1
|
Li M, Hasan AA, Chu C, Hocher JG, Liu Y, Zhang X, Chen X, Yard B, Krämer BK, Hocher B. Only bioactive forms of PTH (n-oxPTH and Met18(ox)-PTH) inhibit synthesis of sclerostin - evidence from in vitro and human studies. Pflugers Arch 2024; 476:889-899. [PMID: 38393416 PMCID: PMC11139748 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-024-02928-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Sclerostin (SOST) is produced by osteocytes and is known as a negative regulator of bone homeostasis. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates calcium, phosphate as well as vitamin D metabolism, and is a strong inhibitor of SOST synthesis in vitro and in vivo. PTH has two methionine amino acids (positions 8 and 18) which can be oxidized. PTH oxidized at Met18 (Met18(ox)-PTH) continues to be bioactive, whereas PTH oxidized at Met8 (Met8(ox)-PTH) or PTH oxidized at Met8 and Met18 (Met8, Met18(di-ox)-PTH) has minor bioactivity. How non-oxidized PTH (n-oxPTH) and oxidized forms of PTH act on sclerostin synthesis is unknown. The effects of n-oxPTH and oxidized forms of PTH on SOST gene expression were evaluated in UMR106 osteoblast-like cells. Moreover, we analyzed the relationship of SOST with n-oxPTH and all forms of oxPTH in 516 stable kidney transplant recipients using an assay system that can distinguish in clinical samples between n-oxPTH and the sum of all oxidized PTH forms (Met8(ox)-PTH, Met18(ox)-PTH, and Met8, Met18(di-ox)-PTH). We found that both n-oxPTH and Met18(ox)-PTH at doses of 1, 3, 20, and 30 nmol/L significantly inhibit SOST gene expression in vitro, whereas Met8(ox)-PTH and Met8, Met18(di-ox)-PTH only have a weak inhibitory effect on SOST gene expression. In the clinical cohort, multivariate linear regression showed that only n-oxPTH, but not intact PTH (iPTH) nor oxPTH, is independently associated with circulating SOST after adjusting for known confounding factors. In conclusion, only bioactive PTH forms such as n-oxPTH and Met18(ox)-PTH, inhibit SOST synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Li
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology/Pneumology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ahmed A Hasan
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology/Pneumology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chang Chu
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology/Pneumology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johann-Georg Hocher
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology/Pneumology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Liu
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology/Pneumology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology/Pneumology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xin Chen
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology/Pneumology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benito Yard
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology/Pneumology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernhard K Krämer
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology/Pneumology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Berthold Hocher
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology/Pneumology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Reproductive, Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China.
- Institute of Medical Diagnostics, IMD Berlin-Potsdam, Berlin, Germany.
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Morfin C, Sebastian A, Wilson SP, Amiri B, Murugesh DK, Hum NR, Christiansen BA, Loots GG. Mef2c regulates bone mass through Sost-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Bone 2024; 179:116976. [PMID: 38042445 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2023.116976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Mef2c is a transcription factor that mediates key cellular behaviors that promote endochondral ossification and bone formation. Previously, Mef2c has been shown to regulate Sost transcription via its osteocyte-specific enhancer, ECR5, and conditional deletions of Mef2cfl/fl with either Col1-Cre or Dmp1-Cre produced generalized high bone mass (HBM) consistent with Van Buchem Disease phenotypes. However, Sost-/-; Mef2cfl/fl; Dmp1-Cre mice produced a significantly higher bone mass phenotype that Sost-/- alone suggesting that Mef2c modulates bone mass through additional mechanisms, independent of Sost. To identify new Mef2c transcriptional targets important in bone metabolism, we profiled gene expression by single-cell RNA sequencing in subpopulations of cells isolated from Mef2cfl/fl; Dmp1-Cre and Mef2cfl/fl; Bglap-Cre femurs, both strains exhibiting similar high bone mass phenotypes. However, we found Mef2cfl/fl; Bglap-Cre to also display a growth plate defect characterized by an expansion of several osteoprogenitor subpopulations. Differential gene expression analysis identified a total of 96 up- and 2434 down- regulated genes in Mef2cfl/fl; Bglap-Cre and 176 up- and 1041 down- regulated genes in Mef2cfl/fl; Dmp1-Cre bone cell subpopulations compared to wildtype mice. Mef2c deletion affected the transcriptomes across several cell types including mesenchymal progenitors (MP), osteoprogenitors (OSP), osteoblast (OB), and osteocyte (OCY) subpopulations. Several energy metabolism genes such as Uqcrb, Ndufv2, Ndufs3, Ndufa13, Ndufb9, Ndufb5, Cox6a1, Cox5a, Atp5o, Atp5g2, Atp5b, Atp5 were significantly down regulated in Mef2c-deficient OBs and OCYs, in both strains. Binding motif analysis of promoter regions of differentially expressed genes identified Mef2c binding in Bone Sialoprotein (BSP/Ibsp), a gene known to cause increased trabecular BV/TV in the femurs of Ibsp-/- mice. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the absence of Ibsp protein in OBs and OCYs. These findings suggests that the HBM in Sost-/-; Mef2cfl/fl; Dmp1-Cre is caused by a multitude of transcriptional changes in genes that regulate bone formation, two of which are Sost and Ibsp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Morfin
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, United States; Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore, National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Aimy Sebastian
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore, National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, United States
| | - Stephen P Wilson
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore, National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, United States
| | - Beheshta Amiri
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore, National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, United States
| | - Deepa K Murugesh
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore, National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, United States
| | - Nicholas R Hum
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore, National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, United States
| | - Blaine A Christiansen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Gabriela G Loots
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, United States; Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore, National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xue J, Liu L, Liu H, Li Z. LncRNA SNHG14 activates autophagy via regulating miR-493-5p/Mef2c axis to alleviate osteoporosis progression. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1120. [PMID: 37925525 PMCID: PMC10625635 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05493-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a progressive bone disease caused by impaired function of endogenous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Herein, we investigated the mechanism of lncRNA SNHG14 in osteoporosis progression. BMSCs were isolated from BALB/c mice. The osteogenic ability of BMSCs was assessed by Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Alizarin Red S Staining (ARS) staining. The interaction between miR-493-5p and SNHG14 or myocyte enhancer factor 2 C (Mef2c) was confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Bone histomorphometry changes were evaluated to analyze SNHG14'roles in osteoporosis in vivo. Our results illustrated SNHG14 and Mef2c levels were increased in a time-dependent manner in BMSCs, and miR-493-5p expression was decreased. SNHG14 knockdown inhibited osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, and SNHG14 upregulation had the opposite effect. SNHG14 overexpression elevated bone mineral density and bone trabecular number, and alleviated osteoporosis progression in vivo. Mechanically, miR-493-5p was a target of SNHG14, and miR-493-5p targeted the Mef2c gene directly. SNHG14 overexpression reversed the inhibition of miR-493-5p on the osteogenic ability of BMSCs, and miR-493-5p silencing accelerated BMSCs osteogenesis by activating Mef2c-mediated autophagy to accelerate BMSCs osteogenesis. In short, SNHG14 activated autophagy via regulating miR-493-5p/Mef2c axis to alleviate osteoporosis progression, which might provide a new molecular target for osteoporosis treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Xue
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Spine Surgery, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan Province, PR China.
| | - Lulu Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Spine Surgery, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Hao Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Spine Surgery, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Zepeng Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Spine Surgery, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan Province, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sclerostin: From Molecule to Clinical Biomarker. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094751. [PMID: 35563144 PMCID: PMC9104784 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerostin, a glycoprotein encoded by the SOST gene, is mainly produced by mature osteocytes and is a critical regulator of bone formation through its inhibitory effect on Wnt signaling. Osteocytes are differentiated osteoblasts that form a vast and highly complex communication network and orchestrate osteogenesis in response to both mechanical and hormonal cues. The three most commonly described pathways of SOST gene regulation are mechanotransduction, Wnt/β-catenin, and steroid signaling. Downregulation of SOST and thereby upregulation of local Wnt signaling is required for the osteogenic response to mechanical loading. This review covers recent findings concerning the identification of SOST, in vitro regulation of SOST gene expression, structural and functional properties of sclerostin, pathophysiology, biological variability, and recent assay developments for measuring circulating sclerostin. The three-dimensional structure of human sclerostin was generated with the AlphaFold Protein Structure Database applying a novel deep learning algorithm based on the amino acid sequence. The functional properties of the 3-loop conformation within the tertiary structure of sclerostin and molecular interaction with low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) are also reviewed. Second-generation immunoassays for intact/biointact sclerostin have recently been developed, which might overcome some of the reported methodological obstacles. Sclerostin assay standardization would be a long-term objective to overcome some of the problems with assay discrepancies. Besides the use of age- and sex-specific reference intervals for sclerostin, it is also pivotal to use assay-specific reference intervals since available immunoassays vary widely in their methodological characteristics.
Collapse
|
5
|
Ikezaki-Amada K, Miyamoto Y, Sasa K, Yamada A, Kinoshita M, Yoshimura K, Kawai R, Yano F, Shirota T, Kamijo R. Extracellular acidification augments sclerostin and osteoprotegerin production by Ocy454 mouse osteocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 597:44-51. [PMID: 35123265 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.01.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Osteocytes sense the microenvironmental stimuli, including mechanical stress, and regulate bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. Diabetes and cancer metastasis to bone raise l-lactic acid in the bone tissue, causing acidification. Here, we investigated the effects of l-lactic acid and extracellular acidification on the function of mouse Ocy454 osteocytes. L- and d-lactic acid with low chiral selectivity and acidification of the medium raised the production of sclerostin and osteoprotegerin by Ocy454 cells. The mRNA expression of their genes increased after either treatment of L- and d-lactic acid or acidification of the medium. Furthermore, the conditioned medium of Ocy454 cells cultured in an acidic environment suppressed the induction of alkaline phosphatase activity in MC3T3-E1 cells, which was recovered by the anti-sclerostin antibody. While it is reported that HDAC5 inhibits the transcription of the sclerostin gene, extracellular acidification reduced the nuclear localization of HDAC5 in Ocy454 cells. While calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) is known to phosphorylate and induce extranuclear translocation of HDAC5, KN-62, an inhibitor of CaMKII lowered the expression of the sclerostin gene in Ocy454 cells. Collectively, extracellular acidification is a microenvironmental factor that modulates osteocyte functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Ikezaki-Amada
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichi Miyamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kiyohito Sasa
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamada
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Kinoshita
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yoshimura
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Kawai
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Orthodontics, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiko Yano
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Shirota
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Kamijo
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
The Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type V Mutant BRIL/IFITM5 Promotes Transcriptional Activation of MEF2, NFATc, and NR4A in Osteoblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042148. [PMID: 35216266 PMCID: PMC8875491 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BRIL (bone restricted ifitm-like; also known as IFITM5) is a transmembrane protein expressed in osteoblasts. Although its role in skeletal development and homeostasis is unknown, mutations in BRIL result in rare dominant forms of osteogenesis imperfecta. The pathogenic mechanism has been proposed to be a gain-of or neomorphic function. To understand the function of BRIL and its OI type V mutant (MALEP BRIL) and whether they could activate signaling pathways in osteoblasts, we performed a luciferase reporter assay screen based on the activity of 26 transcription factors. When overexpressed in MC3T3-E1 and MLO-A5 cells, the MALEP BRIL activated the reporters dependent on MEF2, NFATc, and NR4A significantly more. Additional co-transfection experiments with MEF2C and NFATc1 and a number of their modulators (HDAC4, calcineurin, RCAN, FK506) confirmed the additive or synergistic activation of the pathways by MALEP, and suggested a coordinated regulation involving calcineurin. Endogenous levels of Nr4a members, as well as Ptgs2, were upregulated by MALEP BRIL. Y2H and co-immunoprecipitation indicated that BRIL interacted with CAML, but its contribution as the most upstream stimulator of the Ca2+-calcineurin-MEF2/NFATc cascade was not confirmed convincingly. Altogether the data presented provide the first ever readout to monitor for BRIL activity and suggest a potential gain-of-function causative effect for MALEP BRIL in OI type V, leading to perturbed signaling events and gene expression.
Collapse
|
7
|
Krishnan RH, Sadu L, Das UR, Satishkumar S, Pranav Adithya S, Saranya I, Akshaya R, Selvamurugan N. Role of p300, a histone acetyltransferase enzyme, in osteoblast differentiation. Differentiation 2022; 124:43-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
8
|
Martínez-Gil N, Ugartondo N, Grinberg D, Balcells S. Wnt Pathway Extracellular Components and Their Essential Roles in Bone Homeostasis. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13010138. [PMID: 35052478 PMCID: PMC8775112 DOI: 10.3390/genes13010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt pathway is involved in several processes essential for bone development and homeostasis. For proper functioning, the Wnt pathway is tightly regulated by numerous extracellular elements that act by both activating and inhibiting the pathway at different moments. This review aims to describe, summarize and update the findings regarding the extracellular modulators of the Wnt pathway, including co-receptors, ligands and inhibitors, in relation to bone homeostasis, with an emphasis on the animal models generated, the diseases associated with each gene and the bone processes in which each member is involved. The precise knowledge of all these elements will help us to identify possible targets that can be used as a therapeutic target for the treatment of bone diseases such as osteoporosis.
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang JS, Kamath T, Mazur CM, Mirzamohammadi F, Rotter D, Hojo H, Castro CD, Tokavanich N, Patel R, Govea N, Enishi T, Wu Y, da Silva Martins J, Bruce M, Brooks DJ, Bouxsein ML, Tokarz D, Lin CP, Abdul A, Macosko EZ, Fiscaletti M, Munns CF, Ryder P, Kost-Alimova M, Byrne P, Cimini B, Fujiwara M, Kronenberg HM, Wein MN. Control of osteocyte dendrite formation by Sp7 and its target gene osteocrin. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6271. [PMID: 34725346 PMCID: PMC8560803 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26571-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Some osteoblasts embed within bone matrix, change shape, and become dendrite-bearing osteocytes. The circuitry that drives dendrite formation during "osteocytogenesis" is poorly understood. Here we show that deletion of Sp7 in osteoblasts and osteocytes causes defects in osteocyte dendrites. Profiling of Sp7 target genes and binding sites reveals unexpected repurposing of this transcription factor to drive dendrite formation. Osteocrin is a Sp7 target gene that promotes osteocyte dendrite formation and rescues defects in Sp7-deficient mice. Single-cell RNA-sequencing demonstrates defects in osteocyte maturation in the absence of Sp7. Sp7-dependent osteocyte gene networks are associated with human skeletal diseases. Moreover, humans with a SP7R316C mutation show defective osteocyte morphology. Sp7-dependent genes that mark osteocytes are enriched in neurons, highlighting shared features between osteocytic and neuronal connectivity. These findings reveal a role for Sp7 and its target gene Osteocrin in osteocytogenesis, revealing that pathways that control osteocyte development influence human bone diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang S Wang
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tushar Kamath
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Courtney M Mazur
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fatemeh Mirzamohammadi
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Daniel Rotter
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hironori Hojo
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Christian D Castro
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicha Tokavanich
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rushi Patel
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicolas Govea
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical School, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tetsuya Enishi
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokushima Municipal Hospital, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yunshu Wu
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Michael Bruce
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel J Brooks
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MaA, USA
| | - Mary L Bouxsein
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MaA, USA
| | - Danielle Tokarz
- Advanced Microscopy Program, Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Charles P Lin
- Advanced Microscopy Program, Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abdul Abdul
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Evan Z Macosko
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Melissa Fiscaletti
- Pediatric Department, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Craig F Munns
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Paediatrics & Child Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia
| | - Pearl Ryder
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Imaging Platform, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Maria Kost-Alimova
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Patrick Byrne
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Beth Cimini
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Imaging Platform, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Makoto Fujiwara
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Henry M Kronenberg
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marc N Wein
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Saeki C, Tsubota A. Influencing Factors and Molecular Pathogenesis of Sarcopenia and Osteosarcopenia in Chronic Liver Disease. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11090899. [PMID: 34575048 PMCID: PMC8468289 DOI: 10.3390/life11090899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver plays a pivotal role in nutrient/energy metabolism and storage, anabolic hormone regulation, ammonia detoxification, and cytokine production. Impaired liver function can cause malnutrition, hyperammonemia, and chronic inflammation, leading to an imbalance between muscle protein synthesis and proteolysis. Patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) have a high prevalence of sarcopenia, characterized by progressive loss of muscle mass and function, affecting health-related quality of life and prognosis. Recent reports have revealed that osteosarcopenia, defined as the concomitant occurrence of sarcopenia and osteoporosis, is also highly prevalent in patients with CLD. Since the differentiation and growth of muscles and bones are closely interrelated through mechanical and biochemical communication, sarcopenia and osteoporosis often progress concurrently and affect each other. Osteosarcopenia further exacerbates unfavorable health outcomes, such as vertebral fracture and frailty. Therefore, a comprehensive assessment of sarcopenia, osteoporosis, and osteosarcopenia, and an understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms involving the liver, bones, and muscles, are important for prevention and treatment. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms of sarcopenia and osteosarcopenia elucidated to data in hopes of promoting advances in treating these musculoskeletal disorders in patients with CLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Saeki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan;
| | - Akihito Tsubota
- Core Research Facilities, Research Center for Medical Science, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-3433-1111
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Stuss M, Migdalska-Sek M, Brzezianska-Lasota E, Michalska-Kasiczak M, Bazela P, Sewerynek E. Assessment of Wnt pathway selected gene expression levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of postmenopausal patients with low bone mass. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2021; 21:461-470. [PMID: 33357212 PMCID: PMC8292866 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2020.5179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to assess the expression of selected genes of the Wnt pathway: APC, AXIN1, CTNNB1, DKK1, GSK3B, KREMEN1, SFRP1, and WNT1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of patients, selected in consideration of their bone mineral density (BMD), and the occurrence of low-energy fractures. The study involved 45 postmenopausal women, divided into four groups, according to BMD and fracture history. Measurements of laboratory parameters and RNA expression in PBMC cells were carried out in material, collected once at the inclusion visit. The densitometric examination was performed on all participants. In the analysis of the relative expression levels (RELs) of the studied genes in the entire population, we observed an overexpression for SFRP1 in 100% of samples and WNT1. In addition, the REL of DKK1, APC, and GSK3B genes were slightly elevated versus the calibrator. In contrast, CTNNB1 and AXIN1 presented with a slightly decreased RELs. Analysis did not show any significant differences among the groups in the relative gene expression levels (p < 0.05) of particular genes. However, we have observed quite numerous interesting correlations between the expression of the studied genes and BMD, the presence of fractures, and laboratory parameters, both in the whole studied population as well as in selected groups. In conclusion, the high level of CTNNB1 expression maintains normal BMD and/or protects against fractures. It also appears that the changes in expression levels of the Wnt pathway genes in PBMCs reflect the expected changes in bone tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Stuss
- Department of Endocrine Disorders and Bone Metabolism, Chair of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Outpatient Clinic of Osteoporosis, Regional Center of Menopause and Osteoporosis, Military Medical Academy Memorial Teaching Hospital of the Medical University of Lodz - Central Veterans' Hospital, Lodz, Poland
| | - Monika Migdalska-Sek
- Outpatient Clinic of Osteoporosis, Regional Center of Menopause and Osteoporosis, Military Medical Academy Memorial Teaching Hospital of the Medical University of Lodz - Central Veterans' Hospital, Lodz, Poland; Department of Biomedicine and Genetics, Chair of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Brzezianska-Lasota
- Department of Biomedicine and Genetics, Chair of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marta Michalska-Kasiczak
- Department of Endocrine Disorders and Bone Metabolism, Chair of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Pawel Bazela
- Department of Endocrine Disorders and Bone Metabolism, Chair of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Sewerynek
- Department of Endocrine Disorders and Bone Metabolism, Chair of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Outpatient Clinic of Osteoporosis, Regional Center of Menopause and Osteoporosis, Military Medical Academy Memorial Teaching Hospital of the Medical University of Lodz - Central Veterans' Hospital, Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Shu H, Zhao H, Shi Y, Lu C, Li L, Zhao N, Lu A, He X. Transcriptomics-based analysis of the mechanism by which Wang-Bi capsule alleviates joint destruction in rats with collagen-induced arthritis. Chin Med 2021; 16:31. [PMID: 33845855 PMCID: PMC8042720 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-021-00439-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease accompanied with joint destruction that often leads to disability. Wang-Bi capsule (WB), a traditional Chinese medicine-based herbs formula, has exhibited inhibition effect on joint destruction of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) animal model in our previous study. But its molecular mechanisms are still obscure. METHODS CIA rats were treated intragastrical with WB for eight weeks, and the effect of joints protection were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, safranin O fast green staining, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and micro‑CT scanning analysis. The transcriptomic of tarsal joints were used to investigate how WB alleviated joint destruction. RESULTS The histological examination of ankle joints showed WB alleviated both cartilage damage and bone destruction of CIA rats. This protective effect on joints were further evidenced by micro-CT analysis. The transcriptomic analysis showed that WB prominently changed 12 KEGG signaling pathways ("calcium signaling pathway", "cAMP signaling pathway", "cell adhesion molecules", "chemokine signaling pathway", "complement and coagulation cascades", "MAPK signaling pathway", "NF-kappa B signaling pathway", "osteoclast differentiation", "PI3K-Akt signaling pathway", "focal adhesion", "Gap junction" and "Rap1 signaling pathway") associated with bone or cartilage. Several genes (including Il6, Tnfsf11, Ffar2, Plg, Tnfrsf11b, Fgf4, Fpr1, Siglec1, Vegfd, Cldn1, Cxcl13, Chad, Arrb2, Fgf9, Egfr) regulating bone resorption, bone formation and cartilage development were identified by further analysis. Meanwhile, these differentially expressed genes were validated by real-time quantitative PCR. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the protective effect of WB treatment on joint were confirmed in CIA rats, and its basic molecular mechanisms may be associated with regulating some genes (including Il6, Tnfsf11, Ffar2 and Plg etc.) involved in bone resorption, bone formation and cartilage development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Shu
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Hanxiao Zhao
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yingjie Shi
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
- Shanghai Innovation Center of TCM Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Lu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Ning Zhao
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Aiping Lu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong.
| | - Xiaojuan He
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yang YJ, Kim DJ. An Overview of the Molecular Mechanisms Contributing to Musculoskeletal Disorders in Chronic Liver Disease: Osteoporosis, Sarcopenia, and Osteoporotic Sarcopenia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052604. [PMID: 33807573 PMCID: PMC7961345 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of osteoporosis and sarcopenia is significantly higher in patients with liver disease than in those without liver disease and osteoporosis and sarcopenia negatively influence morbidity and mortality in liver disease, yet these musculoskeletal disorders are frequently overlooked in clinical practice for patients with chronic liver disease. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms of musculoskeletal disorders accompanying the pathogenesis of liver disease. The increased bone resorption through the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa (RANK)-RANK ligand (RANKL)-osteoprotegerin (OPG) system and upregulation of inflammatory cytokines and decreased bone formation through increased bilirubin and sclerostin and lower insulin-like growth factor-1 are important mechanisms for osteoporosis in patients with liver disease. Sarcopenia is associated with insulin resistance and obesity in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, whereas hyperammonemia, low amount of branched chain amino acids, and hypogonadism contributes to sarcopenia in liver cirrhosis. The bidirectional crosstalk between muscle and bone through myostatin, irisin, β-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA), osteocalcin, as well as the activation of the RANK and the Wnt/β-catenin pathways are associated with osteosarcopenia. The increased understandings for these musculoskeletal disorders would be contributes to the development of effective therapies targeting the pathophysiological mechanism involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young Joo Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Gangwon-do, Chuncheon 24252, Korea;
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Gangwon-do, Chuncheon 24253, Korea
| | - Dong Joon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Gangwon-do, Chuncheon 24252, Korea;
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Gangwon-do, Chuncheon 24253, Korea
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xue F, Tian J, Yu C, Du H, Guo L. Type I interferon response-related microglial Mef2c deregulation at the onset of Alzheimer's pathology in 5×FAD mice. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 152:105272. [PMID: 33540048 PMCID: PMC7956132 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder with multifactorial etiology. The role of microglia in the pathogenesis of AD has been increasingly recognized in recent years; however, the detailed mechanisms shaping microglial phenotypes in AD-relevant pathological settings remain largely unresolved. Myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2C (Mef2C) is a transcription factor with versatile functions. Recent studies have attributed aging-related microglial changes to type I interferon (IFN-I)-associated Mef2C deregulation. In view of the close relationship between brain aging and AD, it is of great interest to determine microglial Mef2C changes in AD-related conditions. In this study, we have found that suppressed Mef2C nuclear translocation was an early and prominent microglial phenotype in a mouse model of brain amyloidosis (5×FAD mice), which exacerbated with age. Echoing the early Mef2C deregulation and its association with microglial activation, transcriptional data showed elicited IFN-I response in microglia from young 5×FAD mice. Amyloid beta 42 (Aβ42) in its oligomeric forms promoted Mef2C deregulation in microglia on acute organotypic brain slices with augmented microglial activation and synapse elimination via microglial phagocytosis. Importantly, these oligomeric Aβ42-mediated microglial changes were substantially attenuated by blocking IFN-I signaling. The simplest interpretation of the results is that Mef2C, concurring with activated IFN-I signaling, constitutes early microglial changes in AD-related conditions. In addition to the potential contribution of Mef2C deregulation to the development of microglial phenotypes in AD, Mef2C suppression in microglia may serve as a potential mechanistic pathway linking brain aging and AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xue
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, KS 66045, United States; The Biological Science Department, University of Texas at Dallas, TX 75080, United States
| | - Jing Tian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, KS 66045, United States; The Biological Science Department, University of Texas at Dallas, TX 75080, United States
| | - Chunxiao Yu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, KS 66045, United States; The Biological Science Department, University of Texas at Dallas, TX 75080, United States
| | - Heng Du
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, KS 66045, United States; Higuchi Biosciences Center, University of Kansas, KS 66045, United States; The Biological Science Department, University of Texas at Dallas, TX 75080, United States.
| | - Lan Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, KS 66045, United States; Higuchi Biosciences Center, University of Kansas, KS 66045, United States; The Biological Science Department, University of Texas at Dallas, TX 75080, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fujii T, Murata K, Mun SH, Bae S, Lee YJ, Pannellini T, Kang K, Oliver D, Park-Min KH, Ivashkiv LB. MEF2C regulates osteoclastogenesis and pathologic bone resorption via c-FOS. Bone Res 2021; 9:4. [PMID: 33424022 PMCID: PMC7797478 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-020-00120-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease with dysregulated coupling between bone resorption and bone formation, which results in decreased bone mineral density. The MEF2C locus, which encodes the transcription factor MADS box transcription enhancer factor 2, polypeptide C (MEF2C), is strongly associated with adult osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures. Although the role of MEF2C in bone and cartilage formation by osteoblasts, osteocytes, and chondrocytes has been studied, the role of MEF2C in osteoclasts, which mediate bone resorption, remains unclear. In this study, we identified MEF2C as a positive regulator of human and mouse osteoclast differentiation. While decreased MEF2C expression resulted in diminished osteoclastogenesis, ectopic expression of MEF2C enhanced osteoclast generation. Using transcriptomic and bioinformatic approaches, we found that MEF2C promotes the RANKL-mediated induction of the transcription factors c-FOS and NFATc1, which play a key role in osteoclastogenesis. Mechanistically, MEF2C binds to FOS regulatory regions to induce c-FOS expression, leading to the activation of NFATC1 and downstream osteoclastogenesis. Inducible deletion of Mef2c in mice resulted in increased bone mass under physiological conditions and protected mice from bone erosion by diminishing osteoclast formation in K/BxN serum induced arthritis, a murine model of inflammatory arthritis. Our findings reveal direct regulation of osteoclasts by MEF2C, thus adding osteoclasts as a cell type in which altered MEF2C expression or function can contribute to pathological bone remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Fujii
- grid.239915.50000 0001 2285 8823Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Koichi Murata
- grid.239915.50000 0001 2285 8823Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021 USA ,grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan ,grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Department of Advanced Medicine for Rheumatic Diseases, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Se-Hwan Mun
- grid.239915.50000 0001 2285 8823Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Seyeon Bae
- grid.239915.50000 0001 2285 8823Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Ye Ji Lee
- grid.239915.50000 0001 2285 8823Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Tannia Pannellini
- grid.239915.50000 0001 2285 8823Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Kyuho Kang
- grid.239915.50000 0001 2285 8823Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021 USA ,grid.254229.a0000 0000 9611 0917Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644 Republic of Korea
| | - David Oliver
- grid.239915.50000 0001 2285 8823Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Kyung-Hyun Park-Min
- grid.239915.50000 0001 2285 8823Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021 USA ,grid.5386.8000000041936877XBCMB Allied Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Science, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Lionel B. Ivashkiv
- grid.239915.50000 0001 2285 8823Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021 USA ,grid.5386.8000000041936877XImmunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Science, New York, NY 10021 USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sato T, Verma S, Andrade CDC, Omeara M, Campbell N, Wang JS, Cetinbas M, Lang A, Ausk BJ, Brooks DJ, Sadreyev RI, Kronenberg HM, Lagares D, Uda Y, Pajevic PD, Bouxsein ML, Gross TS, Wein MN. A FAK/HDAC5 signaling axis controls osteocyte mechanotransduction. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3282. [PMID: 32612176 PMCID: PMC7329900 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17099-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteocytes, cells ensconced within mineralized bone matrix, are the primary skeletal mechanosensors. Osteocytes sense mechanical cues by changes in fluid flow shear stress (FFSS) across their dendritic projections. Loading-induced reductions of osteocytic Sclerostin (encoded by Sost) expression stimulates new bone formation. However, the molecular steps linking mechanotransduction and Sost suppression remain unknown. Here, we report that class IIa histone deacetylases (HDAC4 and HDAC5) are required for loading-induced Sost suppression and bone formation. FFSS signaling drives class IIa HDAC nuclear translocation through a signaling pathway involving direct HDAC5 tyrosine 642 phosphorylation by focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a HDAC5 post-translational modification that controls its subcellular localization. Osteocyte cell adhesion supports FAK tyrosine phosphorylation, and FFSS triggers FAK dephosphorylation. Pharmacologic FAK catalytic inhibition reduces Sost mRNA expression in vitro and in vivo. These studies demonstrate a role for HDAC5 as a transducer of matrix-derived cues to regulate cell type-specific gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tadatoshi Sato
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Shiv Verma
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | | | - Maureen Omeara
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Nia Campbell
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Jialiang S. Wang
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Murat Cetinbas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Audrey Lang
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Brandon J. Ausk
- 0000000122986657grid.34477.33Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Daniel J. Brooks
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Ruslan I. Sadreyev
- Department of Molecular Biology and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Henry M. Kronenberg
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - David Lagares
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Fibrosis Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Yuhei Uda
- 0000 0004 1936 7558grid.189504.1Translational Dental Medicine, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Paola Divieti Pajevic
- 0000 0004 1936 7558grid.189504.1Translational Dental Medicine, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Mary L. Bouxsein
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Ted S. Gross
- 0000000122986657grid.34477.33Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Marc N. Wein
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.66859.34Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hong AR, Kim K, Lee JY, Yang JY, Kim JH, Shin CS, Kim SW. Transformation of Mature Osteoblasts into Bone Lining Cells and RNA Sequencing-Based Transcriptome Profiling of Mouse Bone during Mechanical Unloading. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2020; 35:456-469. [PMID: 32615730 PMCID: PMC7386115 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2020.35.2.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated RNA sequencing-based transcriptome profiling and the transformation of mature osteoblasts into bone lining cells (BLCs) through a lineage tracing study to better understand the effect of mechanical unloading on bone loss. METHODS Dmp1-CreERt2(+):Rosa26R mice were injected with 1 mg of 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen three times a week starting at postnatal week 7, and subjected to a combination of botulinum toxin injection with left hindlimb tenotomy starting at postnatal week 8 to 10. The animals were euthanized at postnatal weeks 8, 9, 10, and 12. We quantified the number and thickness of X-gal(+) cells on the periosteum of the right and left femoral bones at each time point. RESULTS Two weeks after unloading, a significant decrease in the number and a subtle change in the thickness of X-gal(+) cells were observed in the left hindlimbs compared with the right hindlimbs. At 4 weeks after unloading, the decrease in the thickness was accelerated in the left hindlimbs, although the number of labeled cells was comparable. RNA sequencing analysis showed downregulation of 315 genes in the left hindlimbs at 2 and 4 weeks after unloading. Of these, Xirp2, AMPD1, Mettl11b, NEXN, CYP2E1, Bche, Ppp1r3c, Tceal7, and Gadl1 were upregulated during osteoblastogenic/osteocytic and myogenic differentiation in vitro. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that mechanical unloading can accelerate the transformation of mature osteoblasts into BLCs in the early stages of bone loss in vivo. Furthermore, some of the genes involved in this process may have a pleiotropic effect on both bone and muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Ram Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju,
Korea
| | - Kwangsoo Kim
- Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Jae-Yeon Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Jung Hee Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Chan Soo Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Sang Wan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Huang B, Wang J, Zhang X, Xie Z, Wu H, Liu J, Jie Z, Zhao X, Qin A, Fan S, Chen J, Zhao F. Administration of SB239063 Ameliorates Ovariectomy-Induced Bone Loss via Suppressing Osteoclastogenesis in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:900. [PMID: 31474861 PMCID: PMC6704231 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of osteoclast formation and function is crucial for the development of osteolytic diseases such as osteoporosis. RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand) activates NF-κB (nuclear factor κB), MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase), and NFATc1 (nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1) signaling pathways to induce osteoclastogenesis. In this study, we demonstrated that SB239063, a p38-specific inhibitor, suppressed osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption via inhibiting phosphorylation of MEF2C (myocyte enhancer factor 2C) and subsequently leading to MEF2C degradation by ubiquitination. Knockdown of MEF2C impaired osteoclast formation due to decreased c-Fos expression. Furthermore, MEF2C can directly bind to the promoter region of c-Fos to initiate its transcription. Interestingly, overexpression of either MEF2C or c-Fos can partially rescue the inhibitory effect of SB239063 on osteoclastogenesis. In addition, in vivo data proved that SB239063 also played a preventive role in both LPS (lipopolysaccharide)- and OVX (ovariectomy)-induced bone loss in mice. In conclusion, our results show that SB239063 can be a potential therapy for osteolytic diseases, and a novel p38/MEF2C/c-Fos axis is essential for osteoclastogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bao Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiasheng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuyang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ziang Xie
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junhui Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiwei Jie
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangde Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - An Qin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shunwu Fan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fengdong Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Werner SL, Sharma R, Woodruff K, Horn D, Harris SE, Gorin Y, Lee DY, Hua R, Gu S, Fajardo RJ, Habib SL, Jiang JX. CSF-1 in Osteocytes Inhibits Nox4-mediated Oxidative Stress and Promotes Normal Bone Homeostasis. JBMR Plus 2019; 4:e10080. [PMID: 32666016 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CSF-1 is a key factor in regulating bone remodeling; osteocytes express CSF-1 and its receptor. Viable osteocytes are essential for bone remodeling through cell-cell contact and secretion of factors that regulate osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Increased oxidative stress contributes to osteocyte death and correlates with bone loss during aging. The NADPH oxidase Nox4 is a major source of ROS in bone. CSF-1 decreases Nox4, suggesting that CSF-1 protects against oxidative stress. Here, we show that osteocyte apoptosis previously reported in our global CSF-1KO mice is associated with increased Nox4, as well as 4-HNE expression in osteocytes. Osteocytes isolated from CSF-1KO mice were less viable and showed increased intracellular ROS, elevated NADPH oxidase activity/Nox4 protein, activation of mTOR/S6K, and downstream apoptosis signals compared with WT osteocytes. Nox4 expression was also increased in CSF-1KO osteocytes and colocalized with MitoTracker Red in mitochondria. Notably, CSF-1 inhibited Nox4 expression and apoptosis cascade signals. In additional studies, shNox4 decreased these signals in CSF-1KO osteocytes, whereas overexpression of Nox4 in WT osteocytes activated the apoptosis pathway. To determine the role of CSF-1 in osteocytes, DMP1Cre-CSF-1cKO (CSF-1cKO) mice that lack CSF-1 in osteocytes/late osteoblasts were developed. Osteocyte defects in CSF-1cKO mice overlapped with those in CSF-1KO mice, including increased apoptosis, Nox4, and 4-HNE-expressing osteocytes. CSF-1cKO mice showed unbalanced cancellous bone remodeling with decreased bone formation and resorption. Continued exposure to high Nox4/ROS levels may further compromise bone formation and predispose to bone loss and skeletal fragility. Taken together, our findings suggest a novel link between CSF-1, Nox4-derived ROS, and osteocyte survival/function that is crucial for osteocyte-mediated bone remodeling. Results reveal new mechanisms by which CSF-1/oxidative stress regulate osteocyte homeostasis, which may lead to therapeutic strategies to improve skeletal health in aging. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sherry L Werner
- Department of Pathology University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio TX USA
| | - Ramaswamy Sharma
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio TX USA
| | - Kathleen Woodruff
- Department of Pathology University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio TX USA
| | - Diane Horn
- Department of Pathology University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio TX USA
| | - Stephen E Harris
- Department of Periodontics University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio TX USA
| | - Yves Gorin
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio TX USA
| | - Doug-Yoon Lee
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio TX USA
| | - Rui Hua
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio TX USA
| | - Sumin Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio TX USA
| | - Roberto J Fajardo
- Department of Orthopedics University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio TX USA
| | - Samy L Habib
- South Texas Veterans Health Care and Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio TX USA
| | - Jean X Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio TX USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Glucose Restriction Promotes Osteocyte Specification by Activating a PGC-1α-Dependent Transcriptional Program. iScience 2019; 15:79-94. [PMID: 31039455 PMCID: PMC6488568 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteocytes, the most abundant of bone cells, differentiate while they remain buried within the bone matrix. This encasement limits their access to nutrients and likely affects their differentiation, a process that remains poorly defined. Here, we show that restriction in glucose supply promotes the osteocyte transcriptional program while also being associated with increased mitochondrial DNA levels. Glucose deprivation triggered the activation of the AMPK/PGC-1 pathway. AMPK and SIRT1 activators or PGC-1α overexpression are sufficient to enhance osteocyte gene expression in IDG-SW3 cells, murine primary osteoblasts, osteocytes, and organotypic/ex vivo bone cultures. Conversely, osteoblasts and osteocytes deficient in Ppargc1a and b were refractory to the effects of glucose restriction. Finally, conditional ablation of both genes in osteoblasts and osteocytes generate osteopenia and reduce osteocytic gene expression in mice. Altogether, we uncovered a role for PGC-1 in the regulation of osteocyte gene expression.
Collapse
|
21
|
Bonewald L. Use it or lose it to age: A review of bone and muscle communication. Bone 2019; 120:212-218. [PMID: 30408611 PMCID: PMC6360108 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, it was assumed that the only interaction between muscle and bone is mechanical, that the muscle acts as a pulley and the bone as a lever to move the organism. A relatively new concept is that muscle, especially contracted muscle, acts as a secretory organ, regulating metabolism. An even newer concept is that bone, especially the osteocytes in bone, act as endocrine cells targeting other organs such as kidney and more recently, muscle. These two new concepts logically led to the third concept: that muscle and bone communicate via soluble factors. Crosstalk occurs through muscle factors such as myostatin, irisin, and a muscle metabolite, β-aminoisobutyric acid, BAIBA, and through bone factors such as osteocalcin, transforming growth factor beta, TGFβ, Prostaglandin E2, PGE2 and Wnts. Some of these factors have positive and some negative effects on the opposing tissue. One feature both bone and muscle have in common is that their tissues are mechanically loaded and many of their secreted factors are regulated by load. This mechanical loading, also known as exercise, has beneficial effects on many systems leading to the hypothesis that muscle and bone factors can be responsible for the beneficial effects of exercise. Many of the characteristics of aging and diseases associated with aging such as sarcopenia and osteoporosis and neurological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and dementia, are delayed by exercise. This beneficial effect has been ascribed to increased blood flow increasing oxygen and nutrients, but could also be due to the secretome of the musculoskeletal system as outlined in this review.
Collapse
|
22
|
Wang K, Cui Y, Wang Z, Yan H, Meng Z, Zhu H, Qu L, Lan X, Pan C. One 16 bp insertion/deletion (indel) within the KDM6A gene revealing strong associations with growth traits in goat. Gene 2018; 686:16-20. [PMID: 30408547 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Lysine demethylase 6A (KDM6A), as a candidate gene associated with skeletal dysplasia and the differentiation of osteogenesis, might affect the growth traits in animals. In the previous study (Cui et al., 2018), one 16 bp intronic insertion/deletion (NW_017189516.1: g.138, 431_138,446delAATGTATAGCTTAAAA) within the KDM6A gene significantly influenced KDM6A gene expression. The objective of this work was to investigate the association between this 16 bp indel and growth-related traits in Shaanbei White Cashmere goat (SWCG). Association analyses showed the 16 bp indel was related to growth traits strongly (body height, chest depth, height across the hip, body length and chest circumference) in SWCG population (n = 1953, P < 0.05). Insertion/insertion (II) genotype individuals (n = 1502) had the best growth traits, by comparison of those of insertion/deletion (ID) (n = 410) and the deletion/deletion (DD) genotypes (n = 41). Particularly, the body weight of II genotype individuals were significantly higher than ID and DD genotypes (P < 0.01). Besides, the remarkable influence of this indel on traits might cause by the change of MEF2 binding site. These findings hinted that the 16 bp deletion mutation in KDM6A gene, which was significantly associated with growth-related traits, could be assigned to an effective molecular marker for growth traits in goat breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hailong Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; Shaanxi Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center of Cashmere Goats, Yulin University, Yulin, China; Life Science Research Center, Yulin University, Yulin, China
| | - Zhe Meng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haijing Zhu
- Shaanxi Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center of Cashmere Goats, Yulin University, Yulin, China; Life Science Research Center, Yulin University, Yulin, China
| | - Lei Qu
- Shaanxi Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center of Cashmere Goats, Yulin University, Yulin, China; Life Science Research Center, Yulin University, Yulin, China
| | - Xianyong Lan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chuanying Pan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
The Bromodomain Inhibitor N-Methyl pyrrolidone Prevents Osteoporosis and BMP-Triggered Sclerostin Expression in Osteocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113332. [PMID: 30366476 PMCID: PMC6275050 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: In an adult skeleton, bone is constantly renewed in a cycle of bone resorption, followed by bone formation. This coupling process, called bone remodeling, adjusts the quality and quantity of bone to the local needs. It is generally accepted that osteoporosis develops when bone resorption surpasses bone formation. Osteoclasts and osteoblasts, bone resorbing and bone forming cells respectively, are the major target in osteoporosis treatment. Inside bone and forming a complex network, the third and most abundant cells, the osteocytes, have long remained a mystery. Osteocytes are responsible for mechano-sensation and -transduction. Increased expression of the osteocyte-derived bone inhibitor sclerostin has been linked to estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis and is therefore a promising target for osteoporosis management. (2) Methods: Recently we showed in vitro and in vivo that NMP (N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone) is a bioactive drug enhancing the BMP-2 (Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2) induced effect on bone formation while blocking bone resorption. Here we tested the effect of NMP on the expression of osteocyte-derived sclerostin. (3) Results: We found that NMP significantly decreased sclerostin mRNA and protein levels. In an animal model of osteoporosis, NMP prevented the estrogen deficiency-induced increased expression of sclerostin. (4) Conclusions: These results support the potential of NMP as a novel therapeutic compound for osteoporosis management, since it preserves bone by a direct interference with osteoblasts and osteoclasts and an indirect one via a decrease in sclerostin expression by osteocytes.
Collapse
|
24
|
JAG1, MEF2C and BDNF polymorphisms associated with bone mineral density in women from Northern México. BIOMEDICA 2018; 38:320-328. [PMID: 30335237 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v38i3.4014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Osteoporosis is characterized by a low bone mineral density. Genetic composition is one of the most influential factors in determining bone mineral density (BMD). There are few studies on genes associated with BMD in the Mexican population.
Objective: To investigate the association of eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of JAG1, MEF2C and BDNF genes with BMD in women of Northern México.
Materials and methods: This study involved 124 unrelated Mexican women between 40 and 80 years old. BMD was determined by dual X-ray absorptiometry. Genotyping was performed using allelic discrimination by real time PCR. We analyzed the SNP of JAG1 (rs6514116, rs2273061, rs2235811 and rs6040061), MEF2C (rs1366594, rs12521522 and rs11951031), and BDNF (rs6265) and the data using linear regression.
Results: The JAG1 SNP rs2235811 was associated with the BMD of the total body under the dominant inheritance model (p=0,024). Although the other SNPs were not associated with BMD in any of the inheritance models studied, a trend was observed.
Conclusion: Our results suggest that the SNP rs2235811 in the JAG1 gene might contribute to the variation in BMD in women from northern México.
Collapse
|
25
|
Wein MN, Kronenberg HM. Regulation of Bone Remodeling by Parathyroid Hormone. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a031237. [PMID: 29358318 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) exerts profound effects on skeletal homeostasis through multiple cellular and molecular mechanisms. Continuous hyperparathyroidism causes net loss of bone mass, despite accelerating bone formation by osteoblasts. Intermittent treatment with PTH analogs represents the only Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved bone anabolic osteoporosis treatment strategy. Functional PTH receptors are present on cells of the osteoblast lineage, ranging from early skeletal stem cells to matrix-embedded osteocytes. In addition, bone remodeling by osteoclasts liberates latent growth factors present within bone matrix. Here, we will provide an overview of the multiple cellular and molecular mechanisms through which PTH influences bone homeostasis. Notably, net skeletal effects of continuous versus intermittent can differ significantly. Where possible, we will highlight mechanisms through which continuous hyperparathyroidism leads to bone loss, and through which intermittent hyperparathyroidism boosts bone mass. Given the therapeutic usage of intermittent PTH (iPTH) treatment for osteoporosis, particular attention will be paid toward mechanisms underlying the bone anabolic effects of once daily PTH administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc N Wein
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Henry M Kronenberg
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Baron R, Gori F. Targeting WNT signaling in the treatment of osteoporosis. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2018; 40:134-141. [PMID: 29753194 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a widespread chronic disease characterized by low bone density, altered microstructure and bone fragility, leading to low impact fractures in affected individuals. The discovery of a few mutations that cause extremely rare human diseases has identified the WNT signaling pathway as a candidate for therapeutic intervention aimed at increasing bone mass and strength. In particular, inhibition of sclerostin, a WNT antagonist secreted by osteocytes, has proven in clinical trials to be a very efficient osteo-anabolic approach. One year of monthly administration of antibodies to sclerostin rapidly decreases bone resorption and increases bone formation and bone density at all sites, decreasing markedly fracture risk in treated patients. Their effect is however limited in time and cardiovascular adverse events have been reported in one clinical trial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Baron
- Harvard Medical School, Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Francesca Gori
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wein MN. Parathyroid Hormone Signaling in Osteocytes. JBMR Plus 2017; 2:22-30. [PMID: 30283888 PMCID: PMC6124166 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteocytes are the most abundant cell type in bone and play a central role in orchestrating skeletal remodeling, in part by producing paracrine‐acting factors that in turn influence osteoblast and osteoclast activity. Recent evidence has indicated that osteocytes are crucial cellular targets of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Here, we will review the cellular and molecular mechanisms through which PTH influences osteocyte function. Two well‐studied PTH target genes in osteocytes are SOST and receptor activator of NF‐κB ligand (RANKL). The molecular mechanisms through which PTH regulates expression of these two crucial target genes will be discussed. Beyond SOST and RANKL, PTH/PTH‐related peptide (PTHrP) signaling in osteocytes may directly influence the way osteocytes remodel their perilacunar environment to influence bone homeostasis in a cell‐autonomous manner. Here, I will highlight novel, additional mechanisms used by PTH and PTHrP to modulate bone homeostasis through effects in osteocytes. © 2017 The Authors. JBMR Plus is published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc N Wein
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Nakatani T, Partridge NC. MEF2C Interacts With c-FOS in PTH-Stimulated Mmp13 Gene Expression in Osteoblastic Cells. Endocrinology 2017; 158:3778-3791. [PMID: 28973134 PMCID: PMC5695834 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates the transcription of many genes in the osteoblast. One of these genes is Mmp13, which is involved in bone remodeling and early stages of endochondral bone formation. Previously, we reported that PTH induces Mmp13 transcription by regulating the dissociation of histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) from runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), and the association of the HATs, p300, and p300/CREB binding protein (CBP)-associated factor. It is known that, in addition to Runx2, HDAC4 binds to the transcription factor, myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2c (MEF2C), and represses its activity. In this work, we investigated whether MEF2C participates in PTH-stimulated Mmp13 gene expression in osteoblastic cells and how it does so. Knockdown of Mef2c in UMR 106-01 cells repressed Mmp13 messenger RNA expression and promoter activity with or without PTH treatment. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays showed that MEF2C associated with the Mmp13 promoter; this increased after 4 hours of PTH treatment. ChIP-reChIP results indicate that endogenous MEF2C associates with HDAC4 on the Mmp13 promoter; after PTH treatment, this association decreased. From gel shift, ChIP, and promoter-reporter assays, MEF2C was found to associate with the activator protein-1 (AP-1) site without directly binding to DNA and had its stimulatory effect through interaction with c-FOS. In conclusion, MEF2C is necessary for Mmp13 gene expression at the transcriptional level and participates in PTH-stimulated Mmp13 gene expression by increased binding to c-FOS at the AP-1 site in the Mmp13 promoter. The observation of MEF2C interacting with a member of the AP-1 transcription factor family provides knowledge of the functions of HDAC4, c-FOS, and MEF2C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teruyo Nakatani
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York 10010
| | - Nicola C. Partridge
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York 10010
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Muscle-Bone Crosstalk: Emerging Opportunities for Novel Therapeutic Approaches to Treat Musculoskeletal Pathologies. Biomedicines 2017; 5:biomedicines5040062. [PMID: 29064421 PMCID: PMC5744086 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines5040062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis and sarcopenia are age-related musculoskeletal pathologies that often develop in parallel. Osteoporosis is characterized by a reduced bone mass and an increased fracture risk. Sarcopenia describes muscle wasting with an increasing risk of injuries due to falls. The medical treatment of both diseases costs billions in health care per year. With the impact on public health and economy, and considering the increasing life expectancy of populations, more efficient treatment regimens are sought. The biomechanical interaction between both tissues with muscle acting on bone is well established. Recently, both tissues were also determined as secretory endocrine organs affecting the function of one another. New exciting discoveries on this front are made each year, with novel signaling molecules being discovered and potential controversies being described. While this review does not claim completeness, it will summarize the current knowledge on both the biomechanical and the biochemical link between muscle and bone. The review will highlight the known secreted molecules by both tissues affecting the other and finish with an outlook on novel therapeutics that could emerge from these discoveries.
Collapse
|
30
|
Cho DC, Brennan HJ, Johnson RW, Poulton IJ, Gooi JH, Tonkin BA, McGregor NE, Walker EC, Handelsman DJ, Martin TJ, Sims NA. Bone corticalization requires local SOCS3 activity and is promoted by androgen action via interleukin-6. Nat Commun 2017; 8:806. [PMID: 28993616 PMCID: PMC5634449 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00920-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Long bone strength is determined by its outer shell (cortical bone), which forms by coalescence of thin trabeculae at the metaphysis (corticalization), but the factors that control this process are unknown. Here we show that SOCS3-dependent cytokine expression regulates bone corticalization. Young male and female Dmp1Cre.Socs3 f/f mice, in which SOCS3 has been ablated in osteocytes, have high trabecular bone volume and poorly defined metaphyseal cortices. After puberty, male mice recover, but female corticalization is still impaired, leading to a lasting defect in bone strength. The phenotype depends on sex-steroid hormones: dihydrotestosterone treatment of gonadectomized female Dmp1Cre.Socs3 f/f mice restores normal cortical morphology, whereas in males, estradiol treatment, or IL-6 deletion, recapitulates the female phenotype. This suggests that androgen action promotes metaphyseal corticalization, at least in part, via IL-6 signaling.The strength of long bones is determined by coalescence of trabeculae during corticalization. Here the authors show that this process is regulated by SOCS3 via a mechanism dependent on IL-6 and expression of sex hormones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Chul Cho
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia.,Department of Neurosurgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital, 130 Dongdukro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Holly J Brennan
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia.,Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - Rachelle W Johnson
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, 2215 Garland Avenue, 1255B MRB IV, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Ingrid J Poulton
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - Jonathan H Gooi
- Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - Brett A Tonkin
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - Narelle E McGregor
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - Emma C Walker
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - David J Handelsman
- Department of Andrology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, 3 Hospital Road, Concord, NSW, 2139, Australia
| | - T J Martin
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia.,Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - Natalie A Sims
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia. .,Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The goal of this paper is to evaluate critically the literature published over the past 3 years regarding the Wnt signaling pathway. The Wnt pathway was found to be involved in bone biology in 2001-2002 with the discovery of a (G171V) mutation in the lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) that resulted in high bone mass and another mutation that completely inactivated Lrp5 function and resulted in osteoporosis pseudoglioma syndrome (OPPG). The molecular biology has been complex, and very interesting. It has provided many opportunities for exploitation to develop new clinical treatments, particularly for osteoporosis. More clinical possibilities include: treatments for fracture healing, corticosteroid osteoporosis, osteogenesis imperfecta, and others. In addition, we wish to provide historical information coming from distant publications (~350 years ago) regarding bone biology that have been confirmed by study of Wnt signaling. RECENT FINDINGS A recent finding is the development of an antibody to sclerostin that is under study as a treatment for osteoporosis. Development of treatments for other forms of osteoporosis, such as corticosteroid osteoporosis, is also underway. The full range of the applications of the work is not yet been achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark L Johnson
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, UMKC School of Dentistry, 650 East 25th Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Robert R Recker
- Creighton University, 601 N 30th St., Ste 4841, Omaha, NE, 68131, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Yamachika E, Matsui Y, Matsubara M, Matsumura T, Nakata N, Moritani N, Ikeda A, Tsujigiwa H, Ohara N, Iida S. The influence of zoledronate and teriparatide on gamma delta T cells in mice. J Dent Sci 2017; 12:333-339. [PMID: 30895072 PMCID: PMC6395360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose Few studies have investigated the possibility that bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) might reflect an immune response; however, gamma delta T cells have been shown to significantly decline in the blood of BRONJ patients. Additionally, there have been some reports of teriparatide usage for the treatment of BRONJ. In this study, we compared the effects of zoledronate and teriparatide on lymphocyte populations and inflammatory cytokine production in mice. Materials and methods Thirty female ICR mice were divided into three groups (n = 10 each): a vehicle, a zoledronate, and a teriparatide group. Drugs were administered for 8 weeks in each group. Lymphocytes in the blood and thymus were analyzed and femurs were used for histological observation and lymphocytes analysis of bone marrow. Cytokines were measured in separated serum using Milliplex® multiplex immunoassay analysis. Results Zoledronate decreased the T cell number in the bone marrow. Additionally, serum levels of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-7, IL-12, IL-15 and RANTES, which are cytokines that affect T cell activation, differentiation and/or proliferation, were significantly lower in zoledronate treated mice. Conversely, teriparatide treatment induced an increase in gamma delta T cells in peripheral blood. Conclusion Gamma delta T cells in the bone marrow are expected to decrease with zoledronate treatment and increase with teriparatide treatment. If BRONJ involves a loss of gamma delta T cells in the circulation or bone marrow, then the increase in gamma delta T cells that is induced by teriparatide may account for its ability to resolve BRONJ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eiki Yamachika
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery, Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 7008558, Japan
| | - Yuichi Matsui
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery, Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 7008558, Japan
| | - Masakazu Matsubara
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kitaku, Okayama 7008558, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Matsumura
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kitaku, Okayama 7008558, Japan
| | - Naoki Nakata
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kitaku, Okayama 7008558, Japan
| | - Norifumi Moritani
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kitaku, Okayama 7008558, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ikeda
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery, Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 7008558, Japan
| | - Hidetsugu Tsujigiwa
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridaicho, Kitaku, Okayama 7000005, Japan
| | - Naoya Ohara
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kitaku, Okayama 7008558, Japan
| | - Seiji Iida
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kitaku, Okayama 7008558, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
|
34
|
Nishino J, Yamazaki M, Kawai M, Tachikawa K, Yamamoto K, Miyagawa K, Kogo M, Ozono K, Michigami T. Extracellular Phosphate Induces the Expression of Dentin Matrix Protein 1 Through the FGF Receptor in Osteoblasts. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:1151-1163. [PMID: 27639037 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dentin matrix protein 1 (Dmp1) is an extracellular matrix protein involved in phosphate metabolism and biomineralization, and its expression markedly increases during the maturation of osteoblasts into osteocytes. We previously reported that an increased level of inorganic phosphate (Pi) in media up-regulated the expression of Dmp1 in primary osteocytes isolated from mouse bones. In the present study, we found that elevated extracellular Pi strongly induced the expression of Dmp1 in osteoblasts and explored its underlying mechanism of action. In an osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1, increases in extracellular Pi induced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and up-regulated the expression of Dmp1, fibroblast growth factor 2 (Fgf2), and Fgf receptor 1 (Fgfr1). A co-treatment with the MEK inhibitor U0126 abolished the increase in the expression of Dmp1 and Fgfr1 by elevated Pi, suggesting the involvement of the MEK/ERK pathway in this up-regulation. Elevated extracellular Pi also resulted in the phosphorylation of FGF receptor substrate 2α (FRS2α), which was diminished by knockdown of Slc20a1 encoding Pit1 sodium-phosphate co-transporter. The co-treatment with an inhibitor against FGFR (SU5402) abolished the up-regulation of Dmp1 induced by elevated extracellular Pi. In primary osteoblasts, a treatment with 4 mM Pi transiently increased the expression of early growth response 1 (Egr1) before the up-regulation of Dmp1. These results indicate that FGFR mediates the direct effects of extracellular Pi on the expression of Dmp1 in osteoblasts and enhance the close relationship between the signaling evoked by elevated extracellular Pi and FGF/FGFR signaling. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 1151-1163, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Nishino
- Department of Bone and Mineral Research, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan.,First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Miwa Yamazaki
- Department of Bone and Mineral Research, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kawai
- Department of Bone and Mineral Research, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan
| | - Kanako Tachikawa
- Department of Bone and Mineral Research, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan
| | - Keiko Yamamoto
- Department of Bone and Mineral Research, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Miyagawa
- Department of Bone and Mineral Research, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan.,First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mikihiko Kogo
- First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ozono
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshimi Michigami
- Department of Bone and Mineral Research, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Lau KHW, Rundle CH, Zhou XD, Baylink DJ, Sheng MHC. Conditional deletion of IGF-I in osteocytes unexpectedly accelerates bony union of the fracture gap in mice. Bone 2016; 92:18-28. [PMID: 27519969 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of deficient IGF-I expression in osteocytes on fracture healing. Transgenic mice with conditional knockout (cKO) of Igf1 in osteocytes were generated by crossing Dmp1-Cre mice with Igf1 flox mice. Fractures were created on the mid-shaft of tibia of 12-week-old male cKO mice and wild-type (WT) littermates by three-point bending. At 21 and 28days post-fracture healing, the increases in cortical bone mineral density, mineral content, bone area, and thickness, as well as sub-cortical bone mineral content at the fracture site were each greater in cKO calluses than in WT calluses. There were 85% decrease in the cartilage area and >2-fold increase in the number of osteoclasts in cKO calluses at 14days post-fracture, suggesting a more rapid remodeling of endochondral bone. The upregulation of mRNA levels of osteoblast marker genes (cbfa1, alp, Opn, and Ocn) was greater in cKO calluses than in WT calluses. μ-CT analysis suggested an accelerated bony union of the fracture gap in cKO mice. The Sost mRNA level was reduced by 50% and the Bmp2 mRNA level was increased 3-fold in cKO fractures at 14days post-fracture, but the levels of these two mRNAs in WT fractures were unchanged, suggesting that the accelerated fracture repair may in part act through the Wnt and/or BMP signaling. In conclusion, conditional deletion of Igf1 in osteocytes not only did not impair, but unexpectedly enhanced, bony union of the fracture gap. The accelerated bony union was due in part to upregulation of the Wnt and BMP2 signaling in response to deficient osteocyte-derived IGF-I expression, which in turn favors intramembranous over endochondral bone repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kin-Hing W Lau
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L. Pettis Memorial VA Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Charles H Rundle
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L. Pettis Memorial VA Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhou
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - David J Baylink
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Matilda H-C Sheng
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
St John HC, Hansen SJ, Pike JW. Analysis of SOST expression using large minigenes reveals the MEF2C binding site in the evolutionarily conserved region (ECR5) enhancer mediates forskolin, but not 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 or TGFβ 1 responsiveness. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 164:277-280. [PMID: 26361013 PMCID: PMC4781661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transcribed from the SOST gene, sclerostin is an osteocyte-derived negative regulator of bone formation that inhibits osteoblastogenesis via antagonism of the Wnt pathway. Sclerostin is a promising therapeutic target for low bone mass diseases and neutralizing antibody therapies that target sclerostin are in development. Diverse stimuli regulate SOST including the vitamin D hormone, forskolin (Fsk), bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP-2), oncostatin M (OSM), dexamethasone (Dex), and transforming growth factor (TGFβ1). To explore the mechanisms by which these compounds regulate SOST expression, we examined their ability to regulate a SOST reporter minigene containing the entire SOST locus including the downstream regionor mutant minigenes containing a deletion of the -1kb to -2kb promoter proximal region (-1kb), ECR2, ECR5, or two point mutations in the MEF2 binding site of ECR5 (ECR5/MEF2). Previous reports suggest that both the PTH and TGFβ1 effects on SOST are mediated through ECR5 and that the action of PTH is mediated specifically via the MEF2 binding site at ECR5. Consistent with these reports, the suppressive effects of Fsk were abrogated following both ECR5 deletion and ECR5/MEF2 mutation. In contrast, we found that TGFβ1 negatively regulated SOST and that neither ECR5 nor ECR5/MEF2 was involved. Surprisingly, none of these four deletions/mutations abrogated the suppressive effects of the vitamin D hormone, OSM, Dex, or TGFβ1, or the positive effects of BMP-2. These data suggest that we need to move beyond ECR5 to understand SOST regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hillary C St John
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Sydney J Hansen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - J Wesley Pike
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wein MN, Liang Y, Goransson O, Sundberg TB, Wang J, Williams EA, O'Meara MJ, Govea N, Beqo B, Nishimori S, Nagano K, Brooks DJ, Martins JS, Corbin B, Anselmo A, Sadreyev R, Wu JY, Sakamoto K, Foretz M, Xavier RJ, Baron R, Bouxsein ML, Gardella TJ, Divieti-Pajevic P, Gray NS, Kronenberg HM. SIKs control osteocyte responses to parathyroid hormone. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13176. [PMID: 27759007 PMCID: PMC5075806 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) activates receptors on osteocytes to orchestrate bone formation and resorption. Here we show that PTH inhibition of SOST (sclerostin), a WNT antagonist, requires HDAC4 and HDAC5, whereas PTH stimulation of RANKL, a stimulator of bone resorption, requires CRTC2. Salt inducible kinases (SIKs) control subcellular localization of HDAC4/5 and CRTC2. PTH regulates both HDAC4/5 and CRTC2 localization via phosphorylation and inhibition of SIK2. Like PTH, new small molecule SIK inhibitors cause decreased phosphorylation and increased nuclear translocation of HDAC4/5 and CRTC2. SIK inhibition mimics many of the effects of PTH in osteocytes as assessed by RNA-seq in cultured osteocytes and following in vivo administration. Once daily treatment with the small molecule SIK inhibitor YKL-05-099 increases bone formation and bone mass. Therefore, a major arm of PTH signalling in osteocytes involves SIK inhibition, and small molecule SIK inhibitors may be applied therapeutically to mimic skeletal effects of PTH. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is an endogenous hormone and osteoporosis therapeutic that suppresses sclerostin activity. Here the authors develop SIK inhibitors as potential therapeutic tools and use them to show that PTH-cAMP signalling in osteocytes inhibits SIK2 from driving Hdac4/5 nuclear shuttling to suppress sclerostin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc N Wein
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Yanke Liang
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Biologic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Olga Goransson
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Box 188, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas B Sundberg
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Biologic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Williams
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Maureen J O'Meara
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Nicolas Govea
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Belinda Beqo
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Shigeki Nishimori
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Kenichi Nagano
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, US
| | - Daniel J Brooks
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Janaina S Martins
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Braden Corbin
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Anthony Anselmo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Ruslan Sadreyev
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Joy Y Wu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr a175, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Kei Sakamoto
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Marc Foretz
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104, Universite Paris Descartes Sorbonne Pairs Cite, Paris 75013, France
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Roland Baron
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, US
| | - Mary L Bouxsein
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Thomas J Gardella
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Paola Divieti-Pajevic
- Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, 100 E Newton Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Biologic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Henry M Kronenberg
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Pei YF, Hu WZ, Hai R, Wang XY, Ran S, Lin Y, Shen H, Tian Q, Lei SF, Zhang YH, Papasian CJ, Deng HW, Zhang L. Genome-wide association meta-analyses identified 1q43 and 2q32.2 for hip Ward's triangle areal bone mineral density. Bone 2016; 91:1-10. [PMID: 27397699 PMCID: PMC5362380 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Aiming to identify genomic variants associated with osteoporosis, we performed a genome-wide association meta-analysis of bone mineral density (BMD) at Ward's triangle of the hip in 7175 subjects from 6 samples. We performed in silico replications with femoral neck, trochanter, and inter-trochanter BMDs in 6912 subjects from the Framingham heart study (FHS), and with forearm, femoral neck and lumbar spine BMDs in 32965 subjects from the GEFOS summary results. Combining the evidence from all samples, we identified 2 novel loci for areal BMD: 1q43 (rs1414660, discovery p=1.20×10(-8), FHS p=0.05 for trochanter BMD; rs9287237, discovery p=3.55×10(-7), FHS p=9.20×10(-3) for trochanter BMD, GEFOS p=0.02 for forearm BMD, nearest gene FMN2) and 2q32.2 (rs56346965, discovery p=7.48×10(-7), FHS p=0.10 for inter-trochanter BMD, GEFOS p=0.02 for spine BMD, nearest gene NAB1). The two lead SNPs rs1414660 and rs56346965 are eQTL sites for the genes GREM2 and NAB1 respectively. Functional annotation of GREM2 and NAB1 illustrated their involvement in BMP signaling pathway and in bone development. We also replicated three previously reported loci: 5q14.3 (rs10037512, discovery p=3.09×10(-6), FHS p=8.50×10(-3), GEFOS p=1.23×10(-24) for femoral neck BMD, nearest gene MEF2C), 6q25.1 (rs3020340, discovery p=1.64×10(-6), GEFOS p=1.69×10(-3) for SPN-BMD, nearest gene ESR1) and 7q21.3 (rs13310130, discovery p=8.79×10(-7), GEFOS p=2.61×10(-7) for spine BMD, nearest gene SHFM1). Our findings provide additional insights that further enhance our understanding of bone development, osteoporosis, and fracture pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fang Pei
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Wen-Zhu Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Jiangsu, PR China; Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Rong Hai
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, PR China
| | - Xiu-Yan Wang
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, PR China
| | - Shu Ran
- Center of System Biomedical Sciences, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yong Lin
- Center of System Biomedical Sciences, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Qing Tian
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Shu-Feng Lei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Jiangsu, PR China; Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yong-Hong Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Christopher J Papasian
- Department of Basic Medical Science, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Hong-Wen Deng
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Jiangsu, PR China; Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Jiangsu, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Nakatani T, Chen T, Partridge NC. MMP-13 is one of the critical mediators of the effect of HDAC4 deletion on the skeleton. Bone 2016; 90:142-51. [PMID: 27320207 PMCID: PMC4970950 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 4 (Hdac4) regulates chondrocyte hypertrophy. Hdac4(-/-) mice are runted in size and do not survive to weaning. This phenotype is primarily due to the acceleration of onset of chondrocyte hypertrophy and, as a consequence, inappropriate endochondral mineralization. Previously, we reported that Hdac4 is a repressor of matrix metalloproteinase-13 (Mmp13) transcription, and the absence of Hdac4 leads to increased expression of MMP-13 both in vitro (osteoblastic cells) and in vivo (hypertrophic chondrocytes and trabecular osteoblasts). MMP-13 is thought to be involved in endochondral ossification and bone remodeling. To identify whether the phenotype of Hdac4(-/-) mice is due to up-regulation of MMP-13, we generated Hdac4/Mmp13 double knockout mice and determined the ability of deletion of MMP-13 to rescue the Hdac4(-/-) mouse phenotype. Mmp13(-/-) mice have normal body size. Hdac4(-/-)/Mmp13(-/-) double knockout mice are significantly heavier and larger than Hdac4(-/-) mice, they survive longer, and they recover the thickness of their growth plate zones. In Hdac4(-/-)/Mmp13(-/-) double knockout mice, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression and TRAP-positive osteoclasts were restored (together with an increase in Mmp9 expression) but osteocalcin (OCN) was not. Micro-CT analysis of the tibiae revealed that Hdac4(-/-) mice have significantly decreased cortical bone area compared with the wild type mice. In addition, the bone architectural parameter, bone porosity, was significantly decreased in Hdac4(-/-) mice. Hdac4(-/-)/Mmp13(-/-) double knockout mice recover these cortical parameters. Likewise, Hdac4(-/-) mice exhibit significantly increased Tb.Th and bone mineral density (BMD) while the Hdac4(-/-)/Mmp13(-/-) mice significantly recovered these parameters toward normal for this age. Taken together, our findings indicate that the phenotype seen in the Hdac4(-/-) mice is partially derived from elevation in MMP-13 and may be due to a bone remodeling disorder caused by overexpression of this enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teruyo Nakatani
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Tiffany Chen
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Nicola C Partridge
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mass and an increased risk of fracture. Genetic factors, environmental factors and gene-environment interactions all contribute to a person's lifetime risk of developing an osteoporotic fracture. This Review summarizes key advances in understanding of the genetics of bone traits and their role in osteoporosis. Candidate-gene approaches dominated this field 20 years ago, but clinical and preclinical genetic studies published in the past 5 years generally utilize more-sophisticated and better-powered genome-wide association studies (GWAS). High-throughput DNA sequencing, large genomic databases and improved methods of data analysis have greatly accelerated the gene-discovery process. Linkage analyses of single-gene traits that segregate in families with extreme phenotypes have led to the elucidation of critical pathways controlling bone mass. For example, components of the Wnt-β-catenin signalling pathway have been validated (in both GWAS and functional studies) as contributing to various bone phenotypes. These notable advances in gene discovery suggest that the next decade will witness cataloguing of the hundreds of genes that influence bone mass and osteoporosis, which in turn will provide a roadmap for the development of new drugs that target diseases of low bone mass, including osteoporosis.
Collapse
|
41
|
D'Amelio P, Sassi F, Buondonno I, Fornelli G, Spertino E, D'Amico L, Marchetti M, Lucchiari M, Roato I, Isaia GC. Treatment with intermittent PTH increases Wnt10b production by T cells in osteoporotic patients. Osteoporos Int 2015; 26:2785-91. [PMID: 26068297 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-015-3189-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We evaluated the effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on Wnt10b production by immune system cells in humans. We showed that bone anabolic effect of intermittent PTH treatment may be amplified by T cells through increased production of Wnt10b. Chronic increase in PTH as in primary hyperparathyroidism does not increase Wnt10b expression. INTRODUCTION The aim of this study is to assess the effect of PTH on Wnt10b production by immune system cells in humans. We assessed both the effect of intermittent PTH administration (iPTH) and of chronic PTH hypersecretion in primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP). METHODS Eighty-two women affected by post-menopausal osteoporosis were randomly assigned to treatment with calcium and vitamin D alone (22) or plus 1-84 PTH (42), or intravenous ibandronate (18). Wnt10b production by unfractioned blood nucleated cells and by T, B cells and monocytes was assessed by real-time RT-PCR and ELISA at baseline, 3, 6, 12 and 18 months of treatment. The effect of chronic elevation of PTH was evaluated in 20 patients affected by PHP at diagnosis and after surgical removal of parathyroid adenoma. WNT10b from both osteoporotic and PHP patients was compared to healthy subjects matched for age and sex. RESULTS iPTH increases Wnt10b production by T cells, whereas PHP does not. After surgical restoration of normal parathyroid function, WNT10b decreases, although it is still comparable with healthy subjects' level. Thus, chronic elevation of PTH does not significantly increase WNT10b production as respect to control. CONCLUSIONS This is the first work showing the effect of both intermittent and chronic PTH increase on Wnt10b production by immune system cells. We suggest that, in humans, T cells amplified the anabolic effect of PTH on bone, by increasing Wnt10b production, which stimulates osteoblast activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P D'Amelio
- Gerontology Section, Department of Medical Science, University of Torino, Corso Bramante 88/90, 10126, Torino, Italy.
| | - F Sassi
- Gerontology Section, Department of Medical Science, University of Torino, Corso Bramante 88/90, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - I Buondonno
- Gerontology Section, Department of Medical Science, University of Torino, Corso Bramante 88/90, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - G Fornelli
- Gerontology Section, Department of Medical Science, University of Torino, Corso Bramante 88/90, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - E Spertino
- Gerontology Section, Department of Medical Science, University of Torino, Corso Bramante 88/90, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - L D'Amico
- CeRMS, Città della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital of Torino-Italy, Torino, Italy
| | - M Marchetti
- Gerontology Section, Department of Medical Science, University of Torino, Corso Bramante 88/90, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - M Lucchiari
- Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, Città della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital of Torino-Italy, Torino, Italy
| | - I Roato
- CeRMS, Città della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital of Torino-Italy, Torino, Italy
| | - G C Isaia
- Gerontology Section, Department of Medical Science, University of Torino, Corso Bramante 88/90, 10126, Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Brotto M, Bonewald L. Bone and muscle: Interactions beyond mechanical. Bone 2015; 80:109-114. [PMID: 26453500 PMCID: PMC4600532 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The musculoskeletal system is significantly more complex than portrayed by traditional reductionist approaches that have focused on and studied the components of this system separately. While bone and skeletal muscle are the two largest tissues within this system, this system also includes tendons, ligaments, cartilage, joints and other connective tissues along with vascular and nervous tissues. Because the main function of this system is locomotion, the mechanical interaction among the major players of this system is essential for the many shapes and forms observed in vertebrates and even in invertebrates. Thus, it is logical that the mechanical coupling theories of musculoskeletal development exert a dominant influence on our understanding of the biology of the musculoskeletal system, because these relationships are relatively easy to observe, measure, and perturb. Certainly much less recognized is the molecular and biochemical interaction among the individual players of the musculoskeletal system. In this brief review article, we first introduce some of the key reasons why the mechanical coupling theory has dominated our view of bone-muscle interactions followed by summarizing evidence for the secretory nature of bones and muscles. Finally, a number of highly physiological questions that cannot be answered by the mechanical theories alone will be raised along with different lines of evidence that support both a genetic and a biochemical communication between bones and muscles. It is hoped that these discussions will stimulate new insights into this fertile and promising new way of defining the relationships between these closely related tissues. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for biochemical communication between bone and muscle is important not only from a basic research perspective but also as a means to identify potential new therapies for bone and muscle diseases, especially for when they co-exist. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Muscle Bone Interactions".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Brotto
- Muscle Biology Research Group-MUBIG, UMKC School of Nursing & Health Studies, 2464 Charlotte, USA; UMKC School of Medicine, 2464 Charlotte, USA
| | - Lynda Bonewald
- Bone Biology/Mineralized Tissue Research Program, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, UMKC School of Dentistry, 650 East 25th Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Clocchiatti A, Di Giorgio E, Viviani G, Streuli C, Sgorbissa A, Picco R, Cutano V, Brancolini C. The MEF2-HDAC axis controls proliferation of mammary epithelial cells and acini formation in vitro. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:3961-76. [PMID: 26403201 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.170357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The myocyte enhancer factor 2 and histone deacetylase (MEF2-HDAC) axis is a master regulator of different developmental programs and adaptive responses in adults. In this paper, we have investigated the contribution of the axis to the regulation of epithelial morphogenesis, using 3D organotypic cultures of MCF10A cells as a model. We have demonstrated that MEF2 transcriptional activity is upregulated during acini formation, which coincides with exit from the proliferative phase. Upregulation of the transcription of MEF2 proteins is coupled to downregulation of HDAC7, which occurs independently from changes in mRNA levels, and proteasome- or autophagy-mediated degradation. During acini formation, the MEF2-HDAC axis contributes to the promotion of cell cycle exit, through the engagement of the CDK inhibitor CDKN1A. Only in proliferating cells can HDAC7 bind to the first intron of the CDKN1A gene, a region characterized by epigenetic markers of active promoters and enhancers. In cells transformed by the oncogene HER2 (ERBB2), acini morphogenesis is altered, MEF2 transcription is repressed and HDAC7 is continuously expressed. Importantly, reactivation of MEF2 transcriptional activity in these cells, through the use of a HER2 inhibitor or by enhancing MEF2 function, corrected the proliferative defect and re-established normal acini morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Clocchiatti
- Dipartiment of Medical and Biological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Udine, P.le Kolbe 4, Udine 33100, Italy
| | - Eros Di Giorgio
- Dipartiment of Medical and Biological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Udine, P.le Kolbe 4, Udine 33100, Italy
| | - Giulia Viviani
- Dipartiment of Medical and Biological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Udine, P.le Kolbe 4, Udine 33100, Italy
| | - Charles Streuli
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Andrea Sgorbissa
- Dipartiment of Medical and Biological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Udine, P.le Kolbe 4, Udine 33100, Italy
| | - Raffaella Picco
- Dipartiment of Medical and Biological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Udine, P.le Kolbe 4, Udine 33100, Italy
| | - Valentina Cutano
- Dipartiment of Medical and Biological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Udine, P.le Kolbe 4, Udine 33100, Italy
| | - Claudio Brancolini
- Dipartiment of Medical and Biological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Udine, P.le Kolbe 4, Udine 33100, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Suen PK, Qin L. Sclerostin, an emerging therapeutic target for treating osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture: A general review. J Orthop Translat 2015; 4:1-13. [PMID: 30035061 PMCID: PMC5987014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis and its associated fracture risk has become one of the major health burdens in our aging population. Currently, bisphosphonate, one of the most popular antiresorptive drugs, is used widely to treat osteoporosis but so far still no consensus has been reached for its application in treatment of osteoporotic fractures. However, in old patients, boosting new bone formation and its remodelling is essential for bone healing in age-related osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures. Sclerostin, an inhibitor of the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway that regulates bone growth, has become an attractive therapeutic target for treating osteoporosis. In this review, we summarize the recent findings of sclerostin and its potential as an effective drug target for treating both osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pui Kit Suen
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kobayashi Y, Thirukonda GJ, Nakamura Y, Koide M, Yamashita T, Uehara S, Kato H, Udagawa N, Takahashi N. Wnt16 regulates osteoclast differentiation in conjunction with Wnt5a. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 463:1278-83. [PMID: 26093292 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.06.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in osteoblast-lineage cells inhibits osteoclastogenesis through the expression of osteoprotegerin (Opg), a decoy receptor of receptor activator of Nf-κb (Rank) ligands. Wnt5a, a typical non-canonical Wnt ligand, enhances the expression of Rank in osteoclast precursors, which, in turn, promotes the Rank ligand (Rankl)-induced formation of osteoclasts. In contrast, Wnt16 and Wnt4 have been shown to inhibit the Rankl-induced formation of osteoclasts through non-canonical Wnt signals. However, the relationships among these Wnt ligands in osteoclastogenesis remained to be elucidated. We herein showed that Wnt16, but not Wnt4, inhibited the Rankl-induced osteoclastogenesis in bone marrow-derived macrophage (BMM) cultures. Wnt3a and Wnt4 inhibited the 1α,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (1,25D3)-induced osteoclastogenesis in co-cultures prepared from wild-type mice, but not in those from Opg(-/-) nice. Wnt16 inhibited the 1,25D3-induced formation of osteoclasts in both wild-type and Opg(-/-) co-cultures. Wnt16, Wnt4, and Wnt3a failed to inhibit the pit-forming activity of osteoclasts. Wnt16 failed to inhibit the Wnt5a-induced expression of Rank in osteoclast precursors. In contrast, Wnt5a abrogated the inhibitory effects of Wnt16 on Rankl-induced osteoclastogenesis. These results suggested that Wnt16 inhibited osteoclastogenesis, but not the function of osteoclasts and that Wnt16, an inhibitory Wnt ligand for osteoclastogenesis, regulates bone resorption in conjunction with Wnt5a.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Kobayashi
- Institute for Oral Science, Matsumoto Dental University, Nagano 399-0781, Japan.
| | | | - Yukio Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Masanori Koide
- Institute for Oral Science, Matsumoto Dental University, Nagano 399-0781, Japan
| | - Teruhito Yamashita
- Institute for Oral Science, Matsumoto Dental University, Nagano 399-0781, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Uehara
- Department of Biochemistry, Matsumoto Dental University, Nagano 399-0781, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Udagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Matsumoto Dental University, Nagano 399-0781, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Takahashi
- Institute for Oral Science, Matsumoto Dental University, Nagano 399-0781, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Li C, Wang W, Xie L, Luo X, Cao X, Wan M. Lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 is required for parathyroid hormone-induced Sost suppression. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1364:62-73. [PMID: 25847683 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) suppresses the expression of the bone formation inhibitor sclerostin (Sost) in osteocytes by inducing nuclear accumulation of histone deacetylases (HDACs) to inhibit the myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2)-dependent Sost bone enhancer. Previous studies revealed that lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) mediates the intracellular signaling activation and the anabolic bone effect of PTH. Here, we investigated whether LRP6 mediates the inhibitory effect of PTH on Sost using an osteoblast-specific Lrp6-knockout (LRP6-KO) mouse model. An increased level of Sost mRNA expression was detected in femur tissue from LRP6-KO mice, compared to wild-type littermates. The number of osteocytes expressing sclerostin protein was also increased in bone tissue of LRP6-KO littermates, indicating a negative regulatory role of LRP6 on Sost/sclerostin. In wild-type littermates, intermittent PTH treatment significantly suppressed Sost mRNA expression in bone and the number of sclerostin(+) osteocytes, while the effect of PTH was much less significant in LRP6-KO mice. Additionally, PTH-induced downregulation of MEF2C and 2D, as well as HDAC changes in osteocytes, were abrogated in LRP6-KO mice. These data indicate that LRP6 is required for PTH suppression of Sost expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changjun Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Weishan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Liang Xie
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xianghang Luo
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xu Cao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mei Wan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Yu H, Sun H, Bai Y, Han J, Liu G, Liu Y, Zhang N. MEF2D overexpression contributes to the progression of osteosarcoma. Gene 2015; 563:130-5. [PMID: 25814384 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The underlying molecular pathogenesis of osteosarcoma remains poorly understood. The transcription factor MEF2D promotes the survival of various types of cells and functions as an oncogene in liver cancer. However, its potential contribution to osteosarcoma has not been explored. In this study, we investigated MEF2D expression and function in osteosarcoma, finding that MEF2D elevation in osteosarcoma clinical specimens was associated with patients' poor prognosis. MEF2D suppression was shown to decrease the proliferation of osteosarcoma cells, while forced expression of MEF2D was able to promote the proliferation of normal bone fibroblast. Notably, MEF2D silencing abolished osteosarcoma tumorigenicity in an animal model. Mechanistic investigations revealed that MEF2D silencing triggered G2-M arrest in osteosarcoma cells by suppressing RPRM and CDKN1A. miR-144 was found to suppress the expression of MEF2D in osteosarcoma cells. Collectively, our results demonstrated that MEF2D is a candidate oncogene for osteosarcoma and a potential molecular target for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haichi Yu
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Honghui Sun
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Yunshen Bai
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Jinhua Han
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Guomin Liu
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Yi Liu
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.
| | - Nan Zhang
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Wein MN, Spatz J, Nishimori S, Doench J, Root D, Babij P, Nagano K, Baron R, Brooks D, Bouxsein M, Pajevic PD, Kronenberg HM. HDAC5 controls MEF2C-driven sclerostin expression in osteocytes. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:400-11. [PMID: 25271055 PMCID: PMC4342334 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Osteocytes secrete paracrine factors that regulate the balance between bone formation and destruction. Among these molecules, sclerostin (encoded by the gene SOST) inhibits osteoblastic bone formation and is an osteoporosis drug target. The molecular mechanisms underlying SOST expression remain largely unexplored. Here, we report that histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5) negatively regulates sclerostin levels in osteocytes in vitro and in vivo. HDAC5 shRNA increases, whereas HDAC5 overexpression decreases SOST expression in the novel murine Ocy454 osteocytic cell line. HDAC5 knockout mice show increased levels of SOST mRNA, more sclerostin-positive osteocytes, decreased Wnt activity, low trabecular bone density, and reduced bone formation by osteoblasts. In osteocytes, HDAC5 binds and inhibits the function of MEF2C, a crucial transcription factor for SOST expression. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we have mapped endogenous MEF2C binding in the SOST gene to a distal intergenic enhancer 45 kB downstream from the transcription start site. HDAC5 deficiency increases SOST enhancer MEF2C chromatin association and H3K27 acetylation and decreases recruitment of corepressors NCoR and HDAC3. HDAC5 associates with and regulates the transcriptional activity of this enhancer, suggesting direct regulation of SOST gene expression by HDAC5 in osteocytes. Finally, increased sclerostin production achieved by HDAC5 shRNA is abrogated by simultaneous knockdown of MEF2C, indicating that MEF2C is a major target of HDAC5 in osteocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc N. Wein
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Jordan Spatz
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
- Harvard–Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Division of Health Sciences and Technology (HST), Bioastronautics Program, Cambridge, MA, 02139
- Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, BIDMC, Boston, MA, 02215
| | | | - John Doench
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - David Root
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Philip Babij
- Department of Metabolic Disorders, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320
| | | | - Roland Baron
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Daniel Brooks
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
- Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, BIDMC, Boston, MA, 02215
| | - Mary Bouxsein
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
- Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, BIDMC, Boston, MA, 02215
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Johnson ML. Unlocking the sost gene. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:397-9. [PMID: 25588824 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark L Johnson
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City (UMKC), Kansas City, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Vanderschueren D, Laurent MR, Claessens F, Gielen E, Lagerquist MK, Vandenput L, Börjesson AE, Ohlsson C. Sex steroid actions in male bone. Endocr Rev 2014; 35:906-60. [PMID: 25202834 PMCID: PMC4234776 DOI: 10.1210/er.2014-1024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Sex steroids are chief regulators of gender differences in the skeleton, and male gender is one of the strongest protective factors against osteoporotic fractures. This advantage in bone strength relies mainly on greater cortical bone expansion during pubertal peak bone mass acquisition and superior skeletal maintenance during aging. During both these phases, estrogens acting via estrogen receptor-α in osteoblast lineage cells are crucial for male cortical and trabecular bone, as evident from conditional genetic mouse models, epidemiological studies, rare genetic conditions, genome-wide meta-analyses, and recent interventional trials. Genetic mouse models have also demonstrated a direct role for androgens independent of aromatization on trabecular bone via the androgen receptor in osteoblasts and osteocytes, although the target cell for their key effects on periosteal bone formation remains elusive. Low serum estradiol predicts incident fractures, but the highest risk occurs in men with additionally low T and high SHBG. Still, the possible clinical utility of serum sex steroids for fracture prediction is unknown. It is likely that sex steroid actions on male bone metabolism rely also on extraskeletal mechanisms and cross talk with other signaling pathways. We propose that estrogens influence fracture risk in aging men via direct effects on bone, whereas androgens exert an additional antifracture effect mainly via extraskeletal parameters such as muscle mass and propensity to fall. Given the demographic trends of increased longevity and consequent rise of osteoporosis, an increased understanding of how sex steroids influence male bone health remains a high research priority.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Vanderschueren
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (D.V.) and Gerontology and Geriatrics (M.R.L., E.G.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (M.R.L., F.C.); and Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases (D.V., M.R.L., E.G.), KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; and Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (M.K.L., L.V., A.E.B., C.O.), Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|