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Faase RA, Keeling NM, Plaut JS, Leycam C, Munares GA, Hinds MT, Baio JE, Jurney PL. Temporal Changes in the Surface Chemistry and Topography of Reactive Ion Plasma-Treated Poly(vinyl alcohol) Alter Endothelialization Potential. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:389-400. [PMID: 38117934 PMCID: PMC10788828 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic small-diameter vascular grafts (<6 mm) are used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, including coronary artery disease, but fail much more readily than similar grafts made from autologous vascular tissue. A promising approach to improve the patency rates of synthetic vascular grafts is to promote the adhesion of endothelial cells to the luminal surface of the graft. In this study, we characterized the surface chemical and topographic changes imparted on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), an emerging hydrogel vascular graft material, after exposure to various reactive ion plasma (RIP) surface treatments, how these changes dissipate after storage in a sealed environment at standard temperature and pressure, and the effect of these changes on the adhesion of endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs). We showed that RIP treatments including O2, N2, or Ar at two radiofrequency powers, 50 and 100 W, improved ECFC adhesion compared to untreated PVA and to different degrees for each RIP treatment, but that the topographic and chemical changes responsible for the increased cell affinity dissipate in samples treated and allowed to age for 230 days. We characterized the effect of aging on RIP-treated PVA using an assay to quantify ECFCs on RIP-treated PVA 48 h after seeding, atomic force microscopy to probe surface topography, scanning electron microscopy to visualize surface modifications, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to investigate surface chemistry. Our results show that after treatment at higher RF powers, the surface exhibits increased roughness and greater levels of charged nitrogen species across all precursor gases and that these surface modifications are beneficial for the attachment of ECFCs. This study is important for our understanding of the stability of surface modifications used to promote the adhesion of vascular cells such as ECFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A. Faase
- School
of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, 103 Gleeson Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Novella M. Keeling
- Biomedical
Engineering Program, University of Colorado
Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive 521 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0521, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health
and Science University, 3303 SW Bond Ave, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Justin S. Plaut
- Cancer
Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 3303 SW Bond Ave, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Christian Leycam
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, San José
State University, One Washington Square, San Jose, California 95112-3613, United States
| | - Gabriela Acevedo Munares
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, San José
State University, One Washington Square, San Jose, California 95112-3613, United States
| | - Monica T. Hinds
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health
and Science University, 3303 SW Bond Ave, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Joe E. Baio
- School
of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, 103 Gleeson Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Patrick L. Jurney
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, San José
State University, One Washington Square, San Jose, California 95112-3613, United States
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2
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Hagen MW, Hinds MT. The Effects of Topographic Micropatterning on Endothelial Colony-Forming Cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2020; 27:270-281. [PMID: 32600119 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2020.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial small-diameter vascular grafts remain an unmet need in modern medicine, due to the thrombosis and neointimal hyperplasia that plague currently available synthetic devices. Tissue engineering techniques, including in vitro endothelialization, could offer a solution to this problem. A potential minimally invasive source of patient autologous endothelium is endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs), endothelial-like outgrowth products of circulating progenitors. While ECFCs respond to shear stress similar to mature endothelial cells (ECs), their response to luminal topographic micropatterning (TMP), a biomaterial modification with the potential to flow-independently, enhance the attachment, migration, gene expression, and function of mature ECs, remains unstudied. In this study, case-matched carotid endothelial cells (CaECs) and blood-derived ECFCs are statically cultured on polyurethane substrates with micropatterned pitches (pitch = peak to peak distance) ranging from 3-to 14 μm. On all pattern pitches tested, both CaECs and ECFCs showed significant and robust alignment to the angle of the micropatterns. Using a novel cell-by-cell image analysis technique, it was found that actin fibers similarly and significantly aligned to the angle of micropatterned features on all pitches tested. Microtubules analyzed through the same novel approach showed significant alignment on most pitches examined, with a greater variation in fiber angle overall. Interestingly, only CaECs showed significant cellular elongation, and notably to a lower degree than previously seen either in vivo due to flow or in vitro due to spatial growth restriction micropatterning, but consistent with earlier studies of TMP. Neither cell type displayed any significant micropattern-driven changes in the expression of KLF-2 or the downstream adhesion molecules it regulates. These results demonstrate that TMP flow-independently affects ECFC morphology, but that alignment alone is insufficient to drive protective changes in EC and ECFC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Hagen
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Work was performed at Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Monica T Hinds
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Work was performed at Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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3
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Chopra H, Han Y, Zhang C, Pow EHN. CD133 +CD34 + cells can give rise to EPCs: A comparative rabbit and human study. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2020; 86:102487. [PMID: 32920463 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2020.102487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh Chopra
- Division of Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Han
- Division of Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Chengfei Zhang
- Division of Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Edmond Ho Nang Pow
- Division of Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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4
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Hagen MW, Hinds MT. Static spatial growth restriction micropatterning of endothelial colony forming cells influences their morphology and gene expression. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218197. [PMID: 31188903 PMCID: PMC6561595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelialization of small diameter synthetic vascular grafts is a potential solution to the thrombosis and intimal hyperplasia that plague current devices. Endothelial colony forming cells, which are blood-derived and similar to mature endothelial cells, are a potential cell source. Anisotropic spatial growth restriction micropatterning has been previously shown to affect the morphology and function of mature endothelial cells in a manner similar to unidirectional fluid shear stress. To date, endothelial colony forming cells have not been successfully micropatterned. This study addresses the hypothesis that micropatterning of endothelial colony forming cells will induce morphological elongation, cytoskeletal alignment, and changes in immunogenic and thrombogenic-related gene expression. METHODS Spatially growth restrictive test surfaces with 25 μm-wide lanes alternating between collagen-I and a blocking polymer were created using microfluidics. Case-matched endothelial colony forming cells and control mature carotid endothelial cells were statically cultured on either micropatterned or non-patterned surfaces. Cell elongation was quantified using shape index. Using confocal microscopy, cytoskeletal alignment was visualized and density and apoptotic rate were determined. Gene expression was measured using quantitative PCR to measure KLF-2, eNOS, VCAM-1, and vWF. RESULTS Endothelial colony forming cells were successfully micropatterned for up to 50 hours. Micropatterned cells displayed elongation and actin alignment. Micropatterning increased the packing densities of both cell types, but did not affect apoptotic rate, which was lower in endothelial colony forming cells. KLF-2 gene expression was increased in micropatterned relative to non-patterned endothelial colony forming cells after 50 hours. No significant differences were seen in the other genes tested. CONCLUSIONS Endothelial colony forming cells can be durably micropatterned using spatial growth restriction. Micropatterning has a significant effect on the gross and subcellular morphologies of both cell types. Further study is required to fully understand the effect of micropatterning on endothelial colony forming cell gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W. Hagen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Monica T. Hinds
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
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5
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Wang F, Li G, Guan X, Han Z, Yu X, You Q. Overexpression of eNOS decrease tissue factor (TF) level in CD34+ cells exhibit increased antithrombogenic property in small caliber vascular graft. THE JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY 2019; 60:136-143. [DOI: 10.23736/s0021-9509.18.08951-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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6
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Jurney PL, Anderson DEJ, Pohan G, Yim EKF, Hinds MT. Reactive Ion Plasma Modification of Poly(Vinyl-Alcohol) Increases Primary Endothelial Cell Affinity and Reduces Thrombogenicity. Macromol Biosci 2018; 18:e1800132. [PMID: 30256533 PMCID: PMC6644031 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201800132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Bulk material properties and luminal surface interaction with blood determine the clinical viability of vascular grafts, and reducing intimal hyperplasia is necessary to improve their long-term patency. Here, the authors report that the surface of a biocompatible hydrogel material, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) can be altered by exposing it to reactive ion plasma (RIP) in order to increase primary endothelial cell attachment. The power and the carrier gas of the RIP treatment are varied and the resultant surface nitrogen, water contact angle, as well as the ability of the RIP-treated surfaces to support primary endothelial colony forming cells is characterized. Additionally, in a clinically relevant shunt model, the amounts of platelet and fibrin attachment to the surface were quantified during exposure to non-anticoagulated blood. Treatments with all carrier gases resulted in an increase in the surface nitrogen. Treating PVA with O2 , N2 , and Ar RIP increased affinity to primary endothelial colony forming cells. The RIP treatments did not increase the thrombogenicity compared to untreated PVA and had significantly less platelet and fibrin attachment compared to the current clinical standard of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE). These findings indicate that RIP-treatment of PVA could lead to increased patency in synthetic vascular grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick L Jurney
- Dr. P. L. Jurney, Dr. D. E. J. Anderson, Prof. M. T. Hinds, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Deirdre E J Anderson
- Dr. P. L. Jurney, Dr. D. E. J. Anderson, Prof. M. T. Hinds, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Grace Pohan
- G. Pohan, Prof. E. K. F. Yim, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1
| | - Evelyn K F Yim
- G. Pohan, Prof. E. K. F. Yim, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1
| | - Monica T Hinds
- Dr. P. L. Jurney, Dr. D. E. J. Anderson, Prof. M. T. Hinds, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
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7
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Diaz Quiroz JF, Rodriguez PD, Erndt-Marino JD, Guiza V, Balouch B, Graf T, Reichert WM, Russell B, Höök M, Hahn MS. Collagen-Mimetic Proteins with Tunable Integrin Binding Sites for Vascular Graft Coatings. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:2934-2942. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Felipe Diaz Quiroz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Patricia Diaz Rodriguez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Josh D. Erndt-Marino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Viviana Guiza
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Bailey Balouch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Tyler Graf
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - William M. Reichert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Brooke Russell
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Magnus Höök
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Mariah S. Hahn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
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8
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A Novel Strategy to Engineer Pre-Vascularized Full-Length Dental Pulp-like Tissue Constructs. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3323. [PMID: 28607361 PMCID: PMC5468292 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02532-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The requirement for immediate vascularization of engineered dental pulp poses a major hurdle towards successful implementation of pulp regeneration as an effective therapeutic strategy for root canal therapy, especially in adult teeth. Here, we demonstrate a novel strategy to engineer pre-vascularized, cell-laden hydrogel pulp-like tissue constructs in full-length root canals for dental pulp regeneration. We utilized gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels with tunable physical and mechanical properties to determine the microenvironmental conditions (microstructure, degradation, swelling and elastic modulus) that enhanced viability, spreading and proliferation of encapsulated odontoblast-like cells (OD21), and the formation of endothelial monolayers by endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs). GelMA hydrogels with higher polymer concentration (15% w/v) and stiffness enhanced OD21 cell viability, spreading and proliferation, as well as endothelial cell spreading and monolayer formation. We then fabricated pre-vascularized, full-length, dental pulp-like tissue constructs by dispensing OD21 cell-laden GelMA hydrogel prepolymer in root canals of extracted teeth and fabricating 500 µm channels throughout the root canals. ECFCs seeded into the microchannels successfully formed monolayers and underwent angiogenic sprouting within 7 days in culture. In summary, the proposed approach is a simple and effective strategy for engineering of pre-vascularized dental pulp constructs offering potentially beneficial translational outcomes.
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9
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Munoz-Pinto DJ, Erndt-Marino JD, Becerra-Bayona SM, Guiza-Arguello VR, Samavedi S, Malmut S, Reichert WM, Russell B, Höök M, Hahn MS. Evaluation of late outgrowth endothelial progenitor cell and umbilical vein endothelial cell responses to thromboresistant collagen-mimetic hydrogels. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 105:1712-1724. [PMID: 28218444 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive coatings which support the adhesion of late-outgrowth peripheral blood endothelial progenitor cells (EOCs) are actively being investigated as a means to promote rapid endothelialization of "off-the-shelf," small-caliber arterial graft prostheses following implantation. In the present work, we evaluated the behavior of EOCs on thromboresistant graft coatings based on the collagen-mimetic protein Scl2-2 and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) diacrylate. Specifically, the attachment, proliferation, migration, and phenotype of EOCs on PEG-Scl2-2 hydrogels were evaluated as a function of Scl2-2 concentration (4, 8, and 12 mg/mL) relative to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Results demonstrate the ability of each PEG-Scl2-2 hydrogel formulation to support EOC and HUVEC adhesion, proliferation, and spreading. However, only the 8 and 12 mg/mL PEG-Scl2-2 hydrogels were able to support stable EOC and HUVEC confluence. These PEG-Scl2-2 formulations were, therefore, selected for evaluation of their impact on EOC and HUVEC phenotype relative to PEG-collagen hydrogels. Cumulatively, both gene and protein level data indicated that 8 mg/mL PEG-Scl2-2 hydrogels supported similar or improved levels of EOC maturation relative to PEG-collagen controls based on evaluation of CD34, VEGFR2, PECAM-1, and VE-Cadherin. The 8 mg/mL PEG-Scl2-2 hydrogels also appeared to support similar or improved levels of EOC homeostatic marker expression relative to PEG-collagen hydrogels based on von Willebrand factor, collagen IV, NOS3, thrombomodulin, and E-selectin assessment. Combined, the present results indicate that PEG-Scl2-2 hydrogels warrant further investigation as "off-the-shelf" graft coatings. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 1712-1724, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dany J Munoz-Pinto
- Department of Engineering Science, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Josh D Erndt-Marino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | | | | | - Satyavrata Samavedi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | - Sarah Malmut
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | - William M Reichert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Brooke Russell
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, TAM Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Magnus Höök
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, TAM Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mariah S Hahn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
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10
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Hsia K, Yao CL, Chen WM, Chen JH, Lee H, Lu JH. Scaffolds and Cell-Based Tissue Engineering for Blood Vessel Therapy. Cells Tissues Organs 2016; 202:281-295. [PMID: 27548610 DOI: 10.1159/000448169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing morbidity of cardiovascular diseases in modern society has made it crucial to develop a small-caliber blood vessel. In the absence of appropriate autologous vascular grafts, an alternative prosthesis must be constructed for cardiovascular disease patients. The aim of this article is to describe the advances in making cell-seeded cardiovascular prostheses. It also discusses the combinations of types of scaffolds and cells, especially autologous stem cells, which are suitable for application in tissue-engineered vessels with the favorable properties of mechanical strength, antithrombogenicity, biocompliance, anti-inflammation, fatigue resistance and long-term durability. This article highlights the advancements in cellular tissue-engineered vessels in recent years.
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11
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Glynn JJ, Hinds MT. Bioactive Anti-Thrombotic Modification of Decellularized Matrix for Vascular Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:1439-46. [PMID: 27072858 PMCID: PMC5753589 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The decellularized matrix derived from porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS) is a widely used biomaterial being investigated for numerous applications. Currently, thrombus deposition and neointimal hyperplasia have limited the use of SIS in some vascular applications. To limit these detrimental processes, this work applies bioactive, endothelial-inspired properties to the material. SIS is modified with the endothelial cell membrane protein thrombomodulin and the glycosaminoglycan heparin to facilitate protein C activation and anticoagulant activity, respectively. Modifying SIS with thrombomodulin alone enables robust activated protein C (APC) generation, and thrombomodulin activity is maintained after prolonged exposure to fluid shear and blood plasma. Heparin-modified SIS has a potent anticoagulant activity. When both modifications are applied sequentially, SIS modified first with thrombomodulin then with heparin retains the full activity of each individual modification. Tubular SIS devices are connected to a baboon arteriovenous shunt to quantify thrombus deposition on these materials. After being exposed to flowing whole blood for 60 min, SIS devices modified first with thrombomodulin then with heparin have significantly less platelet accumulation compared to unmodified SIS devices. These studies demonstrate that modifying SIS with thrombomodulin and heparin confers APC generation and anticoagulant activity that results in reduced thrombogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J Glynn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Mail Code: CH13B 3303 SW Bond Ave, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Monica T Hinds
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Mail Code: CH13B 3303 SW Bond Ave, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
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12
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Tasev D, Koolwijk P, van Hinsbergh VWM. Therapeutic Potential of Human-Derived Endothelial Colony-Forming Cells in Animal Models. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2016; 22:371-382. [PMID: 27032435 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2016.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Tissue regeneration requires proper vascularization. In vivo studies identified that the endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs), a subtype of endothelial progenitor cells that can be isolated from umbilical cord or peripheral blood, represent a promising cell source for therapeutic neovascularization. ECFCs not only are able to initiate and facilitate neovascularization in diseased tissue but also can, by acting in a paracrine manner, contribute to the creation of favorable conditions for efficient and appropriate differentiation of tissue-resident stem or progenitor cells. This review outlines the progress in the field of in vivo regenerative and tissue engineering studies and surveys why, when, and how ECFCs can be used for tissue regeneration. RECENT FINDINGS Reviewed literature that regard human-derived ECFCs in xenogeneic animal models implicates that ECFCs should be considered as an endothelial cell source of preference for induction of neovascularization. Their neovascularization and regenerative potential is augmented in combination with other types of stem or progenitor cells. Biocompatible scaffolds prevascularized with ECFCs interconnect faster and better with the host vasculature. The physical incorporation of ECFCs in newly formed blood vessels grants prolonged release of trophic factors of interest, which also makes ECFCs an interesting cell source candidate for gene therapy and delivery of bioactive compounds in targeted area. SUMMARY ECFCs possess all biological features to be considered as a cell source of preference for tissue engineering and repair of blood supply. Investigation of regenerative potential of ECFCs in autologous settings in large animal models before clinical application is the next step to clearly outline the most efficient strategy for using ECFCs as treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitar Tasev
- 1 Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands .,2 A-Skin Nederland BV , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Koolwijk
- 1 Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Victor W M van Hinsbergh
- 1 Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Glynn JJ, Jones CM, Anderson DEJ, Pavcnik D, Hinds MT. In vivo assessment of two endothelialization approaches on bioprosthetic valves for the treatment of chronic deep venous insufficiency. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2015; 104:1610-1621. [PMID: 26316151 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chronic deep venous insufficiency is a debilitating disease with limited therapeutic interventions. A bioprosthetic venous valve could not only replace a diseased valve, but has the potential to fully integrate into the patient with a minimally invasive procedure. Previous work with valves constructed from small intestinal submucosa (SIS) showed improvements in patients' symptoms in clinical studies; however, substantial thickening of the implanted valve leaflets also occurred. As endothelial cells are key regulators of vascular homeostasis, their presence on the SIS valves may reduce the observed thickening. This work tested an off-the-shelf approach to capture circulating endothelial cells in vivo using biotinylated antikinase insert domain receptor antibodies in a suspended leaflet ovine model. The antibodies on SIS were oriented to promote cell capture and showed positive binding to endothelial cells in vitro; however, no differences were observed in leaflet thickness in vivo between antibody-modified and unmodified SIS. In an alternative approach, valves were pre-seeded with autologous endothelial cells and tested in vivo. Nearly all the implanted pre-seeded valves were patent and functioning; however, no statistical difference was observed in valve thickness with cell pre-seeding. Additional cell capture schemes or surface modifications should be examined to find an optimal method for encouraging SIS valve endothelialization to improve long-term valve function in vivo. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 1610-1621, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J Glynn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, 97239
| | - Casey M Jones
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, 97239.,Department of Chemistry, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, Oregon, 97219
| | - Deirdre E J Anderson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, 97239
| | - Dusan Pavcnik
- Dotter Interventional Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, 97239
| | - Monica T Hinds
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, 97239. .,Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, 97239. .,Department of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006.
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14
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Anderson DEJ, McKenna KA, Glynn JJ, Marzec U, Hanson SR, Hinds MT. Thrombotic responses of endothelial outgrowth cells to protein-coated surfaces. Cells Tissues Organs 2015; 199:238-48. [PMID: 25612682 DOI: 10.1159/000368223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is significant clinical need for viable small-diameter vascular grafts. While there are many graft biomaterials in development, few have been clinically successful. Evaluation of grafts with a clinically relevant model is needed to drive development. This work examined extracellular matrix coatings on the thrombotic phenotype of endothelial outgrowth cells (EOCs). EOCs were tested on flat plates and tubular grafts. Flat plate studies examined collagen I, collagen IV, fibronectin and α-elastin coatings. EOCs attached or proliferated more readily on collagen I and fibronectin surfaces as determined by total DNA. The production of activated protein C (APC) by EOCs was also dependent on the surface coating, with collagen I and fibronectin displaying a higher activity than both collagen IV and α-elastin on flat plate studies. Based on these results, only collagen I and fibronectin coatings were tested on expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) in the ex vivo model. Tubular samples showed significantly greater tissue factor pathway inhibitor gene expression on collagen I than on fibronectin. Platelet adhesion was not significantly different, but EOCs on collagen I produced significantly lower APC than on fibronectin, suggesting that differences exist between the flat plate and tubular cultures. Overall, while the hemostatic phenotype of EOCs displayed some differences, cell responses were largely independent of the matrix coating. EOCs adhered strongly to both fibronectin- and collagen-I-coated ePTFE grafts under ex vivo (100 ml/min) flow conditions suggesting the usefulness of this clinically relevant cell source, testing modality, and shunt model for future work examining biomaterials and cell conditioning before implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre E J Anderson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oreg., USA
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Anderson DEJ, Glynn JJ, Song HK, Hinds MT. Engineering an endothelialized vascular graft: a rational approach to study design in a non-human primate model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115163. [PMID: 25526637 PMCID: PMC4272299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
After many years of research, small diameter, synthetic vascular grafts still lack the necessary biologic integration to perform ideally in clinical settings. Endothelialization of vascular grafts has the potential to improve synthetic graft function, and endothelial outgrowth cells (EOCs) are a promising autologous cell source. Yet no work has established the link between endothelial cell functions and outcomes of implanted endothelialized grafts. This work utilized steady flow, oscillatory flow, and tumor necrosis factor stimulation to alter EOC phenotype and enable the formulation of a model to predict endothelialized graft performance. To accomplish this, EOC in vitro expression of coagulation and inflammatory markers was quantified. In parallel, in non-human primate (baboon) models, the platelet and fibrinogen accumulation on endothelialized grafts were quantified in an ex vivo shunt, or the tissue ingrowth on implanted grafts were characterized after 1mth. Oscillatory flow stimulation of EOCs increased in vitro coagulation markers and ex vivo platelet accumulation. Steady flow preconditioning did not affect platelet accumulation or intimal hyperplasia relative to static samples. To determine whether in vitro markers predict implant performance, a linear regression model of the in vitro data was fit to platelet accumulation data-correlating the markers with the thromboprotective performance of the EOCs. The model was tested against implant intimal hyperplasia data and found to correlate strongly with the parallel in vitro analyses. This research defines the effects of flow preconditioning on EOC regulation of coagulation in clinical vascular grafts through parallel in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo analyses, and contributes to the translatability of in vitro tests to in vivo clinical graft performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre E. J. Anderson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Jeremy J. Glynn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Howard K. Song
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Monica T. Hinds
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Glynn JJ, Hinds MT. Endothelial outgrowth cells regulate coagulation, platelet accumulation, and respond to tumor necrosis factor similar to carotid endothelial cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 21:174-82. [PMID: 24965131 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) are central regulators of hemostasis, inflammation, and other vascular processes. ECs have been used to cover vascular graft materials in an attempt to improve the biological integration of the grafts with the surrounding tissue. Although EC seeded grafts demonstrated improved patency, the invasive nature of EC harvest has limited the clinical translation of this technique. Endothelial outgrowth cells (EOCs) can be derived from circulating endothelial progenitor cells, which are noninvasively isolated from a peripheral blood draw. Although EOCs have been presumed to regulate hemostasis and inflammation similarly to arterial ECs, there has been limited research that directly compares EOCs to arterial ECs, particularly using pairs of donor-matched cells. This study provides a multifaceted characterization of hemostasis regulation by baboon EOCs and carotid ECs, both in the presence and absence of an inflammatory stimulus, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). The expression of genes involved in thrombosis and inflammation was highly similar between ECs and EOCs at a basal state and following TNFα stimulation. ECs and EOCs activated similar levels of protein C and Factor X (FX) at a basal state. Following TNFα treatment, EOCs had less of an increase in tissue factor activity than ECs. Cell-seeded expanded polytetrafluoroethylene vascular grafts demonstrated no significant differences between ECs and EOCs in platelet accumulation or fibrinogen incorporation in a baboon femoral arteriovenous shunt loop. This work demonstrates that EOCs regulate thrombus formation and respond to an inflammatory stimulus similar to ECs, and supports utilizing EOCs as a source for an autologous endothelium in tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J Glynn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon
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17
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Glynn JJ, Hinds MT. Endothelial outgrowth cells: function and performance in vascular grafts. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2013; 20:294-303. [PMID: 24004404 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2013.0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The clinical need for vascular grafts continues to grow. Tissue engineering strategies have been employed to develop vascular grafts for patients lacking sufficient autologous vessels for grafting. Restoring a functional endothelium on the graft lumen has been shown to greatly improve the long-term patency of small-diameter grafts. However, obtaining an autologous source of endothelial cells for in vitro endothelialization is invasive and often not a viable option. Endothelial outgrowth cells (EOCs), derived from circulating progenitor cells in peripheral blood, provide an alternative cell source for engineering an autologous endothelium. This review aims at highlighting the role of EOCs in the regulation of processes that are central to vascular graft performance. To characterize EOC performance in vascular grafts, this review identifies the characteristics of EOCs, defines functional performance criteria for EOCs in vascular grafts, and summarizes the existing work in developing vascular grafts with EOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J Glynn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon
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18
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Ankeny RF, Hinds MT, Nerem RM. Dynamic shear stress regulation of inflammatory and thrombotic pathways in baboon endothelial outgrowth cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 19:1573-82. [PMID: 23406430 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial outgrowth cells (EOCs) have garnered much attention as a potential autologous endothelial source for vascular implants or in tissue engineering applications due to their ease of isolation and proliferative ability; however, how these cells respond to different hemodynamic cues is ill-defined. This study investigates the inflammatory and thrombotic response of baboon EOCs (BaEOCs) to four hemodynamic conditions using the cone and plate shear apparatus: steady, laminar shear stress (SS); pulsatile, nonreversing laminar shear stress (PS); oscillatory, laminar shear stress (OS); and net positive, pulsatile, reversing laminar shear stress (RS). In summary, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) mRNA was significantly upregulated by SS compared to OS. No differences were found in the mRNA levels of the inflammatory markers intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), E-selectin, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) between the shear conditions; however, OS significantly increased the number of monocytes bound when compared to SS. Next, SS increased the anti-thrombogenic mRNA levels of CD39, thrombomodulin, and endothelial protein-C receptor (EPCR) compared to OS. SS also significantly increased CD39 and EPCR mRNA levels compared to RS. Finally, no significant differences were detected when comparing pro-thrombotic tissue factor mRNA or its activity levels. These results indicate that shear stress can have beneficial (SS) or adverse (OS, RS) effects on the inflammatory or thrombotic potential of EOCs. Further, these results suggest SS hemodynamic preconditioning may be optimal in increasing the efficacy of a vascular implant or in tissue-engineered applications that have incorporated EOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall F Ankeny
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience and Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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19
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Trends in tissue engineering for blood vessels. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:956345. [PMID: 23251085 PMCID: PMC3518873 DOI: 10.1155/2012/956345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the years, cardiovascular diseases continue to increase and affect not only human health but also the economic stability worldwide. The advancement in tissue engineering is contributing a lot in dealing with this immediate need of alleviating human health. Blood vessel diseases are considered as major cardiovascular health problems. Although blood vessel transplantation is the most convenient treatment, it has been delimited due to scarcity of donors and the patient's conditions. However, tissue-engineered blood vessels are promising alternatives as mode of treatment for blood vessel defects. The purpose of this paper is to show the importance of the advancement on biofabrication technology for treatment of soft tissue defects particularly for vascular tissues. This will also provide an overview and update on the current status of tissue reconstruction especially from autologous stem cells, scaffolds, and scaffold-free cellular transplantable constructs. The discussion of this paper will be focused on the historical view of cardiovascular tissue engineering and stem cell biology. The representative studies featured in this paper are limited within the last decade in order to trace the trend and evolution of techniques for blood vessel tissue engineering.
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Jones CM, Hinds MT, Pavcnik D. Retention of an autologous endothelial layer on a bioprosthetic valve for the treatment of chronic deep venous insufficiency. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2012; 23:697-703. [PMID: 22410542 PMCID: PMC3336010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2012.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Percutaneous transcatheter implantation of porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS) bioprosthetic valves has been reported as a treatment for chronic deep venous insufficiency (CDVI). Endothelial progenitor outgrowth cells (EOCs), isolated from whole ovine blood, were evaluated as a source of in vitro autologous seeding for SIS endothelialization. Retention of the EOC monolayer was evaluated to test the feasibility of delivering an endothelialized SIS valve. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty bioprosthetic venous valves were constructed from SIS sutured onto collapsible square stent frames and were seeded with ovine EOCs in vitro. Retention of the endothelial monolayer through valve loading and delivery (three valves), in vitro flow (three valves), and ex vivo flow (four valves) was evaluated with immunofluorescent staining and histologic analysis compared with paired unmanipulated control valves. In the ex vivo shunt loop, venous blood was pulled from an implanted dialysis catheter, through the valve, and returned to the sheep. RESULTS Immunofluorescent staining of EOCs on the valves after in vitro seeding revealed a confluent monolayer (95.6% ± 2.3% confluent) on each side of the valve. When examined by immunofluorescent staining, the endothelial monolayer remained intact after loading and delivery (97.1% ± 1.7%) and when subjected to flow in the in vitro loop (96.0% ± 3.0%). Histologic analysis of the valves subjected to the ex vivo shunt loop revealed retention of the endothelial monolayer. CONCLUSIONS Endothelial monolayers seeded on SIS were retained under loading and delivery, in vitro flow, and ex vivo flow. EOCs are a promising cell source for autologous endothelialization of bioprosthetic valves for the treatment of CDVI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey M Jones
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, L342, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Ensley AE, Nerem RM, Anderson DEJ, Hanson SR, Hinds MT. Fluid shear stress alters the hemostatic properties of endothelial outgrowth cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 18:127-36. [PMID: 21787250 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface endothelialization is an attractive means to improve the performance of small diameter vascular grafts. While endothelial outgrowth cells (EOCs) are considered a promising source of autologous endothelium, the ability of EOCs to modulate coagulation-related blood activities is not well understood. The goal of this study was to assess the role of arterial flow conditions on the thrombogenic phenotype of EOCs. EOCs derived from baboon peripheral blood, as well as mature arterial endothelial cells from baboons, were seeded onto adsorbed collagen, then exposed to physiologic levels of fluid shear stress. For important hemostatic pathways, cellular responses to shear stress were characterized at the gene and protein level and confirmed with a functional assay for activated protein C (APC) activity. For EOCs, fluid shear stress upregulated gene and protein expression of anticoagulant and platelet inhibitory factors, including thrombomodulin, tissue factor pathway inhibitor, and nitric oxide synthase 3 (eNOS). Fluid shear stress significantly altered the functional activity of EOCs by increasing APC levels. This study demonstrates that fluid shear stress is an important determinant of EOC hemostatic properties. Accordingly, manipulation of EOC phenotype by mechanical forces may be important for the development of thrombo-resistant surfaces on engineered vascular implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E Ensley
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience and Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Abstract
Transplant surgeons have historically been instrumental in advancing the science of transplantation. However, research in the current environment inevitably requires external funding, and the classic career development pathway for a junior investigator is the NIH K award. We matched transplant surgeons who completed fellowships between 1998 and 2004 with the NIH funding database, and also queried them regarding research effort and attitudes. Of 373 surgeons who completed a fellowship, only 6 (1.8%) received a K award; of these, 3 subsequently obtained R-level funding. An additional 5 individuals received an R-level grant within their first 5 years as faculty without a K award, 3 of whom had received a prior ASTS-sponsored award. Survey respondents reported extensive research experience during their training (78.8% spent median 24 months), a high proportion of graduate research degrees (36%), and a strong desire for more research time (78%). However, they reported clinical burdens and lack of mentorship as their primary perceived barriers to successful research careers. The very low rate of NIH funding for young transplant surgeons, combined with survey results that indicate their desire to participate in research, suggest institutional barriers to access that may warrant attention by the ASTS and the transplant surgery community.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Englesbe
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI Department of Surgery and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Towner RA, Smith N, Asano Y, He T, Doblas S, Saunders D, Silasi-Mansat R, Lupu F, Seeney CE. Molecular magnetic resonance imaging approaches used to aid in the understanding of angiogenesis in vivo: implications for tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:357-64. [PMID: 19663584 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In tissue engineering it is often necessary to assess angiogenesis associated with engineered tissue grafts. The levels of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGF-R2) is elevated during angiogenesis. The goal of this study was to develop and assess a novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) molecular probe for the in vivo detection of VEGF-R2 in an experimental rodent model of disease. The possible use of the probe in tissue engineering applications is discussed. The molecular targeting agent we used in our study incorporated a magnetite-based dextran-coated nanoparticle backbone covalently bound to an anti-VEGF-R2 antibody. We used molecular MRI with an anti-VEGF-R2 probe to detect in vivo VEGF-R2 levels as a molecular marker for gliomas (primary brain tumors). Tumor regions were compared with normal tissue. Nonimmune nonspecific normal rat immunoglobulin G coupled to the dextran-coated nanoparticles was used as a control. Prussian blue staining for iron-based nanoprobes was used to confirm the specificity of the probe for VEGF-R2 in glioma tissue. VEGF-R2 levels in tumor tissues were also confirmed in western blots and via immunohistochemistry. Based on our results, in vivo evaluation of tissue angiogenesis using molecular MRI is possible in tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rheal A Towner
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA.
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Allen JB, Khan S, Lapidos KA, Ameer GA. Toward engineering a human neoendothelium with circulating progenitor cells. Stem Cells 2010; 28:318-28. [PMID: 20013827 DOI: 10.1002/stem.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-engineered vascular grafts may one day provide a solution to many of the limitations associated with using synthetic vascular grafts. However, identifying a suitable cell source and polymer scaffold to recreate the properties of a native blood vessel remains a challenge. In this work, we assess the feasibility of using endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) found in circulating blood to generate a functional endothelium on poly(1,8-octanediol-co-citrate) (POC), a biodegradable elastomeric polyester. EPCs were isolated from human blood and biochemically differentiated into endothelial-like cells (HE-like) in vitro. The differentiated cell phenotype and function was confirmed by the appearance of the characteristic endothelial cell (EC) cobblestone morphology and positive staining for EC markers, von Willebrand factor, vascular endothelial cadherin, flk-1, and CD31. In addition, HE-like cells cultured on POC express endothelial nitric oxide synthase at levels comparable to aortic ECs. Furthermore, as with mature endothelial cells, HE-like cell populations show negligible expression of tissue factor. Similarly, HE-like cells produce and secrete prostacyclin and tissue plasminogen activator at levels comparable to venous and aortic ECs. When compared to fibroblast cells, HE-like cells cultured on POC show a decrease in the rate of plasma and whole-blood clot formation as well as a decrease in platelet adhesion. Finally, the data show that HE-like cells can withstand physiological shear stress of 10 dynes/cm(2) when cultured on POC-modified expanded poly(tetrafluoroethylene) vascular grafts. Collectively, these data are the foundation for future clinical studies in the creation of an autologous endothelial cell-seeded vascular graft.
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Vartanian KB, Kirkpatrick SJ, McCarty OJT, Vu TQ, Hanson SR, Hinds MT. Distinct extracellular matrix microenvironments of progenitor and carotid endothelial cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 91:528-39. [PMID: 18985765 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) produce and maintain the local extracellular matrix (ECM), a critical function that contributes to EC and blood vessel health. This function is also crucial to vascular tissue engineering, where endothelialization of vascular constructs require a cell source that readily produces and maintains ECM. In this study, baboon endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) deposition of ECM (laminin, collagen IV, and fibronectin) was characterized and compared to mature carotid ECs, evaluated in both elongated and cobblestone morphologies typically found in vivo. Microfluidic micropatterning was used to create 15-microm wide adhesive lanes with 45-microm spacing to reproduce the elongated EC morphology without the influence of external forces. Both EPCs and ECs elongated on micropatterned lanes had aligned actin cytoskeleton and readily deposited ECM. EPCs deposited and remodeled the ECM to a greater extent than ECs. Since a readily produced ECM can improve graft patency, EPCs are an advantageous cell source for endothelializing vascular constructs. Furthermore, EC deposition of ECM was dependent on cell morphology, where elongated ECs deposited more collagen IV and less fibronectin compared to matched cobblestone controls. Thus micropatterned surfaces controlled EC shape and ECM deposition, which ultimately has implications for the design of tissue-engineered vascular constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keri B Vartanian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.
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Qiu RX, Li CM, Ye L, Dong JD, Zhang AY, Gu YQ, Feng ZG. Electrospinning of synthesized triblock copolymers of ε-caprolactone and L-lactide for the application of vascular tissue engineering. Biomed Mater 2009; 4:044105. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/4/4/044105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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De P, Peng Q, Dmitry T, Li W, Yoder MC, March KL, Durden DL. Expression of RAC2 in endothelial cells is required for the postnatal neovascular response. Exp Cell Res 2009; 315:248-63. [PMID: 19123268 PMCID: PMC2767303 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we describe an obligate role for the hematopoietic specific GTPase, RAC2 in endothelial integrin signaling and the postnatal neovascularization response in vivo. Using a Rac2 knockout mouse model, we discovered that despite the presence of both RAC1 and RAC2 protein in endothelial cells, RAC2 is obligately required for the postnatal neovascular response and alphavbeta3/ alpha4beta1/alpha5beta1 integrin-directed migration on vitronectin, H296 and CH271, fibronectin fragments, respectively. The molecular basis for RAC2 specificity was explored. A genetic analysis of Syk -/+ or Syk-/+;Rac2 -/+ mice revealed that SYK kinase is required for the integrin induced activation of RAC2. The analysis of endothelial cells from Rac2-/+ versus Syk-/+;Rac2-/+ mice provided genetic evidence that SYK-RAC2 signaling axis regulates integrin (alphavbeta3, alpha4beta1 and alpha5beta1) dependent migration. Our results provide evidence that a specific region of the nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase, SYK, the B linker region containing Y342 and Y346 is required for SYK's regulation of RAC2 and integrin dependent migration. Moreover, the capacity of mice to vascularize the ischemic hindlimb following femoral artery ligation or matrigel plugs was markedly reduced in mice homozygous deficient for the Rac2 gene. These findings identify a novel signaling axis for the induction and potential modulation of postnatal angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip De
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Services, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Qiong Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Services, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - T. Dmitry
- Vascular Biology Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202
| | | | - Mervin C. Yoder
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202
| | - Keith L. March
- Vascular Biology Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202
| | - Donald L. Durden
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Services, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
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