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Veloso SRS, Azevedo AG, Teixeira PF, Fernandes CBP. Cellulose Nanocrystal (CNC) Gels: A Review. Gels 2023; 9:574. [PMID: 37504453 PMCID: PMC10379674 DOI: 10.3390/gels9070574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this article is to review the research conducted in the field of aqueous and polymer composites cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) gels. The experimental techniques employed to characterize the rheological behavior of these materials will be summarized, and the main advantages of using CNC gels will also be addressed in this review. In addition, research devoted to the use of numerical simulation methodologies to describe the production of CNC-based materials, e.g., in 3D printing, is also discussed. Finally, this paper also discusses the application of CNC gels along with additives such as cross-linking agents, which can represent an enormous opportunity to develop improved materials for manufacturing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio R S Veloso
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies (LaPMET), University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana G Azevedo
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mte. José Veiga s/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Paulo F Teixeira
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Smart Materials (CeNTI), Rua Fernando Mesquita 2785, 4760-034 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
| | - Célio B P Fernandes
- Transport Phenomena Research Centre (CEFT), Faculty of Engineering at University of Porto (FEUP), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Centre of Mathematics (CMAT), School of Sciences, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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Ghilan A, Nicu R, Ciolacu DE, Ciolacu F. Insight into the Latest Medical Applications of Nanocellulose. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4447. [PMID: 37374630 DOI: 10.3390/ma16124447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Nanocelluloses (NCs) are appealing nanomaterials that have experienced rapid development in recent years, with great potential in the biomedical field. This trend aligns with the increasing demand for sustainable materials, which will contribute both to an improvement in wellbeing and an extension of human life, and with the demand to keep up with advances in medical technology. In recent years, due to the diversity of their physical and biological properties and the possibility of tuning them according to the desired goal, these nanomaterials represent a point of maximum interest in the medical field. Applications such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, wound dressing, medical implants or those in cardiovascular health are some of the applications in which NCs have been successfully used. This review presents insight into the latest medical applications of NCs, in the forms of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), with an emphasis on the domains that have recently experienced remarkable growth, namely wound dressing, tissue engineering and drug delivery. In order to highlight only the most recent achievements, the presented information is focused on studies from the last 3 years. Approaches to the preparation of NCs are discussed either by top-down (chemical or mechanical degradation) or by bottom-up (biosynthesis) techniques, along with their morphological characterization and unique properties, such as mechanical and biological properties. Finally, the main challenges, limitations and future research directions of NCs are identified in a sustained effort to identify their effective use in biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Ghilan
- Department of Natural Polymers, Bioactive and Biocompatible Materials, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Raluca Nicu
- Department of Natural Polymers, Bioactive and Biocompatible Materials, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Diana E Ciolacu
- Department of Natural Polymers, Bioactive and Biocompatible Materials, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Florin Ciolacu
- Department of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, "Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University of Iasi, 700050 Iasi, Romania
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Ning L, Jia Y, Zhao X, Tang R, Wang F, You C. Nanocellulose-based drug carriers: Functional design, controllable synthesis, and therapeutic applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:1500-1510. [PMID: 36195234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
With rising living standards and environmental awareness, materials-oriented chemical engineering has increasingly transitioned from traditional rough models to more resource-saving and eco-friendly models, providing an avenue for bio-based materials in the drug carrier field. Because of its excellent physical and chemical properties, including high specific surface area, abundant accessible hydroxyl groups, biocompatibility, and degradability, nanocellulose (NC) is an emerging bio-based material that has been widely exploited as biomedical materials. The modification techniques of NC, as well as advancements in the design and applications of drug carriers, were primarily discussed in this study. First, the NC modification methods are described; second, the applications of NC and its derivatives as drug carriers are summarized, focusing on NC-based carrier models, types of loaded therapeutic agents, and controlled release stimulators; and finally, the current challenges of NC in the drug carrier field and the directions of future research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Like Ning
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yuxin Jia
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xinxu Zhao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Ruoxu Tang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chaoqun You
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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Nanocellulose-based hydrogels as versatile drug delivery vehicles: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:830-843. [PMID: 36179866 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels designed with nanocellulose (i.e. cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), and bacterial cellulose (BC)) have significant advantages as drug carriers due to their environmentally-benign features and excellent properties. Nanocellulose hydrogels have been demonstrated to sustainably deliver various kinds of drugs via different routes of administration, in which nanocellulose significantly improves the hydrogel properties and tunes the drug releasing profile. This article comprehensively summarizes the recent research progress on nanocellulose hydrogels in drug delivery. We carefully assessed the gelation methods for nanocellulose hydrogel design and highlighted the influence of nanocellulose on hydrogel properties and drug release behaviors. In particular, it is the first time to summarize the research on nanocellulose hydrogel-based drug carriers regarding specific routes of administration. This work provides a critical review of nanocellulose-based hydrogels as drug delivery vehicles, and also underlines the outlook in this field, with the objective to inspire/prompt future work, especially the practical applications of nanocellulose hydrogels in designing controlled drug delivery systems.
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Wang C, Bai J, Tian P, Xie R, Duan Z, Lv Q, Tao Y. The Application Status of Nanoscale Cellulose-Based Hydrogels in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Biomedicine. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:732513. [PMID: 34869252 PMCID: PMC8637443 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.732513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As a renewable, biodegradable, and non-toxic material with moderate mechanical and thermal properties, nanocellulose-based hydrogels are receiving immense consideration for various biomedical applications. With the unique properties of excellent skeletal structure (hydrophilic functional groups) and micro-nano size (small size effect), nanocellulose can maintain the three-dimensional structure of the hydrogel to a large extent, providing mechanical strength while ensuring the moisture content. Owing to its unique features, nanocellulose-based hydrogels have made excellent progress in research and development on tissue engineering, drug carriers, wound dressings, development of synthetic organs, 3D printing, and biosensing. This review provides an overview of the synthesis of different types of nanocellulose, including cellulose nanocrystals, cellulose nanofibers, and bacterial nanocellulose, and describes their unique features. It further provides an updated knowledge of the development of nanocellulose-based functional biomaterials for various biomedical applications. Finally, it discusses the future perspective of nanocellulose-based research for its advanced biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jin Bai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Pei Tian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Rui Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zifan Duan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Qinqin Lv
- The Fourth College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuqiang Tao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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Ferrari N, Maestri CA, Bettotti P, Grassi M, Abrami M, Scarpa M. Effect of Process Conditions and Colloidal Properties of Cellulose Nanocrystals Suspensions on the Production of Hydrogel Beads. Molecules 2021; 26:2552. [PMID: 33925716 PMCID: PMC8125024 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of the physical, rheological, and process parameters on the cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) drops before and after external gelation in a CaCl2 solution was investigated. The dominant role of the CNC's colloidal suspension properties, such as the viscous force, inertial, and surface tension forces in the fluid dynamics was quantitatively evaluated in the formation of drops and jellified beads. The similarity and difference between the behavior of carbohydrate polymers and rod-like crystallites such as CNC were enlightened. Pump-driven and centrifugally-driven external gelation approaches were followed to obtain CNC hydrogel beads with tunable size and regular shape. A superior morphological control-that is, a more regular shape and smaller dimension of the beads-were obtained by centrifugal force-driven gelation. These results suggest that even by using a simple set-up and a low-speed centrifuge device, the extrusion of a colloidal solution through a small nozzle under a centrifugal field is an efficient approach for the production of CNC hydrogel beads with good reproducibility, control over the bead morphology and size monodispersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Ferrari
- Department of Physics, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (N.F.); (C.A.M.); (P.B.)
| | - Cecilia Ada Maestri
- Department of Physics, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (N.F.); (C.A.M.); (P.B.)
| | - Paolo Bettotti
- Department of Physics, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (N.F.); (C.A.M.); (P.B.)
| | - Mario Grassi
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (M.G.); (M.A.)
| | - Michela Abrami
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (M.G.); (M.A.)
| | - Marina Scarpa
- Department of Physics, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (N.F.); (C.A.M.); (P.B.)
- Istituto Nazionale Fisica Nucleare (INFN), 38123 Trento, Italy
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Heise K, Kontturi E, Allahverdiyeva Y, Tammelin T, Linder MB, Nonappa, Ikkala O. Nanocellulose: Recent Fundamental Advances and Emerging Biological and Biomimicking Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2004349. [PMID: 33289188 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the effort toward sustainable advanced functional materials, nanocelluloses have attracted extensive recent attention. Nanocelluloses range from rod-like highly crystalline cellulose nanocrystals to longer and more entangled cellulose nanofibers, earlier denoted also as microfibrillated celluloses and bacterial cellulose. In recent years, they have spurred research toward a wide range of applications, ranging from nanocomposites, viscosity modifiers, films, barrier layers, fibers, structural color, gels, aerogels and foams, and energy applications, until filtering membranes, to name a few. Still, nanocelluloses continue to show surprisingly high challenges to master their interactions and tailorability to allow well-controlled assemblies for functional materials. Rather than trying to review the already extensive nanocellulose literature at large, here selected aspects of the recent progress are the focus. Water interactions, which are central for processing for the functional properties, are discussed first. Then advanced hybrid gels toward (multi)stimuli responses, shape-memory materials, self-healing, adhesion and gluing, biological scaffolding, and forensic applications are discussed. Finally, composite fibers are discussed, as well as nanocellulose as a strategy for improvement of photosynthesis-based chemicals production. In summary, selected perspectives toward new directions for sustainable high-tech functional materials science based on nanocelluloses are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Heise
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Engineering of Biosynthetic Hybrid Materials Research, Aalto University, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Yagut Allahverdiyeva
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, FI-20014, Finland
| | - Tekla Tammelin
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, VTT, PO Box 1000, FIN-02044, Espoo, Finland
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Engineering of Biosynthetic Hybrid Materials Research, Aalto University, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Nonappa
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Engineering of Biosynthetic Hybrid Materials Research, Aalto University, FI-00076, Finland
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 541, Tampere, FI-33101, Finland
| | - Olli Ikkala
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Engineering of Biosynthetic Hybrid Materials Research, Aalto University, FI-00076, Finland
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
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