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Howlett AC, Thomas BF, Huffman JW. The Spicy Story of Cannabimimetic Indoles. Molecules 2021; 26:6190. [PMID: 34684770 PMCID: PMC8538531 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sterling Research Group identified pravadoline as an aminoalkylindole (AAI) non-steroidal anti-inflammatory pain reliever. As drug design progressed, the ability of AAI analogs to block prostaglandin synthesis diminished, and antinociceptive activity was found to result from action at the CB1 cannabinoid receptor, a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) abundant in the brain. Several laboratories applied computational chemistry methods to ultimately conclude that AAI and cannabinoid ligands could overlap within a common binding pocket but that WIN55212-2 primarily utilized steric interactions via aromatic stacking, whereas cannabinoid ligands required some electrostatic interactions, particularly involving the CB1 helix-3 lysine. The Huffman laboratory identified strategies to establish CB2 receptor selectivity among cannabimimetic indoles to avoid their CB1-related adverse effects, thereby stimulating preclinical studies to explore their use as anti-hyperalgesic and anti-allodynic pharmacotherapies. Some AAI analogs activate novel GPCRs referred to as "Alkyl Indole" receptors, and some AAI analogs act at the colchicine-binding site on microtubules. The AAI compounds having the greatest potency to interact with the CB1 receptor have found their way into the market as "Spice" or "K2". The sale of these alleged "herbal products" evades FDA consumer protections for proper labeling and safety as a medicine, as well as DEA scheduling as compounds having no currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse. The distribution to the public of potent alkyl indole synthetic cannabimimetic chemicals without regard for consumer safety contrasts with the adherence to regulatory requirements for demonstration of safety that are routinely observed by ethical pharmaceutical companies that market medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyn C. Howlett
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Brian F. Thomas
- Department of Analytical Sciences, The Cronos Group, Toronto, ON M5V 2H1, Canada;
| | - John W. Huffman
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;
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Gläser F, Bröhmer MC, Hurrle T, Nieger M, Bräse S. The Diels-Alder Approach to Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Derivatives. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Makriyannis A. 2012 Division of medicinal chemistry award address. Trekking the cannabinoid road: a personal perspective. J Med Chem 2014; 57:3891-911. [PMID: 24707904 DOI: 10.1021/jm500220s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
My involvement with the field of cannabinoids spans close to 3 decades and covers a major part of my scientific career. It also reflects the robust progress in this initially largely unexplored area of biology. During this period of time, I have witnessed the growth of modern cannabinoid biology, starting from the discovery of its two receptors and followed by the characterization of its endogenous ligands and the identification of the enzyme systems involved in their biosynthesis and biotransformation. I was fortunate enough to start at the beginning of this new era and participate in a number of the new discoveries. It has been a very exciting journey. With coverage of some key aspects of my work during this period of "modern cannabinoid research," this Award Address, in part historical, intends to give an account of how the field grew, the key discoveries, and the most promising directions for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Makriyannis
- Center for Drug Discovery and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University , 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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Sheshenev AE, Boltukhina EV, Hii KKM. Levonantradol: asymmetric synthesis and structural analysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:3685-7. [PMID: 23535893 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc41388h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first asymmetric synthesis of a synthetic cannabinoid levonantradol was accomplished, and the 3-D solution structure of its core architecture was confirmed by NMR and computational methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey E Sheshenev
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Richardson JD. Cannabinoids modulate pain by multiple mechanisms of action. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1526-5900(00)90082-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Tong W, Collantes ER, Welsh WJ, Berglund BA, Howlett AC. Derivation of a pharmacophore model for anandamide using constrained conformational searching and comparative molecular field analysis. J Med Chem 1998; 41:4207-15. [PMID: 9784095 DOI: 10.1021/jm970239z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Constrained molecular dynamics simulations on anandamide, together with a systematic distance comparison search, have revealed a specific low-energy conformer whose spatial disposition of the pharmacophoric elements closely matches that of HHC. This conformer enables near superposition of the following: (1) the oxygen of the carboxyamide and the phenolic hydroxyl group of HHC, (2) the hydroxyl group of the ethanol and the cyclohexyl hydroxyl group of HHC, (3) the alkyl tail and the lipophilic side chain of HHC, and (4) the polyolefin loop and the tricyclic ring structure of HHC. The close matching of common pharmacophoric elements of anandamide with HHC offers persuasive evidence of the biological relevance of this conformer. The proposed pharmacophore model was capable of discriminating between structurally related compounds exhibiting different pharmacological potency for the CB1 cannabinoid receptor, i.e., anandamide and N-(2-hydroxyethyl)prostaglandinamide. Furthermore, a 3D-QSAR model was derived using CoMFA for a training set of 29 classical and nonclassical analogues which rationalized the binding affinity in terms of steric and electrostatic properties and, more importantly, which predicted the potency of anandamide in excellent agreement with experimental data. The ABC tricyclic HU-210/HU-211 and ACD tricyclic CP55,243/CP55,244 enantiomeric pairs were employed as test compounds to validate the present CoMFA model. For each enantiomeric pair, the CoMFA-predicted log Ki values correctly identified that enantiomer exhibiting the higher affinity for the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Tong
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, USA
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Thomas BF, Adams IB, Mascarella SW, Martin BR, Razdan RK. Structure-activity analysis of anandamide analogs: relationship to a cannabinoid pharmacophore. J Med Chem 1996; 39:471-9. [PMID: 8558515 DOI: 10.1021/jm9505167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Anandamides are endogenous fatty acid ethanolamides that have been shown to bind to the cannabinoid receptor and possess cannabimimetic activity yet are structurally dissimilar from the classical cannabinoids found in Cannabis sativa. We have employed molecular dynamics studies of a variety of anandamides to characterize their conformational mobility and determine whether there are pharmacophoric similarities with delta 9-THC. We have found that a looped conformation of these arachidonyl compounds is energetically favorable and that a structural correlation between this low-energy conformation and the classical cannabinoids can be obtained with the superposition of (1) the oxygen of the carboxyamide with the pyran oxygen in delta 9-THC, (2) the hydroxyl group of the ethanol with the phenolic hydroxyl group of delta 9-THC, (3) the five terminal carbons and the pentyl side chain of delta9-THC, and (4) the polyolefin loop overlaying with the cannabinoid tricyclic ring. The shape similarity is extended to show that other fatty acid ethanolamides that possess varying degrees of unsaturation also vary in their conformational mobility, which affects their ability to overlay with delta 9-THC as described above. Within this series of compounds, the most potent analog, the tetraene (arachidonyl) analog (i.e., anandamide itself), was determined to have restricted conformational mobility that favored an optimal pharmacophore overlay with delta9-THC. Eight pharmacologically active anandamide analogs are shown to have similar conformational mobility and pharmacophore alignments that are conformationally accessible. Furthermore, when these compounds are aligned to delta 9-THC according to the proposed pharmacophore overlay, their potencies are predicted by a quantitative model of cannabinoid structure--activity relationships based solely on classical and nonclassical cannabinoids with a reasonable degree of accuracy. The ability to incorporate the pharmacological potency of these anandamides into the cannabinoid pharmacophore model is also shown to support the relevance of the proposed pharmacophore model.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F Thomas
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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Burstein SH, Young JK, Wright GE. Relationships between eicosanoids and cannabinoids. Are eicosanoids cannabimimetic agents? Biochem Pharmacol 1995; 50:1735-42. [PMID: 8615850 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(95)00242-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S H Burstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester 01655, USA
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Martin BR, Welch SP, Abood M. Progress toward understanding the cannabinoid receptor and its second messenger systems. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 1994; 25:341-97. [PMID: 8204506 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60437-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B R Martin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298
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Chang MC, Berkery D, Schuel R, Laychock SG, Zimmerman AM, Zimmerman S, Schuel H. Evidence for a cannabinoid receptor in sea urchin sperm and its role in blockade of the acrosome reaction. Mol Reprod Dev 1993; 36:507-16. [PMID: 8305215 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.1080360416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol ((-)delta 9 THC), the primary psychoactive cannabinoid in marihuana, reduces the fertilizing capacity of sea urchin sperm by blocking the acrosome reaction that normally is stimulated by a specific ligand in the egg's jelly coat. The bicyclic synthetic cannabinoid [3H]CP-55,940 has been used as a ligand to demonstrate the presence of a cannabinoid receptor in mammalian brain. We now report that [3H]CP-55,940 binds to live sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) sperm in a concentration, sperm density, and time-dependent manner. Specific binding of [3H]CP-55,940 to sperm, defined as total binding displaced by (-)delta 9THC, was saturable: KD 5.16 +/- 1.02 nM; Hill coefficient 0.98 +/- 0.004. This suggests a single class of receptor sites and the absence of significant cooperative interactions. Sea urchin sperm contain 712 +/- 122 cannabinoid receptors per cell. Binding of [3H]CP-55,940 to sperm was reduced in a dose-dependent manner by increasing concentrations of CP-55,940, (-)delta 9THC, and (+)delta 9THC. The rank order of potency to inhibit binding of [3H]CP-55,940 to sperm and to block the egg jelly stimulated acrosome reaction was: CP-55,940 > (-)delta 9THC > (+)delta 9THC. These findings show that sea urchin sperm contain a stereospecific cannabinoid receptor that may play a role in inhibition of the acrosome reaction. The radioligand binding data obtained with live sea urchin sperm are remarkably similar to those previously published by other investigators using [3H]CP-55,940 on mammalian brain and nonneural tissues. The cannabinoid binding properties of this receptor appear to have been highly conserved during evolution. We postulate that the cannabinoid receptor may modulate cellular responses to stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Chang
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York 14214
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Formukong EA, Evans AT, Evans FJ, Garland LG. Inhibition of A23187–induced release of leukotriene B4 in mouse whole bloodEx vivo and human polymorphonuclear cellsin vitro by the cannabinoid analgesic cannabidiol. Phytother Res 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2650050606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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12
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Reggio PH, McGaughey GB, Odear DF, Seltzman HH, Compton DR, Martin BR. A rational search for the separation of psychoactivity and analgesia in cannabinoids. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1991; 40:479-86. [PMID: 1806940 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(91)90350-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The compound 9-beta-hydroxy-hexahydrocannabinol [(-)-9 beta-OH-HHC] was designed to fit a combined theoretical profile of an analgesic cannabinoid (equatorial alcohol at C-9, phenol at C-1 and a C-3 side chain) with reduced psychoactivity (axial C-9 substituent which protrudes into the alpha face). (-)-9 beta-OH-HHC was synthesized by the addition of methyl Grignard to 9-oxo-11-nor-HHC. Its alpha epimer was obtained by the regiospecific epoxide ring opening of 9 alpha, 10 alpha-epoxy-HHC acetate. (-)-9 beta-OH-HHC and (-)-9 alpha-OH-HHC were each evaluated in a battery of tests in mice and were found to be 10-25 times less potent than (-)-trans-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC) in all tests including the tail flick test for antinociception (analgesia). Molecular mechanics calculations [MMP2(85)] revealed that, in the global minimum energy conformation of (-)-9 beta-OH-HHC, the axial methyl at C-9 protrudes into the alpha face of the molecule, while the axial hydroxyl at C-9 in (-)-9 alpha-OH-HHC protrudes into this same face. These calculations also identified a higher energy carbocyclic ring (twist) conformer of each in which there is no protrusion of a C-9 substituent of the carbocyclic ring into the alpha face. The minimal activity of both compounds is attributed to these higher energy forms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Reggio
- Department of Chemistry, Kennesaw State College, Marietta, GA 30061
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Melvin LS, Bordner J, Hada WA, Johnson MR. The synthesis of hexahydro-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyrans: Derivatives of 9-Nor-9β-hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol. J Heterocycl Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570270312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
The two water-soluble cannabinoids 1-[(4-morpholino) butyryloxy]-delta 8-tetrahydro-cannabinol (MB-delta 8-THC) and 5'-trimethylammonium (TMA)-delta 8-THC, as well as structurally similar compounds, were evaluated for cannabimimetic activity in the mouse (locomotor activity, tail-flick antinociception, rectal temperature, and ring-immobility) and dog (static-ataxia) procedures. MB-delta 8-THC possesses full cannabimimetic activity and is approximately equipotent to delta 8-THC. 5'-TMA-delta 8-THC only possesses partial cannabimimetic activity in that it is inactive in the ring-immobility and static-ataxia procedures. However, this analog is potent in other respects. All alterations at the 5' position do not necessarily produce this spectrum of effects, as evidenced by the pharmacological activity of 5'-bromo-delta 8-THC, 5'-OH-delta 8-THC acetate, and 5'-N-dimethyl-delta 8-THC.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Compton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298-0613
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Dax EM, Pilotte NS, Adler WH, Nagel JE, Lange WR. The effects of 9-ene-tetrahydrocannabinol on hormone release and immune function. JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 34:263-70. [PMID: 2560514 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(89)90090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We investigated effects of 9-ene-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on endocrine and immunological function. Seventeen male volunteers entered into a double blind, randomized study to receive oral THC (10 mg t.i.d. for 3 days and on the morning of the fourth day) or placebo, after at least 2 weeks of abstinence. Plasma prolactin, ACTH, cortisol, luteinizing hormone and testosterone were not altered during or after THC, compared with baseline concentrations. Tests of lymphocyte function showed no differences compared to baseline between THC and placebo groups. As the relatively low dosing regimen of THC (10 mg t.i.d.) resulted in no alterations, another group of 6 men were administered higher doses of THC by inhalation (18 mg/marijuana cigarette) following the same dosing regimen. No endocrine or immunological alterations were observed. When the subjects were grouped according to their history of THC use prior to admission, heavy THC users had lower prolactin concentrations than light users. No differences were observed in concentrations of other hormones or in tests of immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Dax
- Addiction Research Center, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD 21224
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Koe BK, Milne GM, Weissman A, Johnson MR, Melvin LS. Enhancement of brain [3H]flunitrazepam binding and analgesic activity of synthetic cannabimimetics. Eur J Pharmacol 1985; 109:201-12. [PMID: 2986995 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(85)90421-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Novel, synthetic cannabimimetics and delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol were found to enhance the binding of [3H]flunitrazepam to mouse brain in vivo. This property, suggestive of facilitation of binding to benzodiazepine receptors, is consistent with the potentiation of the anticonvulsant activity of diazepam against pentylenetetrazol by these compounds. The relative potencies of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and the new cannabimimetics for enhancing [3H]flunitrazepam binding in vivo could also be correlated with their relative analgesic efficacies. Similar pharmacological stereospecificity was displayed for both binding enhancement and analgesic effects. The following order of decreasing potency was observed: N-methyllevonantradol and (-)-CP-55,244 greater than levonantradol, canbisol, CP-42,096 and (-)-CP-55,940 greater than 9-beta-normethyl-9-beta-hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol, nabilone and CP-47,497 greater than delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Dextronantradol, (+)-CP-55,940 and (+)-CP-55,244 were considerably less active than the respective (-)-enantiomers; cannabidiol was inactive. Extensive investigation of structure versus activity led to N-methyllevonantradol and the 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)cyclohexanols derivative, (-)-CP-55,244, which are approximately 1000-fold more potent than delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol.
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Smith JB. Effects of single and repeated daily injections of morphine, clonidine, and l-nantradol on avoidance responding of rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1985; 87:425-9. [PMID: 3936101 DOI: 10.1007/bf00432507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Interruption of a photobeam by rats was maintained under a continuous shock avoidance schedule, and moderate response rates were maintained at low shock frequencies. Responding decreased, and shock frequency increased, in a dose-dependent manner after acute injections of the narcotic morphine, the antihypertensive l-nantradol clonidine, and the cannabinoid l-nantradol. Clonidine and l-nantradol were about 100 times more potent than morphine for decreasing overall responding, and l-nantradol was about 3 times more potent than clonidine for decreasing escape responding. When drugs were given repeatedly prior to daily experimental sessions, tolerance developed to response rate decreases of morphine and l-nantradol within seven to ten sessions, but tolerance did not develop to rate decreases of clonidine for up to 30 sessions. Continued decreased responding by clonidine was antagonized by yohimbine, but not by prazosin or naltrexone. These results extend observations for the acute effects of l-nantradol and clonidine to operant responding under a schedule of continuous shock avoidance. Different potencies for drugs in the present and previous experiments suggest important effects of response topography on dose effects.
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Abstract
This study was undertaken to ascertain the effects of cannabinoid drugs on prostanoid-stimulated adenylate cyclase in neuroblastoma cells. This report demonstrates that delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and levonantradol could decrease initial rate cyclic AMP accumulation in response to prostacyclin in intact cells. Basal accumulation was also diminished. Prostanoid-stimulated adenylate cyclase in a membrane preparation from these cells was inhibited by cannabinoid and nantradol compounds. However, this inhibition was not competitive with prostaglandin E1 or prostacyclin. Further, inhibition was also observed when the enzyme was stimulated by peptide hormones at the secretin receptor. In contrast, enzyme activated by NaF was not inhibited by cannabinoid compounds. Cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activity in subcellular fractions was unaltered by these agents. These data demonstrate that cannabinoid and nantradol compounds decrease cyclic AMP accumulation in neuronally derived cells, and that this results from an inhibition of basal and hormone-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity.
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Horne WC. Desacetyl-1-nantradol: a selective prostaglandin antagonist. PROSTAGLANDINS, LEUKOTRIENES, AND MEDICINE 1984; 15:129-36. [PMID: 6147860 DOI: 10.1016/0262-1746(84)90063-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Progress in understanding the action of specific prostaglandins will be facilitated by the discovery of specific antagonists to different types of prostaglandin receptors. It has been suggested that nantradol, a cannabinoid-related compound with strong analgetic properties, is an antagonist for prostaglandin receptors. The interaction of nantradol with the receptors for prostaglandin D2 and prostaglandin I2/E1 on human platelets was examined. Desacetyl-1-nantradol, the active form of the drug, blocked the binding of prostaglandin D2 to platelets and the PGD2-induced stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity, but had no effect on the interaction of prostaglandin E1 with platelets. The data support the hypothesis that desacetyl-1-nantradol binds selectively to some classes of prostaglandin receptors and also suggest that it may be useful for distinguishing among different types of prostaglandin receptors.
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Hillard CJ, Bloom AS. Possible role of prostaglandins in the effects of the cannabinoids on adenylate cyclase activity. Eur J Pharmacol 1983; 91:21-7. [PMID: 6311573 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(83)90357-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In vitro, the cannabinoids delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC), 11-OH-delta 9-THC, cannabidiol and cannabinol all increased adenylate cyclase activity in mouse cerebral cortical homogenates. Levonantradol, a synthetic cannabinoid analog, also increased adenylate cyclase activity while its optical isomer dextronantradol did not. The increases in enzyme activity produced by the active compounds were biphasic with significant increases at 10 microM and/or 30 microM concentrations with return to control levels at 100 microM. The increases did not occur in the absence of added GTP nor did delta 9-THC have any effect on fluoride-stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity. The prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors acetyl salicylic acid and indomethacin and the phospholipase A2 inhibitor quinacrine all abolished the increase in adenylate cyclase activity produced by delta 9-THC, suggesting the involvement of prostaglandins in this cannabinoid action.
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Johnson MR, Melvin LS, Milne GM. Prototype cannabinoid analgetics, prostaglandins and opiates--a search for points of mechanistic interaction. Life Sci 1982; 31:1703-6. [PMID: 6296573 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(82)90190-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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