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Liang W, Han M, Li G, Dang W, Wu H, Meng X, Zhen Y, Lin W, Ao R, Hu X, An Y. Perfusable adipose decellularized extracellular matrix biological scaffold co-recellularized with adipose-derived stem cells and L6 promotes functional skeletal muscle regeneration following volumetric muscle loss. Biomaterials 2024; 307:122529. [PMID: 38489911 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Muscle tissue engineering is a promising therapeutic strategy for volumetric muscle loss (VML). Among them, decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) biological scaffolds have shown certain effects in restoring muscle function. However, researchers have inconsistent or even contradictory results on whether dECM biological scaffolds can efficiently regenerate muscle fibers and restore muscle function. This suggests that therapeutic strategies based on dECM biological scaffolds need to be further optimized and developed. In this study, we used a recellularization method of perfusing adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) and L6 into adipose dECM (adECM) through vascular pedicles. On one hand, this strategy ensures sufficient quantity and uniform distribution of seeded cells inside scaffold. On the other hand, auxiliary L6 cells addresses the issue of low myogenic differentiation efficiency of ASCs. Subsequently, the treatment of VML animal experiments showed that the combined recellularization strategy can improve muscle regeneration and angiogenesis than the single ASCs recellularization strategy, and the TA of former had greater muscle contraction strength. Further single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) analysis found that L6 cells induced ASCs transform into a new subpopulation of cells highly expressing Mki67, CD34 and CDK1 genes, which had stronger ability of oriented myogenic differentiation. This study demonstrates that co-seeding ASCs and L6 cells through vascular pedicles is a promising recellularization strategy for adECM biological scaffolds, and the engineered muscle tissue constructed based on this has significant therapeutic effects on VML. Overall, this study provides a new paradigm for optimizing and developing dECM-based therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Meng Han
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Guan Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Wanwen Dang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Huiting Wu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiaoyu Meng
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yonghuan Zhen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Weibo Lin
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Rigele Ao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Yang An
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Thomas VJ, Buchweitz NF, Baek JJ, Wu Y, Mercuri JJ. The development of a nucleus pulposus-derived cartilage analog scaffold for chondral repair and regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res A 2024; 112:421-435. [PMID: 37964720 PMCID: PMC10842041 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Focal chondral defects (FCDs) significantly impede quality of life for patients and impose severe economic costs on society. One of the most promising treatment options-autologous matrix-induced chondrogenesis (AMIC)-could benefit from a scaffold that contains both of the primary cartilage matrix components-sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs) and collagen type II. Here, 17 different protocols were evaluated to determine the most optimum strategy for decellularizing (decelling) the bovine nucleus pulposus (bNP) to yield a natural biomaterial with a cartilaginous constituency. The resulting scaffold was then characterized with respect to its biochemistry, biomechanics and cytocompatibility. Results indicated that the optimal decell protocol involved pre-crosslinking the tissue prior to undergoing decell with trypsin and Triton X-100. The residual DNA content of the scaffold was found to be 32.64 ± 9.26 ng/mg dry wt. of tissue with sGAG and hydroxyproline (HYP) contents of 72.53 ± 16.43. and 78.38 ± 8.46 μg/mg dry wt. respectively. The dynamic viscoelastic properties were found to be preserved (complex modulus: 17.92-16.62 kPa across a range of frequencies) while the equilibrium properties were found to have significantly decreased (aggregate modulus: 11.51 ± 9.19 kPa) compared to the non-decelled fresh bNP tissue. Furthermore, the construct was also found to be cytocompatible with bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs). While it was not permissive of cellular infiltration, the BMSCs were still found to have lined the laser drilled channels in the scaffold. Taken together, the biomaterial developed herein could be a valuable addition to the AMIC family of scaffolds or serve as an off-the-shelf standalone option for cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Joseph Thomas
- The Laboratory of Orthopaedic Tissue Regeneration & Orthobiologics, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Nathan Foster Buchweitz
- The Orthopaedic Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jay John Baek
- The Orthopaedic Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Yongren Wu
- The Orthopaedic Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jeremy John Mercuri
- The Laboratory of Orthopaedic Tissue Regeneration & Orthobiologics, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
- The Frank H. Stelling and C. Dayton Riddle Orthopaedic Research and Education Laboratory, Clemson University Biomedical Engineering Innovation Campus, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
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3
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Li Y, Zhang H, Zhu D, Yang F, Wang Z, Wei Z, Yang Z, Jia J, Kang X. Notochordal cells: A potential therapeutic option for intervertebral disc degeneration. Cell Prolif 2024; 57:e13541. [PMID: 37697480 PMCID: PMC10849793 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a prevalent musculoskeletal degenerative disorder worldwide, and ~40% of chronic low back pain cases are associated with IDD. Although the pathogenesis of IDD remains unclear, the reduction in nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) and degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) are critical factors contributing to IDD. Notochordal cells (NCs), derived from the notochord, which rapidly degrades after birth and is eventually replaced by NPCs, play a crucial role in maintaining ECM homeostasis and preventing NPCs apoptosis. Current treatments for IDD only provide symptomatic relief, while lacking the ability to inhibit or reverse its progression. However, NCs and their secretions possess anti-inflammatory properties and promote NPCs proliferation, leading to ECM formation. Therefore, in recent years, NCs therapy targeting the underlying cause of IDD has emerged as a novel treatment strategy. This article provides a comprehensive review of the latest research progress on NCs for IDD, covering their biological characteristics, specific markers, possible mechanisms involved in IDD and therapeutic effects. It also highlights significant future directions in this field to facilitate further exploration of the pathogenesis of IDD and the development of new therapies based on NCs strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhu Li
- Lanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu ProvinceLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- Lanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu ProvinceLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
- The Second People's Hospital of Gansu ProvinceLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Daxue Zhu
- Lanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu ProvinceLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Fengguang Yang
- Lanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu ProvinceLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoheng Wang
- Lanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu ProvinceLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Ziyan Wei
- Lanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu ProvinceLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Zhili Yang
- Lanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu ProvinceLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Jingwen Jia
- Lanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu ProvinceLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xuewen Kang
- Lanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu ProvinceLanzhouPeople's Republic of China
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4
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Ma T, Liu C, Zhao Q, Zhang Y, Xiao L. Decellularized nucleus pulposus matrix/chitosan hybrid hydrogel combined with nucleus pulposus stem cells and GDF5-loaded microspheres for intervertebral disc degeneration prevention. Mol Med 2024; 30:7. [PMID: 38200442 PMCID: PMC10782726 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-024-00777-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is considered an important pathological basis for spinal degenerative diseases. Tissue engineering is a powerful therapeutic strategy that can effectively restore the normal biological properties of disc units. In this study, hydrogels loaded with growth/differentiation factor 5 (GDF5) and stem cells were combined to provide an effective strategy for nucleus pulposus regeneration. METHODS Nucleus pulposus stem cells (NPSCs) were obtained by low-density inoculation and culture, and their stem cell characteristics were verified by flow cytometry and a tri-lineage-induced differentiation experiment. A decellularized nucleus pulposus matrix (DNPM) and chitosan hybrid hydrogel was prepared, and GDF5-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres were incorporated into the hydrogels to obtain a composite hydrogels with GDF5-loaded microspheres. Taking bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) as a reference, the effect of composite hydrogels with GDF5-loaded microspheres on the chondrogenic differentiation of NPSCs was evaluated. A model of intervertebral disc degeneration induced by acupuncture on the tail of rats was constructed, and the repair effect of composite hydrogels with GDF5-loaded microspheres combined with NPSCs on IDD was observed. RESULTS Stem cell phenotype identification, stemness gene expression and tri-lineage-induced differentiation confirmed that NPSCs had characteristics similar to those of BMSCs. The rat DNPM and chitosan hybrid hydrogels had good mechanical properties, and the GDF5-loaded microspheres sustainably released GDF5. NPSCs grew normally in the composite hydrogels and gradually expressed a chondrocyte phenotype. Animal experiments showed that the composite hydrogels with GDF5-loaded microspheres combined with NPSCs effectively promoted nucleus pulposus regeneration and that the effect of the hydrogels on the repair of IDD was significantly better than that of BMSCs. CONCLUSION GDF5-loaded microspheres combined with DNPM/chitosan composite hydrogels can effectively promote the differentiation of NPSCs into nucleus pulposus-like cells and effectively preventIDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ma
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, No. 2 Zheshan West Road, Wuhu, Anhui, 241001, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, No. 2 Zheshan West Road, Wuhu, Anhui, 241001, China
| | - Quanlai Zhao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, No. 2 Zheshan West Road, Wuhu, Anhui, 241001, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, No. 2 Zheshan West Road, Wuhu, Anhui, 241001, China
| | - Liang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Non-Coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution, No. 2 Zheshan West Road, Wuhu, Anhui, 241001, China.
- Spine Research Center of Wannan Medical College, No.22 Wenchang West Road, Wuhu, 241001, China.
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5
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Li ZL, Lu Q, Honiball JR, Wan SHT, Yeung KWK, Cheung KMC. Mechanical characterization and design of biomaterials for nucleus pulposus replacement and regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res A 2023; 111:1888-1902. [PMID: 37555381 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterials for nucleus pulposus (NP) replacement and regeneration have great potential to restore normal biomechanics in degenerated intervertebral discs following nucleotomy. Mechanical characterizations are essential for assessing the efficacy of biomaterial implants for clinical applications. While traditional compression tests are crucial to quantify various modulus values, relaxation behaviors and fatigue resistance, rheological measurements should also be conducted to investigate the viscoelastic properties, injectability, and overall stability upon deformation. To recapitulate the physiological in vivo environment, the use of spinal models is necessary to evaluate the risk of implant extrusion and the restoration of biomechanics under different loading conditions. When designing devices for NP replacement, injectable materials are ideal to fully fill the nucleus cavity and prevent implant migration. In addition to achieving biocompatibility and desirable mechanical characteristics, biomaterial implants should be optimized to avoid implant extrusion or re-herniation post-operatively. This review discusses the most commonly used testing protocols for assessing mechanical properties of biomaterial implants and serves as reference material for enabling researchers to characterize NP implants through a unified approach whereby newly developed biomaterials may be compared and contrasted to existing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoqi Lucas Li
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiuji Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - John Robert Honiball
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sandra Hiu-Tung Wan
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kelvin Wai-Kwok Yeung
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Innovative Technology in Orthopaedic Trauma, The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kenneth Man-Chee Cheung
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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6
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Shen Q, Guo Y, Wang K, Zhang C, Ma Y. A Review of Chondroitin Sulfate's Preparation, Properties, Functions, and Applications. Molecules 2023; 28:7093. [PMID: 37894574 PMCID: PMC10609508 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a natural macromolecule polysaccharide that is extensively distributed in a wide variety of organisms. CS is of great interest to researchers due to its many in vitro and in vivo functions. CS production derives from a diverse number of sources, including but not limited to extraction from various animals or fish, bio-synthesis, and fermentation, and its purity and homogeneity can vary greatly. The structural diversity of CS with respect to sulfation and saccharide content endows this molecule with distinct complexity, allowing for functional modification. These multiple functions contribute to the application of CS in medicines, biomaterials, and functional foods. In this article, we discuss the preparation of CS from different sources, the structure of various forms of CS, and its binding to other relevant molecules. Moreover, for the creation of this article, the functions and applications of CS were reviewed, with an emphasis on drug discovery, hydrogel formation, delivery systems, and food supplements. We conclude that analyzing some perspectives on structural modifications and preparation methods could potentially influence future applications of CS in medical and biomaterial research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshan Shen
- Zhang Zhongjing College of Chinese Medicine, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Changjiang Road 80, Nanyang 473004, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yujie Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kangyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chunhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanli Ma
- Zhang Zhongjing College of Chinese Medicine, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Changjiang Road 80, Nanyang 473004, China
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Brissenden AJ, Amsden BG. In situ forming macroporous biohybrid hydrogel for nucleus pulposus cell delivery. Acta Biomater 2023; 170:169-184. [PMID: 37598793 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Degenerative intervertebral disc disease is a common source of chronic pain and reduced quality of life in people over the age of 40. While degeneration occurs throughout the disc, it most often initiates in the nucleus pulposus (NP). Minimally invasive delivery of NP cells within hydrogels that can restore and maintain the disc height while regenerating the damaged NP tissue is a promising treatment strategy for this condition. Towards this goal, a biohybrid ABA dimethacrylate triblock copolymer was synthesized, possessing a lower critical solution temperature below 37 °C and which contained as its central block an MMP-degradable peptide flanked by poly(trimethylene carbonate) blocks bearing pendant oligoethylene glycol groups. This triblock prepolymer was used to form macroporous NP cell-laden hydrogels via redox initiated (ammonium persulfate/sodium bisulfite) crosslinking, with or without the inclusion of thiolated chondroitin sulfate. The resulting macroporous hydrogels had water and mechanical properties similar to those of human NP tissue and were mechanically resilient. The hydrogels supported NP cell attachment and growth over 28 days in hypoxic culture. In hydrogels prepared with the triblock copolymer but without the chondroitin sulfate the NP cells were distributed homogeneously throughout in clusters and deposited collagen type II and sulfated glycosaminoglycans but not collagen type I. This hydrogel formulation warrants further investigation as a cell delivery vehicle to regenerate degenerated NP tissue. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The intervertebral disc between the vertebral bones of the spine consists of three regions: a gel-like central nucleus pulposus (NP) within the annulus fibrosis, and bony endplates. Degeneration of the intervertebral disc is a source of chronic pain in the elderly and most commonly initiates in the NP. Replacement of degenerated NP tissue with a NP cell-laden hydrogel is a promising treatment strategy. Herein we demonstrate that a crosslinkable polymer with a lower critical solution temperature below 37 °C can be used to form macroporous hydrogels for this purpose. The hydrogels are capable of supporting NP cells, which deposit collagen II and sulfated glycosaminoglycans, while also possessing mechanical properties matching those of human NP tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Brissenden
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Brian G Amsden
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6.
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Samanta A, Lufkin T, Kraus P. Intervertebral disc degeneration-Current therapeutic options and challenges. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1156749. [PMID: 37483952 PMCID: PMC10359191 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1156749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Degeneration of the intervertebral disc (IVD) is a normal part of aging. Due to the spine's declining function and the development of pain, it may affect one's physical health, mental health, and socioeconomic status. Most of the intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) therapies today focus on the symptoms of low back pain rather than the underlying etiology or mechanical function of the disc. The deteriorated disc is typically not restored by conservative or surgical therapies that largely focus on correcting symptoms and structural abnormalities. To enhance the clinical outcome and the quality of life of a patient, several therapeutic modalities have been created. In this review, we discuss genetic and environmental causes of IVDD and describe promising modern endogenous and exogenous therapeutic approaches including their applicability and relevance to the degeneration process.
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Zhou X, Shen N, Tao Y, Wang J, Xia K, Ying L, Zhang Y, Huang X, Hua J, Liang C, Chen Q, Li F. Nucleus pulposus cell-derived efficient microcarrier for intervertebral disc tissue engineering. Biofabrication 2023; 15. [PMID: 36689761 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/acb572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) show great potential for the treatment of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. An ideal carrier is necessary to transplant ADSCs into degenerated IVDs without influencing cell function. Nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) can synthesize and deposit chondroitin sulfate and type II collagen which are NP-specific extracellular matrix (ECM) and can also regulate the NP-specific differentiation of stem cells. Bioscaffolds fabricated based on the ECM synthesis functions of NPCs have possible roles in cell transplantation and differentiation induction, but it has not been studied. In this study, we first aggregated NPCs into pellets, and then, NPC-derived efficient microcarriers (NPCMs) were fabricated by pellet cultivation under specific conditions and optimized decellularization. Thirdly, we evaluated the microstructure, biochemical composition, biostability and cytotoxicity of the NPCMs. Finally, we investigated the NP-specific differentiation of ADSCs induced by the NPCMsin vitroand NP regeneration induced by the ADSC-loaded NPCMs in a rabbit model. The results indicated that the injectable NPCMs retained maximal ECM and minimal cell nucleic acid after optimized decellularization and had good biostability and no cytotoxicity. The NPCMs also promoted the NP-specific differentiation of ADSCsin vitro. In addition, the results of MRI, x-ray, and the structure and ECM content of NP showed that the ADSCs-loaded NPCMs can partly restored the degenerated NPin vivo. Our injectable NPCMs regenerated the degenerated NP and provide a simplified and efficient strategy for treating IVD degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Shen
- Department of Rheumatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiqing Tao
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingkai Wang
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaishun Xia
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Liwei Ying
- Department of Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 150 Ximen Road, Linhai 317000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianpeng Huang
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianming Hua
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengzhen Liang
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qixin Chen
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangcai Li
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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10
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Xiao L, Gao D, Zhang Y, Liu C, Yin Z. Codelivery of TGF-β1 and anti-miR-141 by PLGA microspheres inhibits progression of intervertebral disc degeneration. J Orthop Surg Res 2023; 18:17. [PMID: 36609253 PMCID: PMC9817358 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-023-03501-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical and lumbar pain is usually caused by degeneration of the nucleus pulposus (NP). As a powerful therapeutic strategy, tissue engineering can effectively restore the normal biological properties of the spinal unit. Previous studies suggested that poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres are effective carriers of cells and biomolecules in NP tissue engineering. This study aims to explore the therapeutic effect of PLGA microspheres coloaded with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and anti-miR-141 on intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). METHODS PLGA microspheres were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, a laser particle size analyzer, and laser confocal microscopy. The in vitro release rate of biomolecules from the microspheres was analyzed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and agarose gel electrophoresis. The rat NP cells (NPCs) treated with the solutions released from microspheres for different lengths of time were assigned to a control group (Ctrl), an empty PLGA microsphere group (Mock microsphere, MS), a TGF-β1-loaded PLGA microsphere group (TMS), an anti-miR-141-loaded PLGA microsphere group (AMS), and an anti-miR-141 + TGF-β1-loaded PLGA microsphere group (ATMS). The proliferation and apoptosis of NPCs were observed by alamar blue and flow cytometry. The gene and protein expression of cartilage markers COL2A1 and ACAN were observed by RT-qPCR and Western blot. The rat model of IDD was established by tail puncture. Rats were divided into a control group (Ctrl), a mock operation group (Mock), a TGF-β1 microsphere group (TMS), an anti-miR-141 microsphere group (AMS), and an anti-miR-141 + TGF-β1 microsphere group (ATMS). The degree of rat tail IDD was assessed in each group through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), safranin O-fast green staining, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting. RESULTS PLGA microspheres were stably coloaded and could sustainably release TGF-β1 and anti-miR-141. The results of in vitro cell experiments showed that the release solution of PLGA microspheres significantly enhanced the proliferation of NPCs without inducing their apoptosis and significantly upregulated cartilage markers in NPCs. The effect of microspheres was greater in the ATMS group than that in the TMS group and AMS group. In vivo experiments showed that IDD could be effectively inhibited and reversed by adding microspheres coloaded with TGF-β1 and/or anti-miR-141, and the effect was greatest in the ATMS group. CONCLUSION PLGA microspheres coloaded with TGF-β1 and anti-miR-141 can reverse IDD by inhibiting the degeneration of NPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xiao
- grid.412679.f0000 0004 1771 3402Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022 China
| | - Daokuan Gao
- grid.452929.10000 0004 8513 0241Department of Spine Surgery, Yijishan Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001 China
| | - Yu Zhang
- grid.452929.10000 0004 8513 0241Department of Spine Surgery, Yijishan Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001 China
| | - Chen Liu
- grid.452929.10000 0004 8513 0241Department of Spine Surgery, Yijishan Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001 China
| | - Zongsheng Yin
- grid.412679.f0000 0004 1771 3402Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022 China ,grid.412679.f0000 0004 1771 3402Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218 JiXi Road, Hefei, 230022 Anhui China
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11
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Qian H, He L, Ye Z, Wei Z, Ao J. Decellularized matrix for repairing intervertebral disc degeneration: Fabrication methods, applications and animal models. Mater Today Bio 2022; 18:100523. [PMID: 36590980 PMCID: PMC9800636 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD)-induced low back pain significantly influences the quality of life, placing a burden on public health systems worldwide. Currently available therapeutic strategies, such as conservative or operative treatment, cannot effectively restore intervertebral disc (IVD) function. Decellularized matrix (DCM) is a tissue-engineered biomaterial fabricated using physical, chemical, and enzymatic technologies to eliminate cells and antigens. By contrast, the extracellular matrix (ECM), including collagen and glycosaminoglycans, which are well retained, have been extensively studied in IVD regeneration. DCM inherits the native architecture and specific-differentiation induction ability of IVD and has demonstrated effectiveness in IVD regeneration in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, significant improvements have been achieved in the preparation process, mechanistic insights, and application of DCM for IDD repair. Herein, we comprehensively summarize and provide an overview of the roles and applications of DCM for IDD repair based on the existing evidence to shed a novel light on the clinical treatment of IDD.
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Key Words
- (3D), three-dimensional
- (AF), annular fibers
- (AFSC), AF stem cells
- (APNP), acellular hydrogel descendent from porcine NP
- (DAF-G), decellularized AF hydrogel
- (DAPI), 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- (DCM), decellularized matrix
- (DET), detergent-enzymatic treatment
- (DWJM), Wharton's jelly matrix
- (ECM), extracellular matrix
- (EVs), extracellular vesicles
- (Exos), exosome
- (IDD), intervertebral disc degeneration
- (IVD), intervertebral disc
- (LBP), Low back pain
- (NP), nucleus pulposus
- (NPCS), NP-based cell delivery system
- (PEGDA/DAFM), polyethylene glycol diacrylate/decellularized AF matrix
- (SD), sodium deoxycholate
- (SDS), sodium dodecyl sulfate
- (SIS), small intestinal submucosa
- (TGF), transforming growth factor
- (bFGF), basic fibroblast growth factor
- (hADSCs), human adipose-derived stem cells
- (hDF), human dermal fibroblast
- (iAF), inner annular fibers
- (oAF), outer annular fibers
- (sGAG), sulfated glycosaminoglycan
- Decellularized matrix
- Intervertebral disc degeneration
- Regenerative medicine
- Tissue engineering
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Qian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Li He
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zhimin Ye
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Corresponding author. Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China.
| | - Zairong Wei
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, China
| | - Jun Ao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Corresponding author. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi, 563000, China.
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12
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Fiordalisi MF, Ferreira JR, Pinto ML, Ribeiro-Machado C, Teixeira Pinto M, Oliveira MJ, Barbosa MA, Madeira Gonçalves R, Caldeira J. The impact of matrix age on intervertebral disc regeneration. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 143:213192. [PMID: 36403438 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
With the lack of effective treatments for low back pain, the use of extracellular matrix (ECM)-based biomaterials have emerged with undeniable promise for IVD regeneration. Decellularized scaffolds can recreate an ideal microenvironment inducing tissue remodeling and repair. In particular, fetal tissues have a superior regenerative capacity given their ECM composition. In line with this, we unraveled age-associated alterations of the nucleus pulposus (NP) matrisome. Thus, the aim of the present work was to evaluate the impact of ECM donor age on IVD de/regeneration. Accordingly, we optimized an SDS (0.1 %, 1 h)-based decellularization protocol that preserves ECM cues in bovine NPs from different ages. After repopulation with adult NP cells, younger matrices showed the highest repopulation efficiency. Most importantly, cells seeded on younger scaffolds produced healthy ECM proteins suggesting an increased capacity to restore a functional IVD microenvironment. In vivo, only fetal matrices decreased neovessel formation, showing an anti-angiogenic potential. Our findings demonstrate that ECM donor age has a strong influence on angiogenesis and ECM de novo synthesis, opening new avenues for novel therapeutic strategies for the IVD. Additionally, more appropriate 3D models to study age-associated IVD pathology were unveiled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morena Francesca Fiordalisi
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Porto 4200-135, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Joana Rita Ferreira
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Porto 4200-135, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Marta Laranjeiro Pinto
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-504, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Ribeiro-Machado
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
| | - Marta Teixeira Pinto
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal; IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
| | - Maria José Oliveira
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Porto 4200-135, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal; Department of Pathology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto 4200-319, Portugal
| | - Mário Adolfo Barbosa
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Porto 4200-135, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Raquel Madeira Gonçalves
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Porto 4200-135, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Joana Caldeira
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Porto 4200-135, Portugal.
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Herrera Quijano MA, Sharma N, Morissette Martin P, Séguin CA, Flynn LE. Development of 2-D and 3-D culture platforms derived from decellularized nucleus pulposus. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:937239. [PMID: 36237211 PMCID: PMC9551564 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.937239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioscaffolds derived from the extracellular matrix (ECM) have shown the capacity to promote regeneration by providing tissue-specific biological instructive cues that can enhance cell survival and direct lineage-specific differentiation. This study focused on the development and characterization of two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) cell culture platforms incorporating decellularized nucleus pulposus (DNP). First, a detergent-free protocol was developed for decellularizing bovine nucleus pulposus (NP) tissues that was effective at removing cellular content while preserving key ECM constituents including collagens, glycosaminoglycans, and the cell-adhesive glycoproteins laminin and fibronectin. Next, novel 2-D coatings were generated using the DNP or commercially-sourced bovine collagen type I (COL) as a non-tissue-specific control. In addition, cryo-milled DNP or COL particles were incorporated within methacrylated chondroitin sulphate (MCS) hydrogels as a 3-D cell culture platform for exploring the effects of ECM particle composition. Culture studies showed that the 2-D coatings derived from the DNP could support cell attachment and growth, but did not maintain or rescue the phenotype of primary bovine NP cells, which de-differentiated when serially passaged in monolayer culture. Similarly, while bovine NP cells remained highly viable following encapsulation and 14 days of culture within the hydrogel composites, the incorporation of DNP particles within the MCS hydrogels was insufficient to maintain or rescue changes in NP phenotype associated with extended in vitro culture based on gene expression patterns. Overall, DNP produced with our new decellularization protocol was successfully applied to generate both 2-D and 3-D bioscaffolds; however, further studies are required to assess if these platforms can be combined with additional components of the endogenous NP microenvironment to stimulate regeneration or lineage-specific cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A. Herrera Quijano
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Nadia Sharma
- Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Pascal Morissette Martin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Cheryle A. Séguin
- Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Lauren E. Flynn, ; Cheryle A. Séguin,
| | - Lauren E. Flynn
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Lauren E. Flynn, ; Cheryle A. Séguin,
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14
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Schmitz TC, van Doeselaar M, Tryfonidou MA, Ito K. Detergent-Free Decellularization of Notochordal Cell-Derived Matrix Yields a Regenerative, Injectable, and Swellable Biomaterial. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:3912-3923. [PMID: 35942885 PMCID: PMC9472229 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Porcine notochordal cell-derived matrix (NCM) has anti-inflammatory
and regenerative effects on degenerated intervertebral discs. For
its clinical use, safety must be assured. The porcine DNA is concerning
because of (1) the transmission of endogenous retroviruses and (2)
the inflammatory potential of cell-free DNA. Here, we present a simple,
detergent-free protocol: tissue lyophilization lyses cells, and matrix
integrity is preserved by limiting swelling during decellularization.
DNA is digested quickly by a high nuclease concentration, followed
by a short washout. Ninety-four percent of DNA was removed, and there
was no loss of glycosaminoglycans or collagen. Forty-three percent
of the total proteins remained in the decellularized NCM (dNCM). dNCM
stimulated as much GAG production as NCM in nucleus pulposus cells
but lost some anti-inflammatory effects. Reconstituted pulverized
dNCM yielded a soft, shear-thinning biomaterial with a swelling ratio
of 350% that also acted as an injectable cell carrier (cell viability
>70%). dNCM can therefore be used as the basis for future biomaterials
aimed at disc regeneration on a biological level and may restore joint
mechanics by creating swelling pressure within the intervertebral
disc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara C Schmitz
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Marina van Doeselaar
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Marianna A Tryfonidou
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, Utrecht 3584 CM, Netherlands
| | - Keita Ito
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
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15
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ABSTRACTS (BY NUMBER). Tissue Eng Part A 2022. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2022.29025.abstracts] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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16
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Bach FC, Poramba-Liyanage DW, Riemers FM, Guicheux J, Camus A, Iatridis JC, Chan D, Ito K, Le Maitre CL, Tryfonidou MA. Notochordal Cell-Based Treatment Strategies and Their Potential in Intervertebral Disc Regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:780749. [PMID: 35359916 PMCID: PMC8963872 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.780749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic low back pain is the number one cause of years lived with disability. In about 40% of patients, chronic lower back pain is related to intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. The standard-of-care focuses on symptomatic relief, while surgery is the last resort. Emerging therapeutic strategies target the underlying cause of IVD degeneration and increasingly focus on the relatively overlooked notochordal cells (NCs). NCs are derived from the notochord and once the notochord regresses they remain in the core of the developing IVD, the nucleus pulposus. The large vacuolated NCs rapidly decline after birth and are replaced by the smaller nucleus pulposus cells with maturation, ageing, and degeneration. Here, we provide an update on the journey of NCs and discuss the cell markers and tools that can be used to study their fate and regenerative capacity. We review the therapeutic potential of NCs for the treatment of IVD-related lower back pain and outline important future directions in this area. Promising studies indicate that NCs and their secretome exerts regenerative effects, via increased proliferation, extracellular matrix production, and anti-inflammatory effects. Reports on NC-like cells derived from embryonic- or induced pluripotent-stem cells claim to have successfully generated NC-like cells but did not compare them with native NCs for phenotypic markers or in terms of their regenerative capacity. Altogether, this is an emerging and active field of research with exciting possibilities. NC-based studies demonstrate that cues from developmental biology can pave the path for future clinical therapies focused on regenerating the diseased IVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances C. Bach
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Frank M. Riemers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jerome Guicheux
- UMR 1229-RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université de Nantes, ONIRIS, Nantes, France
- UFR Odontologie, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- PHU4 OTONN, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Anne Camus
- UMR 1229-RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université de Nantes, ONIRIS, Nantes, France
| | - James C. Iatridis
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Danny Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Keita Ito
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Christine L. Le Maitre
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Marianna A. Tryfonidou
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Marianna A. Tryfonidou,
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17
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Piening LM, Lillyman DJ, Lee FS, Lozano AM, Miles JR, Wachs RA. Injectable decellularized nucleus pulposus tissue exhibits neuroinhibitory properties. JOR Spine 2022; 5:e1187. [PMID: 35386760 PMCID: PMC8966883 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic low back pain (LBP) is a leading cause of disability, but treatments for LBP are limited. Degeneration of the intervertebral disc due to loss of neuroinhibitory sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs) allows nerves from dorsal root ganglia to grow into the core of the disc. Treatment with a decellularized tissue hydrogel that contains sGAGs may inhibit nerve growth and prevent disc-associated LBP. Methods A protocol to decellularize porcine nucleus pulposus (NP) was adapted from previous methods. DNA, sGAG, α-gal antigen, and collagen content were analyzed before and after decellularization. The decellularized tissue was then enzymatically modified to be injectable and form a gel at 37°C. Following this, the mechanical properties, microstructure, cytotoxicity, and neuroinhibitory properties were analyzed. Results The decellularization process removed 99% of DNA and maintained 74% of sGAGs and 154% of collagen compared to the controls NPs. Rheology demonstrated that regelled NP exhibited properties similar to but slightly lower than collagen-matched controls. Culture of NP cells in the regelled NP demonstrated an increase in metabolic activity and DNA content over 7 days. The collagen content of the regelled NP stayed relatively constant over 7 days. Analysis of the neuroinhibitory properties demonstrated regelled NP significantly inhibited neuronal growth compared to collagen controls. Conclusions The decellularization process developed here for porcine NP tissue was able to remove the antigenic material while maintaining the sGAG and collagen. This decellularized tissue was then able to be modified into a thermally forming gel that maintained the viability of cells and demonstrated robust neuroinhibitory properties in vitro. This biomaterial holds promise as an NP supplement to prevent nerve growth into the native disc and NP in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan M Piening
- Biological Systems Engineering Department University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska USA
| | - David J Lillyman
- Biological Systems Engineering Department University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska USA
| | - Fei San Lee
- Biological Systems Engineering Department University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska USA
| | - Alvaro Moreno Lozano
- Biological Systems Engineering Department University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska USA
| | - Jeremy R Miles
- USDA, ARS, US Meat Animal Research Center Clay Center Nebraska USA
| | - Rebecca A Wachs
- Biological Systems Engineering Department University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska USA
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Christiani T, Mys K, Dyer K, Kadlowec J, Iftode C, Vernengo AJ. Using embedded alginate microparticles to tune the properties of in situ forming poly( N-isopropylacrylamide)-graft-chondroitin sulfate bioadhesive hydrogels for replacement and repair of the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc. JOR Spine 2021; 4:e1161. [PMID: 34611588 PMCID: PMC8479524 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Low back pain is a major public health issue associated with degeneration of the intervertebral disc (IVD). The early stages of degeneration are characterized by the dehydration of the central, gelatinous portion of the IVD, the nucleus pulposus (NP). One possible treatment approach is to replace the NP in the early stages of IVD degeneration with a hydrogel that restores healthy biomechanics while supporting tissue regeneration. The present study evaluates a novel thermosensitive hydrogel based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-graft-chondroitin sulfate) (PNIPAAM-g-CS) for NP replacement. The hypothesis was tested that the addition of freeze-dried, calcium crosslinked alginate microparticles (MPs) to aqueous solutions of PNIPAAm-g-CS would enable tuning of the rheological properties of the injectable solution, as well as the bioadhesive and mechanical properties of the thermally precipitated composite gel. Further, we hypothesized that the composite would support encapsulated cell viability and differentiation. Structure-material property relationships were evaluated by varying MP concentration and diameter. The addition of high concentrations (50 mg/mL) of small MPs (20 ± 6 μm) resulted in the greatest improvement in injectability, compressive mechanical properties, and bioadhesive strength of PNIPAAm-g-CS. This combination of PNIPAAM-g-CS and alginate MPs supported the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells toward an NP-like phenotype in the presence of soluble GDF-6. When implanted ex vivo into the intradiscal cavity of degenerated porcine IVDs, the formulation restored the compressive and neutral zone stiffnesses to intact values and resisted expulsion under lateral bending. Overall, results indicate the potential of the hydrogel composite to serve as a scaffold for supporting NP regeneration. This work uniquely demonstrates that encapsulation of re-hydrating polysaccharide-based MPs may be an effective method for improving key functional properties of in situ forming hydrogels for orthopedic tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Christiani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan UniversityGlassboroNew JerseyUSA
| | - Karen Mys
- AO Research Institute DavosDavosSwitzerland
| | - Karl Dyer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rowan UniversityGlassboroNew JerseyUSA
| | - Jennifer Kadlowec
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Baldwin Wallace UniversityBereaOhioUSA
| | - Cristina Iftode
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, Rowan UniversityGlassboroNew JerseyUSA
| | - Andrea Jennifer Vernengo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan UniversityGlassboroNew JerseyUSA
- AO Research Institute DavosDavosSwitzerland
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rowan UniversityGlassboroNew JerseyUSA
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Li X, Xu Q, Johnson M, Wang X, Lyu J, Li Y, McMahon S, Greiser U, A S, Wang W. A chondroitin sulfate based injectable hydrogel for delivery of stem cells in cartilage regeneration. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:4139-4148. [PMID: 33955435 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00482d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS), as a popular material for cartilage tissue engineering scaffolds, has been extensively studied and reported for its safety and excellent biocompatibility. However, the rapid degradation of pure CS scaffolds has brought a challenge to regenerate neo-tissue similar to natural articular cartilage effectively. Meanwhile, the poly(ethene glycol) (PEG) -based biopolymer is frequently applied as a structural constituent material because of its remarkable mechanical properties, long-lasting in vivo stability, and hypo-immunity. Here, we report that the combination of CS and hyperbranched multifunctional PEG copolymer (HB-PEG) could synergistically promote cartilage repair. The thiol functionalised CS (CS-SH)/HB-PEG hydrogel scaffolds were fabricated via thiol-ene reaction, which exhibits rapid gelation, excellent mechanical properties and prolonged degradation properties. We found that rat adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells presented great cell viability and improved chondrogenesis in CS-SH/HB-PEG hydrogels. Moreover, the injectable hydrogel scaffolds reduced stem cell inflammatory response, consistent with the well-documented anti-inflammatory activities of CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Li
- Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Qian Xu
- Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Melissa Johnson
- Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Xi Wang
- Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland. and Ashland Specialties Ireland Ltd, National Science Park, Building V, Dublin Road, Petitswood, Mullingar, Co. Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Jing Lyu
- Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Yinghao Li
- Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Sean McMahon
- Ashland Specialties Ireland Ltd, National Science Park, Building V, Dublin Road, Petitswood, Mullingar, Co. Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Udo Greiser
- Ashland Specialties Ireland Ltd, National Science Park, Building V, Dublin Road, Petitswood, Mullingar, Co. Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Sigen A
- Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Wenxin Wang
- Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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20
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Zhang Y, Tan W, Wu M, Sun J, Cao W, Zhou CS, Wu Y. Characterization and cytocompatibility of 3D porous biomimetic scaffold derived from rabbit nucleus pulposus tissue in vitro. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2021; 32:8. [PMID: 33471211 PMCID: PMC7817588 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-020-06480-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is one of the most important causes of lower back pain. Tissue engineering provides a new method for the experimental treatment of degenerative disc diseases. This study aims to develop a natural, acellular, 3D interconnected porous scaffold derived from the extracellular matrix (ECM) of nucleus pulposus. The nucleus pulposus (NP) was decellularized by sequential detergent-nuclease methods, including physical crushing, freeze-drying and cross-linking. These 3D porous scaffolds were fabricated with a high porosity of (81.28 ± 4.10)%, an ideal pore size with appropriate mechanical properties. Rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) were seeded and cultured on the scaffolds. And the mechanical tests showed the compressive elastic modulus of the scaffolds cultured for 4 weeks reached 0.12 MPa, which was better than that of the scaffolds cultured for 2 weeks (0.07 MPa) and that of the control group (0.04 MPa). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), histological assays, molecular biology assays revealed that the scaffolds could provide an appropriate microstructure and environment for the adhesion, proliferation, migration and secretion of seeded cells in vitro. As assays like histology, immunohistochemistry and the real-time qRT-PCR showed, NP-like tissues were preliminarily formed. In conclusion, the 3D porous scaffold derived from NP ECM is a potential biomaterial for the regeneration of NP tissues. A natural, acellular, 3D interconnected porous scaffold derived from the extracellular matrix (ECM) of nucleus pulposus was developed by sequential detergent-nuclease and freeze-drying method, which can reduce the damage of protein activity to the minimum. It is very similar to the composition and internal environment of the natural nucleus pulposus, because it derived from the natural nucleus pulposus. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), histological assays, molecular biology assays revealed that the scaffolds could provide an appropriate microstructure and environment for the adhesion, proliferation, migration, and secretion of seeded cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Southern Theatre Command of PLA, Guangzhou, 510010, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Wei Tan
- Department of Spinal Orthopedics, Huizhou Third People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Huizhou, 516002, Guangdong, PR China
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, PR China
| | - Mingxin Wu
- Department of Spinal Orthopedics, Huizhou Third People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Huizhou, 516002, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jin Sun
- Department of Spinal Orthopedics, Huizhou Third People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Huizhou, 516002, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Wei Cao
- Department of Spinal Orthopedics, The first people's hospital of Huaihua, Huaihua, 418000, Hunan, PR China
| | - Chu-Song Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhu-Jiang Hospital of Southern Medical University (First Military Medical University), Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - You Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Southern Theatre Command of PLA, Guangzhou, 510010, Guangdong, PR China
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21
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Norbertczak HT, Ingham E, Fermor HL, Wilcox RK. Decellularized Intervertebral Discs: A Potential Replacement for Degenerate Human Discs. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2020; 26:565-576. [PMID: 33050844 PMCID: PMC7698987 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2020.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a major cause of back pain. Current surgical interventions have limitations. An alternative approach is to replace degenerated IVDs with a natural biological scaffold. The removal of cellular components from human IVDs should render them nonimmunogenic upon implantation. The aim of this initial proof of technical feasibility study was to develop a decellularization protocol on bovine IVDs with endplates (EPs) and assess protocol performance before application of the protocol to human IVDs with attached EP and vertebral bone (VB). A decellularization protocol based on hypotonic low concentration sodium dodecyl sulfate (0.1% w/v) with proteinase inhibitors, freeze/thaw cycles, and nuclease and sonication treatments was applied to IVDs. Histological, biochemical, and biomechanical comparisons were made between cellular and decellularized tissue. Cell removal from bovine IVDs was demonstrated and total DNA levels of the decellularized inner annulus fibrosus (iAF), outer annulus fibrosus (oAF), and EP were 40.7 (±11.4), 25.9 (±3.8), and 29.3 (±3.1) ng.mg−1 dry tissue weight, respectively (n = 6, ±95% confidence level [CL]). These values were significantly lower than in cellular tissue. No significant difference in DNA levels between bovine cellular and decellularized nucleus pulposus (NP) was found. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were largely retained in the NP, iAF, and oAF. Cyclic compression testing showed sufficient sensitivity to detect an increase in stiffness of bovine IVD postdecellularization (2957.2 ± 340.8 N.mm−1) (predecellularization: 2685.4 ± 263.1 N.mm−1; n = 5, 95% CL), but the difference was within natural tissue variation. Total DNA levels for all decellularized tissue regions of human IVDs (NP, iAF, oAF, EP, and VB) were below 50 ng.mg−1 dry tissue weight (range: 2 ng.mg−1, iAF to 29 ng.mg−1, VB) and the tissue retained high levels of GAGs. Further studies to assess the biocompatibility and regenerative potential of decellularized human IVDs in vitro and in vivo are now required; however, proof of technical feasibility has been demonstrated and the retention of bone in the IVD samples would allow incorporation of the tissue into the recipient spine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina T Norbertczak
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, The University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen Ingham
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, The University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel L Fermor
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, The University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth K Wilcox
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, The University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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22
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Borrelli C, Buckley CT. Injectable Disc-Derived ECM Hydrogel Functionalised with Chondroitin Sulfate for Intervertebral Disc Regeneration. Acta Biomater 2020; 117:142-155. [PMID: 33035694 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Low back pain resulting from intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a significant socioeconomic burden. The main effect of the degeneration process involves the alteration of the nucleus pulposus (NP) via cell-mediated enzymatic breakdown of key extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Thus, the development of injectable and biomimetic biomaterials that can instruct the regenerative cell component to produce tissue-specific ECM is pivotal for IVD repair. Chondroitin sulfate (CS) and type II collagen are the primary components of NP tissue and together create the ideal environment for cells to deposit de-novo matrix. Given their high matrix synthesis capacity potential post-expansion, nasal chondrocytes (NC) have been proposed as a potential cell source to promote NP repair. The overall goal of this study was to assess the effects of CS incorporation into disc derived self-assembled ECM hydrogels on the matrix deposition of NCs. Results showed an increased sGAG production with higher amounts of CS in the gel composition and that its presence was found to be critical for the synthesis of collagen type II. Taken together, our results demonstrate how the inclusion of CS into the composition of the material aids the preservation of a rounded cell morphology for NCs in 3D culture and enhances their ability to synthesise NP-like matrix.
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23
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Schmitz TC, Salzer E, Crispim JF, Fabra GT, LeVisage C, Pandit A, Tryfonidou M, Maitre CL, Ito K. Characterization of biomaterials intended for use in the nucleus pulposus of degenerated intervertebral discs. Acta Biomater 2020; 114:1-15. [PMID: 32771592 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterials for regeneration of the intervertebral disc must meet complex requirements conforming to biological, mechanical and clinical demands. Currently no consensus on their characterization exists. It is crucial to identify parameters and their method of characterization for accurate assessment of their potential efficacy, keeping in mind the translation towards clinical application. This review systematically analyses the characterization techniques of biomaterial systems that have been used for nucleus pulposus (NP) restoration and regeneration. Substantial differences in the approach towards assessment became evident, hindering comparisons between different materials with respect to their suitability for NP restoration and regeneration. We have analysed the current approaches and identified parameters necessary for adequate biomaterial characterization, with the clinical goal of functional restoration and biological regeneration of the NP in mind. Further, we provide guidelines and goals for their measurement. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biomaterials intended for restoration of regeneration of the nucleus pulposus within the intervertebral disc must meet biological, biomechanical and clinical demands. Many materials have been investigated, but a lack of consensus on which parameters to evaluate leads to difficulties in comparing materials as well as mostly partial characterization of the materials in question. A gap between current methodology and clinically relevant and meaningful characterization is prevalent. In this article, we identify necessary methods and their implementation for complete biomaterial characterization in the context of clinical applicability. This will allow for a more unified approach to NP-biomaterials research within the field as a whole and enable comparative analysis of novel materials yet to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara C Schmitz
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands.
| | - Elias Salzer
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands.
| | - João F Crispim
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands.
| | - Georgina Targa Fabra
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland Galway, 7WQJ+8F Galway, Ireland.
| | - Catherine LeVisage
- Université de Nantes, INSERM UMR 1229, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, RMeS School of Dental Surgery, University of Nantes, 1 Place Ricordeau, 44300 Nantes, France.
| | - Abhay Pandit
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland Galway, 7WQJ+8F Galway, Ireland.
| | - Marianna Tryfonidou
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | - Christine Le Maitre
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre Sheffield Hallam University, City Campus, Howard Street, S1 1WB Sheffield, United Kingdom.
| | - Keita Ito
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands.
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24
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Fiordalisi M, Silva AJ, Barbosa M, Gonçalves R, Caldeira J. Decellularized Scaffolds for Intervertebral Disc Regeneration. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 38:947-951. [PMID: 32466967 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, intervertebral disc (IVD) decellularization has gained significant attention for tissue regenerative purposes as a successful therapeutic alternative for low back pain (LBP). We discuss the recent advances in IVD decellularization, repopulation, and sterilization procedures, highlighting the major challenges that need to be addressed for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morena Fiordalisi
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana João Silva
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mário Barbosa
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Gonçalves
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Caldeira
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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25
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Peng Y, Huang D, Li J, Liu S, Qing X, Shao Z. Genipin-crosslinked decellularized annulus fibrosus hydrogels induces tissue-specific differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells and intervertebral disc regeneration. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 14:497-509. [PMID: 32012486 PMCID: PMC7155128 DOI: 10.1002/term.3014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterial-based therapy that can restore annulus fibrosus (AF) function in early stage and promote endogenous repair of AF tissues is a promising approach for AF tissue repair. In this study, we established a genipin-crosslinked decellularized AF hydrogels (g-DAF-G) that are injectable and could manifest better in situ formability than noncrosslinked decellularized AF hydrogel, while preserving the capacity of directing differentiation of human bone mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) towards AF cells. Hematoxylin and eosin staining, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining, and so forth showed that the majority of cellular components were removed, whereas extracellular matrix and microstructure were largely preserved. The storage modulus increased from 465.5 ± 9.4 Pa to 3.29 ± 0.24 MPa after 0.02% genipin crosslinking of decellularized AF hydrogels (DAF-G) to form g-DAF-G. AF-specific genes (COL1A1, COL5A1, TNMD, IBSP, FBLN1) were significantly higher in DAF-G and g-DAF-G groups than that in control group after 21 days of culturing. g-DAF-G significantly restored nucleus pulposus water content and preserved intervertebral structure in vivo. Summarily, we produced a novel AF regeneration biomaterial, g-DAF-G, which exhibited well biocompatibility, great bioactivity, and much higher mechanical strength than DAF-G. This study will provide an easy and fast therapeutic alternative to repair AF injuries or tears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhong Peng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Donghua Huang
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinye Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangcheng Qing
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zengwu Shao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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26
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Walters JD, Gill SS, Mercuri JJ. Ethanol-mediated compaction and cross-linking enhance mechanical properties and degradation resistance while maintaining cytocompatibility of a nucleus pulposus scaffold. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2019; 107:2488-2499. [PMID: 30767383 PMCID: PMC6697250 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration is a complex, cell-mediated process originating in the nucleus pulposus (NP) and is associated with extracellular matrix catabolism leading to disc height loss and impaired spine kinematics. Previously, we developed an acellular bovine NP (ABNP) for NP replacement that emulated human NP matrix composition and supported cell seeding; however, its mechanical properties were lower than those reported for human NP. To address this, we investigated ethanol-mediated compaction and cross-linking to enhance the ABNP's dynamic mechanical properties and degradation resistance while maintaining its cytocompatibility. First, volumetric and mechanical effects of compaction only were confirmed by evaluating scaffolds after various immersion times in buffered 28% ethanol. It was found that compaction reached equilibrium at ~30% compaction after 45 min, and dynamic mechanical properties significantly increased 2-6× after 120 min of submersion. This was incorporated into a cross-linking treatment, through which scaffolds were subjected to 120 min precompaction in buffered 28% ethanol prior to carbodiimide cross-linking. Their dynamic mechanical properties were evaluated before and after accelerated degradation by ADAMTS-5 or MMP-13. Cytocompatibility was determined by seeding stem cells onto scaffolds and evaluating viability through metabolic activity and fluorescent staining. Compacted and cross-linked scaffolds showed significant increases in DMA properties without detrimentally altering their cytocompatibility, and these mechanical gains were maintained following enzymatic exposure. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B:2488-2499, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D. Walters
- The Laboratory of Orthopaedic Tissue Regeneration & Orthobiologics, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Sanjitpal S. Gill
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical Group of the Carolinas-Pelham, Spartanburg Regional Healthcare System, Greer, SC, USA
| | - Jeremy J. Mercuri
- The Laboratory of Orthopaedic Tissue Regeneration & Orthobiologics, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
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27
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Xu J, Liu S, Wang S, Qiu P, Chen P, Lin X, Fang X. Decellularised nucleus pulposus as a potential biologic scaffold for disc tissue engineering. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 99:1213-1225. [PMID: 30889657 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is associated with lower back pain, with the dysfunction of nucleus pulposus (NP) cells instigating degeneration onset. Here, we developed an optimized decellularised NP scaffold that could induce mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into NP-like cells in vitro and rescue the degenerated IVD in vivo. We optimized a decellularisation protocol for porcine NP and evaluated the biological properties and microstructure of the NP scaffold. Through co-culture with MSCs, we analysed scaffold bioactivity and potential signalling pathways. We tested the therapeutic efficacy of the scaffold using an IVD degeneration model in vivo. The decellularisation protocol generally removed the cellular components of the NP and preserved the majority of the biological components and regular microstructure. MSCs seeded in the NP-ECM scaffold differentiated into NP-like cells in vitro; this change was attributed to activation of the TGF-β signalling pathway. The NP-ECM exhibited good cytocompatibility ex vivo and decelerated the degeneration of the IVD in vivo. These results indicate the successful establishment of a naturally-derived ECM material that could induce MSCs into NP cells and serve as a potential treatment for degenerated IVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shijie Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shengyu Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Pengcheng Qiu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Pengfei Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xianfeng Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Xiangqian Fang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, China.
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28
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Zhou X, Wang J, Huang X, Fang W, Tao Y, Zhao T, Liang C, Hua J, Chen Q, Li F. Injectable decellularized nucleus pulposus-based cell delivery system for differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells and nucleus pulposus regeneration. Acta Biomater 2018; 81:115-128. [PMID: 30267879 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell-based tissue engineering is a promising treatment for intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. A bio-scaffold that can maintain the function of transplanted cells and possesses favorable mechanical properties is needed in tissue engineering. Decellularized nucleus pulposus (dNP) has the potential to be a suitable bio-scaffold because it mimics the native nucleus pulposus (NP) composition. However, matrix loss during decellularization and difficulty in transplantation limit the clinical application of dNP scaffolds. In this study, we fabricated an injectable dNP-based cell delivery system (NPCS) and evaluated its properties by assessing the microstructure, biochemical composition, water content, biosafety, biostability, and mechanical properties. We also investigated the stimulatory effects of the bio-scaffold on the NP-like differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) in vitro and the regenerative effects of the NPCS on degenerated NP in an in vivo animal model. The results showed that approximately 68% and 43% of the collagen and sGAG, respectively, remained in the NPCS after 30 days. The NPCS also showed mechanical properties similar to those of fresh NP. In addition, the NPCS was biocompatible and able to induce NP-like differentiation and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis in ADSCs. The disc height index (almost 81%) and the MRI index (349.05 ± 38.48) of the NPCS-treated NP were significantly higher than those of the degenerated NP after 16 weeks. The NPCS also partly restored the ECM content and the structure of degenerated NP in vivo. Our NPCS has good biological and mechanical properties and has the ability to promote the regeneration of degenerated NP. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Nucleus pulposus (NP) degeneration is usually the origin of intervertebral disc degeneration. Stem cell-based tissue engineering is a promising treatment for NP regeneration. Bio-scaffolds which have favorable biological and mechanical properties are needed in tissue engineering. Decellularized NP (dNP) scaffold is a potential choice for tissue engineering, but the difficulty in balancing complete decellularization and retaining ECM limits its usage. Instead of choosing different decellularization protocols, we complementing the sGAG lost during decellularization by cross-linking via genipin and fabricating an injectable dNP-based cell delivery system (NPCS) which has similar components as the native NP. We also investigated the biological and mechanical properties of the NPCS in vitro and verified its regenerative effects on degenerated IVDs in an animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Department of Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingkai Wang
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Department of Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianpeng Huang
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Department of Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijing Fang
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Department of Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiqing Tao
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Department of Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Tengfei Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Department of Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengzhen Liang
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Department of Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianming Hua
- Department of Radiology, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qixin Chen
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Department of Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fangcai Li
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Department of Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Sun Y, Yan L, Chen S, Pei M. Functionality of decellularized matrix in cartilage regeneration: A comparison of tissue versus cell sources. Acta Biomater 2018; 74:56-73. [PMID: 29702288 PMCID: PMC7307012 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that decellularized extracellular matrices (dECMs) derived from cartilage tissues (T-dECMs) or chondrocytes/stem cells (C-dECMs) can support proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of cartilage-forming cells. However, few review papers compare the differences between these dECMs when they serve as substrates for cartilage regeneration. In this review, after an introduction of cartilage immunogenicity and decellularization methods to prepare T-dECMs and C-dECMs, a comprehensive comparison focuses on the effects of T-dECMs and C-dECMs on proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of chondrocytes/stem cells in vitro and in vivo. Key factors within dECMs, consisting of microarchitecture characteristics and micromechanical properties as well as retained insoluble and soluble matrix components, are discussed in-depth for potential mechanisms underlying the functionality of these dECMs in regulating chondrogenesis. With this information, we hope to benefit dECM based cartilage engineering and tissue regeneration for future clinical application. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The use of decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) is becoming a promising approach for tissue engineering and regeneration. Compared to dECM derived from cartilage tissue, recently reported dECM from cell sources exhibits a distinct role in cell based cartilage regeneration. In this review paper, for the first time, tissue and cell based dECMs are comprehensively compared for their functionality in cartilage regeneration. This information is expected to provide an update for dECM based cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Department of Orthopaedics, Orthopaedics Institute, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China
| | - Lianqi Yan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Orthopaedics Institute, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China
| | - Song Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, China
| | - Ming Pei
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; WVU Cancer Institute, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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Hensley A, Rames J, Casler V, Rood C, Walters J, Fernandez C, Gill S, Mercuri JJ. Decellularization and characterization of a whole intervertebral disk xenograft scaffold. J Biomed Mater Res A 2018; 106:2412-2423. [PMID: 29673061 PMCID: PMC6158084 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intervertebral disk (IVD) degeneration is a multifactor process that results in the physical destruction of the nucleus pulposus (NP) and annulus fibrosus (AF). This compromises IVD function and causes significant disability and economic burden. Strategies to replace the entire composite structure of the IVD are limited and most approaches do not recapitulate the heterogenous biochemical composition, microarchitecture or mechanical properties of the native tissue. Our central hypothesis was that donor IVDs which resemble the size and biochemistry of human lumbar IVDs could be successfully decellularized while retaining the tissue's structure and function with the long-term goal of creating a composite scaffold for tissue engineering the human IVD. Accordingly, we optimized a procedure to decellularize bovine tail IVDs using a combination of detergents, ultrasonication, freeze-thaw cycles, and nucleases. The resultant decellularized whole IVD xenografts retained distinct AF and NP regions which contained no visible intact cell nuclei and minimal residual bovine deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA; 65.98 ± 4.07 and 47.12 ± 13.22 ng/mg, respectively). Moreover, the NP region of decellularized IVDs contained 313.40 ± 50.67 µg/mg glycosaminoglycan. The presence of collagen type II was confirmed via immunohistochemistry. Additionally, histological analysis of the AF region of decellularized IVDs demonstrated retention of the native angle-ply collagen microarchitecture. Unconfined compression testing demonstrated no significant differences in swelling pressure and toe-region modulus between fresh and decellularized IVDs. However, linear region moduli, peak stress and equilibrium moduli were all significantly reduced. Together, this research demonstrates a successful initial step in developing a biomimetic acellular whole IVD xenograft scaffold for use in IVD tissue engineering. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A:2412-2423, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Hensley
- Laboratory of Orthopaedic Tissue Regeneration & Orthobiologics, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
| | - Jess Rames
- Laboratory of Orthopaedic Tissue Regeneration & Orthobiologics, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
| | - Victor Casler
- Laboratory of Orthopaedic Tissue Regeneration & Orthobiologics, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
| | - Christopher Rood
- Laboratory of Orthopaedic Tissue Regeneration & Orthobiologics, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
| | - Joshua Walters
- Laboratory of Orthopaedic Tissue Regeneration & Orthobiologics, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
| | - Christopher Fernandez
- Laboratory of Orthopaedic Tissue Regeneration & Orthobiologics, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
| | - Sanjitpal Gill
- Laboratory of Orthopaedic Tissue Regeneration & Orthobiologics, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical Group of the Carolinas-Pelham, Spartanburg Regional Healthcare System, Greer, South Carolina
| | - Jeremy J Mercuri
- Laboratory of Orthopaedic Tissue Regeneration & Orthobiologics, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
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Zhou X, Wang J, Fang W, Tao Y, Zhao T, Xia K, Liang C, Hua J, Li F, Chen Q. Genipin cross-linked type II collagen/chondroitin sulfate composite hydrogel-like cell delivery system induces differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells and regenerates degenerated nucleus pulposus. Acta Biomater 2018; 71:496-509. [PMID: 29555463 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nucleus pulposus (NP) degeneration is usually the origin of intervertebral disc degeneration and consequent lower back pain. Although adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC)-based therapy is regarded to be promising for the treatment of degenerated NP, there is a lack of viable cell carriers to transplant ADSCs into the NP while maintaining cell function. In this study, we developed a type II collagen/chondroitin sulfate (CS) composite hydrogel-like ADSC (CCSA) delivery system with genipin as the cross-linking agent. The induction effect of the scaffold on ADSC differentiation was studied in vitro, and a rat coccygeal vertebrae degeneration model was used to investigate the regenerative effect of the CCSA system on the degenerated NP in vivo. The results showed that the CCSA delivery system cross-linked with 0.02% genipin was biocompatible and promoted the expressions of NP-specific genes. After the injection of the CCSA system, the disc height, water content, extracellular matrix synthesis, and structure of the degenerated NP were partly restored. Our CCSA delivery system uses minimally invasive approaches to promote the regeneration of degenerated NP and provides an exciting new avenue for the treatment of degenerative disc disease. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Nucleus pulposus (NP) degeneration is usually the origin of intervertebral disc degeneration and consequent lower back pain. Stem cell-based tissue engineering is a promising method in NP regeneration, but there is a lack of viable cell carriers to transplant ADSCs into the NP while maintaining cell function. In this study, we developed a type II collagen/chondroitin sulfate (CS) composite hydrogel-like ADSC (CCSA) delivery system with genipin as the cross-linking agent. Although several research groups have studied the fabrication of injectable hydrogel with biological matrix, our study differs from other works. We chose type II collagen and CS, the two primary native components in the NP, as the main materials and combined them according to the natural ratio of collagen and sGAG in the NP. The delivery system is preloaded with ADSCs and can be injected into the NP with a needle, followed by in situ gelation. Genipin is used as a cross-linker to improve the bio-stability of the scaffold, with low cytotoxicity. We investigated the stimulatory effects of our scaffold on the differentiation of ADSCs in vitro and the regenerative effect of the CCSA delivery system on degenerated NP in vivo.
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Shan Z, Lin X, Wang S, Zhang X, Pang Y, Li S, Yu T, Fan S, Zhao F. An injectable nucleus pulposus cell-modified decellularized scaffold: biocompatible material for prevention of disc degeneration. Oncotarget 2018; 8:40276-40288. [PMID: 28402966 PMCID: PMC5522320 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed a nucleus pulposus cell (NPC)-modulated decellularized small intestinal submucosa (SIS) scaffold, and assessed the ability of this material to prevent Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVD) degeneration. Decellularized porcine SIS was squashed into particles and the biological safety and efficiency of these particles were evaluated. Next, SIS particles were seeded with rabbit NPCs, cultured for two months in vitro, decellularized again and suspended for intervertebral injection. We demonstrated that use of the decellularization protocol resulted in the removal of cellular components with maximal retention of extracellular matrix. The xenogeneic decellularized SIS did not display cytotoxicity in vitro and its application prevented NPC degradation. Furthermore, the xenogeneic SIS microparticles were effective in preventing IVD progression in vivo in a rabbit disc degeneration model. In conclusion, our study describes an optimized method for decellularized SIS preparation and demonstrated that the material is safe and effective for treating IVD degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Shan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Xianfeng Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Shengyu Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Xuyang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Yichuan Pang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Shengyun Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Tianming Yu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Shunwu Fan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Fengdong Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
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Dhulekar J, Simionescu A. Challenges in vascular tissue engineering for diabetic patients. Acta Biomater 2018; 70:25-34. [PMID: 29396167 PMCID: PMC5871600 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia coexist in diabetes and result in inflammation, degeneration, and impaired tissue remodeling, processes which are not conducive to the desired integration of tissue engineered products into the surrounding tissues. There are several challenges for vascular tissue engineering such as non-thrombogenicity, adequate burst pressure and compliance, suturability, appropriate remodeling responses, and vasoactivity, but, under diabetic conditions, an additional challenge needs to be considered: the aggressive oxidative environment generated by the high glucose and lipid concentrations that lead to the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in the vascular wall. Extracellular matrix-based scaffolds have adequate physical properties and are biocompatible, however, these scaffolds are altered in diabetes by the formation AGEs and impaired collagen degradation, consequently increasing vascular wall stiffness. In addition, vascular cells detect and respond to altered stimuli from the matrix by pathological remodeling of the vascular wall. Due to the immunomodulatory effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), they are frequently used in tissue engineering in order to protect the scaffolds from inflammation. MSCs together with antioxidant treatments of the scaffolds are expected to protect the vascular grafts from diabetes-induced alterations. In conclusion, as one of the most daunting environments that could damage the ECM and its interaction with cells is progressively built in diabetes, we recommend that cells and scaffolds used in vascular tissue engineering for diabetic patients are tested in diabetic animal models, in order to obtain valuable results regarding their resistance to diabetic adversities. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Almost 25 million Americans have diabetes, characterized by high levels of blood sugar that binds to tissues and disturbs the function of cardiovascular structures. Therefore, patients with diabetes have a high risk of cardiovascular diseases. Surgery is required to replace diseased arteries with implants, but these fail after 5-10 years because they are made of non-living materials, not resistant to diabetes. New tissue engineering materials are developed, based on the patients' own stem cells, isolated from fat, and added to extracellular matrix-based scaffolds. Our main concern is that diabetes could damage the tissue-like implants. Thus we review studies related to the effect of diabetes on tissue components and recommend antioxidant treatments to increase the resistance of implants to diabetes.
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Proteomic Analysis of Nucleus Pulposus Cell-derived Extracellular Matrix Niche and Its Effect on Phenotypic Alteration of Dermal Fibroblasts. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1512. [PMID: 29367647 PMCID: PMC5784136 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19931-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Reconstituting biomimetic matrix niche in vitro and culturing cells at the cell niche interface is necessary to understand the effect and function of the specific matrix niche. Here we attempted to reconstitute a biomimetic extracellular matrix (ECM) niche by culturing nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) in a collagen microsphere system previously established and allowing them to remodel the template matrix. The reconstituted NPC-derived complex ECM was obtained after decellularization and the composition of such niche was evaluated by proteomic analysis. Results showed that a complex acellular matrix niche consisting of ECM proteins and cytoskeletal proteins by comparing with the template collagen matrix starting material. In order to study the significance of the NPC-derived matrix niche, dermal fibroblasts were repopulated in such niche and the phenotypes of these cells were changed, gene expression of collagen type II and CA12 increased significantly. A biomimetic NPC-derived cell niche consisting of complex ECM can be reconstituted in vitro, and repopulating such matrix niche with fibroblasts resulted in changes in phenotypic markers. This work reports a 3D in vitro model to study cell niche factors, contributing to future understanding of cellular interactions at the cell-niche interface and rationalized scaffold design for tissue engineering.
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Lin X, Fang X, Wang Q, Hu Z, Chen K, Shan Z, Chen S, Wang J, Mo J, Ma J, Xu W, Qin A, Fan S. Decellularized allogeneic intervertebral disc: natural biomaterials for regenerating disc degeneration. Oncotarget 2017; 7:12121-36. [PMID: 26933821 PMCID: PMC4914273 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration is associated with back pain and disc herniation. This study established a modified protocol for intervertebral disc (IVD) decellularization and prepared its extracellular matrix (ECM). By culturing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)(3, 7, 14 and 21 days) and human degenerative IVD cells (7 days) in the ECM, implanting it subcutaneously in rabbit and injecting ECM microparticles into degenerative disc, the biological safety and efficacy of decellularized IVD was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we demonstrated that cellular components can be removed completely after decellularization and maximally retain the structure and biomechanics of native IVD. We revealed that allogeneic ECM did not evoke any apparent inflammatory reaction in vivo and no cytotoxicity was found in vitro. Moreover, IVD ECM can induce differentiation of MSCs into IVD-like cells in vitro. Furthermore, allogeneic ECM microparticles are effective on the treatment of rabbit disc degeneration in vivo. In conclusion, our study developed an optimized method for IVD decellularization and we proved decellularized IVD is safe and effective for the treatment of degenerated disc diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Micro-Invasive Surgery of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangqian Fang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Micro-Invasive Surgery of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Micro-Invasive Surgery of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhijun Hu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Micro-Invasive Surgery of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhi Shan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Micro-Invasive Surgery of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiying Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Micro-Invasive Surgery of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Mo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Micro-Invasive Surgery of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Ma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Micro-Invasive Surgery of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenbing Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Micro-Invasive Surgery of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - An Qin
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shunwu Fan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Micro-Invasive Surgery of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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The Challenge in Using Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Recellularization of Decellularized Cartilage. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2017; 13:50-67. [PMID: 27826794 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-016-9699-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Some decellularized musculoskeletal extracellular matrices (ECM)s derived from tissues such as bone, tendon and fibrocartilaginous meniscus have already been clinical use for tissue reconstruction. Repair of articular cartilage with its unique zonal ECM architecture and composition is still an unsolved problem, and the question is whether allogenic or xenogeneic decellularized cartilage ECM could serve as a biomimetic scaffold for this purpose.Hence, this survey outlines the present state of preparing decellularized cartilage ECM-derived scaffolds or composites for reconstruction of different cartilage types and of reseeding it particularly with mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs).The preparation of natural decellularized cartilage ECM scaffolds hampers from the high density of the cartilage ECM and lacking interconnectivity of the rather small natural pores within it: the chondrocytes lacunae. Nevertheless, the reseeding of decellularized ECM scaffolds before implantation provided superior results compared with simply implanting cell-free constructs in several other tissues, but cartilage recellularization remains still challenging. Induced by cartilage ECM-derived scaffolds MSCs underwent chondrogenesis.Major problems to be addressed for the application of cell-free cartilage were discussed such as to maintain ECM structure, natural chemistry, biomechanics and to achieve a homogenous and stable cell recolonization, promote chondrogenic and prevent terminal differentiation (hypertrophy) and induce the deposition of a novel functional ECM. Some promising approaches were proposed including further processing of the decellularized ECM before recellularization of the ECM with MSCs, co-culturing of MSCs with chondrocytes and establishing bioreactor culture e.g. with mechanostimulation, flow perfusion pressure and lowered oxygen tension. Graphical Abstract Synopsis of tissue engineering approaches based on cartilage-derived ECM.
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Zhou F, Zhang X, Cai D, Li J, Mu Q, Zhang W, Zhu S, Jiang Y, Shen W, Zhang S, Ouyang HW. Silk fibroin-chondroitin sulfate scaffold with immuno-inhibition property for articular cartilage repair. Acta Biomater 2017; 63:64-75. [PMID: 28890259 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The demand of favorable scaffolds has increased for the emerging cartilage tissue engineering. Chondroitin sulfate (CS) and silk fibroin have been investigated and reported with safety and excellent biocompatibility as tissue engineering scaffolds. However, the rapid degradation rate of pure CS scaffolds presents a challenge to effectively recreate neo-tissue similar to natural articular cartilage. Meanwhile the silk fibroin is well used as a structural constituent material because its remarkable mechanical properties, long-lasting in vivo stability and hypoimmunity. The application of composite silk fibroin and CS scaffolds for joint cartilage repair has not been well studied. Here we report that the combination of silk fibroin and CS could synergistically promote articular cartilage defect repair. The silk fibroin (silk) and silk fibroin/CS (silk-CS) scaffolds were fabricated with salt-leaching, freeze-drying and crosslinking methodologies. The biocompatibility of the scaffolds was investigated in vitro by cell adhesion, proliferation and migration with human articular chondrocytes. We found that silk-CS scaffold maintained better chondrocyte phenotype than silk scaffold; moreover, the silk-CS scaffolds reduced chondrocyte inflammatory response that was induced by interleukin (IL)-1β, which is in consistent with the well-documented anti-inflammatory activities of CS. The in vivo cartilage repair was evaluated with a rabbit osteochondral defect model. Silk-CS scaffold induced more neo-tissue formation and better structural restoration than silk scaffold after 6 and 12weeks of implantation in ICRS histological evaluations. In conclusion, we have developed a silk fibroin/ chondroitin sulfate scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering that exhibits immuno-inhibition property and can improve the self-repair capacity of cartilage. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Severe cartilage defect such as osteoarthritis (OA) is difficult to self-repair because of its avascular, aneural and alymphatic nature. Current scaffolds often focus on providing sufficient mechanical support or bio-mimetic structure to promote cartilage repair. Thus, silk has been adopted and investigated broadly. However, inflammation is one of the most important factors in OA. But few scaffolds for cartilage repair reported anti-inflammation property. Meanwhile, chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a glycosaminoglycan present in the natural cartilage ECM, and has exhibited a number of useful biological properties including anti-inflammatory activity. Thus, we designed this silk-CS scaffold and proved that this scaffold exhibited good anti-inflammatory effects both in vitro and in vivo, promoted the repair of articular cartilage defect in animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Zhou
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianzhu Zhang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dandan Cai
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Li
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qin Mu
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shouan Zhu
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yangzi Jiang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Weiliang Shen
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shufang Zhang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Hong Wei Ouyang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Sports Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Wu LC, Kuo YJ, Sun FW, Chen CH, Chiang CJ, Weng PW, Tsuang YH, Huang YY. Optimized decellularization protocol including α-Gal epitope reduction for fabrication of an acellular porcine annulus fibrosus scaffold. Cell Tissue Bank 2017; 18:383-396. [PMID: 28342099 PMCID: PMC5587617 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-017-9619-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in tissue engineering have led to potential new strategies, especially decellularization protocols from natural tissues, for the repair, replacement, and regeneration of intervertebral discs. This study aimed to validate our previously reported method for the decellularization of annulus fibrosus (AF) tissue and to quantify potentially antigenic α-Gal epitopes in the decellularized tissue. Porcine AF tissue was decellularized using different freeze-thaw temperatures, chemical detergents, and incubation times in order to determine the optimal method for cell removal. The integrity of the decellularized material was determined using biochemical and mechanical tests. The α-Gal epitope was quantified before and after decellularization. Decellularization with freeze-thaw in liquid nitrogen, an ionic detergent (0.1% SDS), and a 24 h incubation period yielded the greatest retention of GAG and collagen relative to DNA reduction when tested as single variables. Combined, these optimal decellularization conditions preserved more GAG while removing the same amount of DNA as the conditions used in our previous study. Components and biomechanical properties of the AF matrix were retained. The decellularized AF scaffold exhibited suitable immune-compatibility, as evidenced by successful in vivo remodeling and a decrease in the α-Gal epitope. Our study defined the optimal conditions for decellularization of porcine AF tissues while preserving the biological composition and mechanical properties of the scaffold. Under these conditions, immunocompatibility was evidenced by successful in vivo remodeling and reduction of the α-Gal epitope in the decellularized material. Decellularized AF scaffolds are potential candidates for clinical applications in spinal surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien-Chen Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 23561, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jie Kuo
- Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Wen Sun
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsien Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 23561, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Jung Chiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 23561, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wei Weng
- Department of Orthopedics, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 23561, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Hwei Tsuang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 23561, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yi-You Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Sloan SR, Galesso D, Secchieri C, Berlin C, Hartl R, Bonassar LJ. Initial investigation of individual and combined annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus repair ex vivo. Acta Biomater 2017; 59:192-199. [PMID: 28669721 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Novel tissue engineered and biomaterial approaches to treat intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration focus on single aspects of the progressive disease and hence are insufficient repair strategies. In this study, annulus fibrosus (AF) and nucleus pulposus (NP) biomaterial repair strategies were used individually and combined to treat IVD degeneration modeled in ex vivo rat-tail motion segments by annulotomy and nucleotomy. An injectable riboflavin cross-linked high-density collagen gel patched defects in the AF, while NP repair consisted of injections of a modified hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel. Qualitative imaging showed the annulotomy and nucleotomy successfully herniated NP material, while the HA NP injections restored intact NP morphology and the collagen AF patches sealed AF defects. Assessed by quantitative T2 magnetic resonance imaging, combined repair treatments yielded disc hydration not significantly different than intact hydration, while AF and NP repairs alone only restored ∼1/3 of intact hydration. Mechanical testing showed NP injections alone recovered on average ∼35% and ∼40% of the effective instantaneous and equilibrium moduli. The combined treatment comprising biomaterial AF and NP repair was effective at increasing NP hydration from NP repair alone, however HA injections alone are sufficient to improve mechanical properties. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Intervertebral disc degeneration affects an estimated 90% of individuals throughout their life, and is a candidate pathology for tissue engineered repair. The current standard of clinical care reduces spinal articulation and leads to further degeneration along the spine, hence great interest in a regenerative medicine therapy. Literature studies focused on biomaterial repair strategies for treating degenerated discs have partially restored native disc function, however no studies have reported the use of combined therapies to address multiple aspects of disc degeneration. This initial investigation screened injectable biomaterial repair strategies ex vivo, and through complementary outcome measures showed a combined therapy restores disc function better than individual approaches. This study is the first of its kind to address multiple aspects of disc degeneration, using clinically-oriented biomaterials in a well-established animal model.
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Borem R, Madeline A, Walters J, Mayo H, Gill S, Mercuri J. Angle-ply biomaterial scaffold for annulus fibrosus repair replicates native tissue mechanical properties, restores spinal kinematics, and supports cell viability. Acta Biomater 2017; 58:254-268. [PMID: 28587986 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Annulus fibrosus (AF) damage commonly occurs due to intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration/herniation. The dynamic mechanical role of the AF is essential for proper IVD function and thus it is imperative that biomaterials developed to repair the AF withstand the mechanical rigors of the native tissue. Furthermore, these biomaterials must resist accelerated degradation within the proteolytic environment of degenerate IVDs while supporting integration with host tissue. We have previously reported a novel approach for developing collagen-based, multi-laminate AF repair patches (AFRPs) that mimic the angle-ply architecture and basic tensile properties of the human AF. Herein, we further evaluate AFRPs for their: tensile fatigue and impact burst strength, IVD attachment strength, and contribution to functional spinal unit (FSU) kinematics following IVD repair. Additionally, AFRP resistance to collagenase degradation and cytocompatibility were assessed following chemical crosslinking. In summary, AFRPs demonstrated enhanced durability at high applied stress amplitudes compared to human AF and withstood radially-directed biaxial stresses commonly borne by the native tissue prior to failure/detachment from IVDs. Moreover, FSUs repaired with AFRPs and nucleus pulposus (NP) surrogates had their axial kinematic parameters restored to intact levels. Finally, carbodiimide crosslinked AFRPs resisted accelerated collagenase digestion without detrimentally effecting AFRP tensile properties or cytocompatibility. Taken together, AFRPs demonstrate the mechanical robustness and enzymatic stability required for implantation into the damaged/degenerate IVD while supporting AF cell infiltration and viability. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The quality of life for millions of individuals globally is detrimentally impacted by IVD degeneration and herniation. These pathologies often result in the structural demise of IVD tissue, particularly the annulus fibrosus (AF). Biomaterials developed for AF repair have yet to demonstrate the mechanical strength and durability required for utilization in the spine. Herein, we demonstrate the development of an angle-ply AF repair patch (AFRP) that can resist the application of physiologically relevant stresses without failure and which contributes to the restoration of functional spinal unit axial kinematics following repair. Furthermore, we show that this biomaterial can resist accelerated degradation in a simulated degenerate environment and supports AF cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Borem
- The Laboratory of Orthopaedic Tissue Regeneration & Orthobiologics, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Allison Madeline
- The Laboratory of Orthopaedic Tissue Regeneration & Orthobiologics, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Joshua Walters
- The Laboratory of Orthopaedic Tissue Regeneration & Orthobiologics, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Henry Mayo
- The Laboratory of Orthopaedic Tissue Regeneration & Orthobiologics, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Sanjitpal Gill
- The Laboratory of Orthopaedic Tissue Regeneration & Orthobiologics, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical Group of the Carolinas-Pelham, Spartanburg Regional Healthcare System, Greer, SC, USA
| | - Jeremy Mercuri
- The Laboratory of Orthopaedic Tissue Regeneration & Orthobiologics, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.
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Wachs RA, Hoogenboezem EN, Huda HI, Xin S, Porvasnik SL, Schmidt CE. Creation of an injectable in situ gelling native extracellular matrix for nucleus pulposus tissue engineering. Spine J 2017; 17:435-444. [PMID: 27989725 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2016.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Disc degeneration is the leading cause of low back pain and is often characterized by a loss of disc height, resulting from cleavage of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) present in the nucleus pulposus. Intact CSPGs are critical to water retention and maintenance of the nucleus osmotic pressure. Decellularization of healthy nucleus pulposus tissue has the potential to serve as an ideal matrix for tissue engineering of the disc because of the presence of native disc proteins and CSPGs. Injectable in situ gelling matrices are the most viable therapeutic option to prevent damage to the anulus fibrosus and future disc degeneration. PURPOSE The purpose of this research was to create a gentle decellularization method for use on healthy nucleus pulposus tissue explants and to develop an injectable formulation of this matrix to enable therapeutic use without substantial tissue disruption. STUDY DESIGN Porcine nuclei pulposi were isolated, decellularized, and solubilized. Samples were assessed to determine the degree of cell removal, matrix maintenance, gelation ability, cytotoxic residuals, and native cell viability. METHODS Nuclei pulposi were decellularized using serial detergent, buffer, and enzyme treatments. Decellularized nuclei pulposi were solubilized, neutralized, and buffered. The efficacy of decellularization was assessed by quantifying DNA removal and matrix preservation. An elution study was performed to confirm removal of cytotoxic residuals. Gelation kinetics and injectability were quantified. Long-term in vitro experiments were performed with nucleus pulposus cells to ensure cell viability and native matrix production within the injectable decellularized nucleus pulposus matrices. RESULTS This work resulted in the creation of a robust acellular matrix (>96% DNA removal) with highly preserved sulfated glycosaminoglycans (>47%), and collagen content and microstructure similar to native nucleus pulposus, indicating preservation of disc components. Furthermore, it was possible to create an injectable formulation that gelled in situ within 45 minutes and formed fibrillar collagen with similar diameters to native nucleus pulposus. The processing did not result in any remaining cytotoxic residuals. Solubilized decellularized nucleus pulposus samples seeded with nucleus pulposus cells maintained robust viability (>89%) up to 21 days of culture in vitro, with morphology similar to native nucleus pulposus cells, and exhibited significantly enhanced sulfated glycosaminoglycans production over 21 days. CONCLUSIONS A gentle decellularization of porcine nucleus pulposus followed by solubilization enabled the creation of an injectable tissue-specific matrix that is well tolerated in vitro by nucleus pulposus cells. These matrices have the potential to be used as a minimally invasive nucleus pulposus therapeutic to restore disc height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Wachs
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, PO Box 116131 1275 Center Drive, JG56, Gainesville, FL 32611-6131, USA.
| | - Ella N Hoogenboezem
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, PO Box 116131 1275 Center Drive, JG56, Gainesville, FL 32611-6131, USA
| | - Hammad I Huda
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, PO Box 116131 1275 Center Drive, JG56, Gainesville, FL 32611-6131, USA
| | - Shangjing Xin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, 100 Rhines Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611-6131, USA
| | - Stacy L Porvasnik
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, PO Box 116131 1275 Center Drive, JG56, Gainesville, FL 32611-6131, USA
| | - Christine E Schmidt
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, PO Box 116131 1275 Center Drive, JG56, Gainesville, FL 32611-6131, USA
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Extracellular matrix hydrogels from decellularized tissues: Structure and function. Acta Biomater 2017; 49:1-15. [PMID: 27915024 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) bioscaffolds prepared from decellularized tissues have been used to facilitate constructive and functional tissue remodeling in a variety of clinical applications. The discovery that these ECM materials could be solubilized and subsequently manipulated to form hydrogels expanded their potential in vitro and in vivo utility; i.e. as culture substrates comparable to collagen or Matrigel, and as injectable materials that fill irregularly-shaped defects. The mechanisms by which ECM hydrogels direct cell behavior and influence remodeling outcomes are only partially understood, but likely include structural and biological signals retained from the native source tissue. The present review describes the utility, formation, and physical and biological characterization of ECM hydrogels. Two examples of clinical application are presented to demonstrate in vivo utility of ECM hydrogels in different organ systems. Finally, new research directions and clinical translation of ECM hydrogels are discussed. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE More than 70 papers have been published on extracellular matrix (ECM) hydrogels created from source tissue in almost every organ system. The present manuscript represents a review of ECM hydrogels and attempts to identify structure-function relationships that influence the tissue remodeling outcomes and gaps in the understanding thereof. There is a Phase 1 clinical trial now in progress for an ECM hydrogel.
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Yang Q, Xu HW, Hurday S, Xu BS. Construction Strategy and Progress of Whole Intervertebral Disc Tissue Engineering. Orthop Surg 2017; 8:11-8. [PMID: 27028376 DOI: 10.1111/os.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Degenerative disc disease (DDD) is the major cause of low back pain, which usually leads to work absenteeism, medical visits and hospitalization. Because the current conservative procedures and surgical approaches to treatment of DDD only aim to relieve the symptoms of disease but not to regenerate the diseased disc, their long-term efficiency is limited. With the rapid developments in medical science, tissue engineering techniques have progressed markedly in recent years, providing a novel regenerative strategy for managing intervertebral disc disease. However, there are as yet no ideal methods for constructing tissue-engineered intervertebral discs. This paper reviews published reports pertaining to intervertebral disc tissue engineering and summarizes data concerning the seed cells and scaffold materials for tissue-engineered intervertebral discs, construction of tissue-engineered whole intervertebral discs, relevant animal experiments and effects of mechanics on the construction of tissue-engineered intervertebral disc and outlines the existing problems and future directions. Although the perfect regenerative strategy for treating DDD has not yet been developed, great progress has been achieved in the construction of tissue-engineered intervertebral discs. It is believed that ongoing research on intervertebral disc tissue engineering will result in revolutionary progress in the treatment of DDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yang
- Department of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Tianjin, China
| | - Hai-wei Xu
- Department of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Tianjin, China
| | - Sookesh Hurday
- Department of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Bao-shan Xu
- Department of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Tianjin, China
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Fernandez C, Marionneaux A, Gill S, Mercuri J. Biomimetic nucleus pulposus scaffold created from bovine caudal intervertebral disc tissue utilizing an optimal decellularization procedure. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 104:3093-3106. [PMID: 27507100 PMCID: PMC5832047 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IDD) and herniation (IDH) can result in low back pain and impart significant socioeconomic burden. These pathologies involve detrimental alteration to the nucleus pulposus (NP) either via biochemical degradation or extrusion from the IVD, respectively. Thus, engineering living NP tissue utilizing biomaterial scaffolds that recapitulate native NP microarchitecture, biochemistry, mechanical properties, and which support cell viability represents an approach to aiding patients with IDD and IDH. To date, an ideal biomaterial to support NP regeneration has yet to be developed; however, one promising approach to generating biomimetic materials is to employ the decellularization (decell) of xenogeneic NP tissue to remove host DNA while maintaining critical native extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Herein, 13 different procedures were evaluated in an attempt to decell bovine caudal IVD NP tissue. An optimal method was identified which was confirmed to effectively remove bovine DNA, while maintaining physiologically relevant amounts of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and type II collagen. Unconfined static and dynamic compressive mechanical properties of scaffolds approached values reported for human NP and viability of human amniotic stem cells (hAMSCs) was maintained on noncrosslinked and EDC/NHS treated scaffolds for up to 14 days in culture. Taken together, NP tissue obtained from bovine caudal IVDs can be successfully decelled in order to generate a biomimetic scaffold for NP tissue regeneration. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 3093-3106, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Fernandez
- Department of Bioengineering, The Laboratory of Orthopaedic Tissue Regeneration & Orthobiologics, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
| | - Alan Marionneaux
- Department of Bioengineering, The Laboratory of Orthopaedic Tissue Regeneration & Orthobiologics, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
| | - Sanjitpal Gill
- Department of Bioengineering, The Laboratory of Orthopaedic Tissue Regeneration & Orthobiologics, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Spartanburg Regional Healthcare System, Greer, South Carolina
| | - Jeremy Mercuri
- Department of Bioengineering, The Laboratory of Orthopaedic Tissue Regeneration & Orthobiologics, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina.
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Melrose J. Strategies in regenerative medicine for intervertebral disc repair using mesenchymal stem cells and bioscaffolds. Regen Med 2016; 11:705-24. [DOI: 10.2217/rme-2016-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The intervertebral disc (IVD) is a major weight bearing structure that undergoes degenerative changes with aging limiting its ability to dissipate axial spinal loading in an efficient manner resulting in the generation of low back pain. Low back pain is a number one global musculoskeletal disorder with massive socioeconomic impact. The WHO has nominated development of mesenchymal stem cells and bioscaffolds to promote IVD repair as primary research objectives. There is a clear imperative for the development of strategies to effectively treat IVD defects. Early preclinical studies with mesenchymal stem cells in canine and ovine models have yielded impressive results in IVD repair. Combinatorial therapeutic approaches encompassing biomaterial and cell-based therapies promise significant breakthroughs in IVD repair in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone & Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Northern, The University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Xu B, Xu H, Wu Y, Li X, Zhang Y, Ma X, Yang Q. Intervertebral Disc Tissue Engineering with Natural Extracellular Matrix-Derived Biphasic Composite Scaffolds. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124774. [PMID: 25894203 PMCID: PMC4404358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering has provided an alternative therapeutic possibility for degenerative disc diseases. However, we lack an ideal scaffold for IVD tissue engineering. The goal of this study is to fabricate a novel biomimetic biphasic scaffold for IVD tissue engineering and evaluate the feasibility of developing tissue-engineered IVD in vitro and in vivo. In present study we developed a novel integrated biphasic IVD scaffold using a simple freeze-drying and cross-linking technique of pig bone matrix gelatin (BMG) for the outer annulus fibrosus (AF) phase and pig acellular cartilage ECM (ACECM) for the inner nucleus pulposus (NP) phase. Histology and SEM results indicated no residual cells remaining in the scaffold that featured an interconnected porous microstructure (pore size of AF and NP phase 401.4 ± 13.1 μm and 231.6 ± 57.2 μm, respectively). PKH26-labeled AF and NP cells were seeded into the scaffold and cultured in vitro. SEM confirmed that seeded cells could anchor onto the scaffold. Live/dead staining showed that live cells (green fluorescence) were distributed in the scaffold, with no dead cells (red fluorescence) being found. The cell-scaffold constructs were implanted subcutaneously into nude mice and cultured for 6 weeks in vivo. IVD-like tissue formed in nude mice as confirmed by histology. Cells in hybrid constructs originated from PKH26-labeled cells, as confirmed by in vivo fluorescence imaging system. In conclusion, the study demonstrates the feasibility of developing a tissue-engineered IVD in vivo with a BMG- and ACECM-derived integrated AF-NP biphasic scaffold. As well, PKH26 fluorescent labeling with in vivo fluorescent imaging can be used to track cells and analyse cell--scaffold constructs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoshan Xu
- Department of minimally invasive spine surgery, Tianjin Hospital, 406 Jie Fang Nan Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300211, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiwei Xu
- Department of minimally invasive spine surgery, Tianjin Hospital, 406 Jie Fang Nan Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300211, People’s Republic of China
- Tianjin medical university, Tianjin, 300070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaohong Wu
- Department of minimally invasive spine surgery, Tianjin Hospital, 406 Jie Fang Nan Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300211, People’s Republic of China
- Tianjin medical university, Tianjin, 300070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiulan Li
- Cell Engineering Laboratory of Orthopaedic Institute, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, 300211, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Cell Engineering Laboratory of Orthopaedic Institute, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, 300211, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinlong Ma
- Department of minimally invasive spine surgery, Tianjin Hospital, 406 Jie Fang Nan Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300211, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (QY); (XM)
| | - Qiang Yang
- Department of minimally invasive spine surgery, Tianjin Hospital, 406 Jie Fang Nan Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300211, People’s Republic of China
- Tianjin medical university, Tianjin, 300070, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (QY); (XM)
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Syazwani N, Azhim A, Morimoto Y, Furukawa KS, Ushida T. Decellularization of Aorta Tissue Using Sonication Treatment as Potential Scaffold for Vascular Tissue Engineering. J Med Biol Eng 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40846-015-0028-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Utomo L, Pleumeekers MM, Nimeskern L, Nürnberger S, Stok KS, Hildner F, van Osch GJVM. Preparation and characterization of a decellularized cartilage scaffold for ear cartilage reconstruction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 10:015010. [PMID: 25586138 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/10/1/015010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Scaffolds are widely used to reconstruct cartilage. Yet, the fabrication of a scaffold with a highly organized microenvironment that closely resembles native cartilage remains a major challenge. Scaffolds derived from acellular extracellular matrices are able to provide such a microenvironment. Currently, no report specifically on decellularization of full thickness ear cartilage has been published. In this study, decellularized ear cartilage scaffolds were prepared and extensively characterized. Cartilage decellularization was optimized to remove cells and cell remnants from elastic cartilage. Following removal of nuclear material, the obtained scaffolds retained their native collagen and elastin contents as well as their architecture and shape. High magnification scanning electron microscopy showed no obvious difference in matrix density after decellularization. However, glycosaminoglycan content was significantly reduced, resulting in a loss of viscoelastic properties. Additionally, in contact with the scaffolds, human bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells remained viable and are able to differentiate toward the chondrogenic lineage when cultured in vitro. These results, including the ability to decellularize whole human ears, highlight the clinical potential of decellularization as an improved cartilage reconstruction strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizette Utomo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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Wu LC, Chiang CJ, Liu ZH, Tsuang YH, Sun JS, Huang YY. Fabrication and properties of acellular porcine anulus fibrosus for tissue engineering in spine surgery. J Orthop Surg Res 2014; 9:118. [PMID: 25466788 PMCID: PMC4264257 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-014-0118-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the last few years, new treatments for a damaged intervertebral disc (IVD) have included strategies to repair, replace, or regenerate the degenerative disc. However, these techniques are likely to have limited success, due to insufficiently effective means to address the damaged anulus fibrosus (AF). Here, we try to develop a bioprocess method for decellularization of the xenogeneic AF tissue, with a view to developing a scaffold as a potential candidate for clinical application in spinal surgery. METHODS Porcine AFs were decellularized using freeze-thaw cycles, followed by various combined treatments with 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and nucleases. RESULTS Hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) staining showed that decellularization was achieved through the decellularization protocols. Biochemical analyses revealed 86% reduction in DNA, but only 15.9% reduction in glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content, with no significant difference in the hydroxyproline content. There was no appreciable cytotoxicity of the acellular AF. Biomechanical testing of the acellular AF found no significant decline in stiffness or Young's modulus. CONCLUSIONS Porcine AF tissues were effectively decellularized with the preservation of biologic composition and mechanical properties. These results demonstrate that acellular AF scaffolds would be a potential candidate for clinical application in spinal surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien-Chen Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec.1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Orthopedics, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chang-Jung Chiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Zen-Hao Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec.1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yang-Hwei Tsuang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Jui-Sheng Sun
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Orthopaedics, National Taiwan University Hospital HsinChu Branch, HsinChu, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-You Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec.1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Fercana G, Bowser D, Portilla M, Langan EM, Carsten CG, Cull DL, Sierad LN, Simionescu DT. Platform technologies for decellularization, tunic-specific cell seeding, and in vitro conditioning of extended length, small diameter vascular grafts. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2014; 20:1016-27. [PMID: 24749889 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2014.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to generate extended length, small diameter vascular scaffolds that could serve as potential grafts for treatment of acute ischemia. Biological tissues are considered excellent scaffolds, which exhibit adequate biological, mechanical, and handling properties; however, they tend to degenerate, dilate, and calcify after implantation. We hypothesized that chemically stabilized acellular arteries would be ideal scaffolds for development of vascular grafts for peripheral surgery applications. Based on promising historical data from our laboratory and others, we chose to decellularize bovine mammary and femoral arteries and test them as scaffolds for vascular grafting. Decellularization of such long structures required development of a novel "bioprocessing" system and a sequence of detergents and enzymes that generated completely acellular, galactose-(α1,3)-galactose (α-Gal) xenoantigen-free scaffolds with preserved collagen, elastin, and basement membrane components. Acellular arteries exhibited excellent mechanical properties, including burst pressure, suture holding strength, and elastic recoil. To reduce elastin degeneration, we treated the scaffolds with penta-galloyl glucose and then revitalized them in vitro using a tunic-specific cell approach. A novel atraumatic endothelialization protocol using an external stent was also developed for the long grafts and cell-seeded constructs were conditioned in a flow bioreactor. Both decellularization and revitalization are feasible but cell retention in vitro continues to pose challenges. These studies support further efforts toward clinical use of small diameter acellular arteries as vascular grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Fercana
- 1 Biocompatibility and Tissue Regeneration Laboratories, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina
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