1
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Välisalmi T, Linder MB. The ratio of fibroin to sericin in the middle silk gland of Bombyx mori and its correlation with the extensional behavior of the silk dope. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e4907. [PMID: 38380732 PMCID: PMC10880417 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Understanding how native silk spinning occurs is crucial for designing artificial spinning systems. One often overlooked factor in Bombyx mori is the secretion of sericin proteins. Herein, we investigate the variation in amino acid content at different locations in the middle silk gland (MSG) of B. mori. This variation corresponds to an increase in sericin content when moving towards the anterior region of the MSG, while the posterior region predominantly contains fibroin. We estimate the mass ratio of sericin to fibroin to be ~25/75 wt% in the anterior MSG, depending on the fitting method. Then, we demonstrate that the improvement in the extensional behavior of the silk dope in the MSG correlates with the increase in sericin content. The addition of sericin may decrease the viscosity of the silk dope, a factor associated with an increase in the spinnability of silk. We further discuss whether this effect could also result from other known physicochemical changes within the MSG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teemu Välisalmi
- Department of Bioproducts and BiosystemsSchool of Chemical Engineering, Aalto UniversityAaltoFinland
- Centre of Excellence in Life‐Inspired Hybrid Materials (LIBER)Aalto UniversityAaltoFinland
| | - Markus B. Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and BiosystemsSchool of Chemical Engineering, Aalto UniversityAaltoFinland
- Centre of Excellence in Life‐Inspired Hybrid Materials (LIBER)Aalto UniversityAaltoFinland
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2
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Jonkergouw C, Savola P, Osmekhina E, van Strien J, Batys P, Linder MB. Exploration of Chemical Diversity in Intercellular Quorum Sensing Signalling Systems in Prokaryotes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314469. [PMID: 37877232 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) serves as a vital means of intercellular signalling in a variety of prokaryotes, which enables single cells to act in multicellular configurations. The potential to control community-wide responses has also sparked numerous recent biotechnological innovations. However, our capacity to utilize intercellular communication is hindered due to a scarcity of complementary signalling systems and a restricted comprehension of interconnections between these systems caused by variations in their dynamic range. In this study, we utilize uniform manifold approximation and projection and extended-connectivity fingerprints to explore the available chemical space of QS signalling molecules. We investigate and experimentally characterize a set of closely related QS signalling ligands, consisting of N-acyl homoserine lactones and the aryl homoserine lactone p-coumaroyl, as well as a set of more widely diverging QS ligands, consisting of photopyrones, dialkylresorcinols, 3,5-dimethylpyrazin-2-ol and autoinducer-2, and define their performance. We report on a set of six signal- and promoter-orthogonal intercellular QS signalling systems, significantly expanding the toolkit for engineering community-wide behaviour. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ligand diversity can serve as a statistically significant tool to predict much more complicated ligand-receptor interactions. This approach highlights the potential of dimensionality reduction to explore chemical diversity in microbial dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Jonkergouw
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Kemistintie 1, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Pihla Savola
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Kemistintie 1, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Ekaterina Osmekhina
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Kemistintie 1, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Joeri van Strien
- Medical BioSciences Department, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Piotr Batys
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30239, Krakow, Poland
| | - Markus B Linder
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Kemistintie 1, 02150, Espoo, Finland
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3
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Tolmachev DA, Malkamäki M, Linder MB, Sammalkorpi M. Spidroins under the Influence of Alcohol: Effect of Ethanol on Secondary Structure and Molecular Level Solvation of Silk-Like Proteins. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:5638-5653. [PMID: 38019577 PMCID: PMC10716855 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Future sustainable materials based on designer biomolecules require control of the solution assembly, but also interfacial interactions. Alcohol treatments of protein materials are an accessible means to this, making understanding of the process at the molecular level of seminal importance. We focus here on the influence of ethanol on spidroins, the main proteins of silk. By large-scale atomistically detailed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and interconnected experiments, we characterize the protein aggregation, secondary structure changes, molecular level origins of them, and solvation environment changes for the proteins, as induced by ethanol as a solvation additive. The MD and circular dichoroism (CD) findings jointly show that ethanol promotes ordered structure in the protein molecules, leading to an increase of helix content and turns but also increased aggregation, as revealed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and light microscopy. The structural changes correlate at the molecular level with increased intramolecular hydrogen bonding. The simulations reveal that polar amino acids, such as glutamine and serine, are most influenced by ethanol, whereas glycine residues are most prone to be involved in the ethanol-induced secondary structure changes. Furthermore, ethanol engages in interactions with the hydrophobic alanine-rich regions of the spidroin, significantly decreasing the hydrophobic interactions of the protein with itself and its surroundings. The protein solutes also change the microstructure of water/ethanol mixtures, essentially decreasing the level of larger local clustering. Overall, the work presents a systematic characterization of ethanol effects on a widely used, common protein type, spidroins, and generalizes the findings to other intrinsically disordered proteins by pinpointing the general features of the response. The results can aid in designing effective alcohol treatments for proteins, but also enable design and tuning of protein material properties by a relatively controllable solvation handle, the addition of ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A. Tolmachev
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto
University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Academy
of Finland Center of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials
(LIBER), Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Maaria Malkamäki
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Academy
of Finland Center of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials
(LIBER), Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Markus B. Linder
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Academy
of Finland Center of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials
(LIBER), Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Maria Sammalkorpi
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto
University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Academy
of Finland Center of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials
(LIBER), Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
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4
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Fedorov D, Roas-Escalona N, Tolmachev D, Harmat AL, Scacchi A, Sammalkorpi M, Aranko AS, Linder MB. Triblock Proteins with Weakly Dimerizing Terminal Blocks and an Intrinsically Disordered Region for Rational Design of Condensate Properties. Small 2023:e2306817. [PMID: 37964343 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Condensates are molecular assemblies that are formed through liquid-liquid phase separation and play important roles in many biological processes. The rational design of condensate formation and their properties is central to applications, such as biosynthetic materials, synthetic biology, and for understanding cell biology. Protein engineering is used to make a triblock structure with varying terminal blocks of folded proteins on both sides of an intrinsically disordered mid-region. Dissociation constants are determined in the range of micromolar to millimolar for a set of proteins suitable for use as terminal blocks. Varying the weak dimerization of terminal blocks leads to an adjustable tendency for condensate formation while keeping the intrinsically disordered region constant. The dissociation constants of the terminal domains correlate directly with the tendency to undergo liquid-liquid phase separation. Differences in physical properties, such as diffusion rate are not directly correlated with the strength of dimerization but can be understood from the properties and interplay of the constituent blocks. The work demonstrates the importance of weak interactions in condensate formation and shows a principle for protein design that will help in fabricating functional condensates in a predictable and rational way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii Fedorov
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials (LIBER), Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Nelmary Roas-Escalona
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials (LIBER), Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Dmitry Tolmachev
- Center of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials (LIBER), Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Adam L Harmat
- Center of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials (LIBER), Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Alberto Scacchi
- Center of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials (LIBER), Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 11000, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Maria Sammalkorpi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials (LIBER), Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
| | - A Sesilja Aranko
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials (LIBER), Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials (LIBER), Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
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5
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Feng J, Gabryelczyk B, Tunn I, Osmekhina E, Linder MB. A Minispidroin Guides the Molecular Design for Cellular Condensation Mechanisms in S. cerevisiae. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:3050-3063. [PMID: 37688556 PMCID: PMC10594646 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Structural engineering of molecules for condensation is an emerging technique within synthetic biology. Liquid-liquid phase separation of biomolecules leading to condensation is a central step in the assembly of biological materials into their functional forms. Intracellular condensates can also function within cells in a regulatory manner to facilitate reaction pathways and to compartmentalize interactions. We need to develop a strong understanding of how to design molecules for condensates and how their in vivo-in vitro properties are related. The spider silk protein NT2RepCT undergoes condensation during its fiber-forming process. Using parallel in vivo and in vitro characterization, in this study, we mapped the effects of intracellular conditions for NT2RepCT and its several structural variants. We found that intracellular conditions may suppress to some extent condensation whereas molecular crowding affects both condensate properties and their formation. Intracellular characterization of protein condensation allowed experiments on pH effects and solubilization to be performed within yeast cells. The growth of intracellular NT2RepCT condensates was restricted, and Ostwald ripening was not observed in yeast cells, in contrast to earlier observations in E. coli. Our results lead the way to using intracellular condensation to screen for properties of molecular assembly. For characterizing different structural variants, intracellular functional characterization can eliminate the need for time-consuming batch purification and in vitro condensation. Therefore, we suggest that the in vivo-in vitro understanding will become useful in, e.g., high-throughput screening for molecular functions and in strategies for designing tunable intracellular condensates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Feng
- Department of Bioproducts
and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering and Academy of Finland
Center of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials (LIBER), Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Bartosz Gabryelczyk
- Department of Bioproducts
and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering and Academy of Finland
Center of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials (LIBER), Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Isabell Tunn
- Department of Bioproducts
and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering and Academy of Finland
Center of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials (LIBER), Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Ekaterina Osmekhina
- Department of Bioproducts
and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering and Academy of Finland
Center of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials (LIBER), Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Markus B. Linder
- Department of Bioproducts
and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering and Academy of Finland
Center of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials (LIBER), Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland
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6
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Välisalmi T, Bettahar H, Zhou Q, Linder MB. Pulling and analyzing silk fibers from aqueous solution using a robotic device. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 250:126161. [PMID: 37549763 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Spiders, silkworms, and many other animals can spin silk with exceptional properties. However, artificially spun fibers often fall short of their natural counterparts partly due sub-optimal production methods. A variety of methods, such as wet-, dry-, and biomimetic spinning have been used. The methods are based on extrusion, whereas natural spinning also involves pulling. Another shortcoming is that there is a lack feedback control during extension. Here we demonstrate a robotic fiber pulling device that enables controlled pulling of silk fibers and in situ measurement of extensional forces during the pulling and tensile testing of the pulled fibers. The pulling device was used to study two types of silk-one recombinant spider silk (a structural variant of ADF3) and one regenerated silk fibroin. Also, dextran-a branched polysaccharide-was used as a reference material for the procedure due to its straightforward preparation and storage. No post-treatments were applied. The pulled regenerated silk fibroin fibers achieved high tensile strength in comparison to similar extrusion-based methods. The mechanical properties of the recombinant spider silk fibers seemed to be affected by the liquid-liquid phase separation of the silk proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teemu Välisalmi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland; Centre of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials (LIBER), Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Houari Bettahar
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Quan Zhou
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland; Centre of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials (LIBER), Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.
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7
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Kastinen T, Lupa D, Bonarek P, Fedorov D, Morga M, Linder MB, Lutkenhaus JL, Batys P, Sammalkorpi M. pH dependence of the assembly mechanism and properties of poly(L-lysine) and poly(L-glutamic acid) complexes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023. [PMID: 37387688 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01421e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
We show by extensive experimental characterization combined with molecular simulations that pH has a major impact on the assembly mechanism and properties of poly(L-lysine) (PLL) and poly(L-glutamic acid) (PGA) complexes. A combination of dynamic light scattering (DLS) and laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) is used to assess the complexation, charge state, and other physical characteristics of the complexes, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) is used to examine the complexation thermodynamics, and circular dichroism (CD) is used to extract the polypeptides' secondary structure. For enhanced analysis and interpretation of the data, analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) is used to define the precise molecular weights and solution association of the peptides. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal the associated intra- and intermolecular binding changes in terms of intrinsic vs. extrinsic charge compensation, the role of hydrogen bonding, and secondary structure changes, aiding in the interpretation of the experimental data. We combine the data to reveal the pH dependency of PLL/PGA complexation and the associated molecular level mechanisms. This work shows that not only pH provides a means to control complex formation but also that the associated changes in the secondary structure and binding conformation can be systematically used to control materials assembly. This gives access to rational design of peptide materials via pH control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuuva Kastinen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Chemistry & Advanced Materials, Tampere University, P.O. Box 541, 33014 Tampere University, Finland
- Academy of Finland Center of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials (LIBER), Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
| | - Dawid Lupa
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, PL-30239 Krakow, Poland.
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Bonarek
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Dmitrii Fedorov
- Academy of Finland Center of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials (LIBER), Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Maria Morga
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, PL-30239 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Markus B Linder
- Academy of Finland Center of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials (LIBER), Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Jodie L Lutkenhaus
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, USA
| | - Piotr Batys
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, PL-30239 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Maria Sammalkorpi
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
- Academy of Finland Center of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials (LIBER), Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
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8
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Harischandra PAD, Välisalmi T, Cenev ZM, Linder MB, Zhou Q. Shaping Liquid Droplets on an Active Air-Ferrofluid Interface. Langmuir 2023. [PMID: 37224278 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
An air-liquid interface is important in many biological and industrial applications, where the manipulation of liquids on the air-liquid interface can have a significant impact. However, current manipulation techniques on the interface are mostly limited to transportation and trapping. Here, we report a magnetic liquid shaping method that can squeeze, rotate, and shape nonmagnetic liquids on an air-ferrofluid interface with programmable deformation. We can control the aspect ratio of the ellipse and generate repeatable quasi-static shapes of a hexadecane oil droplet. We can rotate droplets and stir liquids into spiral-like structures. We can also shape phase-changing liquids and fabricate shape-programmed thin films at the air-ferrofluid interface. The proposed method may potentially open up new possibilities for film fabrication, tissue engineering, and biological experiments that can be carried out at an air-liquid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Diluka Harischandra
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Teemu Välisalmi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Zoran M Cenev
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Quan Zhou
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
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9
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Jonkergouw C, Beyeh NK, Osmekhina E, Leskinen K, Taimoory SM, Fedorov D, Anaya-Plaza E, Kostiainen MA, Trant JF, Ras RHA, Saavalainen P, Linder MB. Repurposing host-guest chemistry to sequester virulence and eradicate biofilms in multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2141. [PMID: 37059703 PMCID: PMC10104825 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37749-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The limited diversity in targets of available antibiotic therapies has put tremendous pressure on the treatment of bacterial pathogens, where numerous resistance mechanisms that counteract their function are becoming increasingly prevalent. Here, we utilize an unconventional anti-virulence screen of host-guest interacting macrocycles, and identify a water-soluble synthetic macrocycle, Pillar[5]arene, that is non-bactericidal/bacteriostatic and has a mechanism of action that involves binding to both homoserine lactones and lipopolysaccharides, key virulence factors in Gram-negative pathogens. Pillar[5]arene is active against Top Priority carbapenem- and third/fourth-generation cephalosporin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii, suppressing toxins and biofilms and increasing the penetration and efficacy of standard-of-care antibiotics in combined administrations. The binding of homoserine lactones and lipopolysaccharides also sequesters their direct effects as toxins on eukaryotic membranes, neutralizing key tools that promote bacterial colonization and impede immune defenses, both in vitro and in vivo. Pillar[5]arene evades both existing antibiotic resistance mechanisms, as well as the build-up of rapid tolerance/resistance. The versatility of macrocyclic host-guest chemistry provides ample strategies for tailored targeting of virulence in a wide range of Gram-negative infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Jonkergouw
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Kemistintie 1, 02150, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Ngong Kodiah Beyeh
- Oakland University, Department of Chemistry, 146 Library Drive, Rochester, MI, 48309-4479, USA
- Aalto University, School of Science, Department of Applied Physics, Puumiehenkuja 2, Espoo, Finland
| | - Ekaterina Osmekhina
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Kemistintie 1, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Katarzyna Leskinen
- University of Helsinki, Translational Immunology Research Program, Haartmaninkatu 8, 0014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Maryamdokht Taimoory
- University of Windsor, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
- University of Michigan, Department of Chemistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dmitrii Fedorov
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Kemistintie 1, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Eduardo Anaya-Plaza
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Kemistintie 1, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Mauri A Kostiainen
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Kemistintie 1, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - John F Trant
- University of Windsor, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Robin H A Ras
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Kemistintie 1, 02150, Espoo, Finland
- Aalto University, School of Science, Department of Applied Physics, Puumiehenkuja 2, Espoo, Finland
| | - Päivi Saavalainen
- University of Helsinki, Translational Immunology Research Program, Haartmaninkatu 8, 0014, Helsinki, Finland.
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Markus B Linder
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Kemistintie 1, 02150, Espoo, Finland.
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10
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Välisalmi T, Roas-Escalona N, Meinander K, Mohammadi P, Linder MB. Highly Hydrophobic Films of Engineered Silk Proteins by a Simple Deposition Method. Langmuir 2023; 39:4370-4381. [PMID: 36926896 PMCID: PMC10061925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c03442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Molecular engineering of protein structures offers a uniquely versatile route for novel functionalities in materials. Here, we describe a method to form highly hydrophobic thin films using genetically engineered spider silk proteins. We used structurally engineered protein variants containing ADF3 and AQ12 spider silk sequences. Wetting properties were studied using static and dynamic contact angle measurements. Solution conditions and the surrounding humidity during film preparation were key parameters to obtain high hydrophobicity, as shown by contact angles in excess of 120°. Although the surface layer was highly hydrophobic, its structure was disrupted by the added water droplets. Crystal-like structures were found at the spots where water droplets had been placed. To understand the mechanism of film formation, different variants of the proteins, the topography of the films, and secondary structures of the protein components were studied. The high contact angle in the films demonstrates that the conformations that silk proteins take in the protein layer very efficiently expose their hydrophobic segments. This work reveals a highly amphiphilic nature of silk proteins and contributes to an understanding of their assembly mechanisms. It will also help in designing diverse technical uses for recombinant silk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teemu Välisalmi
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Centre
of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials (LIBER), Aalto University, Post Office Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Nelmary Roas-Escalona
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Centre
of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials (LIBER), Aalto University, Post Office Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Kristoffer Meinander
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Centre
of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials (LIBER), Aalto University, Post Office Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Pezhman Mohammadi
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland, Limited (VTT), FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
- Centre
of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials (LIBER), Aalto University, Post Office Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Markus B. Linder
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Centre
of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials (LIBER), Aalto University, Post Office Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
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11
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Fan R, Hakanpää J, Elfving K, Taberman H, Linder MB, Aranko AS. Biomolecular Click Reactions Using a Minimal pH-Activated Catcher/Tag Pair for Producing Native-Sized Spider-Silk Proteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216371. [PMID: 36695475 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A type of protein/peptide pair known as Catcher/Tag pair spontaneously forms an intermolecular isopeptide bond which can be applied for biomolecular click reactions. Covalent protein conjugation using Catcher/Tag pairs has turned out to be a valuable tool in biotechnology and biomedicines, but it is essential to increase the current toolbox of orthogonal Catcher/Tag pairs to expand the range of applications further, for example, for controlled multiple-fragment ligation. We report here the engineering of novel Catcher/Tag pairs for protein ligation, aided by a crystal structure of a minimal CnaB domain from Lactobacillus plantarum. We show that a newly engineered pair, called SilkCatcher/Tag enables efficient pH-inducible protein ligation in addition to being compatible with the widely used SpyCatcher/Tag pair. Finally, we demonstrate the use of the SilkCatcher/Tag pair in the production of native-sized highly repetitive spider-silk-like proteins with >90 % purity, which is not possible by traditional recombinant production methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxia Fan
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Johanna Hakanpää
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Photon Science, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.,Hamburg Unit c/o DESY, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Notkestrasse 85, 22603, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karoliina Elfving
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Helena Taberman
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Photon Science, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - A Sesilja Aranko
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 02150, Espoo, Finland
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12
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Fan R, Hakanpää J, Elfving K, Taberman H, Linder MB, Aranko AS. Biomolecular click reactions using a minimal pH‐activated Catcher/Tag pair for producing native‐sized spider‐silk proteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202216371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruxia Fan
- Aalto University School of Chemical Technology: Aalto-yliopisto Kemian tekniikan korkeakoulu Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Kemistintie 1 02150 Espoo FINLAND
| | - Johanna Hakanpää
- German Electron-Synchrotron: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron Photon Science Notkestrasse 85 22607 Hamburg GERMANY
| | - Karoliina Elfving
- Aalto University School of Chemical Technology: Aalto-yliopisto Kemian tekniikan korkeakoulu Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Kemistintie 1 02150 Espoo FINLAND
| | - Helena Taberman
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron Photon Science Notkestrasse 85 22603 Hamburg GERMANY
| | - Markus B. Linder
- Aalto University School of Chemical Technology: Aalto-yliopisto Kemian tekniikan korkeakoulu Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Kemistintie 1 02150 Espoo FINLAND
| | - Aino Sesilja Aranko
- Aalto University School of Chemical Technology: Aalto-yliopisto Kemian tekniikan korkeakoulu Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Kemistintie 1 02150 Espoo FINLAND
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13
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Gabryelczyk B, Sammalisto FE, Gandier JA, Feng J, Beaune G, Timonen JV, Linder MB. Recombinant protein condensation inside E. coli enables the development of building blocks for bioinspired materials engineering – Biomimetic spider silk protein as a case study. Mater Today Bio 2022; 17:100492. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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14
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Pizzi A, Sori L, Pigliacelli C, Gautieri A, Andolina C, Bergamaschi G, Gori A, Panine P, Grande AM, Linder MB, Baldelli Bombelli F, Soncini M, Metrangolo P. Emergence of Elastic Properties in a Minimalist Resilin-Derived Heptapeptide upon Bromination. Small 2022; 18:e2200807. [PMID: 35723172 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202200807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bromination is herein exploited to promote the emergence of elastic behavior in a short peptide-SDSYGAP-derived from resilin, a rubber-like protein exerting its role in the jumping and flight systems of insects. Elastic and resilient hydrogels are obtained, which also show self-healing behavior, thanks to the promoted non-covalent interactions that limit deformations and contribute to the structural recovery of the peptide-based hydrogel. In particular, halogen bonds may stabilize the β-sheet organization working as non-covalent cross-links between nearby peptide strands. Importantly, the unmodified peptide (i.e., wild type) does not show such properties. Thus, SDSY(3,5-Br)GAP is a novel minimalist peptide elastomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pizzi
- Laboratory of Supramolecular and Bio-Nanomaterials (SupraBioNanoLab)Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via Luigi Mancinelli 7, Milan, 20131, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Sori
- Laboratory of Supramolecular and Bio-Nanomaterials (SupraBioNanoLab)Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via Luigi Mancinelli 7, Milan, 20131, Italy
| | - Claudia Pigliacelli
- Laboratory of Supramolecular and Bio-Nanomaterials (SupraBioNanoLab)Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via Luigi Mancinelli 7, Milan, 20131, Italy
- Hyber Center of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Puumiehenkuja2, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Alfonso Gautieri
- Biomolecular Engineering Lab, Department of Electronics, Information, and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, 20131, Italy
| | - Clara Andolina
- Laboratory of Supramolecular and Bio-Nanomaterials (SupraBioNanoLab)Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via Luigi Mancinelli 7, Milan, 20131, Italy
- Hyber Center of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Puumiehenkuja2, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Greta Bergamaschi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche - National Research Council of Italy (SCITEC-CNR), Milan, 20131, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gori
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche - National Research Council of Italy (SCITEC-CNR), Milan, 20131, Italy
| | - Pierre Panine
- Xenocs SAS, 1-3 Allée du Nanomètre, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Antonio Mattia Grande
- Department of Aerospace Science and Technology, Politecnico di Milano, via La Masa 34, Milano, 20156, Italy
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Francesca Baldelli Bombelli
- Laboratory of Supramolecular and Bio-Nanomaterials (SupraBioNanoLab)Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via Luigi Mancinelli 7, Milan, 20131, Italy
| | - Monica Soncini
- Biomolecular Engineering Lab, Department of Electronics, Information, and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, 20131, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Metrangolo
- Laboratory of Supramolecular and Bio-Nanomaterials (SupraBioNanoLab)Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via Luigi Mancinelli 7, Milan, 20131, Italy
- Hyber Center of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Puumiehenkuja2, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
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15
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Lemetti L, Scacchi A, Yin Y, Shen M, Linder MB, Sammalkorpi M, Aranko AS. Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation and Assembly of Silk-like Proteins is Dependent on the Polymer Length. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:3142-3153. [PMID: 35796676 PMCID: PMC9364312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Phase transitions
have an essential role in the assembly of nature’s
protein-based materials into hierarchically organized structures,
yet many of the underlying mechanisms and interactions remain to be
resolved. A central question for designing proteins for materials
is how the protein architecture and sequence affects the nature of
the phase transitions and resulting assembly. In this work, we produced
82 kDa (1×), 143 kDa (2×), and 204 kDa (3×) silk-mimicking
proteins by taking advantage of protein ligation by SpyCatcher/Tag
protein-peptide pair. We show that the three silk proteins all undergo
a phase transition from homogeneous solution to assembly formation.
In the assembly phase, a length- and concentration-dependent transition
between two distinct assembly morphologies, one forming aggregates
and another coacervates, exists. The coacervates showed properties
that were dependent on the protein size. Computational modeling of
the proteins by a bead-spring model supports the experimental results
and provides us a possible mechanistic origin for the assembly transitions
based on architectures and interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lemetti
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, Espoo 02150, Finland.,Academy of Finland Center of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials (LIBER), Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Alberto Scacchi
- Academy of Finland Center of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials (LIBER), Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, Espoo 02150, Finland.,Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, Espoo 02150, Finland.,Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, Otakaari 1, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Yin Yin
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, Espoo 02150, Finland.,Academy of Finland Center of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials (LIBER), Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Mengjie Shen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, Espoo 02150, Finland.,Academy of Finland Center of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials (LIBER), Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, Espoo 02150, Finland.,Academy of Finland Center of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials (LIBER), Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Maria Sammalkorpi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, and Academy of Finland Center of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials (LIBER), School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, 02150, Finland
| | - A Sesilja Aranko
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, Espoo 02150, Finland.,Academy of Finland Center of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials (LIBER), Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, Espoo 02150, Finland
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16
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Polez RT, Morits M, Jonkergouw C, Phiri J, Valle-Delgado JJ, Linder MB, Maloney T, Rojas OJ, Österberg M. Biological activity of multicomponent bio-hydrogels loaded with tragacanth gum. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 215:691-704. [PMID: 35777518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Producing hydrogels capable of mimicking the biomechanics of soft tissue remains a challenge. We explore the potential of plant-based hydrogels as polysaccharide tragacanth gum and antioxidant lignin nanoparticles in bioactive multicomponent hydrogels for tissue engineering. These natural components are combined with TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils, a material with known shear thinning behavior. Hydrogels presented tragacanth gum (TG) concentration-dependent rheological properties suitable for extrusion 3D printing. TG enhanced the swelling capacity up to 645 % and the degradation rate up to 1.3 %/day for hydrogels containing 75 % of TG. Young's moduli of the hydrogels varied from 5.0 to 11.6 kPa and were comparable to soft tissues like skin and muscle. In vitro cell viability assays revealed that the scaffolds were non-toxic and promoted proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. Therefore, the plant-based hydrogels designed in this work have a significant potential for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Teixeira Polez
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Maria Morits
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Christopher Jonkergouw
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Josphat Phiri
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Juan José Valle-Delgado
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Thaddeus Maloney
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland; Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Monika Österberg
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.
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17
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Mohammadi P, Zemke F, Wagermaier W, Linder MB. Interfacial Crystallization and Supramolecular Self-Assembly of Spider Silk Inspired Protein at the Water-Air Interface. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:4239. [PMID: 34361434 PMCID: PMC8348448 DOI: 10.3390/ma14154239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecular assembly into complex morphologies and architectural shapes is an area of fundamental research and technological innovation. In this work, we investigate the self-assembly process of recombinantly produced protein inspired by spider silk (spidroin). To elucidate the first steps of the assembly process, we examined highly concentrated and viscous pendant droplets of this protein in air. We show how the protein self-assembles and crystallizes at the water-air interface into a relatively thick and highly elastic skin. Using time-resolved in situ synchrotron x-ray scattering measurements during the drying process, we showed that the skin evolved to contain a high β-sheet amount over time. We also found that β-sheet formation strongly depended on protein concentration and relative humidity. These had a strong influence not only on the amount, but also on the ordering of these structures during the β-sheet formation process. We also showed how the skin around pendant droplets can serve as a reservoir for attaining liquid-liquid phase separation and coacervation from the dilute protein solution. Essentially, this study shows a new assembly route which could be optimized for the synthesis of new materials from a dilute protein solution and determine the properties of the final products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pezhman Mohammadi
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Fabian Zemke
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; (F.Z.); (W.W.)
| | - Wolfgang Wagermaier
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; (F.Z.); (W.W.)
| | - Markus B. Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland;
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18
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Batys P, Fedorov D, Mohammadi P, Lemetti L, Linder MB, Sammalkorpi M. Self-Assembly of Silk-like Protein into Nanoscale Bicontinuous Networks under Phase-Separation Conditions. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:690-700. [PMID: 33406825 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase separation of biomacromolecules is crucial in various inter- and extracellular biological functions. This includes formation of condensates to control, e.g., biochemical reactions and structural assembly. The same phenomenon is also found to be critically important in protein-based high-performance biological materials. Here, we use a well-characterized model triblock protein system to demonstrate the molecular level formation mechanism and structure of its condensate. Large-scale molecular modeling supported by analytical ultracentrifuge characterization combined with our earlier high magnification precision cryo-SEM microscopy imaging leads to deducing that the condensate has a bicontinuous network structure. The bicontinuous network rises from the proteins having a combination of sites with stronger mutual attraction and multiple weakly attractive regions connected by flexible, multiconfigurational linker regions. These attractive sites and regions behave as stickers of varying adhesion strength. For the examined model triblock protein construct, the β-sheet-rich end units are the stronger stickers, while additional weaker stickers, contributing to the condensation affinity, rise from spring-like connections in the flexible middle region of the protein. The combination of stronger and weaker sticker-like connections and the flexible regions between the stickers result in a versatile, liquid-like, self-healing structure. This structure also explains the high flexibility, easy deformability, and diffusion of the proteins, decreasing only 10-100 times in the bicontinuous network formed in the condensate phase in comparison to dilute protein solution. The here demonstrated structure and condensation mechanism of a model triblock protein construct via a combination of the stronger binding regions and the weaker, flexible sacrificial-bond-like network as well as its generalizability via polymer sticker models provide means to not only understand intracellular organization, regulation, and cellular function but also to identify direct control factors for and to enable engineering improved protein and polymer constructs to enhance control of advanced fiber materials, smart liquid biointerfaces, or self-healing matrices for pharmaceutics or bioengineering materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Batys
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, PL-30239 Krakow, Poland.,Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Dmitrii Fedorov
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Pezhman Mohammadi
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Laura Lemetti
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Maria Sammalkorpi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.,Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
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19
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Heise K, Kontturi E, Allahverdiyeva Y, Tammelin T, Linder MB, Ikkala O. Nanocellulose: Recent Fundamental Advances and Emerging Biological and Biomimicking Applications. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2004349. [PMID: 33289188 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the effort toward sustainable advanced functional materials, nanocelluloses have attracted extensive recent attention. Nanocelluloses range from rod-like highly crystalline cellulose nanocrystals to longer and more entangled cellulose nanofibers, earlier denoted also as microfibrillated celluloses and bacterial cellulose. In recent years, they have spurred research toward a wide range of applications, ranging from nanocomposites, viscosity modifiers, films, barrier layers, fibers, structural color, gels, aerogels and foams, and energy applications, until filtering membranes, to name a few. Still, nanocelluloses continue to show surprisingly high challenges to master their interactions and tailorability to allow well-controlled assemblies for functional materials. Rather than trying to review the already extensive nanocellulose literature at large, here selected aspects of the recent progress are the focus. Water interactions, which are central for processing for the functional properties, are discussed first. Then advanced hybrid gels toward (multi)stimuli responses, shape-memory materials, self-healing, adhesion and gluing, biological scaffolding, and forensic applications are discussed. Finally, composite fibers are discussed, as well as nanocellulose as a strategy for improvement of photosynthesis-based chemicals production. In summary, selected perspectives toward new directions for sustainable high-tech functional materials science based on nanocelluloses are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Heise
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Engineering of Biosynthetic Hybrid Materials Research, Aalto University, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Yagut Allahverdiyeva
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, FI-20014, Finland
| | - Tekla Tammelin
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, VTT, PO Box 1000, FIN-02044, Espoo, Finland
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Engineering of Biosynthetic Hybrid Materials Research, Aalto University, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Olli Ikkala
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Engineering of Biosynthetic Hybrid Materials Research, Aalto University, FI-00076, Finland
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
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20
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Fedorov D, Batys P, Hayes DB, Sammalkorpi M, Linder MB. Analyzing the weak dimerization of a cellulose binding module by analytical ultracentrifugation. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:1995-2004. [PMID: 32937156 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose binding modules (CBMs) are found widely in different proteins that act on cellulose. Because they allow a very easy way of binding recombinant proteins to cellulose, they have become widespread in many biotechnological applications involving cellulose. One commonly used variant is the CBMCipA from Clostridium thermocellum. Here we studied the oligomerization behavior of CBMCipA, as such solution association may have an impact on its use. As the principal approach, we used sedimentation velocity and sedimentation equilibrium analytical ultracentrifugation. To enhance our understanding of the possible interactions, we used molecular dynamics simulations. By analysis of the sedimentation velocity data by a discrete model genetic algorithm and by building a binding isotherm based on weight average sedimentation coefficient and by global fitting of sedimentation equilibrium data we found that the CBMCipA shows a weak dimerization interaction with a dissociation constant KD of 90 ± 30 μM. As the KD of CBMCipA binding to cellulose is below 1 μM, we conclude that the dimerization is unlikely to affect cellulose binding. However, at high concentrations used in some applications of the CBMCipA, its dimerization is likely to have a marked effect on its solution behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii Fedorov
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Box 16100, 00076-Aalto Espoo, Finland
| | - Piotr Batys
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, PL-30239 Krakow, Poland
| | - David B Hayes
- International Solidarity of Scientists, LLC, Gorham, NH, USA
| | - Maria Sammalkorpi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Box 16100, 00076-Aalto Espoo, Finland; Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Box 16100, 00076-Aalto Espoo, Finland
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Box 16100, 00076-Aalto Espoo, Finland.
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21
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Lefevre M, Flammang P, Aranko AS, Linder MB, Scheibel T, Humenik M, Leclercq M, Surin M, Tafforeau L, Wattiez R, Leclère P, Hennebert E. Sea star-inspired recombinant adhesive proteins self-assemble and adsorb on surfaces in aqueous environments to form cytocompatible coatings. Acta Biomater 2020; 112:62-74. [PMID: 32502634 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sea stars adhere to various underwater substrata using an efficient protein-based adhesive secretion. The protein Sfp1 is a major component of this secretion. In the natural glue, it is cleaved into four subunits (Sfp1 Alpha, Beta, Delta and Gamma) displaying specific domains which mediate protein-protein or protein-carbohydrate interactions. In this study, we used the bacterium E. coli to produce recombinantly two fragments of Sfp1 comprising most of its functional domains: the C-terminal part of the Beta subunit (rSfp1 Beta C-term) and the Delta subunit (rSfp1 Delta). Using native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and size exclusion chromatography, we show that the proteins self-assemble and form oligomers and aggregates in the presence of NaCl. Moreover, they adsorb onto glass and polystyrene upon addition of Na+ and/or Ca2+ ions, forming homogeneous coatings or irregular meshworks, depending on the cation species and concentration. We show that coatings made of each of the two proteins have no cytotoxic effects on HeLa cells and even increase their proliferation. We propose that the Sfp1 recombinant protein coatings are valuable new materials with potential for cell culture or biomedical applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biological adhesives offer impressive performance in their natural context and, therewith, the potential to inspire the development of advanced biomaterials for an increasing variety of applications in medicine or in material sciences. To date, most marine adhesive proteins that have been produced recombinantly in order to develop bio-inspired adhesives are small proteins from mussels and barnacles. Here, we produced two multi-modular proteins based on the sequence of Sfp1, a major protein from sea star adhesive secretion. These two proteins comprise most of Sfp1 functional domains which mediate protein-protein and protein-carbohydrate interactions. We characterized the two recombinant proteins with an emphasis on functional characteristics such as self-assembly, adsorption and cytocompatibility. We discuss their potential as biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Lefevre
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Place du Parc 23, 7000 Mons, Belgium; Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Research Institute for Materials, Center for Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons, Place du Parc 23, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Patrick Flammang
- Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics Unit, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Place du Parc 23, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - A Sesilja Aranko
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Thomas Scheibel
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Engineering Science, University of Bayreuth, Prof.-Rüdiger-Bormann Str.1, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Martin Humenik
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Engineering Science, University of Bayreuth, Prof.-Rüdiger-Bormann Str.1, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Maxime Leclercq
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Research Institute for Materials, Center for Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons, Place du Parc 23, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Surin
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Research Institute for Materials, Center for Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons, Place du Parc 23, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Lionel Tafforeau
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Place du Parc 23, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Ruddy Wattiez
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Microbiology, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Place du Parc 23, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Philippe Leclère
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Research Institute for Materials, Center for Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons, Place du Parc 23, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Elise Hennebert
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Place du Parc 23, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
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22
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Rooijakkers BJM, Arola S, Velagapudi R, Linder MB. Different effects of carbohydrate binding modules on the viscoelasticity of nanocellulose gels. Biochem Biophys Rep 2020; 22:100766. [PMID: 32337376 PMCID: PMC7176825 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cellulose degrading and modifying enzymes have distinct parts called carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs). The CBMs have been shown to increase the concentration of enzymes on the insoluble substrate and thereby enhance catalytic activity. It has been suggested that CBMs also have a role in disrupting or dispersing the insoluble cellulose substrate, but dispute remains and explicit evidence of such a mechanism is lacking. We produced the isolated CBMs from two major cellulases (Cel6A and Cel7A) from Trichoderma reesei as recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli. We then studied the viscoelastic properties of native unmodified cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) in combination with the highly purified CBMs to detect possible functional effects of the CBMs on the CNF. The two CBMs showed clearly different effects on the viscoelastic properties of CNF. The difference in effects is noteworthy, yet it was not possible to conclude for example disruptive effects. We discuss here the alternative explanations for viscoelastic effects on CNF caused by CBMs, including the effect of ionic cosolutes. The effect of Cellulose Binding Modules (CBM) on the viscoelastic properties of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) were investigated. The CBMs from enzymes Cel6A and Cel7A from Trichoderma reesei affected the rheology of CNF very differently. Additions of even very small amounts of salt (NaCl) also affected the rheology of CNF. The high sensitivity of NFC towards added ionic species makes interpretation of results challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart J M Rooijakkers
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Suvi Arola
- VTT, Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., High Performance Fiber Products, Tietotie 4E, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Rama Velagapudi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland
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23
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Kamada A, Levin A, Toprakcioglu Z, Shen Y, Lutz-Bueno V, Baumann KN, Mohammadi P, Linder MB, Mezzenga R, Knowles TPJ. Modulating the Mechanical Performance of Macroscale Fibers through Shear-Induced Alignment and Assembly of Protein Nanofibrils. Small 2020; 16:e1904190. [PMID: 31595701 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201904190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Protein-based fibers are used by nature as high-performance materials in a wide range of applications, including providing structural support, creating thermal insulation, and generating underwater adhesives. Such fibers are commonly generated through a hierarchical self-assembly process, where the molecular building blocks are geometrically confined and aligned along the fiber axis to provide a high level of structural robustness. Here, this approach is mimicked by using a microfluidic spinning method to enable precise control over multiscale order during the assembly process of nanoscale protein nanofibrils into micro- and macroscale fibers. By varying the flow rates on chip, the degree of nanofibril alignment can be tuned, leading to an orientation index comparable to that of native silk. It is found that the Young's modulus of the resulting fibers increases with an increasing level of nanoscale alignment of the building blocks, suggesting that the mechanical properties of macroscopic fibers can be controlled through varying the level of ordering of the nanoscale building blocks. Capitalizing on strategies evolved by nature, the fabrication method allows for the controlled formation of macroscopic fibers and offers the potential to be applied for the generation of further novel bioinspired materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Kamada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Aviad Levin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Zenon Toprakcioglu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Viviane Lutz-Bueno
- Laboratory of Food and Soft Materials Science, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse, 9, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kevin N Baumann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Pezhman Mohammadi
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., VTT, FI-02044, Espoo, Finland
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 00076, Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Raffaele Mezzenga
- Laboratory of Food and Soft Materials Science, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse, 9, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tuomas P J Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
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24
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Mohammadi P, Jonkergouw C, Beaune G, Engelhardt P, Kamada A, Timonen JVI, Knowles TPJ, Penttila M, Linder MB. Controllable coacervation of recombinantly produced spider silk protein using kosmotropic salts. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 560:149-160. [PMID: 31670097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments suggest that the phase transition of natural and synthetic biomacromolecules represents an important and ubiquitous mechanism underlying structural assemblies toward the fabrication of high-performance materials. Such a transition results in the formation of condensed liquid droplets, described as condensates or coacervates. Being able to effectively control the assembly of such entities is essential for tuning the quality and their functionality. Here we describe how self-coacervation of genetically engineered spidroin-inspired proteins can be preceded by a wide range of kosmotropic salts. We studied the kinetics and mechanisms of coacervation in different conditions, from direct observation of initial phase separation to the early stage of nucleation/growth and fusion into large fluid assemblies. We found that coacervation induced by kosmotropic salts follows the classical nucleation theory and critically relies on precursor clusters of few weak-interacting protein monomers. Depending on solution conditions and the strength of the supramolecular interaction as a function of time, coacervates with a continuum of physiochemical properties were observed. We observed similar characteristics in other protein-based coacervates, which include having a spherical-ellipsoid shape in solution, an interconnected bicontinuous network, surface adhesion, and wetting properties. Finally, we demonstrated the use of salt-induced self-coacervates of spidroin-inspired protein as a cellulosic binder in dried condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pezhman Mohammadi
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo FI-02044, Finland.
| | - Christopher Jonkergouw
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-16100 Espoo, Finland
| | - Grégory Beaune
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Peter Engelhardt
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Ayaka Kamada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Jaakko V I Timonen
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | | | - Merja Penttila
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo FI-02044, Finland
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-16100 Espoo, Finland
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25
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Mohammadi P, Aranko AS, Landowski CP, Ikkala O, Jaudzems K, Wagermaier W, Linder MB. Biomimetic composites with enhanced toughening using silk-inspired triblock proteins and aligned nanocellulose reinforcements. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaaw2541. [PMID: 31548982 PMCID: PMC6744269 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw2541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Silk and cellulose are biopolymers that show strong potential as future sustainable materials. They also have complementary properties, suitable for combination in composite materials where cellulose would form the reinforcing component and silk the tough matrix. A major challenge concerns balancing structure and functional properties in the assembly process. We used recombinant proteins with triblock architecture, combining structurally modified spider silk with terminal cellulose affinity modules. Flow alignment of cellulose nanofibrils and triblock protein allowed continuous fiber production. Protein assembly involved phase separation into concentrated coacervates, with subsequent conformational switching from disordered structures into β sheets. This process gave the matrix a tough adhesiveness, forming a new composite material with high strength and stiffness combined with increased toughness. We show that versatile design possibilities in protein engineering enable new fully biological materials and emphasize the key role of controlled assembly at multiple length scales for realization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pezhman Mohammadi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
- Corresponding author. (P.M.); (M.B.L.)
| | - A. Sesilja Aranko
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | | | - Olli Ikkala
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Kristaps Jaudzems
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, 1006 Riga, Latvia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Latvia, Jelgavas 1, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Wolfgang Wagermaier
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, D 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Markus B. Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
- Corresponding author. (P.M.); (M.B.L.)
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26
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Hähl H, Griffo A, Safaridehkohneh N, Heppe J, Backes S, Lienemann M, Linder MB, Santen L, Laaksonen P, Jacobs K. Dynamic Assembly of Class II Hydrophobins from T. reesei at the Air-Water Interface. Langmuir 2019; 35:9202-9212. [PMID: 31268722 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Class II hydrophobins are amphiphilic proteins produced by filamentous fungi. One of their typical features is the tendency to accumulate at the interface between an aqueous phase and a hydrophobic phase, such as the air-water interface. The kinetics of the interfacial self-assembly of wild-type hydrophobins HFBI and HFBII and some of their engineered variants at the air-water interface were measured by monitoring the accumulated mass at the interface via nondestructive ellipsometry measurements. The resulting mass vs time curves revealed unusual kinetics for a monolayer formation that did not follow a typical Langmuir-type of behavior but had a rather coverage-independent rate instead. Typically, the full surface coverage was obtained at masses corresponding to a monolayer. The formation of multilayers was not observed. Atomic force microscopy revealed formation and growth of non-fusing protein clusters at the interface. The mechanism of the adsorption was studied by varying the structure or charges of the protein or the ionic strength of the subphase, revealing that the lateral interactions between the hydrophobins play a role in their interfacial assembly. Additionally, a theoretical model was introduced to identify the underlying mechanism of the unconventional adsorption kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandra Griffo
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems , Aalto University , P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto , Finland
| | | | | | - Sebastian Backes
- Federal Institute for Material Research and Testing (BAM) , Unter den Eichen 87 , 12205 Berlin , Germany
| | - Michael Lienemann
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd. , Espoo 02150 , Finland
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems , Aalto University , P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto , Finland
| | | | - Päivi Laaksonen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems , Aalto University , P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto , Finland
- HAMK Tech, Häme University of Applied Sciences , P.O. Box 230, Hämeenlinna 13101 , Finland
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27
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Voutilainen S, Paananen A, Lille M, Linder MB. Modular protein architectures for pH-dependent interactions and switchable assembly of nanocellulose. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 137:270-276. [PMID: 31260762 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Protein engineering shows a wide range of possibilities for designing properties in novel materials. Following inspiration from natural systems we have studied how combinations or duplications of protein modules can be used to engineer their interactions and achieve functional properties. Here we used cellulose binding modules (CBM) coupled to spider silk N-terminal domains that dimerize in a pH-sensitive manner. We showed how the pH-sensitive switching into dimers affected cellulose binding affinity in relation to covalent coupling between CBMs. Finally, we showed how the pH-sensitive coupling could be used to assemble cellulose nanofibers in a dynamic pH-dependent way. The work shows how novel proteins can be designed by linking functional domains from widely different sources and thereby achieve new functions in the self-assembly of nanoscale materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanni Voutilainen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Box 16100, 00076, Aalto, Espoo, Finland; VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, 02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
| | - Arja Paananen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, 02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
| | - Martina Lille
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, 02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Box 16100, 00076, Aalto, Espoo, Finland.
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28
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Hynninen V, Mohammadi P, Wagermaier W, Hietala S, Linder MB, Ikkala O, Nonappa. Methyl cellulose/cellulose nanocrystal nanocomposite fibers with high ductility. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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29
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Lemetti L, Hirvonen SP, Fedorov D, Batys P, Sammalkorpi M, Tenhu H, Linder MB, Aranko AS. Molecular crowding facilitates assembly of spidroin-like proteins through phase separation. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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30
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Abstract
![]()
In
this study, the interaction forces between different cellulosic
nanomaterials and a protein domain belonging to cellulose binding
modules family 1 (CBM1) were investigated at the molecular scale.
Cellulose binding modules are protein domains found in carbohydrate
active enzymes having an affinity toward cellulosic materials. Here,
the binding force of a fusion protein containing a cellulose binding
module (CBM1) produced recombinantly in E. coli was quantified on different cellulose nanocrystals immobilized on
surfaces. Adhesion of the CBM on cellulose with different degrees
of crystallinity as well as on chitin nanocrystals was examined. This
study was carried out by single molecule force spectroscopy using
an atomic force microscope, which enables the detection of binding
force of individual molecules. The study contains a preliminary quantification
of the interactions at the molecular level that sheds light on the
development of new nanocellulose-based nanocomposites with improved
strength and elasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Griffo
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems , Aalto University , Espoo, FI-00076 Aalto , Finland
| | - Bart J M Rooijakkers
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems , Aalto University , Espoo, FI-00076 Aalto , Finland
| | - Hendrik Hähl
- Department of Experimental Physics , Saarland University , Saarbrücken 66123 , Germany
| | - Karin Jacobs
- Department of Experimental Physics , Saarland University , Saarbrücken 66123 , Germany
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems , Aalto University , Espoo, FI-00076 Aalto , Finland
| | - Päivi Laaksonen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems , Aalto University , Espoo, FI-00076 Aalto , Finland
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31
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Liu Y, Nevanen TK, Paananen A, Kempe K, Wilson P, Johansson LS, Joensuu JJ, Linder MB, Haddleton DM, Milani R. Self-Assembling Protein-Polymer Bioconjugates for Surfaces with Antifouling Features and Low Nonspecific Binding. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:3599-3608. [PMID: 30566323 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b19968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A new method is demonstrated for preparing antifouling and low nonspecific adsorption surfaces on poorly reactive hydrophobic substrates, without the need for energy-intensive or environmentally aggressive pretreatments. The surface-active protein hydrophobin was covalently modified with a controlled radical polymerization initiator and allowed to self-assemble as a monolayer on hydrophobic surfaces, followed by the preparation of antifouling surfaces by Cu(0)-mediated living radical polymerization of poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate (PEGA) performed in situ. By taking advantage of hydrophobins to achieve at the same time the immobilization of protein A, this approach allowed to prepare surfaces for IgG1 binding featuring greatly reduced nonspecific adsorption. The success of the surface modification strategy was investigated by contact angle, XPS, and AFM characterization, while the antifouling performance and the reduction of nonspecific binding were confirmed by QCM-D measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Liu
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo , Finland
| | - Tarja K Nevanen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo , Finland
| | - Arja Paananen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo , Finland
| | - Kristian Kempe
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , CV4 7AL Coventry , United Kingdom
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Monash University , VIC 3052 , Parkville , Australia
| | - Paul Wilson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , CV4 7AL Coventry , United Kingdom
| | | | - Jussi J Joensuu
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo , Finland
| | | | - David M Haddleton
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , CV4 7AL Coventry , United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Milani
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo , Finland
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32
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Mosselhy DA, He W, Hynönen U, Meng Y, Mohammadi P, Palva A, Feng Q, Hannula SP, Nordström K, Linder MB. Silica-gentamicin nanohybrids: combating antibiotic resistance, bacterial biofilms, and in vivo toxicity. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:7939-7957. [PMID: 30568441 PMCID: PMC6276608 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s182611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antibiotic resistance is a growing concern in health care. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), forming biofilms, is a common cause of resistant orthopedic implant infections. Gentamicin is a crucial antibiotic preventing orthopedic infections. Silica-gentamicin (SiO2-G) delivery systems have attracted significant interest in preventing the formation of biofilms. However, compelling scientific evidence addressing their efficacy against planktonic MRSA and MRSA biofilms is still lacking, and their safety has not extensively been studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this work, we have investigated the effects of SiO2-G nanohybrids against planktonic MRSA as well as MRSA and Escherichia coli biofilms and then evaluated their toxicity in zebrafish embryos, which are an excellent model for assessing the toxicity of nanotherapeutics. RESULTS SiO2-G nanohybrids inhibited the growth and killed planktonic MRSA at a minimum concentration of 500 µg/mL. SiO2-G nanohybrids entirely eradicated E. coli cells in biofilms at a minimum concentration of 250 µg/mL and utterly deformed their ultrastructure through the deterioration of bacterial shapes and wrinkling of their cell walls. Zebrafish embryos exposed to SiO2-G nanohybrids (500 and 1,000 µg/mL) showed a nonsignificant increase in mortality rates, 13.4±9.4 and 15%±7.1%, respectively, mainly detected 24 hours post fertilization (hpf). Frequencies of malformations were significantly different from the control group only 24 hpf at the higher exposure concentration. CONCLUSION Collectively, this work provides the first comprehensive in vivo assessment of SiO2-G nanohybrids as a biocompatible drug delivery system and describes the efficacy of SiO2-G nanohybrids in combating planktonic MRSA cells and eradicating E. coli biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina A Mosselhy
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland,
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland,
- Fish Diseases Department, Microbiological Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt,
| | - Wei He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ulla Hynönen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Division of Veterinary Microbiology and Epidemiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yaping Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Pezhman Mohammadi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland,
| | - Airi Palva
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Division of Veterinary Microbiology and Epidemiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Qingling Feng
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China,
| | - Simo-Pekka Hannula
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland,
| | - Katrina Nordström
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland,
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland,
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Nilebäck L, Arola S, Kvick M, Paananen A, Linder MB, Hedhammar M. Interfacial Behavior of Recombinant Spider Silk Protein Parts Reveals Cues on the Silk Assembly Mechanism. Langmuir 2018; 34:11795-11805. [PMID: 30183309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of silk assembly, and thus the cues for the extraordinary properties of silk, can be explored by studying the simplest protein parts needed for the formation of silk-like materials. The recombinant spider silk protein 4RepCT, consisting of four repeats of polyalanine and glycine-rich segments (4Rep) and a globular C-terminal domain (CT), has previously been shown to assemble into silk-like fibers at the liquid-air interface. Herein, we study the interfacial behavior of the two parts of 4RepCT, revealing new details on how each protein part is crucial for the silk assembly. Interfacial rheology and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation show that 4Rep interacts readily at the interfaces. However, organized nanofibrillar structures are formed only when 4Rep is fused to CT. A strong interplay between the parts to direct the assembly is demonstrated. The presence of either a liquid-air or a liquid-solid interface had a surprisingly similar influence on the assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnea Nilebäck
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health , KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center , SE-106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Suvi Arola
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering , Aalto University , P.O. Box 16100, Fi-00076 Aalto , Finland
| | - Mathias Kvick
- Spiber Technologies AB, AlbaNova University Center , 106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Arja Paananen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd , Tietotie 2 , Fi-02150 Espoo , Finland
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering , Aalto University , P.O. Box 16100, Fi-00076 Aalto , Finland
| | - My Hedhammar
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health , KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center , SE-106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
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Mohammadi P, Beaune G, Stokke BT, Timonen JVI, Linder MB. Self-Coacervation of a Silk-Like Protein and Its Use As an Adhesive for Cellulosic Materials. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:1120-1125. [PMID: 30258700 PMCID: PMC6150716 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Liquid–liquid
phase separation of biomacromolecules plays
a critical role in many of their functions, both as cellular components
and in structural assembly. Phase separation is also a key mechanism
in the assembly of engineered recombinant proteins for the general
aim to build new materials with unique structures and properties.
Here the phase separation process of an engineered protein with a
block-architecture was studied. As a central block, we used a modified
spider silk sequence, predicted to be unstructured. In each terminus,
folded globular blocks were used. We studied the kinetics and mechanisms
of phase formation and analyzed the evolving structures and their
viscoelastic properties. Individual droplets were studied with a micropipette
technique, showing both how properties vary between individual drops
and explaining overall bulk rheological properties. A very low surface
energy allowed easy deformation of droplets and led to efficient infiltration
into cellulosic fiber networks. Based on these findings, we demonstrated
an efficient use of the phase-separated material as an adhesive for
cellulose. We also conclude that the condensed state is metastable,
showing an ensemble of properties in individual droplets and that
an understanding of protein phase behavior will lead to developing
a wider use of proteins as structural polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pezhman Mohammadi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Grégory Beaune
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, FI-02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Bjørn Torger Stokke
- Biophysics and Medical Technology, Department of Physics, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jaakko V. I. Timonen
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, FI-02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Markus B. Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-02150, Espoo, Finland
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Fang W, Nonappa, Vitikainen M, Mohammadi P, Koskela S, Soikkeli M, Westerholm-Parvinen A, Landowski CP, Penttilä M, Linder MB, Laaksonen P. Coacervation of resilin fusion proteins containing terminal functionalities. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 171:590-596. [PMID: 30098537 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase transition known as coacervation of resilin-like-peptide fusion proteins containing different terminal domains were investigated. Two different modular proteins were designed and produced and their behavior were compared to a resilin-like-peptide without terminal domains. The size of the particle-like coacervates was modulated by the protein concentration, pH and temperature. The morphology and three-dimensional (3D) structural details of the coacervate particles were investigated by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and tomography (cryo-ET) reconstruction. Selective adhesion of the coacervates on cellulose and graphene surfaces was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Fang
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, AALTO, Finland
| | - Nonappa
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, AALTO, Finland; Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, AALTO, Finland
| | - Marika Vitikainen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, FI-02044, VTT, Finland
| | - Pezhman Mohammadi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, AALTO, Finland
| | - Salla Koskela
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, FI-02044, VTT, Finland
| | - Miika Soikkeli
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, FI-02044, VTT, Finland
| | | | | | - Merja Penttilä
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, AALTO, Finland; VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, FI-02044, VTT, Finland
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, AALTO, Finland
| | - Päivi Laaksonen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, AALTO, Finland.
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Osmekhina E, Jonkergouw C, Schmidt G, Jahangiri F, Jokinen V, Franssila S, Linder MB. Controlled communication between physically separated bacterial populations in a microfluidic device. Commun Biol 2018; 1:97. [PMID: 30271977 PMCID: PMC6123784 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0102-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The engineering of microbial systems increasingly strives to achieve a co-existence and co-functioning of different populations. By creating interactions, one can utilize combinations of cells where each population has a specialized function, such as regulation or sharing of metabolic burden. Here we describe a microfluidic system that enables long-term and independent growth of fixed and distinctly separate microbial populations, while allowing communication through a thin nano-cellulose filter. Using quorum-sensing signaling, we can couple the populations and show that this leads to a rapid and stable connection over long periods of time. We continue to show that this control over communication can be utilized to drive nonlinear responses. The coupling of separate populations, standardized interaction, and context-independent function lay the foundation for the construction of increasingly complex community-wide dynamic genetic regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Osmekhina
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Christopher Jonkergouw
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Georg Schmidt
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Farzin Jahangiri
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Ville Jokinen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Sami Franssila
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland.
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Mohammadi P, Aranko AS, Lemetti L, Cenev Z, Zhou Q, Virtanen S, Landowski CP, Penttilä M, Fischer WJ, Wagermaier W, Linder MB. Phase transitions as intermediate steps in the formation of molecularly engineered protein fibers. Commun Biol 2018; 1:86. [PMID: 30271967 PMCID: PMC6123624 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0090-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A central concept in molecular bioscience is how structure formation at different length scales is achieved. Here we use spider silk protein as a model to design new recombinant proteins that assemble into fibers. We made proteins with a three-block architecture with folded globular domains at each terminus of a truncated repetitive silk sequence. Aqueous solutions of these engineered proteins undergo liquid-liquid phase separation as an essential pre-assembly step before fibers can form by drawing in air. We show that two different forms of phase separation occur depending on solution conditions, but only one form leads to fiber assembly. Structural variants with one-block or two-block architectures do not lead to fibers. Fibers show strong adhesion to surfaces and self-fusing properties when placed into contact with each other. Our results show a link between protein architecture and phase separation behavior suggesting a general approach for understanding protein assembly from dilute solutions into functional structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pezhman Mohammadi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland.
| | - A Sesilja Aranko
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Laura Lemetti
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Zoran Cenev
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Quan Zhou
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Salla Virtanen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | | | - Merja Penttilä
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | | | - Wolfgang Wagermaier
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland.
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38
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Kontturi E, Laaksonen P, Linder MB, Gröschel AH, Rojas OJ, Ikkala O. Advanced Materials through Assembly of Nanocelluloses. Adv Mater 2018; 30:e1703779. [PMID: 29504161 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
There is an emerging quest for lightweight materials with excellent mechanical properties and economic production, while still being sustainable and functionalizable. They could form the basis of the future bioeconomy for energy and material efficiency. Cellulose has long been recognized as an abundant polymer. Modified celluloses were, in fact, among the first polymers used in technical applications; however, they were later replaced by petroleum-based synthetic polymers. Currently, there is a resurgence of interest to utilize renewable resources, where cellulose is foreseen to make again a major impact, this time in the development of advanced materials. This is because of its availability and properties, as well as economic and sustainable production. Among cellulose-based structures, cellulose nanofibrils and nanocrystals display nanoscale lateral dimensions and lengths ranging from nanometers to micrometers. Their excellent mechanical properties are, in part, due to their crystalline assembly via hydrogen bonds. Owing to their abundant surface hydroxyl groups, they can be easily modified with nanoparticles, (bio)polymers, inorganics, or nanocarbons to form functional fibers, films, bulk matter, and porous aerogels and foams. Here, some of the recent progress in the development of advanced materials within this rapidly growing field is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Päivi Laaksonen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence Molecular Engineering of Biosynthetic Hybrid Materials Research, Aalto University and VTT, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence Molecular Engineering of Biosynthetic Hybrid Materials Research, Aalto University and VTT, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
| | - André H Gröschel
- Physical Chemistry and Centre for Nanointegration (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, DE-45127, Essen, Germany
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence Molecular Engineering of Biosynthetic Hybrid Materials Research, Aalto University and VTT, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Olli Ikkala
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence Molecular Engineering of Biosynthetic Hybrid Materials Research, Aalto University and VTT, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
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Kurppa K, Reuter LJ, Ritala A, Linder MB, Joensuu JJ. In-solution antibody harvesting with a plant-produced hydrophobin-Protein A fusion. Plant Biotechnol J 2018; 16:404-414. [PMID: 28640955 PMCID: PMC5787837 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Purification is a bottleneck and a major cost factor in the production of antibodies. We set out to engineer a bifunctional fusion protein from two building blocks, Protein A and a hydrophobin, aiming at low-cost and scalable antibody capturing in solutions. Immunoglobulin-binding Protein A is widely used in affinity-based purification. The hydrophobin fusion tag, on the other hand, has been shown to enable purification by two-phase separation. Protein A was fused to two different hydrophobin tags, HFBI or II, and expressed transiently in Nicotiana benthamiana. The hydrophobins enhanced accumulation up to 35-fold, yielding up to 25% of total soluble protein. Both fused and nonfused Protein A accumulated in protein bodies. Hence, the increased yield could not be attributed to HFB-induced protein body formation. We also demonstrated production of HFBI-Protein A fusion protein in tobacco BY-2 suspension cells in 30 l scale, with a yield of 35 mg/l. Efficient partitioning to the surfactant phase confirmed that the fusion proteins retained the amphipathic properties of the hydrophobin block. The reversible antibody-binding capacity of the Protein A block was similar to the nonfused Protein A. The best-performing fusion protein was tested in capturing antibodies from hybridoma culture supernatant with two-phase separation. The fusion protein was able to carry target antibodies to the surfactant phase and subsequently release them back to the aqueous phase after a change in pH. This report demonstrates the potential of hydrophobin fusion proteins for novel applications, such as harvesting antibodies in solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katri Kurppa
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd.EspooFinland
| | | | - Anneli Ritala
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd.EspooFinland
| | - Markus B. Linder
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd.EspooFinland
- Aalto UniversityDepartment of Biotechnology and Chemical TechnologyEspooFinland
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Fang W, Linder MB, Laaksonen P. Modification of carbon nanotubes by amphiphilic glycosylated proteins. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 512:318-324. [PMID: 29078183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Precise organization of nanomaterials with functional biomolecules play a key role in many natural materials. In this work, single-walled carbon nanotubes were functionalized by a self-assembling amphiphilic protein that enabled their dispersion into nanofibrillated cellulose matrix. The protein contained a hydrophobic patch and a glycosylated domain and due to its dual functionality, it was able to assemble at the interface of the carbon nanotubes and the nanofibrillated cellulose and thus enhance the interactions between them. The electrical conductivity of the nanocellulose/carbon nanotube composites was improved by approximately 5-fold when the protein modified nanotubes where applied. Also improvement of the mechanical properties due to the proteins was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Fang
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - M B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - P Laaksonen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland; VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT Biotechnology, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland.
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Mohammadi P, Toivonen MS, Ikkala O, Wagermaier W, Linder MB. Aligning cellulose nanofibril dispersions for tougher fibers. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11860. [PMID: 28928371 PMCID: PMC5605715 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12107-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocomposite materials made from cellulose show a great potential as future high-performance and sustainable materials. We show how high aspect ratio cellulose nanofibrils can be efficiently aligned in extrusion to fibers, leading to increased modulus of toughness (area under the stress-strain curve), Young’s modulus, and yield strength by increasing the extrusion capillary length, decreasing its diameter, and increasing the flow rate. The materials showed significant property combinations, manifesting as high modulus of toughness (~28–31 MJ/m3) vs. high stiffness (~19–20 GPa), and vs. high yield strength (~130–150 MPa). Wide angle X-ray scattering confirmed that the enhanced mechanical properties directly correlated with increased alignment. The achieved moduli of toughness are approximately double or more when compared to values reported in the literature for corresponding strength and stiffness. Our results highlight a possibly general pathway that can be integrated to gel-spinning process, suggesting the hypothesis that that high stiffness, strength and toughness can be achieved simultaneously, if the alignment is induced while the CNF are in the free-flowing state during the extrusion step by shear at relatively low concentration and in pure water, after which they can be coagulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pezhman Mohammadi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-16100, Espoo, Finland
| | - Matti S Toivonen
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076, Espoo, Finland
| | - Olli Ikkala
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-16100, Espoo, Finland.,Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076, Espoo, Finland
| | - Wolfgang Wagermaier
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, D-14424, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-16100, Espoo, Finland.
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Backholm M, Vuckovac M, Schreier J, Latikka M, Hummel M, Linder MB, Ras RHA. Oscillating Ferrofluid Droplet Microrheology of Liquid-Immersed Sessile Droplets. Langmuir 2017; 33:6300-6306. [PMID: 28590760 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The damped oscillations of liquid-immersed ferrofluid sessile droplets were studied with high-speed imaging experiments and analytical modeling to develop a novel microrheology technique. Droplet oscillations were induced with an external magnetic field, thereby avoiding transients in the resulting vibrational response of the droplet. By following the droplet relaxation with a high-speed camera, the frequency and relaxation time of the damped harmonic oscillations were measured. We extend upon existing analytical theories to describe our liquid-immersed sessile droplet system, and directly quantify the droplet relaxation with the viscosity of the internal and external fluid as well as the interfacial tension between these. The easily controllable magnetic droplets make our oscillating ferrofluid droplet technique a potential candidate for high-throughput microrheology and tensiometry in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda Backholm
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University , P.O. Box 15100, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Maja Vuckovac
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University , P.O. Box 15100, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Jan Schreier
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University , P.O. Box 15100, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Mika Latikka
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University , P.O. Box 15100, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Michael Hummel
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University , P.O. Box 16000, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University , P.O. Box 16000, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Robin H A Ras
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University , P.O. Box 15100, 02150 Espoo, Finland
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University , P.O. Box 16000, 02150 Espoo, Finland
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Fang W, Paananen A, Vitikainen M, Koskela S, Westerholm-Parvinen A, Joensuu JJ, Landowski CP, Penttilä M, Linder MB, Laaksonen P. Elastic and pH-Responsive Hybrid Interfaces Created with Engineered Resilin and Nanocellulose. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:1866-1873. [PMID: 28440631 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated how a genetically engineered resilin fusion protein modifies cellulose surfaces. We characterized the pH-responsive behavior of a resilin-like polypeptide (RLP) having terminal cellulose binding modules (CBM) and showed its binding to cellulose nanofibrils (CNF). Characterization of the resilin fusion protein at different pHs revealed substantial conformational changes of the protein, which were observed as swelling and contraction of the protein layer bound to the nanocellulose surface. In addition, we showed that employment of the modified resilin in cellulose hydrogel and nanopaper increased their modulus of stiffness through a cross-linking effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Fang
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University , Espoo, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Arja Paananen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Marika Vitikainen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Salla Koskela
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | | | - Jussi J Joensuu
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | | | - Merja Penttilä
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University , Espoo, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Päivi Laaksonen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University , Espoo, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
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Grunér MS, Paananen A, Szilvay GR, Linder MB. The dynamics of multimer formation of the amphiphilic hydrophobin protein HFBII. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 155:111-117. [PMID: 28415028 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophobins are surface-active proteins produced by filamentous fungi. They have amphiphilic structures and form multimers in aqueous solution to shield their hydrophobic regions. The proteins rearrange at interfaces and self-assemble into films that can show a very high degree of structural order. Little is known on dynamics of multimer interactions in solution and how this is affected by other components. In this work we examine the multimer dynamics by stopped-flow fluorescence measurements and Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) using the class II hydrophobin HFBII. The half-life of exchange in the multimer state was 0.9s at 22°C with an activation energy of 92kJ/mol. The multimer exchange process of HFBII was shown to be significantly affected by the closely related HFBI hydrophobin, lowering both activation energy and half-life for exchange. Lower molecular weight surfactants interacted in very selective ways, but other surface active proteins did not influence the rates of exchange. The results indicate that the multimer formation is driven by specific molecular interactions that distinguish different hydrophobins from each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Grunér
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland; VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Tietotie 2, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - A Paananen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Tietotie 2, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - G R Szilvay
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Tietotie 2, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - M B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland.
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45
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Guo J, Filpponen I, Johansson LS, Mohammadi P, Latikka M, Linder MB, Ras RHA, Rojas OJ. Complexes of Magnetic Nanoparticles with Cellulose Nanocrystals as Regenerable, Highly Efficient, and Selective Platform for Protein Separation. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:898-905. [PMID: 28199100 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We present an efficient approach to develop cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) hybrids with magnetically responsive Fe3O4 nanoparticles that were synthesized using the (Fe3+/Fe2+) coprecipitation. After 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical (TEMPO)-catalyzed oxidation of CNC, carbodiimide (EDC/NHS) was used for coupling amine-containing iron oxide nanoparticles that were achieved by dopamine ligand exchange (NH2-Fe3O4 NPs). The as-prepared hybrids (Fe3O4@CNC) were further complexed with Cu(II) ions to produce specific protein binding sites. The performance of magnetically responsive Cu-Fe3O4@CNC hybrids was assessed by selectively separating lysozyme from aqueous media. The hybrid system displayed a remarkable binding capacity with lysozyme of 860.6 ± 14.6 mg/g while near full protein recovery (∼98%) was achieved by simple elution. Moreover, the regeneration of Fe3O4@CNC hybrids and efficient reutilization for protein separation was demonstrated. Finally, lysozyme separation from matrices containing egg white was achieved, thus revealing the specificity and potential of the presented method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Guo
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University , FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Ilari Filpponen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University , FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.,Alabama Center for Paper and Bioresource Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University , Auburn, Alabama 36849-5127, United States
| | - Leena-Sisko Johansson
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University , FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Pezhman Mohammadi
- Alabama Center for Paper and Bioresource Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University , Auburn, Alabama 36849-5127, United States
| | - Mika Latikka
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University , FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Markus B Linder
- Alabama Center for Paper and Bioresource Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University , Auburn, Alabama 36849-5127, United States
| | - Robin H A Ras
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University , FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University , FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.,Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University , FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.,Departments of Forest Biomaterials and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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46
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Song D, Gao Z, Zhao L, Wang X, Xu H, Bai Y, Zhang X, Linder MB, Feng H, Qiao M. High-yield fermentation and a novel heat-precipitation purification method for hydrophobin HGFI from Grifola frondosa in Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2016; 128:22-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
The interaction between cellulase enzymes and their substrates is of central importance to several technological and scientific challenges. Here we report that the binding of cellulose binding modules (CBM) from Trichoderma reesei cellulases Cel6A and Cel7A show a major difference in how they interact with substrates originating from wood compared to bacterial cellulose. We found that the CBM from TrCel7A recognizes the two substrates differently and as a consequence shows an unexpected way of binding. We show that the substrate has a large impact on the exchange rate of the studied CBM, and moreover, CBM-TrCel7A seems to have an additional mode of binding on wood derived cellulose but not on cellulose originating from bacterial source. This mode is not seen in double CBM (DCBM) constructs comprising both CBM-TrCel7A and CBM-TrCel6A. The linker length of DCBMs affects the binding properties, and slows down the exchange rates of the proteins and thus, can be used to analyze the differences between the single CBM. These results have impact on the cellulase research and offer new understanding on how these industrially relevant enzymes act.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Arola
- School of Science, Aalto University, P. O. Box 11100, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
- School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
- VTT, Technical Research Centre of Finland, Bio and process technology, P.O.Box 1000, FIN–02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Markus B. Linder
- School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
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48
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Fang W, Arola S, Malho JM, Kontturi E, Linder MB, Laaksonen P. Noncovalent Dispersion and Functionalization of Cellulose Nanocrystals with Proteins and Polysaccharides. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:1458-65. [PMID: 26907991 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Native cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are valuable high quality materials with potential for many applications including the manufacture of high performance materials. In this work, a relatively effortless procedure was introduced for the production of CNCs, which gives a nearly 100% yield of crystalline cellulose. However, the processing of the native CNCs is hindered by the difficulty in dispersing them in water due to the absence of surface charges. To overcome these difficulties, we have developed a one-step procedure for dispersion and functionalization of CNCs with tailored cellulose binding proteins. The process is also applicable for polysaccharides. The tailored cellulose binding proteins are very efficient for the dispersion of CNCs due to the selective interaction with cellulose, and only small fraction of proteins (5-10 wt %, corresponds to about 3 μmol g(-1)) could stabilize the CNC suspension. Xyloglucan (XG) enhanced the CNC dispersion above a fraction of 10 wt %. For CNC suspension dispersed with carboxylmethyl cellulose (CMC) we observed the most long-lasting stability, up to 1 month. The cellulose binding proteins could not only enhance the dispersion of the CNCs, but also functionalize the surface. This we demonstrated by attaching gold nanoparticles (GNPs) to the proteins, thus, forming a monolayer of GNPs on the CNC surface. Cryo transmission electron microscopy (Cryo-TEM) imaging confirmed the attachment of the GNPs to CNC solution conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Fang
- Aalto University , Department of Materials Science, P.O. Box 16200, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Suvi Arola
- Aalto University , Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.,VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 2, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044, Espoo, Finland
| | - Jani-Markus Malho
- Aalto University , Department of Applied Physics, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.,Université de Bordeaux/CNRS , Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, UMR5629, /CNRS/Bordeaux-INP ENSCBP 16, avenue Pey Berland, 33607 Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Aalto University , Department of Forest Products Technology, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Markus B Linder
- Aalto University , Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Päivi Laaksonen
- Aalto University , Department of Materials Science, P.O. Box 16200, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
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49
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Soikkeli M, Kurppa K, Kainlauri M, Arpiainen S, Paananen A, Gunnarsson D, Joensuu JJ, Laaksonen P, Prunnila M, Linder MB, Ahopelto J. Graphene Biosensor Programming with Genetically Engineered Fusion Protein Monolayers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:8257-8264. [PMID: 26960769 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a label-free biosensor concept based on specific receptor modules, which provide immobilization and selectivity to the desired analyte molecules, and on charge sensing with a graphene field effect transistor. The receptor modules are fusion proteins in which small hydrophobin proteins act as the anchor to immobilize the receptor moiety. The functionalization of the graphene sensor is a single-step process based on directed self-assembly of the receptor modules on a hydrophobic surface. The modules are produced separately in fungi or plants and purified before use. The modules form a dense and well-oriented monolayer on the graphene transistor channel and the receptor module monolayer can be removed, and a new module monolayer with a different selectivity can be assembled in situ. The receptor module monolayers survive drying, showing that the functionalized devices can be stored and have a reasonable shelf life. The sensor is tested with small charged peptides and large immunoglobulin molecules. The measured sensitivities are in the femtomolar range, and the response is relatively fast, of the order of one second.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miika Soikkeli
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd. , P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Katri Kurppa
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd. , P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Markku Kainlauri
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd. , P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Sanna Arpiainen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd. , P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Arja Paananen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd. , P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - David Gunnarsson
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd. , P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Jussi J Joensuu
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd. , P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Päivi Laaksonen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd. , P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Mika Prunnila
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd. , P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Markus B Linder
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd. , P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
- School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University , P.O. Box 6100, FI-00076 AALTO, Espoo, Finland
| | - Jouni Ahopelto
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd. , P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
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50
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Malho JM, Arola S, Laaksonen P, Szilvay GR, Ikkala O, Linder MB. Modular Architecture of Protein Binding Units for Designing Properties of Cellulose Nanomaterials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201505980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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