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Bhardwaj D, Bhaskar R, Sharma AK, Garg M, Han SS, Agrawal G. Gelatin/Polyacrylamide-Based Antimicrobial and Self-Healing Hydrogel Film for Wound Healing Application. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:879-891. [PMID: 38323456 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a self-healing, adhesive, and superabsorbent film made of gelatin, poly(acrylamide), and boric acid (GelAA) was successfully synthesized using a free radical reaction mechanism. The optimized film showed a remarkable 2865 ± 42% water absorptivity and also exhibited excellent self-healing behavior. The GelAA films were further loaded with silver nanoclusters (AgNCs) and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDC) (loading efficiency = 10%) to develop UDC/Ag/GelAA films. The loading of AgNCs in UDC/Ag/GelAA films helped in exhibiting 99.99 ± 0.01% antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, making them very effective against bacterial infections. Additionally, UDC/Ag/GelAA films had 77.19 ± 0.52% porosity and showed 90% of UDC release in 30 h, which helps in improving the cell proliferation. Our research provides an easy but highly effective process for synthesizing a hydrogel film, which is an intriguing choice for wound healing applications without the use of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimpy Bhardwaj
- School of Chemical Sciences and Advanced Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi 175075, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rakesh Bhaskar
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea
| | - Amit Kumar Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University Institute of Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India
- University Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India
| | - Megha Garg
- School of Chemical Sciences and Advanced Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi 175075, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Sung Soo Han
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea
| | - Garima Agrawal
- School of Chemical Sciences and Advanced Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi 175075, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Pushparaj K, Balasubramanian B, Kandasamy Y, Arumugam VA, Kaliannan D, Arumugam M, Abdulrahman Alodaini H, Atef Hatamleh A, Pappuswamy M, Meyyazhagan A. Green synthesis, characterization of silver nanoparticles using aqueous leaf extracts of Solanum melongena and in vitro evaluation of antibacterial, pesticidal and anticancer activity in human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines. JOURNAL OF KING SAUD UNIVERSITY - SCIENCE 2023; 35:102663. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jksus.2023.102663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
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Railean V, Buszewska-Forajta M, Rodzik A, Gołębiowski A, Pomastowski P, Buszewski B. In Vivo Efficacy of Wound Healing under External (Bio)AgNCs Treatment: Localization Case Study in Liver and Blood Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010434. [PMID: 36613874 PMCID: PMC9820314 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study reports on the in vivo application of (Bio)silver nanocomposite formulations (LBPC-AgNCs) on wound healing. Additionally, the present study emphasizes the limited uptake of silver by liver and blood tissues as well as the high viability of PBMCs following external LBPC-AgNCs treatment. The wound closure was monitored via stereoscopic microscope, a localization case study in liver and blood tissue was carried out by (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometers (ICP/MS), and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBC) viability was determined via flow cytometry technique. The silver formulation was applied externally on the site of the wound infection for a period of ten days. At the beginning of the experiment, a moderate decrease in body weight and atypical behavior was observed. However, during the last period of the experiment, no abnormal mouse behaviors were noticed. The wound-healing process took place in a gradual manner, presenting the regeneration effect at around 30% from the fourth day. From the seventh day, the wounds treated with the silver formulation showed 80% of the wound healing potential. The viability of PBMCs was found to be 97%, whereas the concentrations of silver in the liver and blood samples were determined to be 0.022 µg/g and 9.3 µg/g, respectively. Furthermore, the present report becomes a pilot study in transferring from in vitro to in vivo scale (e.g., medical field application) once LBPC-AgNCs have demonstrated a unique wound healing potential as well as a non-toxic effect on the liver and blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viorica Railean
- Department of Infectious, Invasive Diseases and Veterinary Administration, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wilenska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Correspondence: (V.R.); (P.P.)
| | - Magdalena Buszewska-Forajta
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 1 Lwowska St., 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics, and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-229 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Rodzik
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wilenska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarin 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Adrian Gołębiowski
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wilenska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarin 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Paweł Pomastowski
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wilenska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Correspondence: (V.R.); (P.P.)
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarin 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland
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Antibacterial efficacy of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against metallo-β-lactamase and extended spectrum β-lactamase producing clinically procured isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20685. [PMID: 36450765 PMCID: PMC9712613 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24531-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to carbapenems is a global threat, especially in developing countries with limited health resources. Prevalence, antibiogram, PCR detection of antibiotic resistance genes, and potency of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa were studied. Kirby-Bauer disc method and PCR were used to study antibiogram and drug resistance genes respectively in 255 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa obtained from a tertiary care hospital. Silver nitrate (AgNO3) precursor salts were reacted with Aspergillus flavus culture filtrate to trigger the extracellular mycosynthesis of AgNPs. Mycosynthesis was first monitored regularly by visible ultraviolet spectroscopy that recorded AgNP peaks of approximately 400-470 nm. Confirmation by Transmission electron micrographs provided confirmation of AgNPs formed within a range of 5-30 nm. Individual and combined antibacterial activity of ten antibiotics and AgNPs was analyzed. Pearson correlation coefficients (r) were calculated for phenotypic and genotypic multidrug resistance. Data were evaluated using SPSS version 20. p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. 61.5% were carbapenemase producers (p < 0.01). The recorded frequency of blaIMP-1, blaSHV, blaVIM, blaOXA, and blaTEM were 13%, 32%, 15%, 21%, and 43%, respectively. The reducing order of antimicrobial activity of antibiotics and AgNPs was piperacillin/tazobactam + AgNPs (31 mm), cefoxitin + AgNPs (30 mm) > amikacin + AgNPs (25 mm) > aztreonam + AgNPs (23 mm) > meropenem + AgNPs (22 mm) > imipenem + AgNPs (20 mm) > gentamycin + AgNPs (17 mm) > ciprofloxacin + AgNPs (16 mm) > cefoperazone/sulbactam + AgNPs (14 mm) ≥ ceftazidime + AgNPs (14 mm). The conjugated effect of AgNPs plus antibiotics showed a 0.15-3.51 (average of 2.09) fold-area augmentation of antimicrobial activity. AgNPs conjugated with antibiotics effectively inhibited MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa. To the best of our understanding, this is an inaugural report from Punjab Pakistan enlisting co-expression of Metallo-β-lactamases, extended-spectrum β-lactamases, and AmpC-β-lactamase plus activity of antibiotic-AgNPs.
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Pérez-Díaz MA, Alvarado-Gómez E, Martínez-Pardo ME, José Yacamán M, Flores-Santos A, Sánchez-Sánchez R, Martínez-Gutiérrez F, Bach H. Development of Radiosterilized Porcine Skin Electrosprayed with Silver Nanoparticles Prevents Infections in Deep Burns. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13910. [PMID: 36430385 PMCID: PMC9698029 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive burns represent a significant challenge in biomedicine due to the multiple systemic and localized complications resulting from the major skin barrier loss. The functionalization of xenografts with nanostructured antibacterial agents proposes a fast and accessible application to restore barrier function and prevent localized bacterial contamination. Based on this, the objective of this work was to functionalize a xenograft by electrospray deposition with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and to evaluate its antibiofilm and cytotoxic effects on human fibroblasts. Initially, AgNPs were synthesized by a green microwave route with sizes of 2.1, 6.8, and 12.2 nm and concentrations of 0.055, 0.167, and 0.500 M, respectively. The AgNPs showed a size relationship directly proportional to the concentration of AgNO3, with a spherical and homogeneous distribution determined by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The surface functionalization of radiosterilized porcine skin (RPS) via electrospray deposition with the three AgNP concentrations (0.055, 0.167, and 0.500 M) in the epidermis and the dermis showed a uniform distribution on both surfaces by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The antibiofilm assays of clinical multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed significant effects at the concentrations of 0.167 and 0.500 M, with a log reduction of 1.3 and 2.6, respectively. Additionally, viability experiments with human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) exposed to AgNPs released from functionalized porcine skin showed favorable tolerance, with retention of viability more significant than 90% for concentrations of 0.05 and 0.167 M after 24 h exposure. Antibacterial activity combined with excellent biocompatibility makes this biomaterial a candidate for antibacterial protection by inhibiting bacterial biofilms in deep burns during early stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Alberto Pérez-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Calzada México Xochimilco No. 289, Colonia Arenal de Guadalupe, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14389, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Alvarado-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Antimicrobianos, Biopelículas y Microbiota, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava No. 6, Zona Universitaria, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico
| | - María Esther Martínez-Pardo
- Banco de Tejidos Radioesterilizados, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares (BTR-ININ), Carretera México-Toluca S/N La Marquesa, Ocoyoacac 52750, Mexico
| | - Miguel José Yacamán
- Applied Physics and Materials Science Department, Core Faculty Center for Materials Interfaces in Research and Applications (MIRA), Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Andrés Flores-Santos
- Laboratorio de Antimicrobianos, Biopelículas y Microbiota, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava No. 6, Zona Universitaria, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico
| | - Roberto Sánchez-Sánchez
- Unidad de Ingeniería de Tejidos Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Calzada México Xochimilco No. 289, Colonia Arenal de Guadalupe, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14389, Mexico
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Departamento de Bioingeniería, Instituto Tecnologico de Monterrey, C. Puente No. 222, Colonia Arboledas Sur, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14380, Mexico
| | - Fidel Martínez-Gutiérrez
- Laboratorio de Antimicrobianos, Biopelículas y Microbiota, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava No. 6, Zona Universitaria, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Sierra Leona No. 550, Lomas, San Luis Potosí 28210, Mexico
| | - Horacio Bach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
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El-Deeb NM, Abo-Eleneen MA, Awad OA, Abo-Shady AM. Arthrospira platensis-Mediated Green Biosynthesis of Silver Nano-particles as Breast Cancer Controlling Agent: In Vitro and In Vivo Safety Approaches. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:2183-2203. [PMID: 35048281 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03751-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Biogenic silver nanoparticles (bio-AgNPs) is one of the most fascinating nanomaterials used for several biomedical purposes. In the current study, we biosynthesized AgNPs (bio-AgNPs) using Arthrospira platensis (A-bio-AgNPs), Microcystis aeruginosa (M-bio-AgNPs), and Chlorella vulgaris (C-bio-AgNPs) active metabolites and evaluated their anticancer efficacy against breast cancer. The recovered bio-AgNPs were characterized using scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). In addition, their safety profiles were monitored in vitro on PBMCs cells and in vivo on Albino mice. The obtained results indicated the safety usage of bio-AgNPs at concentrations of 0.1 mg/ml on PBMCs cells and 1.5 mg/ml on the Albino mice. The bio-AgNPs displayed dose-dependent cytotoxic effects against HepG-2, CaCO-2, and MCF-7 cell lines by inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and arresting the treated cells in G0/G1 and sub G0 phases. In addition, A-bio-AgNPs induced breast cancer cellular apoptosis by downregulating the expression of survivin, MMP7, TGF, and Bcl2 genes. Upon A-bio-AgNPs treatment, a significant reduction in tumor growth and prolonged survival rates were recorded in breast cancer BALB/c model. Furthermore, A-bio-AgNPs treatment significantly decreased the Ki-67 protein marker from 60% (in the untreated group) to 20% (in the treated group) and increased caspase-3 protein levels to 65% (in treated groups) comparing with 45% (in doxorubicin-treated groups).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehal M El-Deeb
- Biopharmaceutical Products Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El-Arab City, 21934, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Mai A Abo-Eleneen
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Omyma A Awad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Atef M Abo-Shady
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Scrivner O, Dao L, Newell-Rogers MK, Shahandeh B, Meyskens FL, Kozawa SK, Liu-Smith F, Plascencia-Villa G, José-Yacamán M, Jia S, Chang CJ, Farmer PJ. The ionophore thiomaltol induces rapid lysosomal accumulation of copper and apoptosis in melanoma. Metallomics 2022; 14:mfab074. [PMID: 34958363 PMCID: PMC8763036 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfab074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we investigate the toxicity of the ionophore thiomaltol (Htma) and Cu salts to melanoma. Divalent metal complexes of thiomaltol display toxicity against A375 melanoma cell culture resulting in a distinct apoptotic response at submicromolar concentrations, with toxicity of Cu(tma)2 > Zn(tma)2 >> Ni(tma)2. In metal-chelated media, Htma treatment shows little toxicity, but the combination with supplemental CuCl2, termed Cu/Htma treatment, results in toxicity that increases with suprastoichiometric concentrations of CuCl2 and correlates with the accumulation of intracellular copper. Electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy of Cu/Htma treated cells shows a rapid accumulation of copper within lysosomes over the course of hours, concurrent with the onset of apoptosis. A buildup of ubiquitinated proteins due to proteasome inhibition is seen on the same timescale and correlates with increases of copper without additional Htma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottis Scrivner
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
| | - Long Dao
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - M Karen Newell-Rogers
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | | | | | - Susan Kurumi Kozawa
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Feng Liu-Smith
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Germán Plascencia-Villa
- Department of Neuroscience, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Miguel José-Yacamán
- Applied Physics and Materials Science Department and MIRA Center, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Shang Jia
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Christopher J Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Patrick J Farmer
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
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Mussin J, Robles-Botero V, Casañas-Pimentel R, Rojas F, Angiolella L, San Martín-Martínez E, Giusiano G. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of green synthesis silver nanoparticles targeting skin and soft tissue infectious agents. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14566. [PMID: 34267298 PMCID: PMC8282796 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94012-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Combining traditional medicine with nanotechnology therefore opens the door to innovative strategies for treating skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) and also contributes to the fight against the rise of antimicrobial resistance. Acanthospermum australe (Loefl.) Kuntze is a medicinal plant used by indigenous peoples in northeastern Argentina to treat SSTIs. Spherical and stable silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) of 14 ± 2 nm were synthesized from the aqueous extract of A. australe and silver nitrate. The antimicrobial activity against main species causing SSTIs and cytotoxicity on peripheral blood mononuclear cells of AgNP solution and its synthesis components were evaluated. Compared to its synthesis components, AgNP solution showed greater antimicrobial activity and lower cytotoxicity. The antimicrobial activity of AgNPs was due to the silver and not to the metabolites of the aqueous extract present on the surface of the nanoparticles. The plant extract played an important role in the formation of stable AgNPs and acted as a modulator of cytotoxic and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Mussin
- grid.423606.50000 0001 1945 2152Mycology Department, Instituto de Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Av. Las Heras 727, 3500 Resistencia, Chaco, Argentina
| | - Viviana Robles-Botero
- grid.418275.d0000 0001 2165 8782Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, CONACYT - Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rocío Casañas-Pimentel
- grid.418275.d0000 0001 2165 8782Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, CONACYT - Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Florencia Rojas
- grid.423606.50000 0001 1945 2152Mycology Department, Instituto de Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Av. Las Heras 727, 3500 Resistencia, Chaco, Argentina
| | - Letizia Angiolella
- grid.7841.aDepartment of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Eduardo San Martín-Martínez
- grid.418275.d0000 0001 2165 8782Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada - Legaria, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Giusiano
- grid.423606.50000 0001 1945 2152Mycology Department, Instituto de Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Av. Las Heras 727, 3500 Resistencia, Chaco, Argentina
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Pourhoseini S, Enos RT, Murphy AE, Cai B, Lead JR. Characterization, bio-uptake and toxicity of polymer-coated silver nanoparticles and their interaction with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 12:282-294. [PMID: 33842185 PMCID: PMC8008093 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.12.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in medical applications due to their antibacterial and antiviral properties. Despite the extensive study of AgNPs, their toxicity and their effect on human health is poorly understood, as a result of issues such as poor control of NP properties and lack of proper characterization. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined characterization, bio-uptake, and toxicity of well-characterized polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-coated AgNPs in exposure media during exposure time using primary human cells (peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)). AgNPs were synthesized in-house and characterized using a multimethod approach. Results indicated the transformation of NPs in RPMI medium with a change in size and polydispersity over 24 h of exposure due to dissolution and reprecipitation. No aggregation of NPs was observed in the RPMI medium over the exposure time (24 h). A dose-dependent relationship between PBMC uptake and Ag concentration was detected for both AgNP and AgNO3 treatment. There was approximately a two-fold increase in cellular Ag uptake in the AgNO3 vs the NP treatment. Cytotoxicity, using LDH and MTS assays and based on exposure concentrations was not significantly different when comparing NPs and Ag ions. Based on differential uptake, AgNPs were more toxic after normalizing toxicity to the amount of cellular Ag uptake. Our data highlights the importance of correct synthesis, characterization, and study of transformations to obtain a better understanding of NP uptake and toxicity. Statistical analysis indicated that there might be an individual variability in response to NPs, although more research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Pourhoseini
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, United States
| | - Reilly T Enos
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29209, United States
| | - Angela E Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29209, United States
| | - Bo Cai
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, United States
| | - Jamie R Lead
- Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, United States
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González-Palomo AK, Saldaña-Villanueva K, Cortés-García JD, Fernández-Macias JC, Méndez-Rodríguez KB, Pérez Maldonado IN. Effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) exposure on microRNA expression and global DNA methylation in endothelial cells EA.hy926. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 81:103543. [PMID: 33166681 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of AgNPs on the epigenome of endothelial cells EA.hy926, including the levels of expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) and global DNA methylation patterns. In addition, evaluation of the expression of inflammatory genes and the levels of VCAM-1 protein (miRNA-126 target) was performed. The expression levels of analyzed miRNAs (microRNAs-126, 155 and 146) were reduced significantly and there were not observed changes in inflammatory gene expression. Regarding the levels of protein vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), they increase significantly to 0.5 μM AgNPs at 24 h of exposure. As far as DNA methylation is concerned, we found that AgNPs induce a state of global hyper-methylation. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that direct contact between AgNPs and endothelial cells resulted in the dysregulation of highly enriched and vastly functional miRNAs and DNA hypermethylation, that may have multiple effects on endothelium function and integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K González-Palomo
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México.
| | - K Saldaña-Villanueva
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - J D Cortés-García
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - J C Fernández-Macias
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - K B Méndez-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - I N Pérez Maldonado
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
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11
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Garibo D, Borbón-Nuñez HA, de León JND, García Mendoza E, Estrada I, Toledano-Magaña Y, Tiznado H, Ovalle-Marroquin M, Soto-Ramos AG, Blanco A, Rodríguez JA, Romo OA, Chávez-Almazán LA, Susarrey-Arce A. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Lysiloma acapulcensis exhibit high-antimicrobial activity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12805. [PMID: 32732959 PMCID: PMC7393152 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69606-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The scientific community is exploiting the use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in nanomedicine and other AgNPs combination like with biomaterials to reduce microbial contamination. In the field of nanomedicine and biomaterials, AgNPs are used as an antimicrobial agent. One of the most effective approaches for the production of AgNPs is green synthesis. Lysiloma acapulcensis (L. acapulcensis) is a perennial tree used in traditional medicine in Mexico. This tree contains abundant antimicrobial compounds. In the context of antimicrobial activity, the use of L. acapulcensis extracts can reduce silver to AgNPs and enhance its antimicrobial activity. In this work, we demonstrate such antimicrobial activity effect employing green synthesized AgNPs with L. acapulcensis. The FTIR and LC-MS results showed the presence of chemical groups that could act as either (i) reducing agents stabilizing the AgNPs or (ii) antimicrobial capping agents enhancing antimicrobial properties of AgNPs. The synthesized AgNPs with L. acapulcensis were crystalline with a spherical and quasi-spherical shape with diameters from 1.2 to 62 nm with an average size diameter of 5 nm. The disk diffusion method shows the magnitude of the susceptibility over four pathogenic microorganisms of clinical interest. The antimicrobial potency obtained was as follows: E. coli ≥ S. aureus ≥ P. aeruginosa > C. albicans. The results showed that green synthesized (biogenic) AgNPs possess higher antimicrobial potency than chemically produced AgNPs. The obtained results confirm a more significant antimicrobial effect of the biogenic AgNPs maintaining low-cytotoxicity than the AgNPs produced chemically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Garibo
- Cátedras Conacyt-Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Departamento de Microbiología, Ensenada, Baja California, México. .,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Ensenada, Baja California, México.
| | - Hugo A Borbón-Nuñez
- Cátedras Conacyt-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Ensenada, México
| | - Jorge N Díaz de León
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Ernesto García Mendoza
- Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Iván Estrada
- Cátedras Conacyt-Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados S.C. (CIMAV), Departamento de Ingeniería de Materiales y Química, Chihuahua, México
| | - Yanis Toledano-Magaña
- Universidad Autónoma de Baja California (UABC), Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Unidad Valle Dorado, Ensenada, México
| | - Hugo Tiznado
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Marcela Ovalle-Marroquin
- Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | | | - Alberto Blanco
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - José A Rodríguez
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Oscar A Romo
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Luis A Chávez-Almazán
- Secretaría de Salud de Guerrero, Banco de Sangre Regional Zona Centro, Chilpancingo de los Bravo, Guerrero, México
| | - Arturo Susarrey-Arce
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB, Enschede, The Netherlands
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12
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Vuković B, Milić M, Dobrošević B, Milić M, Ilić K, Pavičić I, Šerić V, Vrček IV. Surface Stabilization Affects Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1390. [PMID: 32708883 PMCID: PMC7407574 DOI: 10.3390/nano10071390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are one of the most investigated metal-based nanomaterials. Their biocidal activity boosted their application in both diagnostic and therapeutic medical systems. It is therefore crucial to provide sound evidences for human-related safety of AgNPs. This study aimed to enhance scientific knowledge with regard to biomedical safety of AgNPs by investigating how their different surface properties affect human immune system. METHODS preparation, characterization and stability evaluation was performed for four differently coated AgNPs encompassing neutral, positive and negative agents used for their surface stabilization. Safety aspects were evaluated by testing interaction of AgNPs with fresh human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMC) by means of particle cellular uptake and their ability to trigger cell death, apoptosis and DNA damages through induction of oxidative stress and damages of mitochondrial membrane. RESULTS all tested AgNPs altered morphology of freshly isolated hPBMC inducing apoptosis and cell death in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Highest toxicity was observed for positively-charged and protein-coated AgNPs. Cellular uptake of AgNPs was also dose-dependently increased and highest for positively charged AgNPs. Intracellularly, AgNPs induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and damaged mitochondrial membrane. Depending on the dose, all AgNPs exhibited genotoxic potential. CONCLUSIONS this study provides systematic and comprehensive data showing how differently functionalized AgNPs may affect the human immune system. Presented results are a valuable scientific contribution to safety assessment of nanosilver-based blood-contacting medical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Vuković
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (B.V.); (M.M.); (B.D.); (V.Š.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Marija Milić
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (B.V.); (M.M.); (B.D.); (V.Š.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Blaženka Dobrošević
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (B.V.); (M.M.); (B.D.); (V.Š.)
| | - Mirta Milić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.M.); (K.I.); (I.P.)
| | - Krunoslav Ilić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.M.); (K.I.); (I.P.)
| | - Ivan Pavičić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.M.); (K.I.); (I.P.)
| | - Vatroslav Šerić
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (B.V.); (M.M.); (B.D.); (V.Š.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ivana Vinković Vrček
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.M.); (K.I.); (I.P.)
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Wang Z, Li Q, Xu L, Ma J, Wang Y, Wei B, Wu W, Liu S. Ageing alters the physicochemical properties of silver nanoparticles and consequently compromises their acute toxicity in mammals. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 196:110487. [PMID: 32229327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite numerous investigations into AgNP-induced toxicity, little has been taken into consideration the potential health impacts of aged AgNPs in comparison to fresh AgNPs. In the current study, we scrutinized the potential effects of aged AgNPs in animals. We first found that AgNPs underwent morphological transformations after natural ageing in aqueous solution upon exposure to air and sunlight for 9 days, as characterized by significant aggregation with increase of particle size approximately by 2 fold. Meanwhile, dissolved Ag ions from aged AgNPs increased by 33% compared to fresh AgNPs. Strikingly, the acute exposure results showed that aged AgNPs induced lower toxicity in mice relative to fresh AgNPs. Aged AgNPs caused milder local inflammation in the peritoneal cavity of mice, as evidenced by 63% reduction of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) than that induced by fresh AgNPs. The deposition mass of aged AgNPs in the liver, spleen, lung and kidney was diminished by 69%, 39%, 83% and 40%, respectively, compared to the distribution profiles in response to fresh AgNPs. Whereby, milder splenic hyperemia was observed, and no significant hepatoxicity was found. Additionally, aged AgNPs provoked milder increase of periphery leukocytes and malondialdehyde (MDA) in mice in comparison to fresh AgNPs. Taken together, this study unraveled that the ageing process elicited remarkable alterations to physicochemical properties and toxic effects as well. This study would provide new insights into the potential health impacts of AgNPs under transformation-determined exposure scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China.
| | - Qingqing Li
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Lining Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Juan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Bing Wei
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Weidong Wu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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14
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Thakur D, Govindaraju S, Yun K, Noh JS. The Synergistic Effect of Zinc Ferrite Nanoparticles Uniformly Deposited on Silver Nanowires for the Biofilm Inhibition of Candida albicans. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E1431. [PMID: 31658638 PMCID: PMC6835689 DOI: 10.3390/nano9101431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Near-monodisperse zinc ferrite nanoparticles (ZnFe2O4 NPs) are synthesized by a co-precipitation method and deposited on the surface of silver nanowires (AgNWs), employing a stepwise solution method. The resulting hybrid nanostructures (ZnFe2O4@AgNWs) show a thin and uniform layer of ZnFe2O4 NPs at an optimum weight ratio of 1:6 between the two component nanostructures. The hybrid nanostructures retain the high crystal quality and phase purity of their constituents. It is demonstrated that the ZnFe2O4@AgNWs hybrid nanostructures are effective at inhibiting the biofilm formation of Candida albicans cells. The biofilm inhibition activity of the hybrid nanostructures is estimated to be more than 50% at a low concentration of 100 µg/mL from both crystal violet assay and XTT assay, which are more than 8-fold higher than those of pure AgNWs and ZnFe2O4 NPs. This greatly enhanced biofilm inhibition activity is attributed to the ZnFe2O4 NPs-carrying membrane penetration by AgNWs and the subsequent interaction between Candida cells and ZnFe2O4 NPs. These results indicate that the ZnFe2O4@AgNWs hybrid nanostructures have great potential as a new type of novel antibiofilm agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Thakur
- Department of Nano-Physics, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea.
| | - Saravanan Govindaraju
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea.
| | - KyuSik Yun
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea.
| | - Jin-Seo Noh
- Department of Nano-Physics, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea.
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15
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Robles-Martínez M, González JFC, Pérez-Vázquez FJ, Montejano-Carrizales JM, Pérez E, Patiño-Herrera R. Antimycotic Activity Potentiation of Allium sativum Extract and Silver Nanoparticles against Trichophyton rubrum. Chem Biodivers 2019; 16:e1800525. [PMID: 30614195 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201800525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A natural and biocompatible extract of garlic as a support, decorated with silver nanoparticles, is a proposal to generate an effective antifungal agent against dermatophytes at low concentrations. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with a diameter of 26±7 nm were synthesized and their antimycotic activity was examined against Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum), inhibiting 94 % of growth at a concentration of 0.08 mg ml-1 . Allium sativum (garlic) extract was also obtained (AsExt), and its MIC was 0.04 mg ml-1 . To increase the antifungal capacity of those systems, AsExt was decorated with AgNPs, obtaining AsExt-AgNPs. Using an AsExt concentration of 0.04 mg ml-1 in independent experiments with concentrations from 0.01 to 0.08 mg ml-1 of AgNPs, it was possible to inhibit T. rubrum at all AgNPs concentrations; it proves a synergistic effect between AgNPs and AsExt. Even if 1 % of the minimum inhibitory concentration of AsExt (0.0004 mg ml-1 ) is used, it was possible to inhibit T. rubrum at all concentrations of AgNPs, demonstrating the successful antimycotic activity potentiation when combining AsExt and AgNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Robles-Martínez
- Doctorado en Ingeniería y Ciencia de Materiales de la UASLP, Sierra Leona 530, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, 78210, México
| | | | - Francisco Javier Pérez-Vázquez
- Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), UASLP, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, 78210, México
| | | | - Elías Pérez
- Instituto de Física, UASLP, Álvaro Obregón 64, San Luis Potosí 78000, México
| | - Rosalba Patiño-Herrera
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Celaya, Antonio García Cubas Pte #600 esq. Av. Tecnológico. Celaya, Guanajuato, 38010, México
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16
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Wang Z, Huang X, Jin S, Wang H, Yuan L, Brash JL. Rapid antibacterial effect of sunlight-exposed silicon nanowire arrays modified with Au/Ag alloy nanoparticles. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:6202-6209. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb01472a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Au/Ag alloy nanoparticles modified silicon nanowire arrays can kill bacterial cells in several minutes under sunlight due to their photothermal and photocatalytic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Wang
- Key Lab of Health Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
| | - Xiuzhen Huang
- Key Lab of Health Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
| | - Sheng Jin
- Key Lab of Health Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Key Lab of Health Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
| | - Lin Yuan
- Key Lab of Health Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
| | - John L. Brash
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada
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17
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Li WT, Wang LY, Chang HW, Yang WC, Lo C, Pang VF, Chen MH, Jeng CR. Th2 cytokine bias induced by silver nanoparticles in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of common bottlenose dolphins ( Tursiops truncatus). PeerJ 2018; 6:e5432. [PMID: 30245924 PMCID: PMC6147119 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been widely used in many commercial products due to their excellent antibacterial ability. The AgNPs are released into the environment, gradually accumulate in the ocean, and may affect animals at high trophic levels, such as cetaceans and humans, via the food chain. Hence, the negative health impacts caused by AgNPs in cetaceans are of concern. Cytokines play a major role in the modulation of immune system and can be classified into two types: Th1 and Th2. Th1/Th2 balance can be evaluated by the ratios of their polarizing cytokines (i.e., interferon [IFN]-γ/Interleukin [IL]-4), and animals with imbalanced Th1/Th2 response may become more susceptible to certain kinds of infection. Therefore, the present study evaluated the in vitro cytokine responses of cetacean peripheral blood mononuclear cells (cPBMCs) to 20 nm citrate-AgNPs (C-AgNP20) by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). METHODS Blood samples were collected from six captive common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). The cPBMCs were isolated and utilized for evaluating the in vitro cytokine responses. The cytokines evaluated included IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, interferon (IFN)-γ, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. The geometric means of two housekeeping genes (HKGs), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and β2-microglobulin (B2M), of each sample were determined and used to normalize the mRNA expression levels of target genes. RESULTS The ratio of late apoptotic/necrotic cells of cPBMCs significantly increased with or without concanavalin A (ConA) stimulation after 24 h of 10 µg/ml C-AgNP20 treatment. At 4 h of culture, the mRNA expression level of IL-10 was significantly decreased with 1 µg/ml C-AgNP20 treatment. At 24 h of culture with 1 µg/ml C-AgNP20, the mRNA expression levels of all cytokines were significantly decreased, with the exceptions of IL-4 and IL-10. The IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio was significantly decreased at 24 h of culture with 1 µg/ml C-AgNP20 treatment, and the IL-12/IL-4 ratio was significantly decreased at 4 or 24 h of culture with 0.1 or 1 µg/ml C-AgNP20 treatment, respectively. Furthermore, the mRNA expression level of TNF-α was significantly decreased by 1 µg/ml C-AgNP20 after 24 h of culture. DISCUSSION The present study demonstrated that the sublethal dose of C-AgNP20 (≤1 µg/ml) had an inhibitory effect on the cytokine mRNA expression levels of cPBMCs with the evidence of Th2 cytokine bias and significantly decreased the mRNA expression level of TNF-α. Th2 cytokine bias is associated with enhanced immunity against parasites but decreased immunity to intracellular microorganisms. TNF-α is a contributing factor for the inflammatory response against the infection of intracellular pathogens. In summary, our data indicate that C-AgNP20 suppresses the cellular immune response and thereby increases the susceptibility of cetaceans to infection by intracellular microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ta Li
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lei-Ya Wang
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Cheng Yang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh Lo
- Farglory Ocean Park, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Victor Fei Pang
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hsien Chen
- Department of Oceanography and Asia-Pacific Ocean Research Center, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chian-Ren Jeng
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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18
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Avila-Alejo JO, González-Palomo AK, Plascencia-Villa G, José-Yacamán M, Navarro-Contreras HR, Pérez-Maldonado IN. Low cytotoxicity of anisotropic gold nanoparticles coated with lysine on peripheral blood mononuclear cells "in vitro". ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 56:210-218. [PMID: 28965035 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of anisotropic (non spherical morphologies) gold nanoparticles coated with the amino acid Lysine (Lys) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) "in vitro". Gold (Au) nanoparticles tested in this study were synthesized by a seed-mediated growth using Lys as a structure and shape directing agent. Cytotoxic effects were evaluated by cell viability (resazurin assay), reactive oxygen species (ROS) induction (2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate assay), DNA damage (comet assay) and apoptosis/necrosis (AnnexinV/propidium iodide assay) after PBMC were exposed to increasing concentrations (10, 25, 50, 100, and 250μM) of AuNPs coated with Lys (AuNPs-Lys) at different exposure times (3, 6, 12, and 24h). The results demonstrated that AuNPs-Lys exhibited low cytotoxicity towards PBMC, (high cell viability), with low levels of ROS, DNA damage and apoptosis/necrosis detected after treatment. These data suggest that AuNPs-Lys, might be viable for biomedical application subject to further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge O Avila-Alejo
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universi dad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. San Luis Potosí, México, México; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Ana K González-Palomo
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universi dad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. San Luis Potosí, México, México; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Germán Plascencia-Villa
- Departamento de Microscopia de Alta Resolución. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México; Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Miguel José-Yacamán
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universi dad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. San Luis Potosí, México, México; Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Hugo R Navarro-Contreras
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universi dad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. San Luis Potosí, México, México
| | - Iván N Pérez-Maldonado
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universi dad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. San Luis Potosí, México, México; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México; Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Zona Media, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. Rio-verde, San Luis Potosí, México.
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Bastos V, Duarte IF, Santos C, Oliveira H. Genotoxicity of citrate-coated silver nanoparticles to human keratinocytes assessed by the comet assay and cytokinesis blocked micronucleus assay. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:5039-5048. [PMID: 28000072 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8240-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in industrial, cosmetic, and biomedical products, and humans are frequently exposed to these products through the skin. It is widely recognized that the characteristics of AgNPs (e.g., size, coating) may influence their cytotoxic effects, but their correlation with DNA damage and mitotic disorders remains poorly explored. In this study, human keratinocytes (HaCaT cell line) were exposed to well-characterized 30 nm AgNPs coated with citrate, and their effects on viability, DNA fragmentation (assessed by the comet assay), and micronuclei (MNi) induction (assessed by the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assays, CBMN) were investigated. The results showed that 10 and 40 μg/mL AgNPs decreased cell proliferation and viability, and induced a significant genetic damage. This was observed by an increase of DNA amount in comet tail, which linearly correlated with dose and time of exposure. Also, cytostaticity (increase of mononucleated cells) and MNi rates increased in treated cells. In contrast, no significant changes were observed in nucleoplasmatic bridges (NPBs) or nuclear buds (NBUDs), although NBUDs tended to increase in all conditions and periods. The cytostatic effects on HaCaT cells were also shown by the decrease of their nuclear division index. Thus, both comet and CBMN assays supported the observation that citrate-AgNPs induced genotoxic effects on HaCaT cells. Considering that AgNPs are present in a vast number of consumer products and also in multiple nanomedicine skin applications and formulations, more research is needed to determine the properties that confer less toxicity of AgNPs to different cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bastos
- CESAM & Laboratory of Biotechnology and Cytomics, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - I F Duarte
- CICECO, Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - C Santos
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
| | - H Oliveira
- CESAM & Laboratory of Biotechnology and Cytomics, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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Li H, Yang T, Zhou H, Du J, Zhu B, Sun Z. Emodin Combined with Nanosilver Inhibited Sepsis by Anti-inflammatory Protection. Front Pharmacol 2017; 7:536. [PMID: 28119611 PMCID: PMC5222825 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Emodin is the main active component of rhubarb, which has demonstrated many beneficial effects against inflammation. Nanosilver is an effective antimicrobial agent. The present study was designed to observe the effects of Emodin combined with silver nanoparticles (E/S) on sepsis protection and related mechanism. Methods: E/S was prepared by loading different concentrations of Emodin on nanosilver and cytotoxicity of E/S were determined by suphorhodamine B assays. Anti-microbial activities of E/S were assayed by direct interaction with various common pathogens and anti-adhesive activites of E/S on leukocytes with endothelial cells were assayed by biochemical analysis. Next, inflammatory cell enumeration, inflammatory mediators in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and endothelial cell function were analyzed on a clinically relevant model of sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) after E/S administration. The effects of E/S on NF-κB and p38 were also examined by western blot. Results: E/S exhibited little cytotoxicity action on endothelial cells and significant inhibitory activities against all tested common microorganisms and adherence between leukocyte and endothelial cells. E/S induced anti-sepsis protection mainly mediated by inhibition of inflammatory cells infiltration, down-regulation of TNF-alpha, IL-8 and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and inhibition of NF-κB and p38 pathways in mice 24 h post-CLP. Conclusion: Our data suggest that E/S has strong anti-sepsis effects, which was related with anti-inflammatory protection and thereby promote survival following sepsis challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, China
| | - Tian Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, China
| | - Zhongmin Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, China
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21
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Zhang C, Hu Z, Li P, Gajaraj S. Governing factors affecting the impacts of silver nanoparticles on wastewater treatment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 572:852-873. [PMID: 27542630 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (nanosilver or AgNPs) enter municipal wastewater from various sources, raising concerns about their potential adverse effects on wastewater treatment processes. We argue that the biological effects of silver nanoparticles at environmentally realistic concentrations (μgL-1 or lower) on the performance of a full-scale municipal water resource recovery facility (WRRF) are minimal. Reactor configuration is a critical factor that reduces or even mutes the toxicity of silver nanoparticles towards wastewater microbes in a full-scale WRRF. Municipal sewage collection networks transform silver nanoparticles into silver(I)-complexes/precipitates with low ecotoxicity, and preliminary/primary treatment processes in front of biological treatment utilities partially remove silver nanoparticles to sludge. Microbial functional redundancy and microbial adaptability to silver nanoparticles also greatly alleviate the adverse effects of silver nanoparticles on the performance of a full-scale WRRF. Silver nanoparticles in a lab-scale bioreactor without a sewage collection system and/or a preliminary/primary treatment process, in contrast to being in a full scale system, may deteriorate the reactor performance at relatively high concentrations (e.g., mgL-1 levels or higher). However, in many cases, silver nanoparticles have minimal impacts on lab-scale bioreactors, such as sequencing batch bioreactors (SBRs), especially when at relatively low concentrations (e.g., less than 1mgL-1). The susceptibility of wastewater microbes to silver nanoparticles is species-specific. In general, silver nanoparticles have higher toxicity towards nitrifying bacteria than heterotrophic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiqian Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Ping Li
- College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Shashikanth Gajaraj
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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22
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Antimicrobial polysulfone blended ultrafiltration membranes prepared with Ag/Cu2O hybrid nanowires. J Memb Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2016.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Wang Y, Wan J, Miron RJ, Zhao Y, Zhang Y. Antibacterial properties and mechanisms of gold-silver nanocages. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:11143-52. [PMID: 27180869 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr01114d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite the number of antibiotics used in routine clinical practice, bacterial infections continue to be one of the most important challenges faced in humans. The main concerns arise from the continuing emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and the difficulties faced with the pharmaceutical development of new antibiotics. Thus, advancements in the avenue of novel antibacterial agents are essential. In this study, gold (Au) was combined with silver (Ag), a well-known antibacterial material, to form silver nanoparticles producing a gold-silver alloy structure with hollow interiors and porous walls (gold-silver nanocage). This novel material was promising in antibacterial applications due to its better biocompatibility than Ag nanoparticles, potential in photothermal effects and drug delivery ability. The gold-silver nanocage was then tested for its antibacterial properties and the mechanism involved leading to its antibacterial properties. This study confirms that this novel gold-silver nanocage has broad-spectrum antibacterial properties exerting its effects through the destruction of the cell membrane, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induction of cell apoptosis. Therefore, we introduce a novel gold-silver nanocage that serves as a potential nanocarrier for the future delivery of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulan Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China.
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Lara HH, Romero-Urbina DG, Pierce C, Lopez-Ribot JL, Arellano-Jiménez MJ, Jose-Yacaman M. Effect of silver nanoparticles on Candida albicans biofilms: an ultrastructural study. J Nanobiotechnology 2015; 13:91. [PMID: 26666378 PMCID: PMC4678641 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-015-0147-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Candida albicans is the most common pathogenic fungus isolated in bloodstream infections in hospitalized patients, and candidiasis represents the fourth most common infection in United States hospitals, mostly due to the increasing numbers of immune- and medically-compromised patients. C. albicans has the ability to form biofilms and morphogenetic conversions between yeast and hyphal morphologies contribute to biofilm development and represent an essential virulence factor. Moreover, these attached communities of cells are surrounded by a protective exopolymeric matrix that effectively shelters Candida against the action of antifungals. Because of dismal outcomes, novel antifungal strategies, and in particular those targeting biofilms are urgently required. As fungi are eukaryotic, research and development of new antifungal agents has been difficult due to the limited number of selective targets, also leading to toxicity. Results By microwave-assisted techniques we obtained pure 1 nm spherical silver nanoparticles ideal for their potential biological applications without adding contaminants. A phenotypic assay of C. albicans demonstrated a potent dose-dependent inhibitory effect of silver nanoparticles on biofilm formation, with an IC50 of 0.089 ppm. Also silver nanoparticles demonstrated efficacy when tested against pre-formed C. albicans biofilms resulting in an IC50 of 0.48 ppm. The cytotoxicity assay resulted in a CC50 of 7.03 ppm. The ultrastructural differences visualized under SEM with silver nanoparticles treatment were changes in the surface appearance of the yeast from smooth to rough thus indicating outer cell wall damage. On the fungal pre-formed biofilm true hyphae was mostly absent, as filamentation was inhibited. TEM measurement of the cell-wall width of C. albicans after treatment resulted in significant enlargement (206 ± 11 nm) demonstrating membrane permeabilization. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that silver nanoparticles are potent inhibitors of C. albicans biofilm formation. SEM observations are consistent with an overall loss of structure of biofilms mostly due to disruption of the outer cell membrane/wall and inhibition of filamentation.TEM indicates the permeabilization of the cell wall and subsequent disruption of the structural layers of the outer fungal cell wall. The anti-biofilm effects are via cell wall disruption. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12951-015-0147-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto H Lara
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA.
| | - Dulce G Romero-Urbina
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA.
| | - Christopher Pierce
- Department of Biology and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA.
| | - Jose L Lopez-Ribot
- Department of Biology and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA.
| | - M Josefina Arellano-Jiménez
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA.
| | - Miguel Jose-Yacaman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA.
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