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Romá-Mateo C, Lorente-Pozo S, Márquez-Thibaut L, Moreno-Estellés M, Garcés C, González D, Lahuerta M, Aguado C, García-Giménez JL, Sanz P, Pallardó FV. Age-Related microRNA Overexpression in Lafora Disease Male Mice Provides Links between Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021089. [PMID: 36674605 PMCID: PMC9865572 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lafora disease is a rare, fatal form of progressive myoclonus epilepsy characterized by continuous neurodegeneration with epileptic seizures, characterized by the intracellular accumulation of aberrant polyglucosan granules called Lafora bodies. Several works have provided numerous evidence of molecular and cellular alterations in neural tissue from experimental mouse models deficient in either laforin or malin, two proteins related to the disease. Oxidative stress, alterations in proteostasis, and deregulation of inflammatory signals are some of the molecular alterations underlying this condition in both KO animal models. Lafora bodies appear early in the animal's life, but many of the aforementioned molecular aberrant processes and the consequent neurological symptoms ensue only as animals age. Here, using small RNA-seq and quantitative PCR on brain extracts from laforin and malin KO male mice of different ages, we show that two different microRNA species, miR-155 and miR-146a, are overexpressed in an age-dependent manner. We also observed altered expression of putative target genes for each of the microRNAs studied in brain extracts. These results open the path for a detailed dissection of the molecular consequences of laforin and malin deficiency in brain tissue, as well as the potential role of miR-155 and miR-146a as specific biomarkers of disease progression in LD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Romá-Mateo
- Department of Physiology, Facultat de Medicina i Odontologia, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)—ISCIII, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.R.-M.); (P.S.); Tel.: +34-963983170 (C.R.-M.); +34-963391760 (P.S.)
| | - Sheila Lorente-Pozo
- Neonatal Research Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Lucía Márquez-Thibaut
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDIBGI), Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià de Salt, 17190 Girona, Spain
| | - Mireia Moreno-Estellés
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)—ISCIII, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Concepción Garcés
- Department of Physiology, Facultat de Medicina i Odontologia, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Daymé González
- EpiDisease S.L. (Spin-off From the CIBER-ISCIII), Parc Científic de la Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, Spain
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcos Lahuerta
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmen Aguado
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)—ISCIII, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - José Luis García-Giménez
- Department of Physiology, Facultat de Medicina i Odontologia, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)—ISCIII, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Pascual Sanz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)—ISCIII, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.R.-M.); (P.S.); Tel.: +34-963983170 (C.R.-M.); +34-963391760 (P.S.)
| | - Federico V. Pallardó
- Department of Physiology, Facultat de Medicina i Odontologia, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)—ISCIII, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Simmons ZR, Sharma S, Wayne J, Li S, Vander Kooi CW, Gentry MS. Generation and characterization of a laforin nanobody inhibitor. Clin Biochem 2021; 93:80-89. [PMID: 33831386 PMCID: PMC8217207 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2021.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mutations in the gene encoding the glycogen phosphatase laforin result in the fatal childhood dementia Lafora disease (LD). A cellular hallmark of LD is cytoplasmic, hyper-phosphorylated, glycogen-like aggregates called Lafora bodies (LBs) that form in nearly all tissues and drive disease progression. Additional tools are needed to define the cellular function of laforin, understand the pathological role of laforin in LD, and determine the role of glycogen phosphate in glycogen metabolism. In this work, we present the generation and characterization of laforin nanobodies, with one being a laforin inhibitor. DESIGN AND METHODS We identify multiple classes of specific laforin-binding nanobodies and determine their binding epitopes using hydrogen deuterium exchange (HDX) mass spectrometry. Using para-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP) and a malachite gold-based assay specific for glucan phosphatase activity, we assess the inhibitory effect of one nanobody on laforin's catalytic activity. RESULTS Six families of laforin nanobodies are characterized and their epitopes mapped. One nanobody is identified and characterized that serves as an inhibitor of laforin's phosphatase activity. CONCLUSIONS The six generated and characterized laforin nanobodies, with one being a laforin inhibitor, are an important set of tools that open new avenues to define unresolved glycogen metabolism questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe R Simmons
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Savita Sharma
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Jeremiah Wayne
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Craig W Vander Kooi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Lafora Epilepsy Cure Initiative, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Matthew S Gentry
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Lafora Epilepsy Cure Initiative, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
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3
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TRIM32 and Malin in Neurological and Neuromuscular Rare Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040820. [PMID: 33917450 PMCID: PMC8067510 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins are RING E3 ubiquitin ligases defined by a shared domain structure. Several of them are implicated in rare genetic diseases, and mutations in TRIM32 and TRIM-like malin are associated with Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy R8 and Lafora disease, respectively. These two proteins are evolutionary related, share a common ancestor, and both display NHL repeats at their C-terminus. Here, we revmniew the function of these two related E3 ubiquitin ligases discussing their intrinsic and possible common pathophysiological pathways.
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Zhou Z, Austin GL, Shaffer R, Armstrong DD, Gentry MS. Antibody-Mediated Enzyme Therapeutics and Applications in Glycogen Storage Diseases. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:1094-1109. [PMID: 31522955 PMCID: PMC6889062 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of antibodies as targeting molecules or cell-penetrating tools has emerged at the forefront of pharmaceutical research. Antibody-directed therapies in the form of antibody-drug conjugates, immune modulators, and antibody-directed enzyme prodrugs have been most extensively utilized as hematological, rheumatological, and oncological therapies, but recent developments are identifying additional applications of antibody-mediated delivery systems. A novel application of this technology is for the treatment of glycogen storage disorders (GSDs) via an antibody-enzyme fusion (AEF) platform to penetrate cells and deliver an enzyme to the cytoplasm, nucleus, and/or other organelles. Exciting developments are currently underway for AEFs in the treatment of the GSDs Pompe disease and Lafora disease (LD). Antibody-based therapies are quickly becoming an integral part of modern disease therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqiu Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Grant L Austin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | | | | | - Matthew S Gentry
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Lafora Epilepsy Cure Initiative, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Epilepsy and Brain Metabolism Alliance, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Sun RC, Dukhande VV, Zhou Z, Young LEA, Emanuelle S, Brainson CF, Gentry MS. Nuclear Glycogenolysis Modulates Histone Acetylation in Human Non-Small Cell Lung Cancers. Cell Metab 2019; 30:903-916.e7. [PMID: 31523006 PMCID: PMC6834909 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear glycogen was first documented in the early 1940s, but its role in cellular physiology remained elusive. In this study, we utilized pure nuclei preparations and stable isotope tracers to define the origin and metabolic fate of nuclear glycogen. Herein, we describe a key function for nuclear glycogen in epigenetic regulation through compartmentalized pyruvate production and histone acetylation. This pathway is altered in human non-small cell lung cancers, as surgical specimens accumulate glycogen in the nucleus. We demonstrate that the decreased abundance of malin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, impaired nuclear glycogenolysis by preventing the nuclear translocation of glycogen phosphorylase and causing nuclear glycogen accumulation. Re-introduction of malin in lung cancer cells restored nuclear glycogenolysis, increased histone acetylation, and decreased growth of cancer cells transplanted into mice. This study uncovers a previously unknown role for glycogen metabolism in the nucleus and elucidates another mechanism by which cellular metabolites control epigenetic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon C Sun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Vikas V Dukhande
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St John's University, Jamaica, NY, USA
| | - Zhengqiu Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Lyndsay E A Young
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Shane Emanuelle
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Christine Fillmore Brainson
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Matthew S Gentry
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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6
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Ellingwood SS, Cheng A. Biochemical and clinical aspects of glycogen storage diseases. J Endocrinol 2018; 238:R131-R141. [PMID: 29875163 PMCID: PMC6050127 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of glycogen represents a key pathway for the disposal of excess glucose while its degradation is crucial for providing energy during exercise and times of need. The importance of glycogen metabolism is also highlighted by human genetic disorders that are caused by mutations in the enzymes involved. In this review, we provide a basic summary on glycogen metabolism and some of the clinical aspects of the classical glycogen storage diseases. Disruptions in glycogen metabolism usually result in some level of dysfunction in the liver, muscle, heart, kidney and/or brain. Furthermore, the spectrum of symptoms observed is very broad, depending on the affected enzyme. Finally, we briefly discuss an aspect of glycogen metabolism related to the maintenance of its structure that seems to be gaining more recent attention. For example, in Lafora progressive myoclonus epilepsy, patients exhibit an accumulation of inclusion bodies in several tissues, containing glycogen with increased phosphorylation, longer chain lengths and irregular branch points. This abnormal structure is thought to make glycogen insoluble and resistant to degradation. Consequently, its accumulation becomes toxic to neurons, leading to cell death. Although the genes responsible have been identified, studies in the past two decades are only beginning to shed light into their molecular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara S Ellingwood
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Alan Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Lafora Disease: A Ubiquitination-Related Pathology. Cells 2018; 7:cells7080087. [PMID: 30050012 PMCID: PMC6116066 DOI: 10.3390/cells7080087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lafora disease (LD, OMIM254780) is a rare and fatal form of progressive myoclonus epilepsy (PME). Among PMEs, LD is unique because of the rapid neurological deterioration of the patients and the appearance in brain and peripheral tissues of insoluble glycogen-like (polyglucosan) inclusions, named Lafora bodies (LBs). LD is caused by mutations in the EPM2A gene, encoding the dual phosphatase laforin, or the EPM2B gene, encoding the E3-ubiquitin ligase malin. Laforin and malin form a functional complex that is involved in the regulation of glycogen synthesis. Thus, in the absence of a functional complex glycogen accumulates in LBs. In addition, it has been suggested that the laforin-malin complex participates in alternative physiological pathways, such as intracellular protein degradation, oxidative stress, and the endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response. In this work we review the possible cellular functions of laforin and malin with a special focus on their role in the ubiquitination of specific substrates. We also discuss here the pathological consequences of defects in laforin or malin functions, as well as the therapeutic strategies that are being explored for LD.
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Rai A, Mishra R, Ganesh S. Suppression of leptin signaling reduces polyglucosan inclusions and seizure susceptibility in a mouse model for Lafora disease. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 26:4778-4785. [PMID: 28973665 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lafora disease (LD) represents a fatal form of neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the presence of abnormally large number of polyglucosan bodies-called the Lafora bodies-in neurons and other tissues of the affected patients. The disease is caused by defects in the EPM2A gene coding for a protein phosphatase (laforin) or the NHLRC1 gene coding for an ubiquitin ligase (malin). Studies have shown that inhibition of glycogen synthesis in the brain could prevent the formation of Lafora bodies in the neurons and reduce seizure susceptibility in laforin-deficient mouse, an established animal model for LD. Since increased glucose uptake is thought to underlie increased glycogen in LD, and since the adipocyte hormone leptin is known to positively regulate the glucose uptake in neurons, we reasoned that blocking leptin signaling might reduce the neuronal glucose uptake and ameliorate the LD pathology. We demonstrate here that mice that were deficient for both laforin and leptin receptor showed a reduction in the glycogen level, Lafora bodies and gliosis in the brain, and displayed reduced susceptibility to induced seizures as compared to animals that were deficient only for laforin. Thus, blocking leptin signaling could be a one of the effective therapeutic strategies in LD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Rai
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Rohit Mishra
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Subramaniam Ganesh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
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Gentry MS, Guinovart JJ, Minassian BA, Roach PJ, Serratosa JM. Lafora disease offers a unique window into neuronal glycogen metabolism. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:7117-7125. [PMID: 29483193 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r117.803064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lafora disease (LD) is a fatal, autosomal recessive, glycogen-storage disorder that manifests as severe epilepsy. LD results from mutations in the gene encoding either the glycogen phosphatase laforin or the E3 ubiquitin ligase malin. Individuals with LD develop cytoplasmic, aberrant glycogen inclusions in nearly all tissues that more closely resemble plant starch than human glycogen. This Minireview discusses the unique window into glycogen metabolism that LD research offers. It also highlights recent discoveries, including that glycogen contains covalently bound phosphate and that neurons synthesize glycogen and express both glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Gentry
- Lafora Epilepsy Cure Initiative, Lexington, Kentucky 40503; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Lexington, Kentucky 40503; University of Kentucky Epilepsy Research Center (EpiC), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40503.
| | - Joan J Guinovart
- Lafora Epilepsy Cure Initiative, Lexington, Kentucky 40503; Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Berge A Minassian
- Lafora Epilepsy Cure Initiative, Lexington, Kentucky 40503; Department of Pediatrics and Dallas Children's Medical Center, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas 75390-9063; Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Peter J Roach
- Lafora Epilepsy Cure Initiative, Lexington, Kentucky 40503; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases and Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Jose M Serratosa
- Lafora Epilepsy Cure Initiative, Lexington, Kentucky 40503; Laboratory of Neurology, IIS-Jimenez Diaz Foundation, UAM, 28045 Madrid, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Homeostasis of the astrocytic glutamate transporter GLT-1 is altered in mouse models of Lafora disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:1074-83. [PMID: 26976331 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Lafora disease (LD, OMIM 254780) is a fatal rare disorder characterized by epilepsy and neurodegeneration. Although in recent years a lot of information has been gained on the molecular basis of the neurodegeneration that accompanies LD, the molecular basis of epilepsy is poorly understood. Here, we present evidence indicating that the homeostasis of glutamate transporter GLT-1 (EAAT2) is compromised in mouse models of LD. Our results indicate that primary astrocytes from LD mice have reduced capacity of glutamate transport, probably because they present a reduction in the levels of the glutamate transporter at the plasma membrane. On the other hand, the overexpression in cellular models of laforin and malin, the two proteins related to LD, results in an accumulation of GLT-1 (EAAT2) at the plasma membrane and in a severe reduction of the ubiquitination of the transporter. All these results suggest that the laforin/malin complex slows down the endocytic recycling of the GLT-1 (EAAT2) transporter. Since, defects in the function of this transporter lead to excitotoxicity and epilepsy, we suggest that the epilepsy that accompanies LD could be due, at least in part, to deficiencies in the function of the GLT-1 (EAAT2) transporter.
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Sánchez-Martín P, Romá-Mateo C, Viana R, Sanz P. Ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2-N and sequestosome-1 (p62) are components of the ubiquitination process mediated by the malin–laforin E3-ubiquitin ligase complex. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 69:204-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Romá-Mateo C, Aguado C, García-Giménez JL, Knecht E, Sanz P, Pallardó FV. Oxidative stress, a new hallmark in the pathophysiology of Lafora progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 88:30-41. [PMID: 25680286 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lafora disease (LD; OMIM 254780, ORPHA501) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the presence of glycogen-like intracellular inclusions called Lafora bodies and caused, in most cases, by mutations in either the EPM2A or the EPM2B gene, encoding respectively laforin, a phosphatase with dual specificity that is involved in the dephosphorylation of glycogen, and malin, an E3-ubiquitin ligase involved in the polyubiquitination of proteins related to glycogen metabolism. Thus, it has been reported that laforin and malin form a functional complex that acts as a key regulator of glycogen metabolism and that also plays a crucial role in protein homeostasis (proteostasis). Regarding this last function, it has been shown that cells are more sensitive to ER stress and show defects in proteasome and autophagy activities in the absence of a functional laforin-malin complex. More recently, we have demonstrated that oxidative stress accompanies these proteostasis defects and that various LD models show an increase in reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress products together with a dysregulated antioxidant enzyme expression and activity. In this review we discuss possible connections between the multiple defects in protein homeostasis present in LD and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Romá-Mateo
- Fundación Investigación Clinico de Valencia, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Valencia, Spain; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, E46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmen Aguado
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Luis García-Giménez
- Fundación Investigación Clinico de Valencia, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Valencia, Spain; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, E46010 Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Valencia, Spain
| | - Erwin Knecht
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pascual Sanz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Valencia, Spain; Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Federico V Pallardó
- Fundación Investigación Clinico de Valencia, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Valencia, Spain; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, E46010 Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Valencia, Spain.
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Perez JD, Rubinstein ND, Fernandez DE, Santoro SW, Needleman LA, Ho-Shing O, Choi JJ, Zirlinger M, Chen SK, Liu JS, Dulac C. Quantitative and functional interrogation of parent-of-origin allelic expression biases in the brain. eLife 2015; 4:e07860. [PMID: 26140685 PMCID: PMC4512258 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The maternal and paternal genomes play different roles in mammalian brains as a result of genomic imprinting, an epigenetic regulation leading to differential expression of the parental alleles of some genes. Here we investigate genomic imprinting in the cerebellum using a newly developed Bayesian statistical model that provides unprecedented transcript-level resolution. We uncover 160 imprinted transcripts, including 41 novel and independently validated imprinted genes. Strikingly, many genes exhibit parentally biased--rather than monoallelic--expression, with different magnitudes according to age, organ, and brain region. Developmental changes in parental bias and overall gene expression are strongly correlated, suggesting combined roles in regulating gene dosage. Finally, brain-specific deletion of the paternal, but not maternal, allele of the paternally-biased Bcl-x, (Bcl2l1) results in loss of specific neuron types, supporting the functional significance of parental biases. These findings reveal the remarkable complexity of genomic imprinting, with important implications for understanding the normal and diseased brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio D Perez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Nimrod D Rubinstein
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | | | - Stephen W Santoro
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, United States
| | - Leigh A Needleman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Olivia Ho-Shing
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - John J Choi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | | | | | - Jun S Liu
- Department of Statistics, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Catherine Dulac
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
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14
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Abstract
Most neurodegenerative diseases that afflict humans are associated with the intracytoplasmic deposition of aggregate-prone proteins in neurons. Autophagy is a powerful process for removing such proteins. In this Review, we consider how certain neurodegenerative diseases may be associated with impaired autophagy and how this may affect pathology. We also discuss how autophagy induction may be a plausible therapeutic strategy for some conditions and review studies in various models that support this hypothesis. Finally, we briefly describe some of the signaling pathways that may be amenable to therapeutic targeting for these goals.
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Nilsson J, Schoser B, Laforet P, Kalev O, Lindberg C, Romero NB, Dávila López M, Akman HO, Wahbi K, Iglseder S, Eggers C, Engel AG, Dimauro S, Oldfors A. Polyglucosan body myopathy caused by defective ubiquitin ligase RBCK1. Ann Neurol 2014; 74:914-9. [PMID: 23798481 DOI: 10.1002/ana.23963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen storage diseases are important causes of myopathy and cardiomyopathy. We describe 10 patients from 8 families with childhood or juvenile onset of myopathy, 8 of whom also had rapidly progressive cardiomyopathy, requiring heart transplant in 4. The patients were homozygous or compound heterozygous for missense or truncating mutations in RBCK1, which encodes for a ubiquitin ligase, and had extensive polyglucosan accumulation in skeletal muscle and in the heart in cases of cardiomyopathy. We conclude that RBCK1 deficiency is a frequent cause of polyglucosan storage myopathy associated with progressive muscle weakness and cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Nilsson
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Lopes-Cendes I, Oliveira Ribeiro PA. Aspectos genéticos das epilepsias: uma visão atual. REVISTA MÉDICA CLÍNICA LAS CONDES 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s0716-8640(13)70243-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Dimerization of the glucan phosphatase laforin requires the participation of cysteine 329. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69523. [PMID: 23922729 PMCID: PMC3724922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Laforin, encoded by a gene that is mutated in Lafora Disease (LD, OMIM 254780), is a modular protein composed of a carbohydrate-binding module and a dual-specificity phosphatase domain. Laforin is the founding member of the glucan-phosphatase family and regulates the levels of phosphate present in glycogen. Multiple reports have described the capability of laforin to form dimers, although the function of these dimers and their relationship with LD remains unclear. Recent evidence suggests that laforin dimerization depends on redox conditions, suggesting that disulfide bonds are involved in laforin dimerization. Using site-directed mutagenesis we constructed laforin mutants in which individual cysteine residues were replaced by serine and then tested the ability of each protein to dimerize using recombinant protein as well as a mammalian cell culture assay. Laforin-Cys329Ser was the only Cys/Ser mutant unable to form dimers in both assays. We also generated a laforin truncation lacking the last three amino acids, laforin-Cys329X, and this truncation also failed to dimerize. Interestingly, laforin-Cys329Ser and laforin-Cys329X were able to bind glucans, and maintained wild type phosphatase activity against both exogenous and biologically relevant substrates. Furthermore, laforin-Cys329Ser was fully capable of participating in the ubiquitination process driven by a laforin-malin complex. These results suggest that dimerization is not required for laforin phosphatase activity, glucan binding, or for the formation of a functional laforin-malin complex. Cumulatively, these results suggest that cysteine 329 is specifically involved in the dimerization process of laforin. Therefore, the C329S mutant constitutes a valuable tool to analyze the physiological implications of laforin’s oligomerization.
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Sanz P, Rubio T, Garcia-Gimeno MA. AMPKbeta subunits: more than just a scaffold in the formation of AMPK complex. FEBS J 2013; 280:3723-33. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pascual Sanz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia; CSIC and Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Spain
| | - Teresa Rubio
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia; CSIC and Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Spain
| | - Maria Adelaida Garcia-Gimeno
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia; CSIC and Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Spain
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Hendriks WJAJ, Pulido R. Protein tyrosine phosphatase variants in human hereditary disorders and disease susceptibilities. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:1673-96. [PMID: 23707412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Reversible tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins is a key regulatory mechanism to steer normal development and physiological functioning of multicellular organisms. Phosphotyrosine dephosphorylation is exerted by members of the super-family of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) enzymes and many play such essential roles that a wide variety of hereditary disorders and disease susceptibilities in man are caused by PTP alleles. More than two decades of PTP research has resulted in a collection of PTP genetic variants with corresponding consequences at the molecular, cellular and physiological level. Here we present a comprehensive overview of these PTP gene variants that have been linked to disease states in man. Although the findings have direct bearing for disease diagnostics and for research on disease etiology, more work is necessary to translate this into therapies that alleviate the burden of these hereditary disorders and disease susceptibilities in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiljan J A J Hendriks
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Glycogenic activity of R6, a protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit, is modulated by the laforin-malin complex. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:1479-88. [PMID: 23624058 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphatase type 1 (PP1) plays a major role in the regulation of glycogen biosynthesis. PP1 is recruited to sites of glycogen formation by its binding to specific targeting subunits. There, it dephosphorylates different enzymes involved in glycogen homeostasis leading to an activation of glycogen biosynthesis. Regulation of these targeting subunits is crucial, as excess of them leads to an enhancement of the action of PP1, which results in glycogen accumulation. In this work we present evidence that PPP1R3D (R6), one of the PP1 glycogenic targeting subunits, interacts physically with laforin, a glucan phosphatase involved in Lafora disease, a fatal type of progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Binding of R6 to laforin allows the ubiquitination of R6 by the E3-ubiquitin ligase malin, what targets R6 for autophagic degradation. As a result of the action of the laforin-malin complex on R6, its glycogenic activity is downregulated. Since R6 is expressed in brain, our results suggest that the laforin-malin complex downregulates the glycogenic activity of R6 present in neuron cells to prevent glycogen accumulation.
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