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Farooq S, Faiz S, Wahab AT, Choudhary MI. Determination of hepatitis C virus subtype prevalent in Sindh, Pakistan: a phylogenetic analysis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11159. [PMID: 38750152 PMCID: PMC11096182 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59342-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis is a major public health issue, affecting 10-17 million people worldwide, with its prevalence continuously increasing. The Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is responsible for liver related diseases, which include liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and chronic hepatitis. Pakistan is experiencing a serious rise in HCV cases. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and distribution of HCV genotypes in Sindh, Pakistan. Serum samples from HCV-positive patients were collected from various local hospitals in Sindh. These samples were first screened for HCV antibodies using ELISA. Samples that tested positive for HCV RNA underwent further genotyping through sequencing using the standard Sanger method. The genotypes were identified by comparing the sequences with those available in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. The phylogenetic analysis showed that all isolates in this study were clustered with genotypes 3a and 3b, except for one sequence that was clustered with genotype 1a. No isolates were found to be clustered with reference genomes of genotypes 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7 suggesting that genotype 3a is endemic in this region. The analyzed sequences demonstrated a 98% similarity with reference and isolated sequences. In summary, sequencing of the HCV 5' UTR essential for identifying the predominant genotype of HCV RNA in the Sindh region Further research on the distribution of HCV genotypes in other regions of Pakistan could aid in improving screening processes, identifying more effective treatment options, and developing suitable prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Farooq
- Mediagnost Gesellschaft Für Forschung Und Herstellung Von Diagnostika, Reutlingen, Germany.
- National Institute of Virology, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Sirmast Faiz
- National Institute of Virology, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Atia-Tul Wahab
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - M Iqbal Choudhary
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21412, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Goodman SH, Zahn M, Boden-Albala B, Lakon CM. Insurance Status, Comorbidity Diagnosis, and Hepatitis C Diagnosis Among Antibody-Positive Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Health Serv Res Manag Epidemiol 2023; 10:23333928231175795. [PMID: 37197291 PMCID: PMC10184194 DOI: 10.1177/23333928231175795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In California, laboratories report all hepatitis C (HCV)-positive antibody tests to the state; however, that does not accurately reflect active infection among those patients without a viral load test confirming a patient's HCV diagnosis. These public health surveillance disease incident records do not include patient details such as comorbidities or insurance status found in electronic medical records (EMRs). Objective This research seeks to understand how insurance type, insurance status, patient comorbidities, and other sociodemographic factors related to HCV diagnosis as defined by a positive viral load test among HCV antibody-positive persons from January 1, 2010 to March 1, 2020. Methods HCV antibody-positive individuals reported to the California Reportable Disease Information Exchange (CalREDIE), with a medical record number associated with the University of California, Irvine Medical Center, and an unrestricted EMR (n = 521) were extracted using manual chart review. Main Outcomes and measures HCV diagnosis as indicated in a patient's EMR in the problem list or disease registry. Results Less than a quarter of patients in this sample were diagnosed as having HCV in their EMR, with 0.4% of those diagnosed (5/116) patients with indicated HCV treatment in the medication field of their charts. After adjusting for multiple comorbidities, a multinomial logistic regression found that the relative risk ratios (RRRs) of HCV diagnosis found that patients with insurance were more likely to be diagnosed compared to those without insurance. When comparing uninsured patients to those with government insurance at the P < .05 level (RRR = 10.61 (95% confidence interval (CI): 4.14-27.22)) and those uninsured to private insurance (RRR = 6.79 (95% CI: 2.31-19.92). Conclusions These low frequencies of HCV diagnosis among the study population, particularly among the uninsured, indicate a need for increased viral load testing and linkage to care. Reflex testing on existing samples and improving HCV screening and diagnosis can help increase linkage to care and work towards eliminating this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara H. Goodman
- Department of Pediatrics – Infectious Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Health, Society, and Behavior, Program in Public Health Susan and Henry Samueli College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Zahn
- Communicable Disease Control, Orange County Health Care Agency, Santa Ana, CA, USA
| | - Bernadette Boden-Albala
- Department of Health, Society, and Behavior, Program in Public Health Susan and Henry Samueli College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Cynthia M. Lakon
- Department of Health, Society, and Behavior, Program in Public Health Susan and Henry Samueli College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Shakeel S, Nawaz H, Majeed MI, Rashid N, Javed MR, Tariq A, Majeed B, Sehar A, Murtaza S, Sadaf N, Rimsha G, Amin I. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic analysis of the centrifugally filtered blood serum samples of the hepatitis C patients. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 39:102949. [PMID: 35661826 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously Raman spectroscopy technique is a use to analyze non-invasive disease related to body fluids. OBJECTIVES For the qualitative and quantitative analysis of HCV serum samples surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) based method is developed. METHOD Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technique is employed for analysis of filtrate portions of blood serum samples of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected patients and healthy ones by using 50 kDa centrifugal filter device. The filtrate portions of the serum obtained in this way contain proteins smaller than 50 kDa and removal of bigger size protein which allows to acquire SERS spectral features of smaller proteins more effectively which are probably associated with Hepatitis C infection. Moreover, SERS spectral features of the filtrates of different level of viral load including low, medium and high viral loads are compared with SERS spectral features of the filtrate portions of healthy/control serum samples. SERS spectral data sets of different samples are further analyzed by using multivariate data analysis techniques such as principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square regression (PLSR). Some SERS spectral features are solely observed in the filtrate portions of the serum samples of hepatitis C and their intensities are increased as the level of viral load increases and might be used for HCV diagnosis. RESULTS PCA was found helpful for differentiation of SERS spectral data sets of filtrate portions of the serum samples of hepatitis C and healthy persons. The PLSR model helped for the quantification of viral loads in the unknown serum samples with 99 % accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samra Shakeel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Haq Nawaz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Irfan Majeed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Nosheen Rashid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Education, Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Rizwan Javed
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Tariq
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Beenish Majeed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Aafia Sehar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Sania Murtaza
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Nimra Sadaf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Gull Rimsha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Imran Amin
- PCR Laboratory, PINUM Hospital, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
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Goodman S, Zahn M, Bruckner T, Boden-Albala B, Lakon CM. Measuring Hazards of Undetectable Viral Load among Hepatitis C Antibody Positive Residents of a Large Southern California County. Health Serv Res Manag Epidemiol 2021; 8:23333928211066181. [PMID: 34926722 PMCID: PMC8671667 DOI: 10.1177/23333928211066181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the most common bloodborne infection in the U.S. However, only a small proportion of persons are treated and cured. Previous research has not characterized sociodemographic characteristics of who receives treatment. We examined predictors of undetectable for HCV in Orange County, the sixth largest county in the United States, where HCV is the most commonly reported infection. METHODS From 2014 to 2020, we acquired public health surveillance data from 91,165 HCV antibody-positive care encounters from the California Reportable Disease Information Exchange (CalREDIE). We used a time-to-event proportional hazards framework to estimate individual and area-level correlates of time-to-HCV undetectable viral load among HCV + individuals. RESULTS Older adults (>65 years) showed an increased hazard of undetectable viral load relative to younger adults (HR = 2.00). In addition, residents of census tracts with greater enrollment in health insurance showed a greater likelihood of undetectable viral load (HR = 1.36). The moderating effect of higher tract median household income and higher tract levels of health insurance were more likely to have undetectable viral load and was statistically significant. CONCLUSION In a large urban county, HCV antibody-positive older adults appear much more likely to show undetectable viral load compared to younger adults. Residents in areas with higher quartiles of health insurance enrollment have an increased likelihood of undetectable viral load. The extent to which constraints impede HCV care requires further investigation, including follow-up studies on health insurance type to test the relationship of health insurance type to undetectable viral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Goodman
- Program in Public Health, Department of Health, Society, and Behavior, Susan and Henry Samueli College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, USA
| | - Matthew Zahn
- Communicable Disease Control, Orange County Health Care Agency, Santa Ana, California, USA
| | - Tim Bruckner
- Program in Public Health, Department of Health, Society, and Behavior, Susan and Henry Samueli College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, USA
- Center for Population, Inequality, and Policy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, USA
| | - Bernadette Boden-Albala
- Program in Public Health, Department of Health, Society, and Behavior, Susan and Henry Samueli College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, USA
- School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Susan and Henry Samueli College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, USA
- Program in Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, USA
| | - Cynthia M. Lakon
- Program in Public Health, Department of Health, Society, and Behavior, Susan and Henry Samueli College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, USA
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Nasir S, Majeed MI, Nawaz H, Rashid N, Ali S, Farooq S, Kashif M, Rafiq S, Bano S, Ashraf MN, Abubakar M, Ahmad S, Rehman A, Amin I. Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy of RNA samples extracted from blood of hepatitis C patients for quantification of viral loads. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 33:102152. [PMID: 33348077 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Raman spectroscopy is a promising technique to analyze the body fluids for the purpose of non-invasive disease diagnosis. OBJECTIVES To develop a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) based method for qualitative and quantitative analysis of HCV from blood samples. METHODS SERS was employed to characterize the Hepatitis C viral RNA extracted from different blood samples of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected patients with predetermined viral loads in comparison with total RNA of healthy individuals. The SERS measurements were performed on 27 extracted RNA samples including low viral loads, medium viral loads, high viral loads and healthy/negative viral load samples. For this purpose, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were used as SERS substrates. Furthermore, multivariate data analysis technique, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR) were also performed on SERS spectral data. RESULTS The SERS spectral features due to biochemical changes in the extracted RNA samples associated with the increasing viral loads were established which could be employed for HCV diagnostic purpose. PCA was found helpful for the differentiation between Raman spectral data of RNA extracted from hepatitis infected and healthy blood samples. PLSR model is established for the determination of viral loads in HCV positive RNA samples with 99 % accuracy. CONCLUSION SERS can be employed for qualitative and quantitative analysis of HCV from blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saira Nasir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | | | - Haq Nawaz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.
| | - Nosheen Rashid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Faisalabad Campus, Pakistan
| | - Saqib Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Farooq
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kashif
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Rafiq
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Saira Bano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Abubakar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Shamsheer Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Asma Rehman
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), P. O. Box 577, Jhang Road Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Imran Amin
- PCR Laboratory, PINUM Hospital, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Ditta A, Nawaz H, Mahmood T, Majeed MI, Tahir M, Rashid N, Muddassar M, Al-Saadi AA, Byrne HJ. Principal components analysis of Raman spectral data for screening of Hepatitis C infection. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 221:117173. [PMID: 31158766 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, Raman spectroscopy is employed for the identification of the biochemical changes taking place during the development of Hepatitis C. The Raman spectral data acquired from the human blood plasma samples of infected and healthy individuals is analysed by Principal Components Analysis and the Raman spectral markers of the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection are identified. Spectral changes include those associated with nucleic acidsat720 cm-1, 1077 cm-1 1678 (CO stretching mode of dGTP of RNA), 1778 cm-1 (RNA), with proteins at 1641 cm-1(amide-I), 1721 cm-1(CC stretching of proteins) and lipids at 1738 cm-1(CO of ester group in lipids). These differences in Raman spectral features of blood plasma samples of the patients and healthy volunteers can be associated with the development of the biochemical changes during HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ditta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - H Nawaz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - T Mahmood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - M I Majeed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - M Tahir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - N Rashid
- University of Central Punjab, Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - M Muddassar
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - A A Al-Saadi
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - H J Byrne
- FOCAS Research Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology, Kevin Street, Dublin 8, Ireland
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Developments in the HCV Screening Technologies Based on the Detection of Antigens and Antibodies. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19194257. [PMID: 31575036 PMCID: PMC6806196 DOI: 10.3390/s19194257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) accounts for 15%-20% of cases of acute infection, and chronic HCV infection is developed in about 50%-80% of HCV patients. Unfortunately, due to the lack of proper medical care, difficulty in screening for HCV infection, and lack of awareness resulted in chronic HCV infection in 71 million people on a global scale, and about 399,000 deaths in 2016. It is crucial to recognize that the effective use of antiviral medicines can cure more than 95% of HCV infected people. The Global Health Sector Strategy (GHSS) aim is to reduce the new HCV infections and the HCV associated mortality by 90% and 65%, respectively. Therefore, the methods that are simple, yet powerful enough to detect HCV infections with high sensitivity, specificity, and a shorter window period are crucial to restrain the global burden of HCV healthcare. This article focuses on the technologies used for the detection of HCV in clinical specimens.
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Wadood M, Usman M. Comparative Analysis of Electrochemiluminescence Assay and Chemiluminescent Microparticle Immunoassay for the Screening of Hepatitis C. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2019; 35:131-136. [PMID: 30828160 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-018-0968-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary objective of the study was to identify a highly sensitive and specific screening technique for the detection of Hepatitis C infection in healthy blood donors in a low prevalence area for HCV. In this study, two of the most commonly used methods for Anti-HCV screening, i.e., Electrochemiluminescence Immunoassay (ECLIA) and Chemiluminescent Microparticle Immunoassay (CMIA) were performed among 517 selected healthy blood donors. The clinical performance of ECLIA and CMIA was compared on the basis of their operational variables, i.e., Sensitivity, Specificity, Accuracy, Youden's J index, Positive and Negative predictive values and False discovery, False positive and False negative rate, etc., Both ECLIA and CMIA are highly sensitive (100%) and specific (98%) in terms of anti HCV detection among the blood donors. According to the clinical performance of ECLIA and CMIA, both are efficient in detecting anti-HCV antibodies among the asymptomatic population of healthy blood donors. But as both of them are associated with false positive results, it is recommended to have Polymerase chain reaction on the reactive samples to detect the HCV RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maeesa Wadood
- 1Department of Pathology and Hematology, Institute of Hematology, Baqai Medical University, 51, Deh Tor, Gadap Road, Near Toll Plaza, Super Highway, P.O Box No 2407, Karachi, 74600 Pakistan.,Muhammadi Blood Bank and Thalassemia Centre, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman
- 1Department of Pathology and Hematology, Institute of Hematology, Baqai Medical University, 51, Deh Tor, Gadap Road, Near Toll Plaza, Super Highway, P.O Box No 2407, Karachi, 74600 Pakistan.,Muhammadi Blood Bank and Thalassemia Centre, Karachi, Pakistan
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Warkad SD, Nimse SB, Song KS, Kim T. HCV Detection, Discrimination, and Genotyping Technologies. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E3423. [PMID: 30322029 PMCID: PMC6210034 DOI: 10.3390/s18103423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 71 million people were living with Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection worldwide in 2015. Each year, about 399,000 HCV-infected people succumb to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver failure. Therefore, screening of HCV infection with simple, rapid, but highly sensitive and specific methods can help to curb the global burden on HCV healthcare. Apart from the determination of viral load/viral clearance, the identification of specific HCV genotype is also critical for successful treatment of hepatitis C. This critical review focuses on the technologies used for the detection, discrimination, and genotyping of HCV in clinical samples. This article also focuses on advantages and disadvantages of the reported methods used for HCV detection, quantification, and genotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrikant Dashrath Warkad
- Institute for Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea.
| | - Satish Balasaheb Nimse
- Institute for Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea.
| | - Keum-Soo Song
- Institute for Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea.
| | - Taisun Kim
- Institute for Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea.
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El-Sokkary RH, Tash RME, Meawed TE, El Seifi OS, Mortada EM. Detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) among health care providers in an Egyptian university hospital: different diagnostic modalities. Infect Drug Resist 2017; 10:357-364. [PMID: 29270026 PMCID: PMC5655154 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s145844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has received much attention and is placed at the core of the infection control agenda. It is considered as a major public health problem in Egypt, where the highest prevalence of HCV exists. The great risk of exposure to infection of health care providers (HCPs) has highlighted the urgent need for implementing an infection control program. Objective The purpose of this study was to detect the prevalence of HCV infection among HCPs in Zagazig University Hospitals and to assess the performance of different diagnostic modalities. Methodology Blood, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and saliva tests were performed in enrolled HCPs. Results This study compared HCV diagnosis Hepanostika HCV Ultra ELISA as a screening test and PCR as gold standard test, which resulted in 40.6% positive results by ELISA compared to 34.8% by PCR (p<0.0001), while OraQuick HCV rapid antibody compared to PCR shows that 37.7% of the participants were positive by OraQuick HCV rapid antibody test. Application of standard precautions while dealing with blood has negative significant correlation with HCV infection (rs=−0.265, p=0.03). Conclusion HCPs at Zagazig University Hospitals are at high risk for HCV infection. Lack of compliance and awareness of prevention and control of the infection are associated cofactors. Serum HCV-Ab detection by Hepanostika HCV Ultra ELISA and OraQuick HCV rapid antibody test are sensitive and specific serologic assays for diagnosis with correspondent results to that obtained by quantitative real-time PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Omnia S El Seifi
- Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Eman M Mortada
- Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Prevalence of Blood-Borne Viruses in Health Care Workers of a Northern District in Pakistan: Risk Factors and Preventive Behaviors. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2016; 2016:2393942. [PMID: 27525015 PMCID: PMC4976191 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2393942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background. Blood-borne viral infections like viral hepatitis are highly prevalent in Pakistan. There is also a potential threat of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) spread in the country. Health care workers (HCWs) are a high risk population for acquiring such viral infections and potential spread to the patients. This study aimed to determine the frequency of three blood-borne viruses: HCV, HBV, and HIV in HCWs of district Malakand in northern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province of Pakistan. Moreover, risk factors and preventive behaviors among HCWs were investigated in detail. Materials and Methods. Prevalence was investigated using serological assays followed by real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) based characterization. A total of 626 health care workers working at 17 different health care units, belonging to 6 different job categories, were included in this study. Results. HIV was not detected in the HCWs while rate of prevalence of HCV and HBV was far less (0.8 % and 0.64 %, resp.) as compared to general population (4.7%–38%). The majority of HCWs were aware of the mode of spread of these viruses and associated risk factors. Needle stick injury was found to be the most important risk factor for possible acquisition of these infections.
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Vaghi V, Potrich C, Pasquardini L, Lunelli L, Vanzetti L, Ebranati E, Lai A, Zehender G, Mombello D, Cocuzza M, Pirri CF, Pederzolli C. On-chip purification and detection of hepatitis C virus RNA from human plasma. Biophys Chem 2015; 208:54-61. [PMID: 26091724 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the main causes of chronic liver disease worldwide. The diagnosis and monitoring of HCV infection is a crucial need in the clinical management. The conventional diagnostic technologies are challenged when trying to address molecular diagnostics, especially because they require a complex and time-consuming sample preparation phase. Here, a new concept based on surface functionalization was applied to viral RNA purification: first of all polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) flat surfaces were modified to hold RNA adsorption. After a careful chemical and morphological analysis of the modified surfaces, the functionalization protocols giving the best RNA adsorbing surfaces were applied to PDMS microdevices. The functionalized microdevices were then used for RNA purification from HCV infected human plasma samples. RNA purification and RT were successfully performed in the same microdevice chamber, saving time of analysis, reagents, and labor. The PCR protocol for HCV cDNA amplification was also implemented in the microdevice, demonstrating that the entire process of HCV analysis, from plasma to molecular readout, could be performed on-chip. Not only HCV but also other microdevice-based viral RNA detection could therefore result in a successful Point-of-Care (POC) diagnostics for resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Vaghi
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Laboratory of Biomolecular Sequence and Structure Analysis for Health, Via Sommarive 18, I-38123, Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - C Potrich
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Laboratory of Biomolecular Sequence and Structure Analysis for Health, Via Sommarive 18, I-38123, Povo, Trento, Italy; CNR - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biofisica, Via alla Cascata 56/C, I-38123, Povo, Trento, Italy.
| | - L Pasquardini
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Laboratory of Biomolecular Sequence and Structure Analysis for Health, Via Sommarive 18, I-38123, Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - L Lunelli
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Laboratory of Biomolecular Sequence and Structure Analysis for Health, Via Sommarive 18, I-38123, Povo, Trento, Italy; CNR - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biofisica, Via alla Cascata 56/C, I-38123, Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - L Vanzetti
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Center for Materials and Microsystem (CMM), Via Sommarive 18, I-38123, Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - E Ebranati
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - A Lai
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - G Zehender
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - D Mombello
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino I-10129, Italy
| | - M Cocuzza
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino I-10129, Italy; CNR-IMEM, Parco Area delle Scienze 37a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - C F Pirri
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino I-10129, Italy; Center for Space Human Robotics@PoliTo, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, C. so Trento 21, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - C Pederzolli
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Laboratory of Biomolecular Sequence and Structure Analysis for Health, Via Sommarive 18, I-38123, Povo, Trento, Italy
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Development of enhanced primer sets for detection of norovirus. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:103052. [PMID: 25695041 PMCID: PMC4324898 DOI: 10.1155/2015/103052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus (NV) is a major viral pathogen that causes nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis and outbreaks of food-borne disease. The genotype of NV most frequently responsible for NV outbreaks is GII.4, which accounts for 60–80% of cases. Moreover, original and new NV variant types have been continuously emerging, and their emergence is related to the recent global increase in NV infection. In this study, we developed advanced primer sets (NKI-F/R/F2, NKII-F/R/R2) for the detection of NV, including the variant types. The new primer sets were compared with conventional primer sets (GI-F1/R1/F2, SRI-1/2/3, GII-F1/R1/F2, and SRII-1/2/3) to evaluate their efficiency when using clinical and environmental samples. Using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and seminested PCR, NV GI and GII were detected in 91.7% (NKI-F/R/F2), 89.3% (NKII-F/R/R2), 54.2% (GI-F1/R1/F2), 52.5% (GII-F1/R1/F2), 25.0% (SRI-1/2/3), and 32.2% (SRII-1/2/3) of clinical and environmental specimens. Therefore, our primer sets perform better than conventional primer sets in the detection of emerged types of NV and could be used in the future for epidemiological diagnosis of infection with the virus.
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