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Nikolaev VV, Kistenev YV, Kröger M, Zuhayri H, Darvin ME. Review of optical methods for noninvasive imaging of skin fibroblasts-From in vitro to ex vivo and in vivo visualization. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2024; 17:e202300223. [PMID: 38018868 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202300223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblasts are among the most common cell types in the stroma responsible for creating and maintaining the structural organization of the extracellular matrix in the dermis, skin regeneration, and a range of immune responses. Until now, the processes of fibroblast adaptation and functioning in a varying environment have not been fully understood. Modern laser microscopes are capable of studying fibroblasts in vitro and ex vivo. One-photon- and two-photon-excited fluorescence microscopy, Raman spectroscopy/microspectroscopy are well-suited noninvasive optical methods for fibroblast imaging in vitro and ex vivo. In vivo staining-free fibroblast imaging is not still implemented. The exception is fibroblast imaging in tattooed skin. Although in vivo noninvasive staining-free imaging of fibroblasts in the skin has not yet been implemented, it is expected in the future. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art in fibroblast visualization using optical methods and discusses the advantages, limitations, and prospects for future noninvasive imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor V Nikolaev
- Tomsk State University, Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Machine Learning, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Yury V Kistenev
- Tomsk State University, Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Machine Learning, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Marius Kröger
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hala Zuhayri
- Tomsk State University, Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Machine Learning, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Maxim E Darvin
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Wattanavichean N, Nishida I, Ando M, Kawamukai M, Yamamoto T, Hamaguchi HO. Organelle specific simultaneous Raman/green fluorescence protein microspectroscopy for living cell physicochemical studies. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e201960163. [PMID: 31990439 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201960163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a novel bio-spectroscopic technique, "simultaneous Raman/GFP microspectroscopy". It enables organelle specific Raman microspectroscopy of living cells. Fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, whose mitochondria are green fluorescence protein (GFP) labeled, is used as a test model system. Raman excitation laser and GFP excitation light irradiate the sample yeast cells simultaneously. GFP signal is monitored in the anti-Stokes region where interference from Raman scattering is negligibly small. Of note, 13 568 Raman spectra measured from different points of 19 living yeast cells are categorized according to their GFP fluorescence intensities, with the use of a two-component multivariate curve resolution with alternate least squares (MCR-ALS) analysis in the anti-Stokes region. This categorization allows us to know whether or not Raman spectra are taken from mitochondria. Raman spectra specific to mitochondria are obtained by an MCR-ALS analysis in the Stokes region of 1389 strongly GFP positive spectra. Two mitochondria specific Raman spectra have been obtained. The first one is dominated by protein Raman bands and the second by lipid Raman bands, being consistent with the known molecular composition of mitochondria. In addition, the second spectrum shows a strong band of ergosterol at 1602 cm-1 , previously reported as "Raman spectroscopic signature of life of yeast."
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ikuhisa Nishida
- Department of Life Sciences, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ando
- Research Organization for Nano & Life Innovation, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Hiro-O Hamaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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3
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Tabish TA, Narayan RJ, Edirisinghe M. Rapid and label-free detection of COVID-19 using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy. MRS COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 10:566-572. [PMID: 33398237 PMCID: PMC7773019 DOI: 10.1557/mrc.2020.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
From the 1918 influenza pandemic (H1N1) until the recent 2019 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, no efficient diagnostic tools have been developed for sensitive identification of viral pathogens. Rigorous, early, and accurate detection of viral pathogens is not only linked to preventing transmission but also to timely treatment and monitoring of drug resistance. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), the gold standard method for microbiology and virology testing, suffers from both false-negative and false-positive results arising from the detection limit, contamination of samples/templates, exponential DNA amplification, and variation of viral ribonucleic acid sequences within a single individual during the course of the infection. Rapid, sensitive, and label-free detection of SARS-CoV-2 can provide a first line of defense against the current pandemic. A promising technique is non-linear coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy, which has the ability to capture rich spatiotemporal structural and functional information at a high acquisition speed in a label-free manner from a biological system. Raman scattering is a process in which the distinctive spectral signatures associated with light-sample interaction provide information on the chemical composition of the sample. In this prospective, we briefly discuss the development and future prospects of CARS for real-time multiplexed label-free detection of SARS-CoV-2 pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer A. Tabish
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, Bloomsbury, WC1E 6DD UK
| | - Roger J. Narayan
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27599-7115 USA
| | - Mohan Edirisinghe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE UK
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Chiu LD, Ichimura T, Sekiya T, Machiyama H, Watanabe T, Fujita H, Ozawa T, Fujita K. Protein expression guided chemical profiling of living cells by the simultaneous observation of Raman scattering and anti-Stokes fluorescence emission. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43569. [PMID: 28272392 PMCID: PMC5341087 DOI: 10.1038/srep43569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Our current understanding of molecular biology provides a clear picture of how the genome, transcriptome and proteome regulate each other, but how the chemical environment of the cell plays a role in cellular regulation remains much to be studied. Here we show an imaging method using hybrid fluorescence-Raman microscopy that measures the chemical micro-environment associated with protein expression patterns in a living cell. Simultaneous detection of fluorescence and Raman signals, realised by spectrally separating the two modes through the single photon anti-Stokes fluorescence emission of fluorescent proteins, enables the accurate correlation of the chemical fingerprint of a specimen to its physiological state. Subsequent experiments revealed the slight chemical differences that enabled the chemical profiling of mouse embryonic stem cells with and without Oct4 expression. Furthermore, using the fluorescent probe as localisation guide, we successfully analysed the detailed chemical content of cell nucleus and Golgi body. The technique can be further applied to a wide range of biomedical studies for the better understanding of chemical events during biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-da Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Takumasa Sekiya
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | - Hideaki Fujita
- Quantitative Biology Center, RIKEN, Osaka, Japan.,Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeaki Ozawa
- Department of Chemistry, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Kogermann K, Putrinš M, Tenson T. Single-cell level methods for studying the effect of antibiotics on bacteria during infection. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 95:2-16. [PMID: 27577009 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Considerable evidence about phenotypic heterogeneity among bacteria during infection has accumulated during recent years. This heterogeneity has to be considered if the mechanisms of infection and antibiotic action are to be understood, so we need to implement existing and find novel methods to monitor the effects of antibiotics on bacteria at the single-cell level. This review provides an overview of methods by which this aim can be achieved. Fluorescence label-based methods and Raman scattering as a label-free approach are discussed in particular detail. Other label-free methods that can provide single-cell level information, such as impedance spectroscopy and surface plasmon resonance, are briefly summarized. The advantages and disadvantages of these different methods are discussed in light of a challenging in vivo environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Kogermann
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Marta Putrinš
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Tanel Tenson
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
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6
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Analysis of CCR7 mediated T cell transfectant migration using a microfluidic gradient generator. J Immunol Methods 2015; 419:9-17. [PMID: 25733353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
T lymphocyte migration is crucial for adaptive immunity. Manipulation of signaling molecules controlling cell migration combined with in-vitro cell migration analysis provides a powerful research approach. Microfluidic devices, which can precisely configure chemoattractant gradients and allow quantitative single cell analysis, have been increasingly applied to cell migration and chemotaxis studies. However, there are a very limited number of published studies involving microfluidic migration analysis of genetically manipulated immune cells. In this study, we describe a simple microfluidic method for quantitative analysis of T cells expressing transfected chemokine receptors and other cell migration signaling probes. Using this method, we demonstrated chemotaxis of Jurkat transfectants expressing wild-type or C-terminus mutated CCR7 within a gradient of chemokine CCL19, and characterized the difference in transfectant migration mediated by wild-type and mutant CCR7. The EGFP-tagged CCR7 allows identification of CCR7-expressing transfectants in cell migration analysis and microscopy assessment of CCR7 dynamics. Collectively, our study demonstrated the effective use of the microfluidic method for studying CCR7 mediated T cell transfectant migration. We envision this developed method will provide a useful platform to functionally test various signaling mechanisms at the cell migration level.
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7
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Visualization of mouse neuronal ganglia infected by Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) using multimodal non-linear optical microscopy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105103. [PMID: 25133579 PMCID: PMC4136817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic virus that causes skin lesions and goes on to enter a latent state in neurons of the trigeminal ganglia. Following stress, the virus may reactivate from latency leading to recurrent lesions. The in situ study of neuronal infections by HSV-1 is critical to understanding the mechanisms involved in the biology of this virus and how it causes disease; however, this normally requires fixation and sectioning of the target tissues followed by treatment with contrast agents to visualize key structures, which can lead to artifacts. To further our ability to study HSV-1 neuropathogenesis, we have generated a recombinant virus expressing a second generation red fluorescent protein (mCherry), which behaves like the parental virus in vivo. By optimizing the application of a multimodal non-linear optical microscopy platform, we have successfully visualized in unsectioned trigeminal ganglia of mice both infected cells by two-photon fluorescence microscopy, and myelinated axons of uninfected surrounding cells by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy. These results represent the first report of CARS microscopy being combined with 2-photon fluorescence microscopy to visualize virus-infected cells deep within unsectioned explanted tissue, and demonstrate the application of multimodal non-linear optical microscopy for high spatial resolution biological imaging of tissues without the use of stains or fixatives.
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8
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McVey A, Crain J. Nonlinear optical methods for cellular imaging and localization. Methods 2014; 68:371-7. [PMID: 24704357 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Of all the ways in which complex materials (including many biological systems) can be explored, imaging is perhaps the most powerful because delivering high information content directly. This is particular relevant in aspects of cellular localization where the physical proximity of molecules is crucial in biochemical processes. A great deal of effort in imaging has been spent on enabling chemically selective imaging so that only specific features are revealed. This is almost always achieved by adding fluorescent chemical labels to specific molecules. Under appropriate illumination conditions only the molecules (via their labels) will be visible. The technique is simple and elegant but does suffer from fundamental limitations: (1) the fluorescent labels may fade when illuminated (a phenomenon called photobleaching) thereby constantly decreasing signal contrast over the course of image acquisition. To combat photobleaching one must reduce observation times or apply unfavourably low excitation levels all of which reduce the information content of images; (2) the fluorescent species may be deactivated by various environmental factors (the general term is fluorescence quenching); (3) the presence of fluorescent labels may introduce unexpected complications or may interfere with processes of interest (4) Some molecules of interest cannot be labelled. In these circumstances we require a fundamentally different strategy. One of the most promising alternative is based on a technique called Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS). CARS is a fundamentally more complex process than is fluorescence and the experimental procedures and optical systems required to deliver high quality CARS images are intricate. However, the rewards are correspondingly very high: CARS probes the chemically distinct vibrations of the constituent molecules in a complex system and is therefore also chemically selective as are fluorescence-based methods. Moreover,the potentially severe problems of fluorescence bleaching and quenching are circumvented and high-resolution three dimensional images can be obtained on completely unlabelled specimens. We review here aspects of CARS and Multiphoton fluorescence techniques to cellular localization and measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- A McVey
- School of Physics, The University of Edinburgh, EH9 3JZ Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - J Crain
- School of Physics, The University of Edinburgh, EH9 3JZ Scotland, United Kingdom; National Physical Laboratory Teddington, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom.
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9
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Matthäus C, Krafft C, Dietzek B, Brehm BR, Lorkowski S, Popp J. Noninvasive Imaging of Intracellular Lipid Metabolism in Macrophages by Raman Microscopy in Combination with Stable Isotopic Labeling. Anal Chem 2012; 84:8549-56. [DOI: 10.1021/ac3012347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Matthäus
- Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße, 9, 07745 Jena,
Germany
| | - Christoph Krafft
- Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße, 9, 07745 Jena,
Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße, 9, 07745 Jena,
Germany
| | - Bernhard R. Brehm
- Katholische Klinik Koblenz, Innere Medizin/Kardiologie, Rudolf-Virchow-Str9,
56073 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße
25, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße, 9, 07745 Jena,
Germany
- Institute for Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics,
Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
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10
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Conovaloff A, Wang HW, Cheng JX, Panitch A. Imaging growth of neurites in conditioned hydrogel by coherent anti-stokes raman scattering microscopy. Organogenesis 2012; 5:231-7. [PMID: 20539743 DOI: 10.4161/org.5.4.10404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Revised: 09/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cultured DRGs in different gel scaffolds were analyzed using CA RS microscopy to determine its possible use as a label-free imaging option for tracking cellular growth in a gel scaffold. This study demonstrates for the first time the applicability of CA RS microscopy to the imaging of live neuronal cells in GAG hydrogels. By tuning the laser beating frequency, omega(p)-omega(s), to match the vibration of C-H bonds in the cell membrane, the CA RS signal yields detailed, high-quality images of neurites with single membrane detection sensitivity. The results demonstrate that CA RS imaging allows monitoring of cellular growth in a tissue scaffold over time, with a contrast that shows comparable cellular structures to those obtained using standard fluorescent staining techniques. These findings show the potential of CARS microscopy to assist in the understanding of organogenesis processes in a tissue scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Conovaloff
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering; West Lafayette, Indiana USA
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11
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Breunig HG, Bückle R, Kellner-Höfer M, Weinigel M, Lademann J, Sterry W, König K. Combined in vivo multiphoton and CARS imaging of healthy and disease-affected human skin. Microsc Res Tech 2011; 75:492-8. [PMID: 21972128 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.21082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We present combined epi-coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) and multiphoton imaging with both chemical discrimination and subcellular resolution on human skin in vivo. The combination of both image modalities enables label-free imaging of the autofluorescence of endogenous fluorophores by two-photon excited fluorescence, as well as imaging of the distribution of intercellular lipids, topically applied substances and water by CARS. As an example for medical imaging, we investigated healthy and psoriasis-affected human skin with both image modalities in vivo and found indications for different lipid distributions on the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Georg Breunig
- JenLab GmbH, Campus D1.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, and Schillerstr 1, 07745, Jena, Germany.
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12
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Wong CSY, Robinson I, Ochsenkühn MA, Arlt J, Hossack WJ, Crain J. Changes to lipid droplet configuration in mCMV-infected fibroblasts: live cell imaging with simultaneous CARS and two-photon fluorescence microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 2:2504-16. [PMID: 22091445 PMCID: PMC3184860 DOI: 10.1364/boe.2.002504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 06/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We have performed multimodal imaging of live fibroblast cells infected by murine cytomegalovirus (mCMV). The infection process was monitored by imaging the two-photon fluorescence signal from a GFP-expressing strain of mCMV, whilst changes to lipid droplet configuration were observed by CARS imaging. This allowed us to identify three visually distinct stages of infection. Quantitative analysis of lipid droplet number and size distributions were obtained from live cells, which showed significant perturbations across the different stages of infection. The CARS and two-photon images were acquired simultaneously and the experimental design allowed incorporation of an environmental control chamber to maintain cell viability. Photodamage to the live cell population was also assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine S. Y. Wong
- Collaborative Optical Spectroscopy Micromanipulation and Imaging Centre (COSMIC), School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JZ,
UK
| | - Iain Robinson
- Collaborative Optical Spectroscopy Micromanipulation and Imaging Centre (COSMIC), School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JZ,
UK
| | - Michael A. Ochsenkühn
- School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JJ,
UK
| | - Jochen Arlt
- Collaborative Optical Spectroscopy Micromanipulation and Imaging Centre (COSMIC), School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JZ,
UK
| | - William J. Hossack
- Collaborative Optical Spectroscopy Micromanipulation and Imaging Centre (COSMIC), School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JZ,
UK
| | - Jason Crain
- Collaborative Optical Spectroscopy Micromanipulation and Imaging Centre (COSMIC), School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JZ,
UK
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13
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Pezacki JP, Blake JA, Danielson DC, Kennedy DC, Lyn RK, Singaravelu R. Chemical contrast for imaging living systems: molecular vibrations drive CARS microscopy. Nat Chem Biol 2011; 7:137-45. [PMID: 21321552 PMCID: PMC7098185 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The nonlinear variant of Raman spectroscopy, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy, combines powerful Raman signal enhancement with several other advantages such as label-free detection and has been used to image various cellular processes including host-pathogen interactions and lipid metabolism.![]() Cellular biomolecules contain unique molecular vibrations that can be visualized by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy without the need for labels. Here we review the application of CARS microscopy for label-free imaging of cells and tissues using the natural vibrational contrast that arises from biomolecules like lipids as well as for imaging of exogenously added probes or drugs. High-resolution CARS microscopy combined with multimodal imaging has allowed for dynamic monitoring of cellular processes such as lipid metabolism and storage, the movement of organelles, adipogenesis and host-pathogen interactions and can also be used to track molecules within cells and tissues. The CARS imaging modality provides a unique tool for biological chemists to elucidate the state of a cellular environment without perturbing it and to perceive the functional effects of added molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Paul Pezacki
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
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14
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Pohling C, Buckup T, Motzkus M. Hyperspectral data processing for chemoselective multiplex coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy of unknown samples. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2011; 16:021105. [PMID: 21361668 DOI: 10.1117/1.3533309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiplex coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (MCARS) provides labeling free and fast characterization of materials and biological samples in nonlinear microscopy. In spite of its success, remaining challenges regarding the data analysis for chemoselective imaging still have to be solved. In general, image contrast has been realized by using only one spectral feature directly taken from the unprocessed raw data. This procedure is limited to strong and well separated Raman resonances like the saturated CH-stretching vibration of lipids in the case of biological samples. In order to overcome this limitation, we present a new method of MCARS data processing that exploits the whole measured spectrum to disentangle overlapping contributions of different (bio-) chemical components. Our "two-step" approach is based on the combination of imaginary part extraction followed by global fitting of the hyperspectral data set. Previous knowledge about the sample, e.g., pure spectra of the individual components is no longer necessary. The result is a highly contrasted image, where the patterns and differences between the sample components can be represented in different colors. We successfully applied this method to complex structured polymer samples and biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Pohling
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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15
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Lyn RK, Kennedy DC, Stolow A, Ridsdale A, Pezacki JP. Dynamics of lipid droplets induced by the hepatitis C virus core protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 399:518-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.07.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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