods Based on the characteristics of CX3CR1, a G protein-coupled receptor, we explored the role of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) signaling in fractalkine-induced inflammatory response in BV-2 cells in vitro. The effect and the underlying mechanism induced by fractalkine in the brain were observed using a mouse model with intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of exogenous fractalkine. Results [Ca2+]i was significantly increased and IL-1β and TNF-α levels were higher in the fractalkine-treated cell groups than in the farctalkine+ 2-APB groups. We found that i.c.v. injection of fractalkine significantly increased p-p38MAPK, IL-1β, and TNF-α expression in the brain, while i.c.v. injection of a fractalkine-neutralizing antibody (anti-CX3CR1), trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) antagonist (2-APB), or p38MAPK inhibitor (SB203580) prior to fractalkine addition yielded an effective and reliable anti-allodynia effect, following the reduction of p-p38MAPK, IL-1β, and TNF-α expression. Conclusions Our results suggest that fractalkine leads to hyperalgesia, and the underlying mechanism may be associated with IP3/p38MAPK-mediated calcium signaling and its phlogogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitao Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China (mainland)
| | - Tingting Yang
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Lingli Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China (mainland)
| | - Lizhou Jia
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Qingping Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Shanglong Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Jianjun Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Daqing Oil Field, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Hongxin Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China (mainland)
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50
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Phinney BB, Ray AL, Peretti AS, Jerman SJ, Grim C, Pinchuk IV, Beswick EJ. MK2 Regulates Macrophage Chemokine Activity and Recruitment to Promote Colon Tumor Growth. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1857. [PMID: 30298062 PMCID: PMC6160543 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A major risk factor for colon cancer growth and progression is chronic inflammation. We have shown that the MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) pathway is critical for colon tumor growth in colitis-associated and spontaneous colon cancer models. This pathway is known to regulate expression of the tumor-promoting cytokines, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α. However, little is known about the ability of MK2 to regulate chemokine production. This is the first study to demonstrate this pathway also regulates the chemokines, MCP-1, Mip-1α, and Mip-2α (MMM). We show that these chemokines induce tumor cell growth and invasion in vitro and that MK2 inhibition suppresses tumor cell production of chemokines and reverses the resulting pro-tumorigenic effects. Addition of MMM to colon tumors in vivo significantly enhances tumor growth in control tumors and restores tumor growth in the presence of MK2 inhibition. We also demonstrate that MK2 signaling is critical for chemokine expression and macrophage influx to the colon tumor microenvironment. MK2 signaling in macrophages was essential for inflammatory cytokine/chemokine production, whereas MK2−/− macrophages or MK2 inhibition suppressed cytokine expression. We show that addition of bone marrow-derived macrophages to the tumor microenvironment enhances tumor growth in control tumors and restores tumor growth in tumors treated with MK2 inhibitors, while addition of MK2−/− macrophages had no effect. This is the first study to demonstrate the critical role of the MK2 pathway in chemokine production, macrophage influx, macrophage function, and tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon B Phinney
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Anita L Ray
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Amanda S Peretti
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Stephanie J Jerman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Carl Grim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Irina V Pinchuk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Ellen J Beswick
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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