1
|
Deufel F, van Gemmeren M. Deuteration of Arenes via Pd-Catalyzed C-H Activation: A Lesson in Nondirected C-H Activation, Isotopic Labeling, and NMR Characterization. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION 2024; 101:3410-3417. [PMID: 39157437 PMCID: PMC11327962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.4c00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Isotopic labeling is an important tool in medicinal research, metabolomics, and for understanding reaction mechanisms. In this context, transition metal-catalyzed C-H activation has emerged as a key technology for deuterium incorporation via hydrogen isotope exchange. A detailed and easy-to-implement experimental procedure for a nondirected arene deuteration has been developed that exclusively uses commercial equipment and chemicals. The protocol is ideally suited for students and other prospective applicants who are not experts in catalysis. The degree of deuterium incorporation was analyzed via different means like mass spectrometry and 1H and 2H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). A hands-on understanding of quantitative NMR, as well as the influence of H/D exchange on experimental spectra, was conveyed by comparative NMR spin simulations. Students were measurably familiarized with the concepts of C-H activation, isotope effects, and basics in experimental catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fritz Deufel
- Otto-Diels-Institut für
Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität
zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Otto-Diels-Institut für
Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität
zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
González-Fernández E, Marinus N, Dhankhar J, Linden A, Čorić I. Control over Anion Coordination on Pd(II), Cu(I), and Ag(I) with Regioisomeric Phosphine-Carboxylate Ligands. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401215. [PMID: 38688855 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The coordination of anionic donors is involved at various stages of catalytic cycles in transition-metal catalysis, but control over the spatial positioning of anions around a metal center is a challenge in coordination chemistry. Here we show that regioisomeric phosphine-carboxylate ligands provide spatial anion control on palladium(II) centers by favoring either κ2, cis-κ1, or trans-κ1 coordination of the carboxylate donor. Additionally, the palladium(II) carboxylates, which contain a methyl donor, upon protonation, deliver metal-alkyl complexes that feature a coordinated carboxylic acid. Such complexes can be considered as models for the minima that follow the concerted metalation-deprotonation transition state for C-H activation. The predictability of the coordination modes is further demonstrated on silver(I) and copper(I) centers, for which less common structures of mononuclear and dinuclear complexes can be obtained by using spatial anion control. Our results demonstrate the potential for spatial control over carboxylate anions in coordination chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa González-Fernández
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Nittert Marinus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Jyoti Dhankhar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Linden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Ilija Čorić
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Budiman YP, Perutz RN, Steel PG, Radius U, Marder TB. Applications of Transition Metal-Catalyzed ortho-Fluorine-Directed C-H Functionalization of (Poly)fluoroarenes in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4822-4862. [PMID: 38564710 PMCID: PMC11046440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of organic compounds efficiently via fewer steps but in higher yields is desirable as this reduces energy and reagent use, waste production, and thus environmental impact as well as cost. The reactivity of C-H bonds ortho to fluorine substituents in (poly)fluoroarenes with metal centers is enhanced relative to meta and para positions. Thus, direct C-H functionalization of (poly)fluoroarenes without prefunctionalization is becoming a significant area of research in organic chemistry. Novel and selective methodologies to functionalize (poly)fluorinated arenes by taking advantage of the reactivity of C-H bonds ortho to C-F bonds are continuously being developed. This review summarizes the reasons for the enhanced reactivity and the consequent developments in the synthesis of valuable (poly)fluoroarene-containing organic compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yudha P. Budiman
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, 45363 Sumedang, Indonesia
| | - Robin N. Perutz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - Patrick G. Steel
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Durham, Science
Laboratories, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Udo Radius
- Institute
for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität
Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Todd B. Marder
- Institute
for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität
Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Institute
for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kaltenberger S, van Gemmeren M. Controlling Reactivity and Selectivity in the Nondirected C-H Activation of Arenes with Palladium. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:2459-2472. [PMID: 37639549 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusAromatic structures are widespread motifs throughout organic chemistry, and C-H activation has been recognized as a major tool for enabling their sustainable and efficient functionalization. Through C-H activation, arenes can be modified without the need for prefunctionalization, leading to inherent atom- and step-economic advantages over traditional methods. However, for the development of synthetically useful methods, several hurdles have to be overcome. The strength of C-H bonds necessitates the development of sufficiently reactive catalysts, while the presence of multiple C-H bonds within a substrate poses challenges in terms of site-selectivity. Traditionally these challenges have been addressed by substrate control. By attaching different directing groups (DGs), the reactivity of the respective arene was significantly enhanced and the DG guided the metal in close proximity to specific C-H bonds, resulting in high site-selectivity. However, the introduction and removal of the DG add additional steps to the synthetic sequence, and the scope of the reaction is limited to a specific substrate class. The development of complementary nondirected methods that can be applied to a broad range of arenes without the necessity to carry a specific functional group that coordinates to Pd (referred to as simple arenes) is therefore highly desirable. However, the intrinsically lower reactivity of such substrates and the absence of a selectivity-determining DG pose significant challenges that can be solved only by the development of highly efficient catalysts. Consequently, the field of nondirected C-H activation, especially with respect to Pd-catalyzed methods, remained comparatively underdeveloped when we initiated our research program in 2017. At that time, state-of-the-art methods required the arene to be used in large excess, precluding its use in late-stage functionalization. Since organopalladium species are among the most versatile synthetic intermediates, we realized that developing a system, which can effectively and selectively activate C-H bonds in simple arenes with the arene as the limiting reagent, would be a powerful tool in synthetic organic chemistry. This account summarizes our groups' research toward the development and application of catalytic systems offering this desired reactivity and focuses explicitly on Pd-catalyzed nondirected C-H functionalization reactions of arenes, where the arene is employed as a limiting reagent. After an introduction that summarizes the state of Pd-catalyzed C-H activation of arenes before 2017 and the associated challenges, experimental and mechanistic details about the development of the first arene-limited, nondirected C-H functionalization of simple arenes with palladium will be discussed. This reactivity was enabled by the identification and combination of two complementary ligands, an N-heterocycle and an amino acid-derived ligand. Afterward we will discuss the expansion of this dual-ligand approach to further arene-limited transformations. Finally, we describe two methodologies that originated from the observations we made during our studies, namely, the late-stage deuteration of simple arenes and a highly selective olefination method that uses noncovalent interactions to induce meta selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kaltenberger
- Otto Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Otto Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Roos CB, Chiang CH, Murray LAM, Yang D, Schulert L, Narayan ARH. Stereodynamic Strategies to Induce and Enrich Chirality of Atropisomers at a Late Stage. Chem Rev 2023; 123:10641-10727. [PMID: 37639323 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Enantiomers, where chirality arises from restricted rotation around a single bond, are atropisomers. Due to the unique nature of the origins of their chirality, synthetic strategies to access these compounds in an enantioselective manner differ from those used to prepare enantioenriched compounds containing point chirality arising from an unsymmetrically substituted carbon center. In particular stereodynamic transformations, such as dynamic kinetic resolutions, thermodynamic dynamic resolutions, and deracemizations, which rely on the ability to racemize or interconvert enantiomers, are a promising set of transformations to prepare optically pure compounds in the late stage of a synthetic sequence. Translation of these synthetic approaches from compounds with point chirality to atropisomers requires an expanded toolbox for epimerization/racemization and provides an opportunity to develop a new conceptual framework for the enantioselective synthesis of these compounds.
Collapse
|
6
|
Platt G, Aguiar PM, Athavan G, Bray JT, Scott NW, Fairlamb IJ, Perutz RN. Opening a Pandora's Flask on a Prototype Catalytic Direct Arylation Reaction of Pentafluorobenzene: The Ag 2CO 3/Pd(OAc) 2/PPh 3 System. Organometallics 2023; 42:2378-2394. [PMID: 37711884 PMCID: PMC10498494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.3c00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Direct C-H functionalization reactions have opened new avenues in catalysis, removing the need for prefunctionalization of at least one of the substrates. Although C-H functionalization catalyzed by palladium complexes in the presence of a base is generally considered to proceed by the CMD/AMLA-6 mechanism, recent research has shown that silver(I) salts, frequently used as bases, can function as C-H bond activators instead of (or in addition to) palladium(II). In this study, we examine the coupling of pentafluorobenzene 1 to 4-iodotoluene 2a (and its analogues) to form 4-(pentafluorophenyl)toluene 3a catalyzed by palladium(II) acetate with the commonplace PPh3 ligand, silver carbonate as base, and DMF as solvent. By studying the reaction of 1 with Ag2CO3/PPh3 and with isolated silver (triphenylphosphine) carbonate complexes, we show the formation of C-H activation products containing the Ag(C6F5)(PPh3)n unit. However, analysis is complicated by the lability of the Ag-PPh3 bond and the presence of multiple species in the solution. The speciation of palladium(II) is investigated by high-resolution-MAS NMR (chosen for its suitability for suspensions) with a substoichiometric catalyst, demonstrating the formation of an equilibrium mixture of Pd(Ar)(κ1-OAc)(PPh3)2 and [Pd(Ar)(μ-OAc)(PPh3)]2 as resting states (Ar = Ph, 4-tolyl). These two complexes react stoichiometrically with 1 to form coupling products. The catalytic reaction kinetics is investigated by in situ IR spectroscopy revealing a two-term rate law and dependence on [Pdtot/nPPh3]0.5 consistent with the dissociation of an off-cycle palladium dimer. The first term is independent of [1], whereas the second term is first order in [1]. The observed rates are very similar with Pd(PPh3)4, Pd(Ph)(κ1-OAc)(PPh3)2, and [Pd(Ph)(μ-OAc)(PPh3)]2 catalysts. The kinetic isotope effect varied significantly according to conditions. The multiple speciation of both AgI and PdII acts as a warning against specifying the catalytic cycles in detail. Moreover, the rapid dynamic interconversion of AgI species creates a level of complexity that has not been appreciated previously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joshua T.W. Bray
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United
Kingdom
| | - Neil W.J. Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United
Kingdom
| | - Ian J.S. Fairlamb
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United
Kingdom
| | - Robin N. Perutz
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United
Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhu BB, Zhang SS, Fu JG, Lin GQ, Feng CG. Palladium-catalyzed disilylation of ortho-halophenylethylenes enabled by 2-pyridone ligand. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:5922-5925. [PMID: 37171020 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc01452e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed disilylation reaction applicable for a variety of non-, α-, or β-substituted and α,β-disubstituted ortho-halophenylethylenes has been developed. This reaction proceeds with high yields and very low catalyst loadings. The two C-Si bonds of the disilylated products could be well-differentiated chemoselectively in the reaction with various electrophiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Bin Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shu-Sheng Zhang
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Jian-Guo Fu
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Guo-Qiang Lin
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chen-Guo Feng
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Piszel PE, Orzolek BJ, Olszewski AK, Rotella ME, Spiewak AM, Kozlowski MC, Weix DJ. Protodemetalation of (Bipyridyl)Ni(II)-Aryl Complexes Shows Evidence for Five-, Six-, and Seven-Membered Cyclic Pathways. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10.1021/jacs.3c00618. [PMID: 37026854 PMCID: PMC10558627 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Protonation of C-M bonds and its microscopic reverse, metalation of C-H bonds, are fundamental steps in a variety of metal-catalyzed processes. As such, studies on protonation of C-M bonds can shed light on C-H activation. We present here studies on the rate of protodemetalation (PDM) of a suite of arylnickel(II) complexes with various acids that provide evidence for a concerted, cyclic transition state for the PDM of C-Ni bonds and demonstrate that five-, six-, and seven-membered transition states are particularly favorable. Our data show that while the rate of protodemetalation of arylnickel(II) complexes scales with acidity for many acids, several are faster than predicted by pKa. For example, while acetic acid and acetohydroxamic acid are much less acidic than HCl, they both protodemetalate arylnickel(II) complexes significantly faster than HCl. Our data also show how in the case of acetohydroxamic acid, a seven-membered cyclic transition state (CH3C(O)NHOH) can be more favorable than a six-membered transition state (CH3C(O)NHOH). Similarly, five-membered transition states, such as for pyrazole, are highly favorable as well. Comparison of transition state polarization (from density functional theory) compares these new nickel transition states to better-studied precious-metal systems and demonstrates how the base can change the polarization of the transition state giving rise to opposing electronic preferences. Collectively, these studies suggest several new avenues for study in C-H activation as well as approaches to accelerate or slow protodemetalation in nickel catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paige E. Piszel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Brandon J. Orzolek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Alyssa K. Olszewski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Madeline E. Rotella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Amanda M. Spiewak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Marisa C. Kozlowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Daniel J. Weix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ma Z, Sun L, Zhou JS. Catalytic enantioselective alkenylation-heteroarylation of olefins: stereoselective syntheses of 5-7 membered azacycles and oxacycles. Chem Sci 2023; 14:3010-3017. [PMID: 36937582 PMCID: PMC10016361 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc07117g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Catalytic enantioselective domino alkenylation-heteroarylation of nonconjugated iododienes proceeded with excellent stereoselectivity and broad scope of substrates. The reaction enables stereoselective syntheses of substituted azacycles such as piperidine, pyrrolidine azepine and dihydropyrans carrying new quaternary stereocenters. Mechanistically, C-H bonds of heterocycles were activated by lithium alkoxides via reversible deprotonation, rather than conventional palladium(ii)-assisted metalation processes. Many types of heteroarenes can be used, including not only azoles (such as thiazoles, oxazoles, imidazoles and oxadiazoles), but also nonazoles (thiophene, furan and azine N-oxides).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School Room F312, 2199 Lishui Road, Nanshan District Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Lantian Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University 224 Waterloo Road, Kowloon Tong Hong Kong China
| | - Jianrong Steve Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School Room F312, 2199 Lishui Road, Nanshan District Shenzhen 518055 China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu Y, Arndtsen BA. Palladium-Catalyzed Chlorocarbonylation of C(sp 2)-Triflates as a Route to Heteroarene C–H Functionalization and Ketone Synthesis. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Bruce A. Arndtsen
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Whitehurst W, Kim J, Koenig SG, Chirik PJ. C-H Activation by Isolable Cationic Bis(phosphine) Cobalt(III) Metallacycles. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19186-19195. [PMID: 36194198 PMCID: PMC9585578 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Five- and six-coordinate cationic bis(phosphine) cobalt(III) metallacycle complexes were synthesized with the general structures, [(depe)Co(cycloneophyl)(L)(L')][BArF4] (depe = 1,2-bis(diethylphosphino)ethane; cycloneophyl = [κ-C:C-(CH2C(Me)2)C6H4]; L/L' = pyridine, pivalonitrile, or the vacant site, BAr4F = B[(3,5-(CF3)2)C6H3]4). Each of these compounds promoted facile directed C(sp2)-H activation with exclusive selectivity for ortho-alkylated products, consistent with the selectivity of reported cobalt-catalyzed arene-alkene-alkyne coupling reactions. The direct observation of C-H activation by cobalt(III) metallacycles provided experimental support for the intermediacy of these compounds in this class of catalytic C-H functionalization reaction. Deuterium labeling and kinetic studies provided insight into the nature of C-H bond cleavage and C-C bond reductive elimination from isolable cobalt(III) precursors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William
G. Whitehurst
- Department
of Chemistry, Frick Laboratory, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Junho Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Frick Laboratory, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Stefan G. Koenig
- Small
Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Paul J. Chirik
- Department
of Chemistry, Frick Laboratory, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Müller S, Lee W, Song JY, Kang E, Joo JM. Nondirected Pd-catalyzed aerobic C-H alkenylation of ruthenocene and ferrocene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:10809-10812. [PMID: 36069397 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04208h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pd-catalyzed alkenylations of metallocenes via C-H activation were developed using electronically tunable pyrazolonaphthyridine (PzNPy) ligands. Ferrocene was alkenylated using the most electron-deficient ligand in the series, whereas the less reactive ruthenocene needed balancing of the electrophilicity and stability of catalysts. Various alkenes were installed, allowing fine-tuning of redox potentials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Woohyeong Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Yeong Song
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eunsu Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung Min Joo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dhankhar J, Hofer MD, Linden A, Čorić I. Site-Selective C-H Arylation of Diverse Arenes Ortho to Small Alkyl Groups. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205470. [PMID: 35830351 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic systems for direct C-H activation of arenes commonly show preference for electronically activated and sterically exposed C-H sites. Here we show that a range of functionally rich and pharmaceutically relevant arene classes can undergo site-selective C-H arylation ortho to small alkyl substituents, preferably endocyclic methylene groups. The C-H activation is experimentally supported as being the selectivity-determining step, while computational studies of the transition state models indicate the relevance of non-covalent interactions between the catalyst and the methylene group of the substrate. Our results suggest that preference for C(sp2 )-H activation next to alkyl groups could be a general selectivity mode, distinct from common steric and electronic factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Dhankhar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Micha D Hofer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Linden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ilija Čorić
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Site‐Selective C–H Arylation of Diverse Arenes Ortho to Small Alkyl Groups. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
15
|
Lin L, Spasyuk DM, Lalancette RA, Prokopchuk DE. Coordination-Induced Weakening of a C(sp 3)-H Bond: Homolytic and Heterolytic Bond Strength of a CH-Ni Agostic Interaction. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12632-12637. [PMID: 35786956 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The scission of a C(sp3)-H bond to form a new metal-alkyl bond is a fundamental step in coordination chemistry and catalysis. However, the extent of C-H bond weakening when this moiety interacts with a transition metal is poorly understood and quantifying this phenomenon could provide insights into designing more efficient C-H functionalization catalysts. We present a nickel complex with a robust adamantyl reporter ligand that enables the measurement of C-H acidity (pKa) and bond dissociation free energy (BDFE) for a C(sp3)-H agostic interaction, showing a decrease in pKa by dozens of orders of magnitude and BDFE decrease of about 30 kcal/mol upon coordination. X-ray crystallographic data is provided for all molecules, including a distorted square planar NiIII metalloradical and "doubly agostic" NiII(κ2-CH2) complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University-Newark, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Denis M Spasyuk
- Canadian Light Source, 44 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N2V3, Canada
| | - Roger A Lalancette
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University-Newark, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Demyan E Prokopchuk
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University-Newark, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pipaón Fernández N, Gaube G, Woelk KJ, Burns M, Hruszkewycz DP, Leitch DC. Palladium-Catalyzed Direct C–H Alkenylation with Enol Pivalates Proceeds via Reversible C–O Oxidative Addition to Pd(0). ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nahiane Pipaón Fernández
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Gregory Gaube
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Kyla J. Woelk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Mathias Burns
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Damian P. Hruszkewycz
- Chemical Development, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - David C. Leitch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Athavan G, Tanner TFN, Whitwood AC, Fairlamb IJS, Perutz RN. Direct Evidence for Competitive C–H Activation by a Well-Defined Silver XPhos Complex in Palladium-Catalyzed C–H Functionalization. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Robin N. Perutz
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dutta S, Bhattacharya T, Geffers FJ, Bürger M, Maiti D, Werz DB. Pd-catalysed C-H functionalisation of free carboxylic acids. Chem Sci 2022; 13:2551-2573. [PMID: 35340865 PMCID: PMC8890104 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05392b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pd-catalysed C-H functionalisation of free carboxylic acids has drawn significant attention over the last few years due to the predominance of carboxylic acid moieties in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. But their coordinating ability was overlooked and masked by exogenous directing groups for a long time. Even other crucial roles of carboxylic acids as additives and steric inducers that directly influence the mode of a reaction have been widely neglected. This review aims to embrace all of the diverse aspects of carboxylic acids except additive and steric effects by concisely and systematically describing their versatile role in Pd-catalysed proximal and distal C-H activation reactions that could be implemented in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. In addition, the mechanistic perspectives along with several recent strategies developed in the last few years discussed here will serve as educational resources for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suparna Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India https://www.dmaiti.com
| | - Trisha Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India https://www.dmaiti.com
| | - Finn J Geffers
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Organic Chemistry Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany https://www.werzlab.de
| | - Marcel Bürger
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Organic Chemistry Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany https://www.werzlab.de
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India https://www.dmaiti.com
| | - Daniel B Werz
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Organic Chemistry Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany https://www.werzlab.de
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Teng S, Zhou JS. Metal-catalyzed asymmetric heteroarylation of alkenes: diverse activation mechanisms. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:1592-1607. [PMID: 35166742 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00426c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the state-of-the-art in transition metal-catalyzed asymmetric alkylation of heteroarenes using alkenes (covering literature from 2000 to late 2021). Based on elementary reactions on metals for substrate activation, these reactions are broadly classified in several categories: (A) concerted oxidative addition of heteroaryl C-H bonds on rhodium(I) and iridium(I), (B) ligand-to-ligand hydrogen transfer (LLHT) on low-valent 3d metal complexes of nickel and cobalt, (C) different ways for deprotonation of heteroaryl C-H bonds by late transition metal complexes, especially palladium, including electrophilic aromatic substitution and a related mechanism, base-assisted intramolecular electrophilic substitution, concerted and nonconcerted metalation deprotonation, (D) σ-bond metathesis by d0 early transition metal complexes, (E) electrophilic activation of olefins by Pd(II), Pt(II) and Au(I), and (F) metal hydride insertion of aryl olefins and dienes. The demand to achieve enantiocontrol in the heteroarylation reactions has also driven innovation in chiral ancillary ligands, exemplified by extremely bulky, chiral N-heterocyclic carbenes for nickel catalysts, bulky monodentate oxazolines for Wacker-type reactions and chiral cyclopentadienyl ligands for half-sandwich complexes of scandium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shenghan Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Room F312, 2199 Lishui Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China. .,Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Jianrong Steve Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Room F312, 2199 Lishui Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Čorić I, Dhankhar J. Introduction to Spatial Anion Control for Direct C–H Arylation. Synlett 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1719860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractC–H activation of functionally rich molecules without the need for directing groups promises shorter organic syntheses and late-stage diversification of molecules for drug discovery. We highlight recent examples of palladium-catalyzed nondirected functionalization of C–H bonds in arenes as limiting substrates with a focus on the development of the concept of spatial anion control for direct C–H arylation.1 C–H Activation and the CMD Mechanism2 Nondirected C–H Functionalizations of Arenes as Limiting Substrates3 Nondirected C–H Arylation4 Spatial Anion Control for Direct C–H Arylation5 Coordination Chemistry with Spatial Anion Control6 Conclusion
Collapse
|
21
|
Atkin L, Priebbenow DL. Cobalt-catalysed acyl silane directed ortho C–H functionalisation of benzoyl silanes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:12604-12607. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05350k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Acyl silanes can be engaged as weakly coordinating directing groups in cobalt catalysed C–H functionalisation reactions to prepare benzoyl silanes that are highly amenable to subsequent synthetic manipulations yet inaccessible via existing methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liselle Atkin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel L. Priebbenow
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jeong S, Joo JM. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Divergent C-H Functionalization of Five-Membered Heteroarenes. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:4518-4529. [PMID: 34886664 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Conversion of common reactants to diverse products is a key objective of organic syntheses. Recent developments in transition-metal-catalyzed C-H functionalization have increased the interest in such conversions. Both the position of functionalization and the type of the substituent can be varied, allowing systematic diversification of common structural cores. Because five-membered heteroarenes (pyrazole, imidazole, thiazole, pyrrole, and thiophene) are ubiquitous in pharmaceuticals and organic functional materials, the selective C-H functionalization of these heterocyclic cores facilitates both the optimization of their physicochemical properties and streamlining of their preparation. In addition, the parent forms of these heterocycles are more readily available and inexpensive than any other derivatives of their families. Hence, their nondirected C-H functionalization is highly desirable. Although various regioselective reactions have been developed, many of them target the most reactive site; hence, except for some extensively studied arylation reactions, regiodivergent functionalization of two or more sites has been limited.This Account summarizes our work on the regiodivergent, nondirected C-H functionalization of five-membered heteroarenes with alkenes and alkynes. These unsaturated hydrocarbons are readily available, and all the composing atoms can be incorporated into products with high atom efficiency. Furthermore, the installed alkenyl groups can be transformed to other useful functional groups. To achieve comparable selectivity to that observed in the traditional reactions of these heteroarenes with highly electrophilic reagents and strong bases, a transition metal catalytic system was carefully devised with a more streamlined synthesis. A judicious choice of metals, ligands, acid and base additives, and solvents orchestrates divergent transformations using electronic and steric effects of the heteroarenes. Although C-H cleavage is a rate- and site-selectivity-determining step in most cases, the subsequent steps involving the formation of C-C bonds are often more critical than the other steps. For the C-H cleavage step, modulating the electronic properties of catalysts to make them electrophilic allows preferential alkenylation at the nucleophilic position. In addition, the presence of an internal base that can be exploited for concerted metalation-deprotonation of the acidic C-H bond offers alternative regioselectivity. Furthermore, we developed our own ligand system based on a conformationally rigid pyrazolonaphthyridine scaffold that enables aerobic C-H alkenylation reactions with steric control. We showed that the electronic and steric effects of heteroarenes can be further extended to chemodivergent reactions with norbornene derivatives. Depending on whether the palladacycle is formed, heteroarenes selectively undergo 1:2 annulation with norbornene derivatives and three-component reactions with other azoles through the Pd-norbornene adducts or Catellani and 2:1 annulation reactions through the palladacycle intermediates.Other research groups have also contributed to the development of divergent reactions, in investigations ranging from the pioneering studies in the early days of research on C-H functionalization to recent studies with new ligands. We have also discussed these studies in context. These approaches provide access to many heteroarenes with systematically varied substituents. We believe that new ligand systems and mechanistic insights gained through these studies will enrich fields beyond C-H functionalization of five-membered heteroarenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyeon Jeong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Joo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kanai Y, Müller‐Borges D, Plenio H. The Regioselective Arylation of 1,3‐Benzodioxoles. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202101014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kanai
- Organometallic Chemistry Technische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Str. 12 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Dorian Müller‐Borges
- Organometallic Chemistry Technische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Str. 12 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Herbert Plenio
- Organometallic Chemistry Technische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Str. 12 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kwak H, Kang E, Song JY, Kang G, Joo JM. Pd‐Catalyzed Cyclization of Alkynyl Norbornene Derivatives for the Synthesis of Benzofused Heteroarenes. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hayeon Kwak
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials Pusan National University Busan 46241 Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsu Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials Pusan National University Busan 46241 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yeong Song
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials Pusan National University Busan 46241 Republic of Korea
| | - Geunhee Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials Pusan National University Busan 46241 Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Joo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials Pusan National University Busan 46241 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
O'Hair RAJ. ORGANOMETALLIC GAS-PHASE ION CHEMISTRY AND CATALYSIS: INSIGHTS INTO THE USE OF METAL CATALYSTS TO PROMOTE SELECTIVITY IN THE REACTIONS OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021; 40:782-810. [PMID: 32965774 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Carboxylic acids are valuable organic substrates as they are widely available, easy to handle, and exhibit structural and functional variety. While they are used in many standard synthetic protocols, over the past two decades numerous studies have explored new modes of metal-mediated reactivity of carboxylic acids and their derivatives. Mass spectrometry-based studies can provide fundamental mechanistic insights into these new modes of reactivity. Here gas-phase models for the following catalytic transformations of carboxylic acids and their derivatives are reviewed: protodecarboxylation; dehydration; decarbonylation; reaction as coordinated bases in C-H bond activation; remote functionalization and decarboxylative C-C bond coupling. In each case the catalytic problem is defined, insights from gas-phase studies are highlighted, comparisons with condensed-phase systems are made and perspectives are reached. Finally, the potential role for mechanistic studies that integrate both gas- and condensed-phase studies is highlighted by recent studies on the discovery of new catalysts for the selective decomposition of formic acid and the invention of the new extrusion-insertion class of reactions for the synthesis of amides, thioamides, and amidines. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A J O'Hair
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Jacob C, Maes BUW, Evano G. Transient Directing Groups in Metal-Organic Cooperative Catalysis. Chemistry 2021; 27:13899-13952. [PMID: 34286873 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The direct functionalization of C-H bonds is among the most fundamental chemical transformations in organic synthesis. However, when the innate reactivity of the substrate cannot be utilized for the functionalization of a given single C-H bond, this selective C-H bond functionalization mostly relies on the use of directing groups that allow bringing the catalyst in close proximity to the C-H bond to be activated and these directing groups need to be installed before and cleaved after the transformation, which involves two additional undesired synthetic operations. These additional steps dramatically reduce the overall impact and the attractiveness of C-H bond functionalization techniques since classical approaches based on substrate pre-functionalization are sometimes still more straightforward and appealing. During the past decade, a different approach involving both the in situ installation and removal of the directing group, which can then often be used in a catalytic manner, has emerged: the transient directing group strategy. In addition to its innovative character, this strategy has brought C-H bond functionalization to an unprecedented level of usefulness and has enabled the development of remarkably efficient processes for the direct and selective introduction of functional groups onto both aromatic and aliphatic substrates. The processes unlocked by the development of these transient directing groups will be comprehensively overviewed in this review article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clément Jacob
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et Physico-Chimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.,Organic Synthesis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bert U W Maes
- Organic Synthesis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gwilherm Evano
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et Physico-Chimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhu BB, Ye WB, He ZT, Zhang SS, Feng CG, Lin GQ. Regioselective Tandem C–H Alkylation/Coupling Reaction of ortho-Iodophenylethylenes via C, C-Pallada(II)cycles. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Bin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wen-Bo Ye
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhi-Tao He
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shu-Sheng Zhang
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chen-Guo Feng
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Evans R, Sampson J, Wang L, Lückemeier L, Carrow BP. Ligand switchable site selectivity in C-H alkenylation of thiophenes by turnover-limiting step control. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:9076-9079. [PMID: 34498633 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03456a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The origin of switchable site selectivity during Pd-catalysed C-H alkenylation of heteroarenes has been examined through More O'Ferrall-Jencks, isotope effect, and DFT computational analyses, which indicate substitution of ionic thioether for pyridine dative ligands induces a change from selectivity-determining C-H cleavage to C-C bond formation, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Jessica Sampson
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Lukas Lückemeier
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Brad P Carrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wedi P, Farizyan M, Bergander K, Mück-Lichtenfeld C, van Gemmeren M. Mechanism of the Arene-Limited Nondirected C-H Activation of Arenes with Palladium*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:15641-15649. [PMID: 33998116 PMCID: PMC8361776 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently palladium catalysts have been discovered that enable the directing-group-free C-H activation of arenes without requiring an excess of the arene substrate, thereby enabling methods for the late-stage modification of complex organic molecules. The key to success has been the use of two complementary ligands, an N-acyl amino acid and an N-heterocycle. Detailed experimental and computational mechanistic studies on the dual-ligand-enabled C-H activation of arenes have led us to identify the catalytically active species and a transition state model that explains the exceptional activity and selectivity of these catalysts. These findings are expected to be highly useful for further method development using this powerful class of catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Wedi
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstrasse 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Mirxan Farizyan
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstrasse 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Bergander
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstrasse 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Mück-Lichtenfeld
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstrasse 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstrasse 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wedi P, Farizyan M, Bergander K, Mück‐Lichtenfeld C, Gemmeren M. Mechanismus der Aren‐limitierten, nicht‐dirigierten C‐H‐Aktivierung von Arenen mit Palladium**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Wedi
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Correnstraße 36 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Mirxan Farizyan
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Correnstraße 36 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Klaus Bergander
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Correnstraße 36 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Christian Mück‐Lichtenfeld
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Correnstraße 36 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Manuel Gemmeren
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Correnstraße 36 48149 Münster Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kim HT, Kang E, Kim M, Joo JM. Synthesis of Bidentate Nitrogen Ligands by Rh-Catalyzed C–H Annulation and Their Application to Pd-Catalyzed Aerobic C–H Alkenylation. Org Lett 2021; 23:3657-3662. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Tae Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsu Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyu Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Joo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wang D, Salazar CA, Stahl SS. Catalyst-Controlled Regioselectivity in Pd-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Arylation of Indoles. Organometallics 2021; 40:2198-2203. [PMID: 34366539 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pd-catalyzed C-H arylation of heteorarenes is an important and widely studied synthetic transformation; however, the regioselectivity is often substrate-controlled. Here, we report catalyst-controlled regioselectivity in the Pd-catalyzed oxidative coupling of N-(phenylsulfonyl)indoles and aryl boronic acids using O2 as the oxidant. Both C2- and C3-arylated indoles are obtained in good yield with >10:1 selectivity. A switch from C2 to C3 regioselectivity is achieved by including 4,5-diazafluoren-9-one or 2,2'-bipyrimidine as an ancillary ligand to a "ligand-free" Pd(OTs)2 catalyst system. Density functional theory calculations indicate that the switch in selectivity arises from a change in the mechanism, from a C2-selective oxidative-Heck pathway to a C3-selective C-H activation/reductive elimination pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dian Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Chase A Salazar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tlahuext-Aca A, Lee SY, Sakamoto S, Hartwig JF. Direct Arylation of Simple Arenes with Aryl Bromides by Synergistic Silver and Palladium Catalysis. ACS Catal 2021; 11:1430-1434. [PMID: 34790433 PMCID: PMC8594911 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c05254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The direct, catalytic arylation of simple arenes in small excess with aryl bromides is disclosed. The developed method does not require the assistance of directing groups and relies on a synergistic catalytic cycle in which phosphine-ligated silver complexes cleave the aryl C-H bond, while palladium catalysts enable the formation of the biaryl products. Mechanistic experiments, including kinetic isotope effects, competition experiments, and hydrogen-deuterium exchange, support a catalytic cycle in which cleavage of the C-H bond by silver is the rate-determining step.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Tlahuext-Aca
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Sarah Yunmi Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Shu Sakamoto
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John F Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Torralvo H, Albert J, Ariza X, Font-Bardia M, Garcia J, Granell J, Martinez M. Pyridine- and Quinoline-Derived Imines as N, N-Bidentate Directing Groups in Palladium versus Platinum C–H Bond Activation Reactions. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Torralvo
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Orgànica i Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Albert
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Inorgànica, Facultat de Quimica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11. 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Ariza
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Orgànica i Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercè Font-Bardia
- Unitat de Difracció de Raigs-X., Centre Científic i Tecnològ̀ic de la Universitat de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Solé i Sabarís1-3, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Cristal·lografia, Mineralogia i Dipòsits Minerals, Facultat de Geologia, Martí i Franquès s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Garcia
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Orgànica i Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaume Granell
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Inorgànica, Facultat de Quimica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11. 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Martinez
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Inorgànica, Facultat de Quimica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11. 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Khazipov OV, Shepelenko KE, Pasyukov DV, Chesnokov VV, Soliev SB, Chernyshev VM, Ananikov VP. Ni/NHC catalysis in C–H functionalization using air-tolerant nickelocene and sodium formate for in situ catalyst generation. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00309g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A facile method for Ni/NHC catalyzed C–H alkylation and alkenylation of heteroarenes with alkenes and internal alkynes using air-tolerant nickelocene, sodium formate and NHC·HCl salts for in situ catalyst generation has been developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oleg V. Khazipov
- Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI)
- Novocherkassk
- Russia
| | | | - Dmitry V. Pasyukov
- Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI)
- Novocherkassk
- Russia
| | | | | | | | - Valentine P. Ananikov
- Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI)
- Novocherkassk
- Russia
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Bjelopetrović A, Barišić D, Duvnjak Z, Džajić I, Juribašić Kulcsár M, Halasz I, Martínez M, Budimir A, Babić D, Ćurić M. A Detailed Kinetico-Mechanistic Investigation on the Palladium C–H Bond Activation in Azobenzenes and Their Monopalladated Derivatives. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:17123-17133. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alen Bjelopetrović
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Physical Chemistry, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dajana Barišić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Physical Chemistry, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Duvnjak
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Ante Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Džajić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Ante Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marina Juribašić Kulcsár
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Physical Chemistry, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Halasz
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Physical Chemistry, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Manuel Martínez
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Inorgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Budimir
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Ante Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Darko Babić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Physical Chemistry, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Manda Ćurić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Physical Chemistry, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Dhankhar J, González-Fernández E, Dong CC, Mukhopadhyay TK, Linden A, Čorić I. Spatial Anion Control on Palladium for Mild C-H Arylation of Arenes. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19040-19046. [PMID: 33125849 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
C-H arylation of arenes without the use of directing groups is a challenge, even for simple molecules, such as benzene. We describe spatial anion control as a concept for the design of catalytic sites for C-H bond activation, thereby enabling nondirected C-H arylation of arenes at ambient temperature. The mild conditions enable late-stage structural diversification of biologically relevant small molecules, and site-selectivity complementary to that obtained with other methods of arene functionalization can be achieved. These results reveal the potential of spatial anion control in transition-metal catalysis for the functionalization of C-H bonds under mild conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Dhankhar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisa González-Fernández
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chao-Chen Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tufan K Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Linden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ilija Čorić
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Karlinskii BY, Kostyukovich AY, Kucherov FA, Galkin KI, Kozlov KS, Ananikov VP. Directing-Group-Free, Carbonyl Group-Promoted Catalytic C–H Arylation of Bio-Based Furans. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Ya. Karlinskii
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander Yu. Kostyukovich
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Fedor A. Kucherov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Konstantin I. Galkin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Kirill S. Kozlov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Valentine P. Ananikov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Electronic and Steric Manipulation of the Agostic Interaction in benzo[
h
]quinoline Complexes of Pd(II) and Implications for the Formation of η
1
‐Pd–C Bonds. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
40
|
Chen H, Farizyan M, Gemmeren M. Regioselective Olefination of 3‐Substituted Five‐Membered Heteroarenes. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Organisch‐Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms‐Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Mirxan Farizyan
- Organisch‐Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms‐Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Manuel Gemmeren
- Organisch‐Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms‐Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| |
Collapse
|