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Krivega ES, Kotova SL, Timashev PS, Efremov YM. Mechanical characterization of soft biomaterials: which time and spatial scale to choose? SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:5095-5104. [PMID: 38888165 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00530a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of soft gels hold significant relevance in biomedicine and biomaterial design, including the development of tissue engineering constructs and bioequivalents. It is important to adequately characterize the gel's mechanical properties since they play a role both in the overall structural properties of the construct and the physiological responses of cells. The question remains which approach for the mechanical characterization is most suitable for specific biomaterials. Our investigation is centered on the comparison of three types of gels and four distinct mechanical testing techniques: shear rheology, compression, microindentation, and nanoindentation by atomic force microscopy. While analyzing an elastic homogeneous synthetic hydrogel (a polyacrylamide gel), we observed close mechanical results across the different testing techniques. However, our findings revealed more distinct outcomes when assessing a highly viscoelastic gel (Ecoflex) and a heterogeneous biopolymer hydrogel (enzymatically crosslinked gelatin). To ensure precise data interpretation, we introduced correction factors to account for the boundary conditions inherent in many of the testing methods. The results of this study underscore the critical significance of considering both the temporal and spatial scales in mechanical measurements of biomaterials. Furthermore, they encourage the employment of a combination of diverse testing techniques, particularly in the characterization of heterogeneous viscoelastic materials such as biological samples. The obtained results will contribute to the refinement of mechanical testing protocols and advance the development of soft gels for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina S Krivega
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Svetlana L Kotova
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow, 119991, Russia.
- Federal Research Clinical Center of Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies, Federal Medical-Biological Agency of the Russian Federation, 115682 Moscow, Russia
| | - Peter S Timashev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow, 119991, Russia.
- World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Yuri M Efremov
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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2
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Lin CC, Frahm E, Afolabi FO. Orthogonally Crosslinked Gelatin-Norbornene Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications. Macromol Biosci 2024; 24:e2300371. [PMID: 37748778 PMCID: PMC10922053 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
The thiol-norbornene photo-click reaction has exceptionally fast crosslinking efficiency compared with chain-growth polymerization at equivalent macromer contents. The orthogonal reactivity between norbornene and thiol/tetrazine permits crosslinking of synthetic and naturally derived macromolecules with modularity, including poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-norbornene (PEGNB), gelatin-norbornene (GelNB), among others. For example, collagen-derived gelatin contains both cell adhesive motifs (e.g., Arg-Gly-Asp or RGD) and protease-labile sequences, making it an ideal macromer for forming cell-laden hydrogels. First reported in 2014, GelNB is increasingly used in orthogonal crosslinking of biomimetic matrices in various applications. GelNB can be crosslinked into hydrogels using multi-functional thiol linkers (e.g., dithiothreitol (DTT) or PEG-tetra-thiol (PEG4SH) via visible light or longwave ultraviolet (UV) light step-growth thiol-norbornene reaction or through an enzyme-mediated crosslinking (i.e., horseradish peroxidase, HRP). GelNB-based hydrogels can also be modularly crosslinked with tetrazine-bearing macromers via inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder (iEDDA) click reaction. This review surveys the various methods for preparing GelNB macromers, the crosslinking mechanisms of GelNB-based hydrogels, and their applications in cell and tissue engineering, including crosslinking of dynamic matrices, disease modeling, and tissue regeneration, delivery of therapeutics, as well as bioprinting and biofabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chi Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue School of Engineering & Technology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN. 46202. USA
| | - Ellen Frahm
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue School of Engineering & Technology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN. 46202. USA
| | - Favor O. Afolabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue School of Engineering & Technology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN. 46202. USA
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3
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Kotani T, Mubarok W, Hananouchi T, Sakai S. Horseradish Peroxidase-Mediated Bioprinting via Bioink Gelation by Alternately Extruded Support Material. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:5804-5812. [PMID: 37738620 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-mediated extrusion bioprinting has a significant potential in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. However, they often face challenges in terms of printing fidelity and structural integrity when using low-viscosity inks. To address this issue, a method that alternately extrudes bioinks and support material was developed in this study. The bioinks consisting of cells, HRP, and phenolated polymers, and the support material contained hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The support material not only prevented the collapse of the constructs but also supplied H2O2 to facilitate the enzymatic reaction. 3D constructs with tall and complex shapes were successfully printed from a low-viscosity ink containing 10 U/mL HRP and 1.0% w/v phenolated hyaluronic acid (HA-Ph), with a support material containing 10 mM H2O2. Over 90% viability of mouse fibroblasts (10T1/2) was achieved following the printing process, along with a morphology and proliferation rate similar to that of nontreated cells. Furthermore, human hepatoblastoma (HepG2) cells showed an increased spheroid size over 14 days in the printed constructs. The 10T1/2 cells adhered and proliferated on the constructs printed from inks containing both phenolated gelatin and HA-Ph. These results demonstrate the great potential of this HRP-mediated extrusion bioprinting technique for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kotani
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-Cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Wildan Mubarok
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-Cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Takehito Hananouchi
- Medical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Sangyo University, Daito, Osaka 574-8530, Japan
- Biodesign Division, Department of Academia-Government-Industry Collaboration, Office of Research and Academia-Government-Community Collaboration, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Shinji Sakai
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-Cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
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4
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Kozan NG, Joshi M, Sicherer ST, Grasman JM. Porous biomaterial scaffolds for skeletal muscle tissue engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1245897. [PMID: 37854885 PMCID: PMC10579822 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1245897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Volumetric muscle loss is a traumatic injury which overwhelms the innate repair mechanisms of skeletal muscle and results in significant loss of muscle functionality. Tissue engineering seeks to regenerate these injuries through implantation of biomaterial scaffolds to encourage endogenous tissue formation and to restore mechanical function. Many types of scaffolds are currently being researched for this purpose. Scaffolds are typically made from either natural, synthetic, or conductive polymers, or any combination therein. A major criterion for the use of scaffolds for skeletal muscle is their porosity, which is essential for myoblast infiltration and myofiber ingrowth. In this review, we summarize the various methods of fabricating porous biomaterial scaffolds for skeletal muscle regeneration, as well as the various types of materials used to make these scaffolds. We provide guidelines for the fabrication of scaffolds based on functional requirements of skeletal muscle tissue, and discuss the general state of the field for skeletal muscle tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jonathan M. Grasman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States
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5
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Zhang Z, Liu Y, Tao X, Du P, Enkhbat M, Lim KS, Wang H, Wang PY. Engineering Cell Microenvironment Using Nanopattern-Derived Multicellular Spheroids and Photo-Crosslinked Gelatin/Hyaluronan Hydrogels. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081925. [PMID: 37112072 PMCID: PMC10144125 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell cultures of dispersed cells within hydrogels depict the interaction of the cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) in 3D, while the coculture of different cells within spheroids combines both the effects of cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions. In this study, the cell co-spheroids of human bone mesenchymal stem cells/human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HBMSC/HUVECs) are prepared with the assistance of a nanopattern, named colloidal self-assembled patterns (cSAPs), which is superior to low-adhesion surfaces. A phenol-modified gelatin/hyaluronan (Gel-Ph/HA-Ph) hydrogel is used to encapsulate the multicellular spheroids and the constructs are photo-crosslinked using blue light. The results show that Gel-Ph/HA-Ph hydrogels with a 5%-to-0.3% ratio have the best properties. Cells in HBMSC/HUVEC co-spheroids are more favorable for osteogenic differentiation (Runx2, ALP, Col1a1 and OPN) and vascular network formation (CD31+ cells) compared to HBMSC spheroids. In a subcutaneous nude mouse model, the HBMSC/HUVEC co-spheroids showed better performance than HBMSC spheroids in angiogenesis and the development of blood vessels. Overall, this study paves a new way for using nanopatterns, cell coculturing and hydrogel technology for the generation and application of multicellular spheroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xuelian Tao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ping Du
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Myagmartsend Enkhbat
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Khoon S Lim
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Huaiyu Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng-Yuan Wang
- Oujiang Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Aging, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
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6
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Yuen Jr JSK, Saad MK, Xiang N, Barrick BM, DiCindio H, Li C, Zhang SW, Rittenberg M, Lew ET, Zhang KL, Leung G, Pietropinto JA, Kaplan DL. Aggregating in vitro-grown adipocytes to produce macroscale cell-cultured fat tissue with tunable lipid compositions for food applications. eLife 2023; 12:e82120. [PMID: 37014056 PMCID: PMC10072877 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a method of producing bulk cell-cultured fat tissue for food applications. Mass transport limitations (nutrients, oxygen, waste diffusion) of macroscale 3D tissue culture are circumvented by initially culturing murine or porcine adipocytes in 2D, after which bulk fat tissue is produced by mechanically harvesting and aggregating the lipid-filled adipocytes into 3D constructs using alginate or transglutaminase binders. The 3D fat tissues were visually similar to fat tissue harvested from animals, with matching textures based on uniaxial compression tests. The mechanical properties of cultured fat tissues were based on binder choice and concentration, and changes in the fatty acid compositions of cellular triacylglyceride and phospholipids were observed after lipid supplementation (soybean oil) during in vitro culture. This approach of aggregating individual adipocytes into a bulk 3D tissue provides a scalable and versatile strategy to produce cultured fat tissue for food-related applications, thereby addressing a key obstacle in cultivated meat production.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Se Kit Yuen Jr
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Tissue Engineering Resource Center, Tufts UniversityMedfordUnited States
| | - Michael K Saad
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Tissue Engineering Resource Center, Tufts UniversityMedfordUnited States
| | - Ning Xiang
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Tissue Engineering Resource Center, Tufts UniversityMedfordUnited States
| | - Brigid M Barrick
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Tissue Engineering Resource Center, Tufts UniversityMedfordUnited States
| | - Hailey DiCindio
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Tissue Engineering Resource Center, Tufts UniversityMedfordUnited States
| | - Chunmei Li
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Tissue Engineering Resource Center, Tufts UniversityMedfordUnited States
| | - Sabrina W Zhang
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Tissue Engineering Resource Center, Tufts UniversityMedfordUnited States
| | | | - Emily T Lew
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Tissue Engineering Resource Center, Tufts UniversityMedfordUnited States
| | - Kevin Lin Zhang
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Tissue Engineering Resource Center, Tufts UniversityMedfordUnited States
| | - Glenn Leung
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Tissue Engineering Resource Center, Tufts UniversityMedfordUnited States
| | - Jaymie A Pietropinto
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Tissue Engineering Resource Center, Tufts UniversityMedfordUnited States
| | - David L Kaplan
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Tissue Engineering Resource Center, Tufts UniversityMedfordUnited States
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7
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Bao Y, Zhang HQ, Chen L, Cai HH, Liu ZL, Peng Y, Li Z, Dai FY. Artemisinin-Loaded Silk Fibroin/Gelatin Composite Hydrogel for Wound Healing and Tumor Therapy. ARAB J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
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8
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Şener Raman T, Kuehnert M, Daikos O, Scherzer T, Krömmelbein C, Mayr SG, Abel B, Schulze A. A study on the material properties of novel PEGDA/gelatin hybrid hydrogels polymerized by electron beam irradiation. Front Chem 2023; 10:1094981. [PMID: 36700077 PMCID: PMC9868307 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1094981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Gelatin-based hydrogels are highly desirable biomaterials for use in wound dressing, drug delivery, and extracellular matrix components due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. However, insufficient and uncontrollable mechanical properties and degradation are the major obstacles to their application in medical materials. Herein, we present a simple but efficient strategy for a novel hydrogel by incorporating the synthetic hydrogel monomer polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA, offering high mechanical stability) into a biological hydrogel compound (gelatin) to provide stable mechanical properties and biocompatibility at the resulting hybrid hydrogel. In the present work, PEGDA/gelatin hybrid hydrogels were prepared by electron irradiation as a reagent-free crosslinking technology and without using chemical crosslinkers, which carry the risk of releasing toxic byproducts into the material. The viscoelasticity, swelling behavior, thermal stability, and molecular structure of synthesized hybrid hydrogels of different compound ratios and irradiation doses were investigated. Compared with the pure gelatin hydrogel, 21/9 wt./wt. % PEGDA/gelatin hydrogels at 6 kGy exhibited approximately up to 1078% higher storage modulus than a pure gelatin hydrogel, and furthermore, it turned out that the mechanical stability increased with increasing irradiation dose. The chemical structure of the hybrid hydrogels was analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and it was confirmed that both compounds, PEGDA and gelatin, were equally present. Scanning electron microscopy images of the samples showed fracture patterns that confirmed the findings of viscoelasticity increasing with gelatin concentration. Infrared microspectroscopy images showed that gelatin and PEGDA polymer fractions were homogeneously mixed and a uniform hybrid material was obtained after electron beam synthesis. In short, this study demonstrates that both the presence of PEGDA improved the material properties of PEGDA/gelatin hybrid hydrogels and the resulting properties are fine-tuned by varying the irradiation dose and PEGDA/gelatin concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Olesya Daikos
- Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tom Scherzer
- Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Stefan G. Mayr
- Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bernd Abel
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology of the University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Agnes Schulze
- Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Leipzig, Germany,*Correspondence: Agnes Schulze,
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9
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Bono N, Saroglia G, Marcuzzo S, Giagnorio E, Lauria G, Rosini E, De Nardo L, Athanassiou A, Candiani G, Perotto G. Silk fibroin microgels as a platform for cell microencapsulation. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2022; 34:3. [PMID: 36586059 PMCID: PMC9805413 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-022-06706-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cell microencapsulation has been utilized for years as a means of cell shielding from the external environment while facilitating the transport of gases, general metabolites, and secretory bioactive molecules at once. In this light, hydrogels may support the structural integrity and functionality of encapsulated biologics whereas ensuring cell viability and function and releasing potential therapeutic factors once in situ. In this work, we describe a straightforward strategy to fabricate silk fibroin (SF) microgels (µgels) and encapsulate cells into them. SF µgels (size ≈ 200 µm) were obtained through ultrasonication-induced gelation of SF in a water-oil emulsion phase. A thorough physicochemical (SEM analysis, and FT-IR) and mechanical (microindentation tests) characterization of SF µgels were carried out to assess their nanostructure, porosity, and stiffness. SF µgels were used to encapsulate and culture L929 and primary myoblasts. Interestingly, SF µgels showed a selective release of relatively small proteins (e.g., VEGF, molecular weight, MW = 40 kDa) by the encapsulated primary myoblasts, while bigger (macro)molecules (MW = 160 kDa) were hampered to diffusing through the µgels. This article provided the groundwork to expand the use of SF hydrogels into a versatile platform for encapsulating relevant cells able to release paracrine factors potentially regulating tissue and/or organ functions, thus promoting their regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Bono
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milan, Italy.
| | - Giulio Saroglia
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milan, Italy
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Stefania Marcuzzo
- Neurology IV-Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Giagnorio
- Neurology IV-Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lauria
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Rosini
- The Protein Factory 2.0, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Luigi De Nardo
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Gabriele Candiani
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Perotto
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy.
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10
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Buscaglia M, Guérard F, Roquefort P, Aubry T, Fauchon M, Toueix Y, Stiger-Pouvreau V, Hellio C, Le Blay G. Mechanically Enhanced Salmo salar Gelatin by Enzymatic Cross-linking: Premise of a Bioinspired Material for Food Packaging, Cosmetics, and Biomedical Applications. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 24:801-819. [PMID: 35915285 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-022-10150-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Marine animal by-products of the food industry are a great source of valuable biomolecules. Skins and bones are rich in collagen, a protein with various applications in food, cosmetic, healthcare, and medical industries in its native form or partially hydrolyzed (gelatin). Salmon gelatin is a candidate of interest due to its high biomass production available through salmon consumption, its biodegradability, and its high biocompatibility. However, its low mechanical and thermal properties can be an obstacle for various applications requiring cohesive material. Thus, gelatin modification by cross-linking is necessary. Enzymatic cross-linking by microbial transglutaminase (MTG) is preferred to chemical cross-linking to avoid the formation of potentially cytotoxic residues. In this work, the potential of salmon skin gelatin was investigated, in a comparative study with porcine gelatin, and an enzymatic versus chemical cross-linking analysis. For this purpose, the two cross-linking methods were applied to produce three-dimensional, porous, and mechanically reinforced hydrogels and sponges with different MTG ratios (2%, 5%, and 10% w/w gelatin). Their biochemical, rheological, and structural properties were characterized, as well as the stability of the material, including the degree of syneresis and the water-binding capacity. The results showed that gelatin enzymatically cross-linked produced material with high cross-linking densities over 70% of free amines. The MTG addition seemed to play a crucial role, as shown by the increase in mechanical and thermal resistances with the production of a cohesive material stable above 40 °C for at least 7 days and comparable to porcine and chemically cross-linked gelatins. Two prototypes were obtained with similar thermal resistances but different microstructures and viscoelastic properties, due to different formation dynamics of the covalent network. Considering these results, the enzymatically cross-linked salmon gelatin is a relevant candidate as a biopolymer for the production of matrix for a wide range of biotechnological applications such as food packaging, cosmetic patch, wound healing dressing, or tissue substitute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Buscaglia
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Fabienne Guérard
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Philippe Roquefort
- UMR CNRS 6027, IRDL, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 29200, Brest, France
| | - Thierry Aubry
- UMR CNRS 6027, IRDL, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 29200, Brest, France
| | - Marilyne Fauchon
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Yannick Toueix
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | | | - Claire Hellio
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
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11
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Montazerian H, Davoodi E, Baidya A, Baghdasarian S, Sarikhani E, Meyer CE, Haghniaz R, Badv M, Annabi N, Khademhosseini A, Weiss PS. Engineered Hemostatic Biomaterials for Sealing Wounds. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12864-12903. [PMID: 35731958 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c01015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hemostatic biomaterials show great promise in wound control for the treatment of uncontrolled bleeding associated with damaged tissues, traumatic wounds, and surgical incisions. A surge of interest has been directed at boosting hemostatic properties of bioactive materials via mechanisms triggering the coagulation cascade. A wide variety of biocompatible and biodegradable materials has been applied to the design of hemostatic platforms for rapid blood coagulation. Recent trends in the design of hemostatic agents emphasize chemical conjugation of charged moieties to biomacromolecules, physical incorporation of blood-coagulating agents in biomaterials systems, and superabsorbing materials in either dry (foams) or wet (hydrogel) states. In addition, tough bioadhesives are emerging for efficient and physical sealing of incisions. In this Review, we highlight the biomacromolecular design approaches adopted to develop hemostatic bioactive materials. We discuss the mechanistic pathways of hemostasis along with the current standard experimental procedures for characterization of the hemostasis efficacy. Finally, we discuss the potential for clinical translation of hemostatic technologies, future trends, and research opportunities for the development of next-generation surgical materials with hemostatic properties for wound management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Montazerian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90024, United States
| | - Elham Davoodi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90024, United States.,Multi-Scale Additive Manufacturing Lab, Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Avijit Baidya
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Sevana Baghdasarian
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Einollah Sarikhani
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Claire Elsa Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Reihaneh Haghniaz
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90024, United States
| | - Maryam Badv
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Nasim Annabi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90024, United States
| | - Paul S Weiss
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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12
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Stengelin E, Thiele J, Seiffert S. Multiparametric Material Functionality of Microtissue-Based In Vitro Models as Alternatives to Animal Testing. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105319. [PMID: 35043598 PMCID: PMC8981905 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
With the definition of the 3R principle by Russel and Burch in 1959, the search for an adequate substitute for animal testing has become one of the most important tasks and challenges of this time, not only from an ethical, but also from a scientific, economic, and legal point of view. Microtissue-based in vitro model systems offer a valuable approach to address this issue by accounting for the complexity of natural tissues in a simplified manner. To increase the functionality of these model systems and thus make their use as a substitute for animal testing more likely in the future, the fundamentals need to be continuously improved. Corresponding requirements exist in the development of multifunctional, hydrogel-based materials, whose properties are considered in this review under the aspects of processability, adaptivity, biocompatibility, and stability/degradability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Stengelin
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg‐University MainzD‐55128MainzGermany
| | - Julian Thiele
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.Hohe Straße 6D‐01069DresdenGermany
| | - Sebastian Seiffert
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg‐University MainzD‐55128MainzGermany
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13
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The Preparation and Properties of Composite Hydrogels Based on Gelatin and (3-Aminopropyl) Trimethoxysilane Grafted Cellulose Nanocrystals Covalently Linked with Microbial Transglutaminase. Gels 2022; 8:gels8030146. [PMID: 35323259 PMCID: PMC8952363 DOI: 10.3390/gels8030146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanically enhanced gelatin-based composite hydrogels were developed in the presence of functionalized cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) employing microbial transglutaminase (mTG) as a binding agent. In this work, the surfaces of CNCs were grafted with (3-Aminopropyl) trimethoxysilane with a NH2 functional group, and the success of CNCs’ modification was verified by FTIR spectroscopy and XPS. The higher degree of modification in CNCs resulted in more covalent cross-linking and dispersibility within the gelatin matrix; thus, the as-prepared hydrogels showed significantly improved mechanical properties and thermo-stability, as revealed by dynamic rheological analysis, uniaxial compression tests and SEM. The biocompatibility of the obtained hydrogels was evaluated by the MTT method, and it was found that the grafted CNCs had no obvious inhibitory effect on cell proliferation. Hence, the mechanically enhanced gelatin-based hydrogels might have great potential in biomedical applications.
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14
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Agunbiade M, Le Roes-Hill M. Application of bacterial tyrosinases in organic synthesis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 38:2. [PMID: 34817696 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03186-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial tyrosinases, as in the case of other bacterial oxidative enzymes, have been found to possess biochemical characteristics that typically make them more suited to applications requiring special operational conditions such as alkaline pH, high or low temperature, the presence of organic solvents, and the presence of inhibitors. Even though a great deal is known about fungal tyrosinases, bacterial tyrosinases still vastly remain underexplored for their potential application in organic synthesis. A literature survey in particular highlights the gaps in our knowledge pertaining to their biochemical properties. Bacterial tyrosinases have not only shown promise in the synthesis of medically important compounds such as L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) and melanin but have also seen application in cross-linking reactions of proteins and the polymerization of environmental pollutants. Their ability to catalyse o-hydroxylation reactions have shown some degree of promise in the biocatalytic conversion of resveratrol to piceatannol, tyrosol to hydroxytyrosol, and many more. In this review, we will explore the world of bacterial tyrosinases, their current applications, and future perspectives for the application of these enzymes in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayowa Agunbiade
- Applied Microbial and Health Biotechnology Institute, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, 7535, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Marilize Le Roes-Hill
- Applied Microbial and Health Biotechnology Institute, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, 7535, Bellville, South Africa.
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15
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Cacopardo L, Ahluwalia A. Engineering and Monitoring 3D Cell Constructs with Time-Evolving Viscoelasticity for the Study of Liver Fibrosis In Vitro. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:106. [PMID: 34436109 PMCID: PMC8389340 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8080106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is generally associated with an over-production and crosslinking of extracellular matrix proteins, causing a progressive increase in both the elastic and viscous properties of the hepatic tissue. We describe a strategy for mimicking and monitoring the mechano-dynamics of the 3D microenvironment associated with liver fibrosis. Cell-laden gelatin hydrogels were crosslinked with microbial transglutaminase using a purpose-designed cytocompatible two-step protocol, which allows for the exposure of cells to a mechanically changing environment during culturing. A bioreactor was re-engineered to monitor the mechanical properties of cell constructs over time. The results showed a shift towards a more elastic (i.e., solid-like) behaviour, which is likely related to an increase in cell stress. The method effectively mimics the time-evolving mechanical microenvironment associated with liver fibrosis and could provide novel insights into pathophysiological processes in which both elastic and viscous properties of tissues change over time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arti Ahluwalia
- Research Center ‘E. Piaggio’, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy;
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research (Centro 3R), Italy
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16
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17
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Huang J, Huang Z, Liang Y, Yuan W, Bian L, Duan L, Rong Z, Xiong J, Wang D, Xia J. 3D printed gelatin/hydroxyapatite scaffolds for stem cell chondrogenic differentiation and articular cartilage repair. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:2620-2630. [DOI: 10.1039/d0bm02103b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The hUCB-MSC-laden 3D printed gelatin/HAP scaffold effectively repairs knee cartilage defects in a pig model.
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18
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Tsai CC, Kuo SH, Lu TY, Cheng NC, Shie MY, Yu J. Enzyme-Cross-linked Gelatin Hydrogel Enriched with an Articular Cartilage Extracellular Matrix and Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells for Hyaline Cartilage Regeneration of Rabbits. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:5110-5119. [PMID: 33455262 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hyaline cartilage regeneration remains clinically challenging. In this study, microbial transglutaminase was used to cross-link gelatin. The articular cartilage extracellular matrix (cECM), mainly comprising collagen type II and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which can support chondrogenesis, was enclosed in this enzyme-catalyzed hydrogel. After human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) were encapsulated in the hydrogel enriched with the cECM, the results demonstrated that the enzymatic cross-linking reaction is of low cytotoxicity. Moreover, the stem cells showed great proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation potential in the hydrogel. Most importantly, we assessed the therapeutic effects of applying a hydrogel enriched with the cECM and hASCs to repair a full-thickness osteochondral defect. At 8 weeks after surgery, the GCC group (hydrogel encapsulating cells and the cECM) exhibited a smooth articular surface with transparent new hyaline-like tissue macroscopically. According to histological analysis, inflammatory responses were hardly observed, and sound chondrocytes were aligned in the newly formed chondral layer. In addition, the GCC group exhibited significant improvement in the GAG content between weeks 4 and 8. In summary, the implantation of a gelatin hydrogel enriched with the cECM and hASCs could facilitate the hyaline cartilage regeneration significantly in rabbit knee joint models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Cheng Tsai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Da'an Dist., Taipei City 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shuo-Hsiu Kuo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Da'an Dist., Taipei City 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Da'an Dist., Taipei City 10617, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Chen Cheng
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, No.1, Changde St., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei City 10048, Taiwan
| | - Ming-You Shie
- Department of Dentistry, China Medical University, No.91 Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung City 40402, Taiwan
| | - Jiashing Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Da'an Dist., Taipei City 10617, Taiwan
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19
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Maddock RMA, Pollard GJ, Moreau NG, Perry JJ, Race PR. Enzyme-catalysed polymer cross-linking: Biocatalytic tools for chemical biology, materials science and beyond. Biopolymers 2020; 111:e23390. [PMID: 32640085 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intermolecular cross-linking is one of the most important techniques that can be used to fundamentally alter the material properties of a polymer. The introduction of covalent bonds between individual polymer chains creates 3D macromolecular assemblies with enhanced mechanical properties and greater chemical or thermal tolerances. In contrast to many chemical cross-linking reactions, which are the basis of thermoset plastics, enzyme catalysed processes offer a complimentary paradigm for the assembly of cross-linked polymer networks through their predictability and high levels of control. Additionally, enzyme catalysed reactions offer an inherently 'greener' and more biocompatible approach to covalent bond formation, which could include the use of aqueous solvents, ambient temperatures, and heavy metal-free reagents. Here, we review recent progress in the development of biocatalytic methods for polymer cross-linking, with a specific focus on the most promising candidate enzyme classes and their underlying catalytic mechanisms. We also provide exemplars of the use of enzyme catalysed cross-linking reactions in industrially relevant applications, noting the limitations of these approaches and outlining strategies to mitigate reported deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie M A Maddock
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, UK.,BrisSynBio Synthetic Biology Research Centre, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gregory J Pollard
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, UK
| | - Nicolette G Moreau
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, UK
| | - Justin J Perry
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Ellison Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Paul R Race
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, UK.,BrisSynBio Synthetic Biology Research Centre, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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20
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Rasti Boroojeni F, Mashayekhan S, Abbaszadeh HA, Ansarizadeh M, Khoramgah MS, Rahimi Movaghar V. Bioinspired Nanofiber Scaffold for Differentiating Bone Marrow-Derived Neural Stem Cells to Oligodendrocyte-Like Cells: Design, Fabrication, and Characterization. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:3903-3920. [PMID: 32606657 PMCID: PMC7293409 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s248509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Researchers are trying to study the mechanism of neural stem cells (NSCs) differentiation to oligodendrocyte-like cells (OLCs) as well as to enhance the selective differentiation of NSCs to oligodendrocytes. However, the limitation in nerve tissue accessibility to isolate the NSCs as well as their differentiation toward oligodendrocytes is still challenging. PURPOSE In the present study, a hybrid polycaprolactone (PCL)-gelatin nanofiber scaffold mimicking the native extracellular matrix and axon morphology to direct the differentiation of bone marrow-derived NSCs to OLCs was introduced. MATERIALS AND METHODS In order to achieve a sustained release of T3, this factor was encapsulated within chitosan nanoparticles and chitosan-loaded T3 was incorporated within PCL nanofibers. Polyaniline graphene (PAG) nanocomposite was incorporated within gelatin nanofibers to endow the scaffold with conductive properties, which resemble the conductive behavior of axons. Biodegradation, water contact angle measurements, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations as well as conductivity tests were used to evaluate the properties of the prepared scaffold. The concentration of PAG and T3-loaded chitosan NPs in nanofibers were optimized by examining the proliferation of cultured bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on the scaffolds. The differentiation of BMSCs-derived NSCs cultured on the fabricated scaffolds into OLCs was analyzed by evaluating the expression of oligodendrocyte markers using immunofluorescence (ICC), RT-PCR and flowcytometric assays. RESULTS Incorporating 2% PAG proved to have superior cell support and proliferation while guaranteeing electrical conductivity of 10.8 × 10-5 S/cm. Moreover, the scaffold containing 2% of T3-loaded chitosan NPs was considered to be the most biocompatible samples. Result of ICC, RT-PCR and flow cytometry showed high expression of O4, Olig2, platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha (PDGFR-α), O1, myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) and myelin basic protein (MBP) high expressed but low expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). CONCLUSION Considering surface topography, biocompatibility, electrical conductivity and gene expression, the hybrid PCL/gelatin scaffold with the controlled release of T3 may be considered as a promising candidate to be used as an in vitro model to study patient-derived oligodendrocytes by isolating patient's BMSCs in pathological conditions such as diseases or injuries. Moreover, the resulted oligodendrocytes can be used as a desirable source for transplanting in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Rasti Boroojeni
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
- Division of Molecular Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Shohreh Mashayekhan
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hojjat-Allah Abbaszadeh
- Hearing Disorders Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohamadhasan Ansarizadeh
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
- Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Maryam-Sadat Khoramgah
- Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vafa Rahimi Movaghar
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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21
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Mattei G, Cacopardo L, Ahluwalia A. Engineering Gels with Time-Evolving Viscoelasticity. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E438. [PMID: 31963333 PMCID: PMC7014018 DOI: 10.3390/ma13020438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
From a mechanical point of view, a native extracellular matrix (ECM) is viscoelastic. It also possesses time-evolving or dynamic behaviour, since pathophysiological processes such as ageing alter their mechanical properties over time. On the other hand, biomaterial research on mechanobiology has focused mainly on the development of substrates with varying stiffness, with a few recent contributions on time- or space-dependent substrate mechanics. This work reports on a new method for engineering dynamic viscoelastic substrates, i.e., substrates in which viscoelastic parameters can change or evolve with time, providing a tool for investigating cell response to the mechanical microenvironment. In particular, a two-step (chemical and enzymatic) crosslinking strategy was implemented to modulate the viscoelastic properties of gelatin hydrogels. First, gels with different glutaraldehyde concentrations were developed to mimic a wide range of soft tissue viscoelastic behaviours. Then their mechanical behaviour was modulated over time using microbial transglutaminase. Typically, enzymatically induced mechanical alterations occurred within the first 24 h of reaction and then the characteristic time constant decreased although the elastic properties were maintained almost constant for up to seven days. Preliminary cell culture tests showed that cells adhered to the gels, and their viability was similar to that of controls. Thus, the strategy proposed in this work is suitable for studying cell response and adaptation to temporal variations of substrate mechanics during culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Mattei
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Via Girolamo Caruso 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Ludovica Cacopardo
- Research Centre “E. Piaggio”, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Arti Ahluwalia
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Via Girolamo Caruso 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy;
- Research Centre “E. Piaggio”, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy;
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22
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Luetchford KA, Chaudhuri JB, De Bank PA. Silk fibroin/gelatin microcarriers as scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 106:110116. [PMID: 31753329 PMCID: PMC6891254 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Microcarrier cell scaffolds have potential as injectable cell delivery vehicles or as building blocks for tissue engineering. The use of small cell carriers allows for a 'bottom up' approach to tissue assembly when moulding microparticles into larger structures, which can facilitate the introduction of hierarchy by layering different matrices and cell types, while evenly distributing cells through the structure. In this work, silk fibroin (SF), purified from Bombyx mori cocoons, was blended with gelatin (G) to produce materials composed of varying ratios of the two components (SF: G 25:75, 50:50, and 75:25). Cell compatibility to these materials was first confirmed in two-dimensional culture and found to be equivalent to standard tissue culture plastic, and better than SF or G alone. The mechanical properties of the blends were investigated and the blended materials were found to have increased Young's moduli over SF alone. Microcarriers of SF/G blends with defined diameters were generated in a reproducible manner through the use of an axisymmetric flow focussing device, constructed from off-the-shelf parts and fittings. These SF/G microcarriers supported adhesion of rat mesenchymal stem cells with high degrees of efficiency under dynamic culture conditions and, after culturing in osteogenic differentiation medium, cells were shown to have characteristics typical of osteoblasts. This work illustrates that microcarriers composed of SF/G blends are promising building blocks for osteogenic tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim A Luetchford
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Julian B Chaudhuri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Paul A De Bank
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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23
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Review transglutaminases: part II-industrial applications in food, biotechnology, textiles and leather products. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 36:11. [PMID: 31879822 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2792-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Because of their protein cross-linking properties, transglutaminases are widely used in several industrial processes, including the food and pharmaceutical industries. Transglutaminases obtained from animal tissues and organs, the first sources of this enzyme, are being replaced by microbial sources, which are cheaper and easier to produce and purify. Since the discovery of microbial transglutaminase (mTGase), the enzyme has been produced for industrial applications by traditional fermentation process using the bacterium Streptomyces mobaraensis. Several studies have been carried out in this field to increase the enzyme industrial productivity. Researches on gene expression encoding transglutaminase biosynthesis were performed in Streptomyces lividans, Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Yarrowia lipolytica, and Pichia pastoris. In the first part of this review, we presented an overview of the literature on the origins, types, mediated reactions, and general characterizations of these important enzymes, as well as the studies on recombinant microbial transglutaminases. In this second part, we focus on the application versatility of mTGase in three broad areas: food, pharmacological, and biotechnological industries. The use of mTGase is presented for several food groups, showing possibilities of applications and challenges to further improve the quality of the end-products. Some applications in the textile and leather industries are also reviewed, as well as special applications in the PEGylation reaction, in the production of antibody drug conjugates, and in regenerative medicine.
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24
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Lee DH, Tamura A, Arisaka Y, Seo JH, Yui N. Mechanically Reinforced Gelatin Hydrogels by Introducing Slidable Supramolecular Cross-Linkers. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1787. [PMID: 31683825 PMCID: PMC6918157 DOI: 10.3390/polym11111787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tough mechanical properties are generally required for tissue substitutes used in regeneration of damaged tissue, as these substitutes must be able to withstand the external physical force caused by stretching. Gelatin, a biopolymer derived from collagen, is a biocompatible and cell adhesive material, and is thus widely utilized as a component of biomaterials. However, the application of gelatin hydrogels as a tissue substitute is limited owing to their insufficient mechanical properties. Chemical cross-linking is a promising method to improve the mechanical properties of hydrogels. We examined the potential of the chemical cross-linking of gelatin hydrogels with carboxy-group-modified polyrotaxanes (PRXs), a supramolecular polymer comprising a poly(ethylene glycol) chain threaded into the cavity of α-cyclodextrins (α-CDs), to improve mechanical properties such as stretchability and toughness. Cross-linking gelatin hydrogels with threading α-CDs in PRXs could allow for freely mobile cross-linking points to potentially improve the mechanical properties. Indeed, the stretchability and toughness of gelatin hydrogels cross-linked with PRXs were slightly higher than those of the hydrogels with the conventional chemical cross-linkers 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC)/N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). In addition, the hysteresis loss of gelatin hydrogels cross-linked with PRXs after repeated stretching and relaxation cycles in a hydrated state was remarkably improved in comparison with that of conventional cross-linked hydrogels. It is considered that the freely mobile cross-linking points of gelatin hydrogels cross-linked with PRXs attenuates the stress concentration. Accordingly, gelatin hydrogels cross-linked with PRXs would provide excellent mechanical properties as biocompatible tissue substitutes exposed to a continuous external physical force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Hoon Lee
- Department of Organic Biomaterials, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Tamura
- Department of Organic Biomaterials, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.
| | - Yoshinori Arisaka
- Department of Organic Biomaterials, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.
| | - Ji-Hun Seo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea.
| | - Nobuhiko Yui
- Department of Organic Biomaterials, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.
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25
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Campiglio CE, Contessi Negrini N, Farè S, Draghi L. Cross-Linking Strategies for Electrospun Gelatin Scaffolds. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E2476. [PMID: 31382665 PMCID: PMC6695673 DOI: 10.3390/ma12152476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Electrospinning is an exceptional technology to fabricate sub-micrometric fiber scaffolds for regenerative medicine applications and to mimic the morphology and the chemistry of the natural extracellular matrix (ECM). Although most synthetic and natural polymers can be electrospun, gelatin frequently represents a material of choice due to the presence of cell-interactive motifs, its wide availability, low cost, easy processability, and biodegradability. However, cross-linking is required to stabilize the structure of the electrospun matrices and avoid gelatin dissolution at body temperature. Different physical and chemical cross-linking protocols have been described to improve electrospun gelatin stability and to preserve the morphological fibrous arrangement of the electrospun gelatin scaffolds. Here, we review the main current strategies. For each method, the cross-linking mechanism and its efficiency, the influence of electrospinning parameters, and the resulting fiber morphology are considered. The main drawbacks as well as the open challenges are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Emma Campiglio
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy
- INSTM, National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Local Unit Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Contessi Negrini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy
- INSTM, National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Local Unit Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Farè
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy
- INSTM, National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Local Unit Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenza Draghi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy.
- INSTM, National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Local Unit Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Raucci MG, D'Amora U, Ronca A, Demitri C, Ambrosio L. Bioactivation Routes of Gelatin-Based Scaffolds to Enhance at Nanoscale Level Bone Tissue Regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:27. [PMID: 30828576 PMCID: PMC6384229 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The present work is focused on the development of gelatin-based scaffolds crosslinked through carbodiimide reaction and their bioactivation by two different methods: (i) surface modification by inorganic signals represented by hydroxyapatite nanoparticles precipitated on scaffold through biomimetic treatment; (ii) analog of BMP-2 peptide decoration. The results showed the effects of polymer concentration and crosslinking time on the physico-chemical, morphological, and mechanical properties of scaffolds. Furthermore, a comparative study of biological response for both bioactivated structures allowed to evaluate the influence of inorganic and organic cues on cellular behavior in terms of adhesion, proliferation and early osteogenic marker expression. The bioactivation by inorganic cues induced positive cellular response compared to neat scaffolds in terms of increased cell proliferation and early osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC), as evidenced by the Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression. Similarly BMP-2 peptide decorated scaffolds showed higher values of ALP than biomineralized ones at longer time. The overall results demonstrated that the presence of bioactive signals (either inorganic or organic) at nanoscale level allowed an osteoinductive effect on hMSC in a basal medium, making the modified gelatin scaffolds a promising candidate for bone tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Raucci
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Ugo D'Amora
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Alfredo Ronca
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Christian Demitri
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Luigi Ambrosio
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
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Brand I, Groß I, Li D, Zhang Y, Bräuer AU. Pneumatic conveying printing technique for bioprinting applications. RSC Adv 2019; 9:40910-40916. [PMID: 35540077 PMCID: PMC9076373 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07521f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Droplet-based bio-printing (DBB) techniques have been extensively accepted due to their simplicity, flexibility and cost performance. However, the applicability of inkjet printing for bioprinting techniques still faces challenges, such as a narrow range of available bio-ink materials, cell damage due to the pressure strike and high shear rate during the printing process. Here, a new droplet-based printing technique, pneumatic conveying printing (PCP), is described. This new technique is successfully adopted for cell-printing purposes. The cells present in the bio-ink are not exposed to any significant pressure and therefore the PCP technique is gentle to the cells. Furthermore, PCP allows the usage of inks with viscosities higher than 1000 mPa s, enabling the usage of bio-inks with high cell concentrations (several tens of millions per millilitre). As a proof of concept, two different cell types were printed with this novel technique. To achieve a printing resolution of 400 to 600 μm, cells were encapsulated into a hydrogel containing calcium alginate. Deposition of the bio-ink drop containing sodium alginate on a surface pre-treated in CaCl2 solution, ensures a fast cross-linking reaction and the formation of gel drops. Cells encapsulated in the alginate gel survive and proliferate. Our novel PCP technique is highly suitable for 2D and 3D cell bio-printing. Droplet-based bio-printing (DBB) techniques have been extensively accepted due to their simplicity, flexibility and cost performance.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabella Brand
- Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg
- Faculty of Mathematics and Science
- Department of Chemistry
- D-26111 Oldenburg
- Germany
| | - Isabel Groß
- Research Group Anatomy
- School for Medicine and Health Science
- Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg
- Oldenburg
- Germany
| | - Dege Li
- China University of Petroleum
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Yanzhen Zhang
- Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg
- Faculty of Mathematics and Science
- Department of Chemistry
- D-26111 Oldenburg
- Germany
| | - Anja U. Bräuer
- Research Group Anatomy
- School for Medicine and Health Science
- Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg
- Oldenburg
- Germany
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Crosslinking Biopolymers for Advanced Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering Applications. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1078:213-231. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-0950-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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29
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Liu R, Dai L, Si C, Zeng Z. Antibacterial and hemostatic hydrogel via nanocomposite from cellulose nanofibers. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 195:63-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.04.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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30
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Chemical crosslinking of biopolymeric scaffolds: Current knowledge and future directions of crosslinked engineered bone scaffolds. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 107:678-688. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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31
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Liu Y, Li J, Tschirhart T, Terrell JL, Kim E, Tsao C, Kelly DL, Bentley WE, Payne GF. Connecting Biology to Electronics: Molecular Communication via Redox Modality. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 29045017 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biology and electronics are both expert at for accessing, analyzing, and responding to information. Biology uses ions, small molecules, and macromolecules to receive, analyze, store, and transmit information, whereas electronic devices receive input in the form of electromagnetic radiation, process the information using electrons, and then transmit output as electromagnetic waves. Generating the capabilities to connect biology-electronic modalities offers exciting opportunities to shape the future of biosensors, point-of-care medicine, and wearable/implantable devices. Redox reactions offer unique opportunities for bio-device communication that spans the molecular modalities of biology and electrical modality of devices. Here, an approach to search for redox information through an interactive electrochemical probing that is analogous to sonar is adopted. The capabilities of this approach to access global chemical information as well as information of specific redox-active chemical entities are illustrated using recent examples. An example of the use of synthetic biology to recognize external molecular information, process this information through intracellular signal transduction pathways, and generate output responses that can be detected by electrical modalities is also provided. Finally, exciting results in the use of redox reactions to actuate biology are provided to illustrate that synthetic biology offers the potential to guide biological response through electrical cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research and Fischell Department of Bioengineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
| | - Jinyang Li
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research and Fischell Department of Bioengineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
| | - Tanya Tschirhart
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research and Fischell Department of Bioengineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
| | - Jessica L. Terrell
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research and Fischell Department of Bioengineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
| | - Eunkyoung Kim
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research and Fischell Department of Bioengineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
| | - Chen‐Yu Tsao
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research and Fischell Department of Bioengineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
| | - Deanna L. Kelly
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore MD 21228 USA
| | - William E. Bentley
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research and Fischell Department of Bioengineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
| | - Gregory F. Payne
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research and Fischell Department of Bioengineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
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32
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Roehm KD, Madihally SV. Bioprinted chitosan-gelatin thermosensitive hydrogels using an inexpensive 3D printer. Biofabrication 2017; 10:015002. [PMID: 29083312 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aa96dd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The primary bottleneck in bioprinting cell-laden structures with carefully controlled spatial relation is a lack of biocompatible inks and printing conditions. In this regard, we explored using thermogelling chitosan-gelatin (CG) hydrogel as a novel bioprinting ink; CG hydrogels are unique in that it undergoes a spontaneous phase change at physiological temperature, and does not need post-processing. In addition, we used a low cost (<$800) compact 3D printer, and modified with a new extruder to print using disposable syringes and hypodermic needles. We investigated (i) the effect of concentration of CG on gelation characteristics, (ii) solution preparation steps (centrifugation, mixing, and degassing) on printability and fiber formation, (iii) the print bed temperature profiles via IR imaging and grid-based assessment using thermocouples, (iv) the effect of feed rate (10-480 cm min-1), flow rate (15-60 μl min-1) and needle height (70-280 μm) on fiber size and characteristics, and (v) the distribution of neuroblastoma cells in printed fibers, and the viability after five days in culture. We used agarose gel to create uniform print surfaces to maintain a constant gap with the needle tip. These results showed that degassing the solution, and precooling the solution was necessary for obtaining continuous fibers. Fiber size decreased from 760, to 243 μm as the feed rate increased from 10 to 100 cm min-1. Bed temperature played the greatest role in fiber size, followed by feed rate. Increased needle height initially decreased fiber size but then increased showing an optimum. Cells were well distributed within the fibers and exhibited excellent viability and no contamination after 5 d. Overall we printed 3D, sterile, cell-laden structures with an inexpensive bioprinter and a novel ink, without post-processing. The bioprinter described here and the novel CG hydrogels have significant potential as an ink for bioprinitng various cell-laden structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Roehm
- School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, 420 Engineering North, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States of America
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Sakai S, Ohi H, Hotta T, Kamei H, Taya M. Differentiation potential of human adipose stem cells bioprinted with hyaluronic acid/gelatin-based bioink through microextrusion and visible light-initiated crosslinking. Biopolymers 2017; 109. [PMID: 29139103 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bioprinting has a great potential to fabricate three-dimensional (3D) functional tissues and organs. In particular, the technique enables fabrication of 3D constructs containing stem cells while maintaining cell proliferation and differentiation abilities, which is believed to be promising in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. We aimed to demonstrate the utility of the bioprinting technique to create hydrogel constructs consisting of hyaluronic acid (HA) and gelatin derivatives through irradiation by visible light to fabricate 3D constructs containing human adipose stem cells (hADSCs). The hydrogel was obtained from a solution of HA and gelatin derivatives possessing phenolic hydroxyl moieties in the presence of ruthenium(II) tris-bipyridyl dication and sodium ammonium persulfate. hADSCs enclosed in the bioprinted hydrogel construct elongated and proliferated in the hydrogel. In addition, their differentiation potential was confirmed by examining the expression of pluripotency marker genes and cell surface marker proteins, and differentiation to adipocytes in adipogenic differentiation medium. Our results demonstrate the great potential of the bioprinting method and the resultant hADSC-laden HA/gelatin constructs for applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Sakai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Hiromi Ohi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Tomoki Hotta
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Hidenori Kamei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Masahito Taya
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
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Dias J, Baptista-Silva S, Oliveira CD, Sousa A, Oliveira A, Bártolo P, Granja P. In situ crosslinked electrospun gelatin nanofibers for skin regeneration. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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35
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Gomes S, Rodrigues G, Martins G, Henriques C, Silva JC. Evaluation of nanofibrous scaffolds obtained from blends of chitosan, gelatin and polycaprolactone for skin tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 102:1174-1185. [PMID: 28487195 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polymer blending is a strategy commonly used to obtain hybrid materials possessing properties better than those of the individual constituents regarding their use in scaffolds for Tissue Engineering. In the present work, the scaffolds produced by electrospinning solutions of polymeric blends obtained using a polyester (polycaprolactone, PCL), a polysaccharide (chitosan, CS) and a protein (gelatin extracted from cold water fish skin, GEL), were investigated. Solutions conductivity, shear viscosity and surface tension were determined. GEL-containing scaffolds were crosslinked with vapour phase glutaraldehyde (GTA). The scaffolds were characterized physico-chemically regarding fibre morphology, porosity, water contact angle, mechanical properties, chemical bonds and fibre and dimensional stability upon immersion in water and cell culture medium. The scaffolds were further tested in vitro for cell adhesion, growth and morphology of human foetal fibroblasts (cell line HFFF2). Results show that the nanofibrous scaffolds are hydrophilic and display the typical porosity of non-woven fibre mats. The CS/PCL and CS/PCL/GEL scaffolds have the highest elastic modulus (48MPa). Dimensional stability is best for the CS/PCL/GEL scaffolds. FTIR spectra confirm the occurrence of cross-linking reactions of GTA with both GEL and CS. Cell adhesion ratio ranked from excellent (close to 100%) to satisfactory (around 50%) in the order PCL/GEL>CS/GEL>CS/PCL/GEL>CS/PCL. Cell populations show an extended lag phase in comparison with the controls but cell proliferation occurs on all scaffolds until confluence is reached. In conclusion, all scaffolds studied possess characteristics that enable them to be used in skin tissue engineering but the CS/PCL/GEL scaffolds have better physical properties whereas the PCL/GEL scaffolds support a higher cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Gomes
- Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Gabriela Rodrigues
- Centro de Ecologia, Evolução e Alterações Ambientais/Departamento de Biologia Animal Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Gabriel Martins
- Centro de Ecologia, Evolução e Alterações Ambientais/Departamento de Biologia Animal Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, R. da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Célia Henriques
- Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Jorge Carvalho Silva
- Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
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36
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Arya AD, Hallur PM, Karkisaval AG, Gudipati A, Rajendiran S, Dhavale V, Ramachandran B, Jayaprakash A, Gundiah N, Chaubey A. Gelatin Methacrylate Hydrogels as Biomimetic Three-Dimensional Matrixes for Modeling Breast Cancer Invasion and Chemoresponse in Vitro. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:22005-17. [PMID: 27494432 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b06309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that three-dimensional (3D) culture environments allow the study of cellular responses in a setting that more closely resembles the in vivo milieu. In this context, hydrogels have become popular scaffold options for the 3D cell culture. Because the mechanical and biochemical properties of culture matrixes influence crucial cell behavior, selecting a suitable matrix for replicating in vivo cellular phenotype in vitro is essential for understanding disease progression. Gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogels have been the focus of much attention because of their inherent bioactivity, favorable hydration and diffusion properties, and ease-of-tailoring of their physicochemical characteristics. Therefore, in this study we examined the efficacy of GelMA hydrogels as a suitable platform to model specific attributes of breast cancer. We observed increased invasiveness in vitro and increased tumorigenic ability in vivo in breast cancer cells cultured on GelMA hydrogels. Further, cells cultured on GelMA matrixes were more resistant to paclitaxel treatment, as shown by the results of cell-cycle analysis and gene expression. This study, therefore, validates GelMA hydrogels as inexpensive, cell-responsive 3D platforms for modeling key characteristics associated with breast cancer metastasis, in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha D Arya
- Anti-Cancer Technologies Program, Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research , Narayana Hrudayalaya Health City, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560 099, India
| | - Pavan M Hallur
- Anti-Cancer Technologies Program, Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research , Narayana Hrudayalaya Health City, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560 099, India
| | - Abhijith G Karkisaval
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Aditi Gudipati
- Anti-Cancer Technologies Program, Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research , Narayana Hrudayalaya Health City, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560 099, India
| | - Satheesh Rajendiran
- In Vivo Pharmacology-Oncology, Syngene International Ltd. , Plot Nos. 2 & 3, Bommasandra IV Phase, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560 099, India
| | - Vaibhav Dhavale
- In Vivo Pharmacology-Oncology, Syngene International Ltd. , Plot Nos. 2 & 3, Bommasandra IV Phase, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560 099, India
| | - Balaji Ramachandran
- In Vivo Pharmacology-Oncology, Syngene International Ltd. , Plot Nos. 2 & 3, Bommasandra IV Phase, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560 099, India
| | - Aravindakshan Jayaprakash
- In Vivo Pharmacology-Oncology, Syngene International Ltd. , Plot Nos. 2 & 3, Bommasandra IV Phase, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560 099, India
| | - Namrata Gundiah
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Aditya Chaubey
- Anti-Cancer Technologies Program, Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research , Narayana Hrudayalaya Health City, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560 099, India
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Hara K, Fujisawa K, Nagai H, Takamaru N, Ohe G, Tsuru K, Ishikawa K, Miyamoto Y. Fabrication and Physical Evaluation of Gelatin-Coated Carbonate Apatite Foam. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9090711. [PMID: 28773832 PMCID: PMC5457106 DOI: 10.3390/ma9090711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbonate apatite (CO3Ap) foam has gained much attention in recent years because of its ability to rapidly replace bone. However, its mechanical strength is extremely low for clinical use. In this study, to understand the potential of gelatin-reinforced CO3Ap foam for bone replacement, CO3Ap foam was reinforced with gelatin and the resulting physical characteristics were evaluated. The mechanical strength increased significantly with the gelatin reinforcement. The compressive strength of gelatin-free CO3Ap foam was 74 kPa whereas that of the gelatin-reinforced CO3Ap foam, fabricated using 30 mass % gelatin solution, was approximately 3 MPa. Heat treatment for crosslinking gelatin had little effect on the mechanical strength of the foam. The gelatin-reinforced foam did not maintain its shape when immersed in a saline solution as this promoted swelling of the gelatin; however, in the same conditions, the heat-treated gelatin-reinforced foam proved to be stable. It is concluded, therefore, that heat treatment is the key to the fabrication of stable gelatin-reinforced CO3Ap foam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanae Hara
- Department of Oral Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramotocho, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan.
| | - Kenji Fujisawa
- Department of Oral Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramotocho, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan.
| | - Hirokazu Nagai
- Department of Oral Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramotocho, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan.
| | - Natsumi Takamaru
- Department of Oral Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramotocho, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan.
| | - Go Ohe
- Department of Oral Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramotocho, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan.
| | - Kanji Tsuru
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Kunio Ishikawa
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Youji Miyamoto
- Department of Oral Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramotocho, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan.
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38
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Fan L, Yang H, Yang J, Peng M, Hu J. Preparation and characterization of chitosan/gelatin/PVA hydrogel for wound dressings. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 146:427-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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39
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Yeh MK, Liang YM, Hu CS, Cheng KM, Hung YW, Young JJ, Hong PD. Studies on a novel gelatin sponge: preparation and characterization of cross-linked gelatin scaffolds using 2-chloro-1-methylpyridinium iodide as a zero-length cross-linker. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2016; 23:973-90. [PMID: 21549037 DOI: 10.1163/092050611x568430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We prepared a novel porous gelatin (GEL) sponge which was cross-linked (CL) with a zero-length crosslinker of 2-chloro-1-methylpyridinium iodide (CMPI), and compared CPMI with 1-ethyl-3,3-dimethylaminoproplycarbodiimide (EDC). The ninhydrin assay indicated that the CMPI-CL-GEL sponge had a higher degree of cross-linking than the EDC-CL-GEL sponge at cross-linking saturation. In contrast, the EDC-CL-GEL sponge demonstrated poor water uptake and a much slower enzymatic degradation rate than the CMPI-CL-GEL sponge. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the gelatin sponge fabricated using a gradient frozen-lyophilization method showed uniformly distributed and interconnected pores. Human 3T3 fibroblasts were successfully seeded onto the scaffolds, and cell proliferation was sustained on all CL-GEL sponges. CMPI-CL-GEL sponges demonstrated significantly increased cell numbers after day 1, and cell numbers steadily rose from day 1 to 12. Meanwhile, the CMPI-CL-GEL sponge had a higher cell number than the EDC-CL-GEL sponge (P < 0.05) by day 4. In vitro studies with 3T3 fibroblasts demonstrated an increased cell viability for those cells grown on sponges cross-linked with CMPI compared to those cross-linked with EDC. SEM images revealed attachment and spreading of cells, the CMPI-CL-GEL sponges had more cells that had elongated, migrated, and formed interconnected networks with neighboring cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Kung Yeh
- a Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, PO Box 90048-700, Sanhsia, Taipei 237, Taiwan, ROC
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40
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Lai TC, Yu J, Tsai WB. Gelatin methacrylate/carboxybetaine methacrylate hydrogels with tunable crosslinking for controlled drug release. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:2304-2313. [PMID: 32263225 DOI: 10.1039/c5tb02518d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this work, methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) based hydrogels were fabricated with carboxybetaine methacrylate (CBMA) to manipulate the properties of the gelatin-based hydrogels, since CBMA is a much smaller compound compared to gelatin. With the incorporation of CBMA, these hydrogels demonstrated better mechanical properties, a slower degradation rate, and a controlled drug release rate compared with the GelMA alone group. GelMA/CBMA hydrogels also showed good cell viability. As in the in vivo test, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-loaded GelMA/CBMA hydrogels displayed certain degrees of angiogenesis. These results indicate that GelMA/CBMA hydrogels are biocompatible, and the properties of GelMA/CBMA hydrogels can be easily tuned with the ratio of CBMA. These characteristics make the GelMA/CBMA hydrogel a promising material for drug delivery and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Lai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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41
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Tormos CJ, Abraham C, Madihally SV. Improving the stability of chitosan–gelatin-based hydrogels for cell delivery using transglutaminase and controlled release of doxycycline. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2015; 5:575-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s13346-015-0258-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Poveda-Reyes S, Rodrigo-Navarro A, Gamboa-Martínez TC, Rodíguez-Cabello JC, Quintanilla-Sierra L, Edlund U, Ferrer GG. Injectable composites of loose microfibers and gelatin with improved interfacial interaction for soft tissue engineering. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Oh HH, Uemura T, Yamaguchi I, Ikoma T, Tanaka J. Effect of enzymatically cross-linked tilapia scale collagen for osteoblastic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911515595240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Type I collagen is an abundant component of bone tissue that has been used for bone tissue engineering using various cross-linking methods, including chemical agents, ultraviolet irradiation, and dehydrothermal treatment to enhance its physical properties. Collagens derived from mammalian animals are generally not used for implantable scaffolds owing to the potential for zoonotic infection. In addition, the toxicity of cross-linking agents and alteration of inherent properties after cross-linking have been issues. In this study, fish collagen derived from tilapia scales which are free from the risk of infection was employed to fabricate a three-dimensional porous scaffold. Tilapia scale collagen scaffolds were modified using microbial transglutaminase enzyme as a catalyst to preserve the inherent properties of collagen material. Human mesenchymal stem cells were incubated with various substitutes including tilapia scale collagen and porcine collagen–coated cell culture dishes with or without microbial transglutaminase, tilapia scale collagen, and porcine collagen scaffolds cross-linked by microbial transglutaminase. Differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells was verified using alkaline phosphatase activity and osteocalcin assays. A remarkably enhanced expression of osteoblastic differentiation was observed selectively with tilapia scale collagen–coated dishes with/without microbial transglutaminase and tilapia scale collagen collagen scaffold cross-linked by microbial transglutaminase. Thus, the combination of tilapia scale collagen and the microbial transglutaminase cross-linking method will be useful for osteoblastic differentiation and bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan Hee Oh
- Research Laboratory for Human Cell Engineering, Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Toshimasa Uemura
- Research Laboratory for Human Cell Engineering, Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
- Nanosystem Research Institute (NRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Toshiyuki Ikoma
- Department of Metallurgy and Ceramics Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junzo Tanaka
- Department of Metallurgy and Ceramics Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Leawhiran N, Pavasant P, Soontornvipart K, Supaphol P. Gamma irradiation synthesis and characterization of AgNP/gelatin/PVA hydrogels for antibacterial wound dressings. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nuchanan Leawhiran
- Faculty of Engineering; Chulalongkorn University; Pathum Wan Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Prasit Pavasant
- Faculty of Dentistry; Chulalongkorn University; Pathum Wan Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | | | - Pitt Supaphol
- The Petroleum and Petrochemical College; Chulalongkorn University; Pathum Wan Bangkok 10330 Thailand
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Biomimetic materials for medical application through enzymatic modification. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 125:181-205. [PMID: 21072699 DOI: 10.1007/10_2010_85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Living organisms synthesize functional materials, based on proteins and polysaccharides, using enzyme-catalyzed reactions. According to the biomimetic approach, biomaterial matrices for tissue engineering are designed to be able to mimic the properties and the functions of the extracellular matrix (ECM). In this chapter, the most significant research efforts dedicated to the study and the preparation of biomimetic materials through enzymatic modifications were reviewed. The functionalizations of different polymeric matrices obtained through the catalytic activity of two enzymes (Transglutaminase, TGase and Tyrosinase, TYRase) were discussed. Specifically, the biomimetic applications of TGase and TYRase to confer appropriate biomimetic properties to the biomaterials, such as the possibility to obtain in situ gelling hydrogels and the incorporation of bioactive molecules (growth factors) and cell-binding peptides into the scaffolds, were reviewed.
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Rodríguez-Castillejos G, Tellez-Luis S, Vázquez M, Lois-Correa J, Ramírez J. Evaluation of sorghum grain hydrolysates and dried distillers grains with solubles for the production of microbial transglutaminase. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2013.801520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Chen PY, Yang KC, Wu CC, Yu JH, Lin FH, Sun JS. Fabrication of large perfusable macroporous cell-laden hydrogel scaffolds using microbial transglutaminase. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:912-20. [PMID: 24262131 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a method to fabricate large, perfusable, macroporous, cell-laden hydrogels. This method is suitable for efficient cell seeding, and can maintain sufficient oxygen delivery and mass transfer. We first loaded three types of testing cells (including NIH 3T3, ADSC and Huh7) into gelatin hydrogel filaments, then cross-linked the cell-laden gelatin hydrogel filaments using microbial transglutaminase (mTGase). In situ cross-linking by mTGase was found to be non-cytotoxic and prevented the scattering of the cells after delivery. The gelatin hydrogel constructs kept the carried cells viable; also, the porosity and permeability were adequate for a perfusion system. Cell proliferation was better under perfusion culture than under static culture. When human umbilical vein endothelial cells were seeded into the constructs, we demonstrated that they stably formed an even coverage on the surface of the hydrogel filaments, serving as a preliminary microvasculature network. We concluded that this method provides a viable solution for cell seeding, oxygen delivery, and mass transfer in large three-dimensional (3-D) tissue engineering. Furthermore, it has the potential for being a workhorse in studies involving 3-D cell cultures and tissue engineering.
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Zhou L, Tan G, Tan Y, Wang H, Liao J, Ning C. Biomimetic mineralization of anionic gelatin hydrogels: effect of degree of methacrylation. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra02271h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The crosslinker contents of the hydrogel have a significant effect on the mineralization outcome, including crystallinity, content, and morphology of the mineral growth within the 3d gelatin methacrylate scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry
- Guangdong University of Technology
- Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoxin Tan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry
- Guangdong University of Technology
- Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Tan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry
- Guangdong University of Technology
- Guangzhou, China
| | - Hang Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry
- Guangdong University of Technology
- Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingwen Liao
- College of Materials Science and Technology
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengyun Ning
- College of Materials Science and Technology
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou, China
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Kirsebom H, Elowsson L, Berillo D, Cozzi S, Inci I, Piskin E, Galaev IY, Mattiasson B. Enzyme-catalyzed crosslinking in a partly frozen state: a new way to produce supermacroporous protein structures. Macromol Biosci 2012; 13:67-76. [PMID: 23239633 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201200343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study a new way to produce supermacroporous protein structures was investigated. Enzyme-mediated crosslinking of gelatin or casein was performed in a partly frozen state, which yielded stable, protein-based cryogels. The reaction kinetics for the formation of cryogels were found to be fairly slow, most likely due to the low temperature (-12 °C) used or due to an increased viscosity owing to the cryo-concentration taking place. The produced cryogels were characterized with regards to their physical properties and in vitro degradation. Furthermore, cryogels produced from gelatin and casein were evaluated as potential scaffolds by fibroblast cultivation to confirm their in vitro biocompatibility. Gelatin- and casein-based scaffolds both supported cell proliferation and migration through the scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Kirsebom
- Department of Biotechnology, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden.
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Robinson KG, Nie T, Baldwin A, Yang E, Kiick KL, Akins RE. Differential effects of substrate modulus on human vascular endothelial, smooth muscle, and fibroblastic cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:1356-67. [PMID: 22374788 PMCID: PMC3351091 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine approaches offer attractive alternatives to standard vascular reconstruction; however, the biomaterials to be used must have optimal biochemical and mechanical properties. To evaluate the effects of biomaterial properties on vascular cells, heparinized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based hydrogels of three different moduli, 13.7, 5.2, and 0.3 kPa, containing fibronectin and growth factor were utilized to support the growth of three human vascular cell types. The cell types exhibited differences in attachment, proliferation, and gene expression profiles associated with the hydrogel modulus. Human vascular smooth muscle cells demonstrated preferential attachment on the highest-modulus hydrogel, adventitial fibroblasts demonstrated preferential growth on the highest-modulus hydrogel, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells demonstrated preferential growth on the lowest-modulus hydrogel investigated. Our studies suggest that the growth of multiple vascular cell types can be supported by PEG hydrogels and that different populations can be controlled by altering the mechanical properties of biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyn G. Robinson
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Ting Nie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 201 DuPont Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Aaron Baldwin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 201 DuPont Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Elaine Yang
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Kristi L. Kiick
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 201 DuPont Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, 15 Innovation Way, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Robert E. Akins
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
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