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Mehrvar S, Mostaghimi S, Camara AKS, Foomani FH, Narayanan J, Fish B, Medhora M, Ranji M. Three-dimensional vascular and metabolic imaging using inverted autofluorescence. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-210064R. [PMID: 34240589 PMCID: PMC8265174 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.7.076002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Three-dimensional (3D) vascular and metabolic imaging (VMI) of whole organs in rodents provides critical and important (patho)physiological information in studying animal models of vascular network. AIM Autofluorescence metabolic imaging has been used to evaluate mitochondrial metabolites such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and flavine adenine dinucleotide (FAD). Leveraging these autofluorescence images of whole organs of rodents, we have developed a 3D vascular segmentation technique to delineate the anatomy of the vasculature as well as mitochondrial metabolic distribution. APPROACH By measuring fluorescence from naturally occurring mitochondrial metabolites combined with light-absorbing properties of hemoglobin, we detected the 3D structure of the vascular tree of rodent lungs, kidneys, hearts, and livers using VMI. For lung VMI, an exogenous fluorescent dye was injected into the trachea for inflation and to separate the airways, confirming no overlap between the segmented vessels and airways. RESULTS The kidney vasculature from genetically engineered rats expressing endothelial-specific red fluorescent protein TdTomato confirmed a significant overlap with VMI. This approach abided by the "minimum work" hypothesis of the vascular network fitting to Murray's law. Finally, the vascular segmentation approach confirmed the vascular regression in rats, induced by ionizing radiation. CONCLUSIONS Simultaneous vascular and metabolic information extracted from the VMI provides quantitative diagnostic markers without the confounding effects of vascular stains, fillers, or contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Mehrvar
- University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Biophotonics Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Soudeh Mostaghimi
- University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Biophotonics Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Amadou K. S. Camara
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Physiology, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Farnaz H. Foomani
- University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Biophotonics Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Jayashree Narayanan
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Physiology, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Brian Fish
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Physiology, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Meetha Medhora
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Physiology, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Mahsa Ranji
- Florida Atlantic University, Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Boca Raton, Florida, United States
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Gopalakrishnan S, Mehrvar S, Maleki S, Schmitt H, Summerfelt P, Dubis AM, Abroe B, Connor TB, Carroll J, Huddleston W, Ranji M, Eells JT. Photobiomodulation preserves mitochondrial redox state and is retinoprotective in a rodent model of retinitis pigmentosa. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20382. [PMID: 33230161 PMCID: PMC7684292 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77290-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Photobiomodulation (PBM) by far-red (FR) to near-infrared (NIR) light has been demonstrated to restore the function of damaged mitochondria, increase the production of cytoprotective factors and prevent cell death. Our laboratory has shown that FR PBM improves functional and structural outcomes in animal models of retinal injury and retinal degenerative disease. The current study tested the hypothesis that a brief course of NIR (830 nm) PBM would preserve mitochondrial metabolic state and attenuate photoreceptor loss in a model of retinitis pigmentosa, the P23H transgenic rat. P23H rat pups were treated with 830 nm light (180 s; 25 mW/cm2; 4.5 J/cm2) using a light-emitting diode array (Quantum Devices, Barneveld, WI) from postnatal day (p) 10 to p25. Sham-treated rats were restrained, but not treated with 830 nm light. Retinal metabolic state, function and morphology were assessed at p30 by measurement of mitochondrial redox (NADH/FAD) state by 3D optical cryo-imaging, electroretinography (ERG), spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), and histomorphometry. PBM preserved retinal metabolic state, retinal function, and retinal morphology in PBM-treated animals compared to the sham-treated group. PBM protected against the disruption of the oxidation state of the mitochondrial respiratory chain observed in sham-treated animals. Scotopic ERG responses over a range of flash intensities were significantly greater in PBM-treated rats compared to sham controls. SD-OCT studies and histological assessment showed that PBM preserved the structural integrity of the retina. These findings demonstrate for the first time a direct effect of NIR PBM on retinal mitochondrial redox status in a well-established model of retinal disease. They show that chronic proteotoxic stress disrupts retinal bioenergetics resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction, and retinal degeneration and that therapies normalizing mitochondrial metabolism have considerable potential for the treatment of retinal degenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shima Mehrvar
- Biophotonics Laboratory, Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Ratan, FL, USA
| | - Sepideh Maleki
- Biophotonics Laboratory, Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Ratan, FL, USA
| | - Heather Schmitt
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Phyllis Summerfelt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Adam M Dubis
- Department of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Betsy Abroe
- College of Nursing, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Thomas B Connor
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Joseph Carroll
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Wendy Huddleston
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Mahsa Ranji
- Biophotonics Laboratory, Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Ratan, FL, USA.
| | - Janis T Eells
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Photobiomodulation Laboratory, College of Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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Sadowski RN, Stebbings KA, Slater BJ, Bandara SB, Llano DA, Schantz SL. Developmental exposure to PCBs alters the activation of the auditory cortex in response to GABA A antagonism. Neurotoxicology 2016; 56:86-93. [PMID: 27422581 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Developmental exposure of rats to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) causes impairments in hearing and in the functioning of peripheral and central auditory structures. Additionally, recent work from our laboratory has demonstrated an increase in audiogenic seizures. The current study aimed to further characterize the effects of PCBs on auditory brain structures by investigating whether developmental exposure altered the magnitude of activation in the auditory cortex (AC) in response to electrical stimulation of thalamocortical afferents. Long-Evans female rats were fed cookies containing either 0 or 6mg/kg of an environmental PCB mixture daily from 4 weeks prior to breeding until postnatal day 21. Brain slices containing projections from the thalamus to the AC were collected from adult female offspring and were bathed in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) alone, aCSF containing a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor antagonist (200nM SR95531), and aCSF containing an and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist (50μM AP5). During each of these drug conditions, electrical stimulations ranging from 25 to 600μA were delivered to the thalamocortical afferents. Activation of the AC was measured using flavoprotein autofluorescence imaging. Although there were no differences seen between treatment groups in the aCSF condition, there were significant increases in the ratio of aCSF/SR95531 activation in slices from PCB-exposed animals compared to control animals. This effect was seen in both the upper and lower layers of the AC. No differences in activation were noted between treatment groups when slices were exposed to AP5. These data suggest that developmental PCB exposure leads to increased sensitivity to antagonism of GABAA receptors in the AC without a change in NMDA-mediated intrinsic excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee N Sadowski
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 60801, United States; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
| | - Kevin A Stebbings
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 60801, United States; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Bernard J Slater
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 60801, United States; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Suren B Bandara
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 60801, United States; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Daniel A Llano
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 60801, United States; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Susan L Schantz
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 60801, United States; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, United States
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Ranji M, Motlagh MM, Salehpour F, Sepehr R, Heisner JS, Dash RK, Camara AKS. Optical Cryoimaging Reveals a Heterogeneous Distribution of Mitochondrial Redox State in ex vivo Guinea Pig Hearts and Its Alteration During Ischemia and Reperfusion. IEEE JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL ENGINEERING IN HEALTH AND MEDICINE-JTEHM 2016; 4:1800210. [PMID: 27574574 PMCID: PMC4993131 DOI: 10.1109/jtehm.2016.2570219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation of substrates to generate ATP in mitochondria is mediated by redox reactions of NADH and FADH2. Cardiac ischemia and reperfusion (IR) injury compromises mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. We hypothesize that IR alters the metabolic heterogeneity of mitochondrial redox state of the heart that is only evident in the 3-D optical cryoimaging of the perfused heart before, during, and after IR. The study involved four groups of hearts: time control (TC: heart perfusion without IR), global ischemia (Isch), global ischemia followed by reperfusion (IR) and TC with PCP (a mitochondrial uncoupler) perfusion. Mitochondrial NADH and FAD autofluorescence signals were recorded spectrofluorometrically online in guinea pig ex vivo-perfused hearts in the Langendorff mode. At the end of each specified protocol, hearts were rapidly removed and snap frozen in liquid N2 for later 3-D optical cryoimaging of the mitochondrial NADH, FAD, and NADH/FAD redox ratio (RR). The TC hearts revealed a heterogeneous spatial distribution of NADH, FAD, and RR. Ischemia and IR altered the spatial distribution and caused an overall increase and decrease in the RR by 55% and 64%, respectively. Uncoupling with PCP resulted in the lowest level of the RR (73% oxidation) compared with TC. The 3-D optical cryoimaging of the heart provides novel insights into the heterogeneous distribution of mitochondrial NADH, FAD, RR, and metabolism from the base to the apex during ischemia and IR. This 3-D information of the mitochondrial redox state in the normal and ischemic heart was not apparent in the dynamic spectrofluorometric data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Ranji
- Department of Electrical EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin-MilwaukeeMilwaukeeWI53211USA; Biotechnology and Bioengineering CenterMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWI53226USA
| | | | - Fahimeh Salehpour
- Department of Electrical Engineering University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Milwaukee WI 53211 USA
| | - Reyhaneh Sepehr
- Department of Electrical Engineering University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Milwaukee WI 53211 USA
| | - James S Heisner
- Department of Anesthesiology Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee WI 53226 USA
| | - Ranjan K Dash
- Department of PhysiologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWI53226USA; Biotechnology and Bioengineering CenterMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWI53226USA; Cardiovascular Research CenterMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWI53226USA
| | - Amadou K S Camara
- Cardiovascular Research CenterMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWI53226USA; Department of AnesthesiologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWI53226USA
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Salehpour F, Ghanian Z, Yang C, Zheleznova NN, Kurth T, Dash RK, Cowley AW, Ranji M. Effects of p67phox on the mitochondrial oxidative state in the kidney of Dahl salt-sensitive rats: optical fluorescence 3-D cryoimaging. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 309:F377-82. [PMID: 26062875 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00098.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to quantify and correlate the contribution of the cytosolic p67(phox) subunit of NADPH oxidase 2 to mitochondrial oxidative stress in the kidneys of the Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) hypertensive rat. Whole kidney redox states were uniquely assessed using a custom-designed optical fluorescence three-dimensional cryoimager to acquire multichannel signals of the intrinsic fluorophores NADH and FAD. SS rats were compared with SS rats in which the cytosolic subunit p67(phox) was rendered functionally inactive by zinc finger nuclease mutation of the gene (SS(p67phox)-null rats). Kidneys of SS rats fed a 0.4% NaCl diet exhibited significantly (P = 0.023) lower tissue redox ratio (NADH/FAD; 1.42 ± 0.06, n = 5) than SS(p67phox)-null rats (1.64 ± 0.07, n = 5), indicating reduced levels of mitochondrial electron transport chain metabolic activity and enhanced oxidative stress in SS rats. When fed a 4.0% salt diet for 21 days, both strains exhibited significantly lower tissue redox ratios (P < 0.001; SS rats: 1.03 ± 0.05, n = 9, vs. SS(p67phox)-null rats: 1.46 ± 0.04, n = 7) than when fed a 0.4% salt, but the ratio was still significantly higher in SS(p67phox) rats at the same salt level as SS rats. These results are consistent with results from previous studies that found elevated medullary interstitial fluid concentrations of superoxide and H2O2 in the medulla of SS rats. We conclude that the p67(phox) subunit of NADPH oxidase 2 plays an important role in the excess production of ROS from mitochondria in the renal medulla of the SS rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Salehpour
- Biophotonics Lab, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | - Z Ghanian
- Biophotonics Lab, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | - C Yang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - N N Zheleznova
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - T Kurth
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - R K Dash
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - A W Cowley
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - M Ranji
- Biophotonics Lab, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
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Jerkic M, Letarte M. Contribution of oxidative stress to endothelial dysfunction in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Front Genet 2015; 6:34. [PMID: 25763011 PMCID: PMC4327735 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress causes endothelial dysfunction and is implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Our studies suggested that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a crucial role in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) disease, a vascular dysplasia affecting 1 in 5,000–8,000 people. Mutations in endoglin (ENG) and activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ACVRL1) genes are responsible for HHT1 and HHT2 and are associated with arteriovenous malformations. ENG and ACVRL1 interact with endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and regulate its activation. Mice heterozygous for these genes (Eng+/– and Acvrl1+/–) show reduced ENG or ACVRL1 protein levels in endothelial cells causing eNOS uncoupling, generation of ROS rather than nitric oxide (NO•), leading to impaired NO• mediated vasodilation. ROS production is increased in several organs of Eng+/– and Acvrl1+/– mice, including lungs, liver, and colon, affected in HHT. The major source of increased oxidative stress in these tissues is eNOS-derived ROS and not mitochondrial or NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS. Eng+/– and Acvrl1+/– mice also develop with age signs of pulmonary arterial hypertension attributable to eNOS-derived ROS, which was preventable by antioxidant treatment. To date, only one pilot study has been carried out in HHT patients, and it showed beneficial effects of antioxidant therapy on epistaxis. We suggest that more clinical studies are warranted to investigate whether antioxidants would prevent, delay or attenuate manifestations of disease in individuals with HHT, based on our experimental data in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Jerkic
- Anesthesia Research, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michelle Letarte
- Molecular Structure and Function Program, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON, Canada ; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON, Canada
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