1
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Quadri N, Upadhyai P. Primary cilia in skeletal development and disease. Exp Cell Res 2023; 431:113751. [PMID: 37574037 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are non-motile, microtubule-based sensory organelle present in most vertebrate cells with a fundamental role in the modulation of organismal development, morphogenesis, and repair. Here we focus on the role of primary cilia in embryonic and postnatal skeletal development. We examine evidence supporting its involvement in physiochemical and developmental signaling that regulates proliferation, patterning, differentiation and homeostasis of osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and their progenitor cells in the skeleton. We discuss how signaling effectors in mechanotransduction and bone development, such as Hedgehog, Wnt, Fibroblast growth factor and second messenger pathways operate at least in part at the primary cilium. The relevance of primary cilia in bone formation and maintenance is underscored by a growing list of rare genetic skeletal ciliopathies. We collate these findings and summarize the current understanding of molecular factors and mechanisms governing primary ciliogenesis and ciliary function in skeletal development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Quadri
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Priyanka Upadhyai
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
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2
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Zhang J, Du L, Davis B, Gu Z, Lyu J, Zhao Z, Xu J, Morrison SJ. Osteolectin increases bone elongation and body length by promoting growth plate chondrocyte proliferation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2220159120. [PMID: 37216542 PMCID: PMC10235998 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2220159120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteolectin is a recently identified osteogenic growth factor that binds to Integrin α11 (encoded by Itga11), promoting Wnt pathway activation and osteogenic differentiation by bone marrow stromal cells. While Osteolectin and Itga11 are not required for the formation of the skeleton during fetal development, they are required for the maintenance of adult bone mass. Genome-wide association studies in humans reported a single-nucleotide variant (rs182722517) 16 kb downstream of Osteolectin associated with reduced height and plasma Osteolectin levels. In this study, we tested whether Osteolectin promotes bone elongation and found that Osteolectin-deficient mice have shorter bones than those of sex-matched littermate controls. Integrin α11 deficiency in limb mesenchymal progenitors or chondrocytes reduced growth plate chondrocyte proliferation and bone elongation. Recombinant Osteolectin injections increased femur length in juvenile mice. Human bone marrow stromal cells edited to contain the rs182722517 variant produced less Osteolectin and underwent less osteogenic differentiation than that of control cells. These studies identify Osteolectin/Integrin α11 as a regulator of bone elongation and body length in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhu Zhang
- Children’s Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
| | - Liming Du
- Children’s Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
| | - Bethany Davis
- Children’s Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
| | - Zhimin Gu
- Children’s Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
| | - Junhua Lyu
- Children’s Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
| | - Zhiyu Zhao
- Children’s Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
| | - Jian Xu
- Children’s Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
| | - Sean J. Morrison
- Children’s Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
- HHMI, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
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3
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Lu K, Wang Q, Jiang H, Li J, Yao Z, Huang Y, Chen J, Zhang Y, Xiao G, Hu X, Luo Z, Yang L, Tong L, Chen D. Upregulation of β-catenin signaling represents a single common pathway leading to the various phenotypes of spinal degeneration and pain. Bone Res 2023; 11:18. [PMID: 37059724 PMCID: PMC10104801 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-023-00253-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Spine degeneration is an aging-related disease, but its molecular mechanisms remain unknown, although elevated β-catenin signaling has been reported to be involved in intervertebral disc degeneration. Here, we determined the role of β-catenin signaling in spinal degeneration and in the homeostasis of the functional spinal unit (FSU), which includes the intervertebral disc, vertebra and facet joint and is the smallest physiological motion unit of the spine. We showed that pain sensitivity in patients with spinal degeneration is highly correlated with β-catenin protein levels. We then generated a mouse model of spinal degeneration by transgenic expression of constitutively active β-catenin in Col2+ cells. We found that β-catenin-TCF7 activated the transcription of CCL2, a known critical factor in osteoarthritic pain. Using a lumbar spine instability model, we showed that a β-catenin inhibitor relieved low back pain. Our study indicates that β-catenin plays a critical role in maintaining spine tissue homeostasis, its abnormal upregulation leads to severe spinal degeneration, and its targeting could be an avenue to treat this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Lu
- Research Center for Computer-aided Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qingyun Wang
- Research Center for Computer-aided Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Division of Spine Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zhou Yao
- Institute of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongcan Huang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianquan Chen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yejia Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Departments of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Guozhi Xiao
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xueyu Hu
- Institute of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhuojing Luo
- Institute of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Institute of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liping Tong
- Research Center for Computer-aided Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Di Chen
- Research Center for Computer-aided Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
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4
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Xu Q, Luo Y, Chao Z, Zhang J, Liu X, Tang Q, Wang K, Tan S, Fang M. Integrated Analysis of Transcriptome Expression Profiles Reveals miRNA-326-NKX3.2-Regulated Porcine Chondrocyte Differentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087257. [PMID: 37108419 PMCID: PMC10138716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The porcine body length trait is an essential factor affecting meat production and reproductive performance. It is evident that the development/lengthening of individual vertebrae is one of the main reasons for increases in body length; however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, RNA-seq analysis was used to profile the transcriptome (lncRNA, mRNA, and miRNA) of the thoracic intervertebral cartilage (TIC) at two time points (1 and 4 months) during vertebral column development in Yorkshire (Y) and Wuzhishan pigs (W). There were four groups: 1- (Y1) and 4-month-old (Y4) Yorkshire pigs and 1- (W1) and 4-month-old (W4) Wuzhishan pigs. In total, 161, 275, 86, and 126 differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs, 1478, 2643, 404, and 750 DE genes (DEGs), and 74,51, 34, and 23 DE miRNAs (DE miRNAs) were identified in the Y4 vs. Y1, W4 vs. W1, Y4 vs. W4, and Y1 vs. W1 comparisons, respectively. Functional analysis of these DE transcripts (DETs) demonstrated that they had participated in various biological processes, such as cellular component organization or biogenesis, the developmental process, the metabolic process, bone development, and cartilage development. The crucial bone development-related candidate genes NK3 Homeobox 2 (NKX3.2), Wnt ligand secretion mediator (WLS), gremlin 1 (GREM1), fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3), hematopoietically expressed homeobox (HHEX), (collagen type XI alpha 1 chain (COL11A1), and Wnt Family Member 16 (WNT16)) were further identified by functional analysis. Moreover, lncRNA, miRNA, and gene interaction networks were constructed; a total of 55 lncRNAs, 6 miRNAs, and 7 genes formed lncRNA-gene, miRNA-gene, and lncRNA-miRNA-gene pairs, respectively. The aim was to demonstrate that coding and non-coding genes may co-regulate porcine spine development through interaction networks. NKX3.2 was identified as being specifically expressed in cartilage tissues, and it delayed chondrocyte differentiation. miRNA-326 regulated chondrocyte differentiation by targeting NKX3.2. The present study provides the first non-coding RNA and gene expression profiles in the porcine TIC, constructs the lncRNA-miRNA-gene interaction networks, and confirms the function of NKX3.2 in vertebral column development. These findings contribute to the understanding of the potential molecular mechanisms regulating pig vertebral column development. They expand our knowledge about the differences in body length between different pig species and provide a foundation for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Xu
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yabiao Luo
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhe Chao
- Institute of Animal Sciences and Veterinary, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571100, China
| | - Jibin Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91006, USA
| | - Ximing Liu
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qiguo Tang
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kejun Wang
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuyi Tan
- Institute of Animal Sciences and Veterinary, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571100, China
| | - Meiying Fang
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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5
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Au TYK, Yip RKH, Wynn SL, Tan TY, Fu A, Geng YH, Szeto IYY, Niu B, Yip KY, Cheung MCH, Lovell-Badge R, Cheah KSE. Hypomorphic and dominant-negative impact of truncated SOX9 dysregulates Hedgehog-Wnt signaling, causing campomelia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2208623119. [PMID: 36584300 PMCID: PMC9910594 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2208623119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency for SOX9, the master chondrogenesis transcription factor, can underlie campomelic dysplasia (CD), an autosomal dominant skeletal malformation syndrome, because heterozygous Sox9 null mice recapitulate the bent limb (campomelia) and some other phenotypes associated with CD. However, in vitro cell assays suggest haploinsufficiency may not apply for certain mutations, notably those that truncate the protein, but in these cases in vivo evidence is lacking and underlying mechanisms are unknown. Here, using conditional mouse mutants, we compared the impact of a heterozygous Sox9 null mutation (Sox9+/-) with the Sox9+/Y440X CD mutation that truncates the C-terminal transactivation domain but spares the DNA-binding domain. While some Sox9+/Y440X mice survived, all Sox9+/- mice died perinatally. However, the skeletal defects were more severe and IHH signaling in developing limb cartilage was significantly enhanced in Sox9+/Y440X compared with Sox9+/-. Activating Sox9Y440X specifically in the chondrocyte-osteoblast lineage caused milder campomelia, and revealed cell- and noncell autonomous mechanisms acting on chondrocyte differentiation and osteogenesis in the perichondrium. Transcriptome analyses of developing Sox9+/Y440X limbs revealed dysregulated expression of genes for the extracellular matrix, as well as changes consistent with aberrant WNT and HH signaling. SOX9Y440X failed to interact with β-catenin and was unable to suppress transactivation of Ihh in cell-based assays. We propose enhanced HH signaling in the adjacent perichondrium induces asymmetrically localized excessive perichondrial osteogenesis resulting in campomelia. Our study implicates combined haploinsufficiency/hypomorphic and dominant-negative actions of SOX9Y440X, cell-autonomous and noncell autonomous mechanisms, and dysregulated WNT and HH signaling, as the cause of human campomelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Y. K. Au
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, China
| | - Raymond K. H. Yip
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sarah L. Wynn
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tiong Y. Tan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alex Fu
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yu Hong Geng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, China
| | - Irene Y. Y. Szeto
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ben Niu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kevin Y. Yip
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Martin C. H. Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Kathryn S. E. Cheah
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, China
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6
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Wang F, Rummukainen P, Pehkonen M, Säämänen AM, Heino TJ, Kiviranta R. Mesenchymal cell-derived Wnt1 signaling regulates subchondral bone remodeling but has no effects on the development of growth plate or articular cartilage in mice. Bone 2022; 163:116497. [PMID: 35863746 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Chondrocyte differentiation is a principal progress in endochondral ossification and in the formation of secondary ossification center (SOC) during the long bone development. We have previously reported that targeted deletion of Wnt1 in mesenchymal progenitors (Wnt1Prrx-/-) leads to spontaneous fractures and severe osteopenia in mouse long bones, suggesting that Wnt1 is a key regulator of bone metabolism. However, the effect of Wnt1 on the regulation of cartilage development and chondrocyte differentiation remained unknown. In this study, WNT1 protein expression was observed in lateral superficial cartilage and growth plate pre-hypertrophic chondrocytes in mice. Wnt1 mRNA expression was detected in epiphyseal cartilage from E16.5 to 3 month-old mice. Detailed histological analyses revealed that the average thickness and chondrocyte density of proximal tibial articular cartilage and growth plate were unchanged between Wnt1Prrx-/- and control mice. However, μCT analysis of tibial epiphyses showed that the subchondral bone mass was reduced in Wnt1Prrx-/- mice compared to control mice, as demonstrated by decreased bone volume, trabecular number, trabecular thickness, and increased trabecular separation in Wnt1Prrx-/- mice. Mechanistically, histomorphometric analyses showed that the reduced subchondral bone mass in Wnt1Prrx-/- mice was due to impaired bone formation and enhanced bone resorption. In vitro, exogenous Wnt1 inhibited chondrogenesis and chondrocyte hypertrophy in both cell autonomous and juxtacrine manners, while matrix mineralization and the expression of Mmp13, Mmp9 and Opn were induced in a juxtacrine manner. Taken together, mesenchymal cell-derived Wnt1 is an important regulator of subchondral bone remodeling, although it has no effect on the regulation of growth plate or articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wang
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | | | - Matias Pehkonen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Terhi J Heino
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Riku Kiviranta
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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7
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Tiffany AS, Harley BA. Growing Pains: The Need for Engineered Platforms to Study Growth Plate Biology. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2200471. [PMID: 35905390 PMCID: PMC9547842 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202200471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Growth plates, or physis, are highly specialized cartilage tissues responsible for longitudinal bone growth in children and adolescents. Chondrocytes that reside in growth plates are organized into three distinct zones essential for proper function. Modeling key features of growth plates may provide an avenue to develop advanced tissue engineering strategies and perspectives for cartilage and bone regenerative medicine applications and a platform to study processes linked to disease progression. In this review, a brief introduction of the growth plates and their role in skeletal development is first provided. Injuries and diseases of the growth plates as well as physiological and pathological mechanisms associated with remodeling and disease progression are discussed. Growth plate biology, namely, its architecture and extracellular matrix organization, resident cell types, and growth factor signaling are then focused. Next, opportunities and challenges for developing 3D biomaterial models to study aspects of growth plate biology and disease in vitro are discussed. Finally, opportunities for increasingly sophisticated in vitro biomaterial models of the growth plate to study spatiotemporal aspects of growth plate remodeling, to investigate multicellular signaling underlying growth plate biology, and to develop platforms that address key roadblocks to in vivo musculoskeletal tissue engineering applications are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleczandria S. Tiffany
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Brendan A.C. Harley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
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8
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Harati J, Tao X, Shahsavarani H, Du P, Galluzzi M, Liu K, Zhang Z, Shaw P, Shokrgozar MA, Pan H, Wang PY. Polydopamine-Mediated Protein Adsorption Alters the Epigenetic Status and Differentiation of Primary Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells (hASCs). Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:934179. [PMID: 36032703 PMCID: PMC9399727 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.934179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polydopamine (PDA) is a biocompatible cell-adhesive polymer with versatile applications in biomedical devices. Previous studies have shown that PDA coating could improve cell adhesion and differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). However, there is still a knowledge gap in the effect of PDA-mediated protein adsorption on the epigenetic status of MSCs. This work used gelatin-coated cell culture surfaces with and without PDA underlayer (Gel and PDA-Gel) to culture and differentiate primary human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs). The properties of these two substrates were significantly different, which, in combination with a variation in extracellular matrix (ECM) protein bioactivity, regulated cell adhesion and migration. hASCs reduced focal adhesions by downregulating the expression of integrins such as αV, α1, α2, and β1 on the PDA-Gel compared to the Gel substrate. Interestingly, the ratio of H3K27me3 to H3K27me3+H3K4me3 was decreased, but this only occurred for upregulation of AGG and BMP4 genes during chondrogenic differentiation. This result implies that the PDA-Gel surface positively affects the chondrogenic, but not adipogenic and osteogenic, differentiation. In conclusion, for the first time, this study demonstrates the sequential effects of PDA coating on the biophysical property of adsorbed protein and then focal adhesions and differentiation of hMSCs through epigenetic regulation. This study sheds light on PDA-mediated mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Harati
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen College of Advanced Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Lab Regenerative Medicine and Biomedical Innovations, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Xuelian Tao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hosein Shahsavarani
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ping Du
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Massimiliano Galluzzi
- Materials Interfaces Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen College of Advanced Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peter Shaw
- Oujiang Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer’s Disease of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Aging, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mohammad Ali Shokrgozar
- Lab Regenerative Medicine and Biomedical Innovations, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Haobo Pan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Peng-Yuan Wang, ; Haobo Pan,
| | - Peng-Yuan Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Oujiang Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer’s Disease of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Aging, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Peng-Yuan Wang, ; Haobo Pan,
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9
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Tan XH, Liu L, Mitryashkin A, Wang Y, Goh JCH. Silk Fibroin as a Bioink - A Thematic Review of Functionalization Strategies for Bioprinting Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:3242-3270. [PMID: 35786841 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Bioprinting is an emerging tissue engineering technique that has attracted the attention of researchers around the world, for its ability to create tissue constructs that recapitulate physiological function. While the technique has been receiving hype, there are still limitations to the use of bioprinting in practical applications, much of which is due to inappropriate bioink design that is unable to recapitulate complex tissue architecture. Silk fibroin (SF) is an exciting and promising bioink candidate that has been increasingly popular in bioprinting applications because of its processability, biodegradability, and biocompatibility properties. However, due to its lack of optimum gelation properties, functionalization strategies need to be employed so that SF can be effectively used in bioprinting applications. These functionalization strategies are processing methods which allow SF to be compatible with specific bioprinting techniques. Previous literature reviews of SF as a bioink mainly focus on discussing different methods to functionalize SF as a bioink, while a comprehensive review on categorizing SF functional methods according to their potential applications is missing. This paper seeks to discuss and compartmentalize the different strategies used to functionalize SF for bioprinting and categorize the strategies for each bioprinting method (namely, inkjet, extrusion, and light-based bioprinting). By compartmentalizing the various strategies for each printing method, the paper illustrates how each strategy is better suited for a target tissue application. The paper will also discuss applications of SF bioinks in regenerating various tissue types and the challenges and future trends that SF can take in its role as a bioink material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Hao Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Design, National University of Singapore, 15 Kent Ridge Crescent, E7-06-03, Singapore 119276, Singapore.,Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme, National University of Singapore, University Hall, Tan Chin Tuan Wing, #05-03, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Design, National University of Singapore, 15 Kent Ridge Crescent, E7-06-03, Singapore 119276, Singapore
| | - Alexander Mitryashkin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Design, National University of Singapore, 15 Kent Ridge Crescent, E7-06-03, Singapore 119276, Singapore
| | - Yunyun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Design, National University of Singapore, 15 Kent Ridge Crescent, E7-06-03, Singapore 119276, Singapore
| | - James Cho Hong Goh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Design, National University of Singapore, 15 Kent Ridge Crescent, E7-06-03, Singapore 119276, Singapore.,Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme, National University of Singapore, University Hall, Tan Chin Tuan Wing, #05-03, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119077, Singapore.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, NUHS Tower Block, Level 11, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119288, Singapore
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10
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The Emerging Role of Cell Transdifferentiation in Skeletal Development and Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115974. [PMID: 35682655 PMCID: PMC9180549 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate musculoskeletal system is known to be formed by mesenchymal stem cells condensing into tissue elements, which then differentiate into cartilage, bone, tendon/ligament, and muscle cells. These lineage-committed cells mature into end-stage differentiated cells, like hypertrophic chondrocytes and osteocytes, which are expected to expire and to be replaced by newly differentiated cells arising from the same lineage pathway. However, there is emerging evidence of the role of cell transdifferentiation in bone development and disease. Although the concept of cell transdifferentiation is not new, a breakthrough in cell lineage tracing allowed scientists to trace cell fates in vivo. Using this powerful tool, new theories have been established: (1) hypertrophic chondrocytes can transdifferentiate into bone cells during endochondral bone formation, fracture repair, and some bone diseases, and (2) tendon cells, beyond their conventional role in joint movement, directly participate in normal bone and cartilage formation, and ectopic ossification. The goal of this review is to obtain a better understanding of the key roles of cell transdifferentiation in skeletal development and diseases. We will first review the transdifferentiation of chondrocytes to bone cells during endochondral bone formation. Specifically, we will include the history of the debate on the fate of chondrocytes during bone formation, the key findings obtained in recent years on the critical factors and molecules that regulate this cell fate change, and the role of chondrocyte transdifferentiation in skeletal trauma and diseases. In addition, we will also summarize the latest discoveries on the novel roles of tendon cells and adipocytes on skeletal formation and diseases.
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11
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Muruganandan S, Pierce R, Teguh DA, Perez RF, Bell N, Nguyen B, Hohl K, Snyder BD, Grinstaff MW, Alberico H, Woods D, Kong Y, Sima C, Bhagat S, Ho K, Rosen V, Gamer L, Ionescu AM. A FoxA2+ long-term stem cell population is necessary for growth plate cartilage regeneration after injury. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2515. [PMID: 35523895 PMCID: PMC9076650 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30247-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Longitudinal bone growth, achieved through endochondral ossification, is accomplished by a cartilaginous structure, the physis or growth plate, comprised of morphologically distinct zones related to chondrocyte function: resting, proliferating and hypertrophic zones. The resting zone is a stem cell-rich region that gives rise to the growth plate, and exhibits regenerative capabilities in response to injury. We discovered a FoxA2+group of long-term skeletal stem cells, situated at the top of resting zone, adjacent the secondary ossification center, distinct from the previously characterized PTHrP+ stem cells. Compared to PTHrP+ cells, FoxA2+ cells exhibit higher clonogenicity and longevity. FoxA2+ cells exhibit dual osteo-chondro-progenitor activity during early postnatal development (P0-P28) and chondrogenic potential beyond P28. When the growth plate is injured, FoxA2+ cells expand in response to trauma, and produce physeal cartilage for growth plate tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugam Muruganandan
- Department of Biology, 134 Mugar Life Sciences Building, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Rachel Pierce
- Department of Biology, 134 Mugar Life Sciences Building, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Dian Astari Teguh
- Centre for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | | | - Nicole Bell
- New York University College of Dentistry, 345 E.24th St, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Brandon Nguyen
- Moderna Therapeutics, One Upland Rd, Norwood, Ohio, MA, 02062, USA
| | - Katherine Hohl
- Centre for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry, and Medicine, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Ave, SCI 518, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Brian D Snyder
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mark W Grinstaff
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry, and Medicine, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Ave, SCI 518, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Hannah Alberico
- Department of Biology, 134 Mugar Life Sciences Building, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Dori Woods
- Department of Biology, 134 Mugar Life Sciences Building, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Yiwei Kong
- Department of Biology, 134 Mugar Life Sciences Building, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Corneliu Sima
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sanket Bhagat
- Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical, 840 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Kailing Ho
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Vicki Rosen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Laura Gamer
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Andreia M Ionescu
- Department of Biology, 134 Mugar Life Sciences Building, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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12
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Hsu HC, Ke YL, Lai YH, Hsieh WC, Lin CH, Huang SS, Peng JY, Chen CH. Chondroitin Sulfate Enhances Proliferation and Migration via Inducing β-Catenin and Intracellular ROS as Well as Suppressing Metalloproteinases through Akt/NF-κB Pathway Inhibition in Human Chondrocytes. J Nutr Health Aging 2022; 26:307-313. [PMID: 35297475 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-022-1752-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is found in humans' cartilage, bone, cornea, skin, and arterial wall. It consists of the foundation substance in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of connective tissue. The oral supplement form of CS is clinically used in treating osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS Cell migration was observed by the transwell assay. The EMT, Akt/IKK/IκB pathways, TIMPs, collagen and MMPs in cell lysate were determined by Western blotting. The expression of MMP activity was determined by gelatin zymography. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was determined by using a fluorescence spectrophotometer. RESULTS In the current report, we demonstrated that CS can increase the cell proliferation and migration of chon-001 chondrocytes. Treatment with CS induced the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and increased the expression of type II collagen and TIMP-1/TIMP2 and inhibited the expressions and activities of metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2). The phosphorylation of Akt, IκB kinase (IKK), IκB and p65 was decreased by CS. CS treatment resulted in β-catenin production and XAV939, a β-catenin inhibitor, and inhibited the cell proliferation by CS treatment. In addition, also significantly induced intracellular ROS generation. Treatment with antioxidant propyl gallate blocked cell migration induced by CS. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that CS induced cell proliferation and migration of chondrocytes by inducing β-catenin and enhancing ROS production. Moreover, our studies demonstrated that CS can increase the activity of chondrocytes and help patients with osteoarthritis to restore cartilage function.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-C Hsu
- Ching-Hsein Chen, Professor, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biopharmaceuticals, College of Life Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City 60004, Taiwan, ROC. E-mail:
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13
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Distinctive Roles of Wnt Signaling in Chondrogenic Differentiation of BMSCs under Coupling of Pressure and Platelet-Rich Fibrin. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2022; 19:823-837. [PMID: 35467329 PMCID: PMC9294129 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-022-00456-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although newly formed constructs of feasible pressure-preadjusted bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) showed biomechanical flexibility and superior capacity for cartilage regeneration, it is still not very clear how BMSCs and seed cells feel mechanical stimuli and convert them into biological signals, and the difference in signal transduction underlying mechanical and chemical cues is also unclear. METHODS To determine whether mechanical stimulation (hydrostatic pressure) and chemical cues (platelet-rich fibrin, PRF) activate canonical or noncanonical Wnt signaling in BMSCs, BMSCs cocultured with PRF were subjected to hydrostatic pressure loading, and the activation of the Wnt signaling molecules and expression of cartilage-associated proteins and genes were determined by western blotting and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Inhibitors of canonical or noncanonical Wnt signaling, XVX-939 or L690,330, were adopted to investigate the role of Wnt signaling molecules in mechanically promoted chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs. RESULTS Hydrostatic pressure of 120 kPa activated both Wnt/β-catenin signaling and Wnt/Ca2+ signaling, with the the maximum promotion effect at 60 min. PRF exerted no synergistic effect on Wnt/β-catenin signaling activation. However, the growth factors released by PRF might reverse the promotion effects of pressure on Wnt/Ca2+ signaling. Real-time PCR and Western blotting results showed that pressure could activate the expression of Col-II, Sox9, and aggrecan in BMSCs cocultured with PRF. Blocking experiment found a positive role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, and a negative role of Wnt/Ca2+ signaling in chondrogenic differentiation of the BMSCs. Mutual inhibition exists between canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling in BMSCs under pressure. CONCLUSION Wnt signaling participates in the pressure-promoted chondrogenesis of the BMSCs co-cultured with PRF, with canonical and noncanonical pathways playing distinct roles during the process.
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14
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Rajpar I, Tomlinson RE. Function of peripheral nerves in the development and healing of tendon and bone. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 123:48-56. [PMID: 33994302 PMCID: PMC8589913 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Although the functions of the peripheral nervous system in whole body homeostasis and sensation have been understood for many years, recent investigation has uncovered new roles for innervation in the musculoskeletal system. This review centers on advances regarding the function of nerves in the development and repair of two connected tissues: tendon and bone. Innervation in healthy tendons is generally confined to the tendon sheaths, and tendon-bone attachment units are typically aneural. In contrast to tendon, bone is an innervated and vascularized structure. Historically, the function of abundant peripheral nerves in bone has been limited to pain and some non-painful sensory perception in disease and injury. Indeed, much of our understanding of peripheral nerves in tendons, bones, and entheses is limited to the source and type of innervation in healthy and injured tissues. However, more recent studies have made important observations regarding the appearance, type, and innervation patterns of nerves during embryonic and postnatal development and in response to injury, which suggest a more expansive role for peripheral nerves in the formation of musculoskeletal tissues. Indeed, tendons and bones develop in a close spatiotemporal relationship in the embryonic mesoderm. Models of limb denervation have shed light on the importance of sensory innervation in bone and to a lesser extent, tendon development, and more recent work has unraveled key nerve signaling pathways. Furthermore, loss of sensory innervation also impairs healing of bone fractures and may contribute to chronic tendinopathy. However, more study is required to translate our knowledge of peripheral nerves to therapeutic strategies to combat bone and tendon diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibtesam Rajpar
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ryan E Tomlinson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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15
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Rashid H, Chen H, Javed A. Runx2 is required for hypertrophic chondrocyte mediated degradation of cartilage matrix during endochondral ossification. Matrix Biol Plus 2021; 12:100088. [PMID: 34805821 PMCID: PMC8586806 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2021.100088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The RUNX2 transcription factor is a key regulator for the development of cartilage and bone. Global or resting chondrocyte-specific deletion of the Runx2 gene results in failure of chondrocyte hypertrophy, endochondral ossification, and perinatal lethality. The terminally mature hypertrophic chondrocyte regulates critical steps of endochondral ossification. Importantly, expression of the Runx2 gene starts in the resting chondrocyte and increases progressively, reaching the maximum level in hypertrophic chondrocytes. However, the RUNX2 role after chondrocyte hypertrophy remains unknown. To answer this question, we deleted the Runx2 gene specifically in hypertrophic chondrocytes using the Col10-Cre line. Mice lacking the Runx2 gene in hypertrophic chondrocytes (Runx2HC/HC ) survive but exhibit limb dwarfism. Interestingly, the length of the hypertrophic chondrocyte zone is doubled in the growth plate of Runx2HC/HC mice. Expression of pro-apoptotic Bax decreased significantly while anti-apoptotic Bcl2 remains unchanged leading to a four-fold increase in the Bcl2/Bax ratio in mutant mice. In line with this, a significant reduction in apoptosis of Runx2HC/HC hypertrophic chondrocyte is noted. A large amount of cartilage matrix is present in the long bones that extend toward the diaphyseal region of Runx2HC/HC mice. This is not due to enhanced synthesis of the cartilage matrix as the expression of both collagen type 2 and aggrecan were comparable among Runx2HC/HC and WT littermates. Our qPCR analysis demonstrates the increased amount of cartilage matrix is due to impaired expression of cartilage degrading enzymes such as metalloproteinase and aggrecanase as well as tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases. Moreover, a significant decrease of TRAP positive chondroclasts was noted along the cartilage islands in Runx2HC/HC mice. Consistently, qPCR data showed an 81% reduction in the Rankl/Opg ratio in Runx2HC/HC littermates, which is inhibitory for chondroclast differentiation. Finally, we assess if increase cartilage matrix in Runx2HC/HC mice serves as a template for bone and mineral deposition using micro-CT and Von Kossa. The mutant mice exhibit a significant increase in trabecular bone mass compared to littermates. In summary, our findings have uncovered a novel role of Runx2 in apoptosis of hypertrophic chondrocytes and degradation of cartilage matrix during endochondral ossification.
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Key Words
- ACAN, Aggrecan
- Aggrecanase
- Apoptosis
- BAC, Bacterial artificial chromosome
- CCND1, Cyclin D1
- CDK1, Cyclin-dependent kinase 1
- COL10, Collagen type X
- COL2, Collagen type II
- Chondroclast/osteoclast
- Dwarfism
- IHH, Indian hedgehog
- MMP, Matrix metalloproteinase
- Matrix-metalloproteinase
- OPG, Osteoprotegerin
- PCNA, Proliferating cell nuclear antigen
- PTHRP, Parathyroid hormone-related peptide
- RANKL, Receptor activator of nuclear factor Kappa B ligand
- RUNX2, Runt related transcription factor 2
- SOX9, SRY box transcription factor
- TNAP, Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase
- TRAP, Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
- VEGFA, Vascular endothelial growth factor a
- Wnt/PCP, Wnt/planar cell polarity
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Affiliation(s)
- Harunur Rashid
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Haiyan Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Amjad Javed
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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16
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Molfetta L, Casabella A, Rosini S, Saviola G, Palermo A. Role of the osteochondral unit in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis: focus on the potential use of clodronate. Curr Rheumatol Rev 2021; 18:2-11. [PMID: 34615451 DOI: 10.2174/1573397117666211006094117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic disease characterized by inflammation and progressive deterioration of the joint. The etiology of OA includes genetic, phlogistic, dismetabolic and mechanical factors. Historically, cartilage was considered the target of the disease and therapy was aimed at protecting and lubricating the articular cartilage. The osteochondral unit is composed of articular cartilage, calcified cartilage, and subchondral and trabecular bone, which work synergistically to support the functional loading of the joint. Numerous studies today show that OA involves the osteochondral unit, with the participation therefore of the bone in the starting and progression of the disease, which is associated with chondropathy. Cytokines involved in the process leading to cartilage damage are also mediators of subchondral bone edema. Therefore, OA therapy must be based on the use of painkillers and bisphosphonates for both the control of osteometabolic damage and its analgesic activity. Monitoring of the disease of the osteochondral unit must be extensive, since bone marrow edema can be considered as a marker of the evolution of OA. In the present review we discuss some of the pathogenetic mechanisms associated with osteoarthritis, with particular focus on the osteochondral unit and the use of clodronate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Molfetta
- DISC Department of Integrated Surgical and Diagnostic science, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa. Italy
| | - Andrea Casabella
- DiMI Department of Internal Medicine Osteoporosis, Bone and Joint Disease Research Center, CROPO, Geno. Italy
| | | | - Gianantonio Saviola
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation Unit of the Institute of Castel Goffredo, Mantua. Italy
| | - Andrea Palermo
- IRCCS Auxologico Italian Institute - 3 Unit of Orthopaedic Surgery - Capitanio Hospital, Milan. Italy
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17
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Abraham SP, Nita A, Krejci P, Bosakova M. Cilia kinases in skeletal development and homeostasis. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:577-608. [PMID: 34582081 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are dynamic compartments that regulate multiple aspects of cellular signaling. The production, maintenance, and function of cilia involve more than 1000 genes in mammals, and their mutations disrupt the ciliary signaling which manifests in a plethora of pathological conditions-the ciliopathies. Skeletal ciliopathies are genetic disorders affecting the development and homeostasis of the skeleton, and encompass a broad spectrum of pathologies ranging from isolated polydactyly to lethal syndromic dysplasias. The recent advances in forward genetics allowed for the identification of novel regulators of skeletogenesis, and revealed a growing list of ciliary proteins that are critical for signaling pathways implicated in bone physiology. Among these, a group of protein kinases involved in cilia assembly, maintenance, signaling, and disassembly has emerged. In this review, we summarize the functions of cilia kinases in skeletal development and disease, and discuss the available and upcoming treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara P Abraham
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandru Nita
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Krejci
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CAS, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Bosakova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CAS, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
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18
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Iimori Y, Morioka M, Koyamatsu S, Tsumaki N. Implantation of Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cartilage in Bone Defects of Mice. Tissue Eng Part A 2021; 27:1355-1367. [PMID: 33567995 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2020.0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although bone has an innate capacity for repair, clinical situations such as comminuted fracture, open fracture, or the surgical resection of bone tumors produce critical-sized bone defects that exceed the capacity and require external intervention. Initiating endochondral ossification (EO) by the implantation of a cartilaginous template into the bone defect is a relatively new approach to cure critical-sized bone defects. The combination of chondrogenically primed mesenchymal stromal/stem cells and artificial scaffolds has been the most extensively studied approach for inducing endochondral bone formation in bone defects. In this study, we prepared cartilage (human-induced pluripotent stem [hiPS]-Cart) from hiPS cells (hiPSCs) in a scaffoldless manner and implanted hiPS-Cart into 3.5 mm large defects created in the femurs of immunodeficient mice to examine the repair capacity. For the control, nothing was implanted into the defects. The implantation of hiPS-Cart significantly induced more new bone in the defect compared with the control. Culture periods for the chondrogenic differentiation of hiPSCs significantly affected the speed of bone induction, with less time resulting in faster bone formation. Histological analysis revealed that hiPS-Cart induced new bone formation in a manner resembling EO of the secondary ossification center, with the cartilage canal, which extended from the periphery to the center of hiPS-Cart, initially forming in unmineralized cartilage, followed by chondrocyte hypertrophy at the center. In the newly formed bone, the majority of osteocytes, osteoblasts, and adipocytes expressed human nuclear antigen (HNA), suggesting that these types of cells mainly derived from the perichondrium of hiPS-Cart. Osteoclasts and blood vessel cells did not express HNA and thus were mouse. Finally, integration between the newly formed bone and mouse femur was attained substantially. Although hiPS-Cart induced new bone that filled bone defects, the newly formed bone, which is a hybrid of human and mouse, had not remodeled to mature bone within the observation period of this study (28 weeks).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Iimori
- Cell Induction and Regulation Field, Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Miho Morioka
- Cell Induction and Regulation Field, Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Saeko Koyamatsu
- Cell Induction and Regulation Field, Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Tsumaki
- Cell Induction and Regulation Field, Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Destouni A, Tsolis KC, Economou A, Papathanasiou I, Balis C, Mourmoura E, Tsezou A. Chondrocyte protein co-synthesis network analysis links ECM mechanosensing to metabolic adaptation in osteoarthritis. Expert Rev Proteomics 2021; 18:623-635. [PMID: 34348542 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2021.1962299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common structural OA disorders globally. Incomplete understanding of the fundamental biological aspects of osteoarthritis underlies the current lack of effective treatment or disease modifying drugs. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We implemented a systems approach by making use of the statistical network concepts in Weighted Gene Co-expression Analysis to reconstruct the organization of the core proteome network in chondrocytes obtained from OA patients and healthy individuals. Protein modules reflect groups of tightly co-ordinated changes in protein abundance across healthy and OA chondrocytes. RESULTS The unbiased systems analysis identified extracellular matrix (ECM) mechanosensing and glycolysis as two modules that are most highly correlated with ΟΑ. The ECM module was enriched in the OA genetic risk factors tenascin-C (TNC) and collagen 11A1 (COL11A1), as well as in cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), a biomarker associated with cartilage integrity. Mapping proteins that are unique to OA or healthy chondrocytes onto the core interactome, which connects microenvironment sensing and regulation of glycolysis, identified differences in metabolic and anti-inflammatory adaptation. CONCLUSION The interconnection between cartilage ECM remodeling and metabolism is indicative of the dynamic chondrocyte states and their significance in osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aspasia Destouni
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Konstantinos C Tsolis
- KULeuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anastassios Economou
- KULeuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ioanna Papathanasiou
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Charalampos Balis
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Evanthia Mourmoura
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Aspasia Tsezou
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
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20
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Wang X, Chen X, Lu L, Yu X. Alcoholism and Osteoimmunology. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:1815-1828. [PMID: 32334496 DOI: 10.2174/1567201816666190514101303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic consumption of alcohol has an adverse effect on the skeletal system, which may lead to osteoporosis, delayed fracture healing and osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Currently, the treatment is limited, therefore, there is an urgent need to determine the underline mechanism and develop a new treatment. It is well-known that normal bone remodeling relies on the balance between osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and - mediated bone formation. Various factors can destroy the balance, including the dysfunction of the immune system. In this review, we summarized the relevant research in the alcoholic osteopenia with a focus on the abnormal osteoimmunology signals. We provided a new theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of the alcoholic bone. METHODS We searched PubMed for publications from 1 January 1980 to 1 February 2020 to identify relevant and recent literature, summarizing evaluation and the prospect of alcoholic osteopenia. Detailed search terms were 'alcohol', 'alcoholic osteoporosis', 'alcoholic osteopenia' 'immune', 'osteoimmunology', 'bone remodeling', 'osteoporosis treatment' and 'osteoporosis therapy'. RESULTS A total of 135 papers are included in the review. About 60 papers described the mechanisms of alcohol involved in bone remodeling. Some papers were focused on the pathogenesis of alcohol on bone through osteoimmune mechanisms. CONCLUSION There is a complex network of signals between alcohol and bone remodeling and intercellular communication of osteoimmune may be a potential mechanism for alcoholic bone. Studying the osteoimmune mechanism is critical for drug development specific to the alcoholic bone disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuwen Wang
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lingyun Lu
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xijie Yu
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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21
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Xie M, Chagin AS. The epiphyseal secondary ossification center: Evolution, development and function. Bone 2021; 142:115701. [PMID: 33091640 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bone age is used widely by pediatricians to assess the skeletal maturity of a child and predict growth potential. This entails measuring the size of secondary ossification centers (SOCs), which develop with age in the ends of long bones, which are initially cartilaginous. However, little is presently known about the developmental biology, evolution and functional role of these skeletal elements. Here, we summarize the knowledge currently available in this area and discuss potential primary functions of the SOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xie
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrei S Chagin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Russia.
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22
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Sutter PA, Karki S, Crawley I, Singh V, Bernt KM, Rowe DW, Crocker SJ, Bayarsaihan D, Guzzo RM. Mesenchyme-specific loss of Dot1L histone methyltransferase leads to skeletal dysplasia phenotype in mice. Bone 2021; 142:115677. [PMID: 33022452 PMCID: PMC7744341 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chromatin modifying enzymes play essential roles in skeletal development and bone maintenance, and deregulation of epigenetic mechanisms can lead to skeletal growth and malformation disorders. Here, we report a novel skeletal dysplasia phenotype in mice with conditional loss of Disruptor of telomeric silencing 1-like (Dot1L) histone methyltransferase in limb mesenchymal progenitors and downstream descendants. Phenotypic characterizations of mice with Dot1L inactivation by Prrx1-Cre (Dot1L-cKOPrrx1) revealed limb shortening, abnormal bone morphologies, and forelimb dislocations. Our in vivo and in vitro data support a crucial role for Dot1L in regulating growth plate chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation, extracellular matrix production, and secondary ossification center formation. Micro-computed tomography analysis of femurs revealed that partial loss of Dot1L expression is sufficient to impair trabecular bone formation and microarchitecture in young mice. Moreover, RNAseq analysis of Dot1L deficient chondrocytes implicated Dot1L in the regulation of key genes and pathways necessary to promote cell cycle regulation and skeletal growth. Collectively, our data show that early expression of Dot1L in limb mesenchyme provides essential regulatory control of endochondral bone morphology, growth, and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearl A Sutter
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, United States of America
| | - Sangita Karki
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, United States of America
| | - Ilan Crawley
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, United States of America
| | - Vijender Singh
- Bioinformatics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States of America
| | - Kathrin M Bernt
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - David W Rowe
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, United States of America; Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, Farmington, CT, United States of America
| | - Stephen J Crocker
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, United States of America
| | - Dashzeveg Bayarsaihan
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, United States of America; Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, Farmington, CT, United States of America
| | - Rosa M Guzzo
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, United States of America.
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23
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Culley KL, Singh P, Lessard S, Wang M, Rourke B, Goldring MB, Otero M. Mouse Models of Osteoarthritis: Surgical Model of Post-traumatic Osteoarthritis Induced by Destabilization of the Medial Meniscus. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2221:223-260. [PMID: 32979207 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0989-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The surgical model of destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) has become a gold standard for studying the onset and progression of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (OA). The DMM model mimics clinical meniscal injury, a known predisposing factor for the development of human OA, and permits the study of structural and biological changes over the course of the disease. In addition, when applied to genetically modified or engineered mouse models, this surgical procedure permits dissection of the relative contribution of a given gene to OA initiation and/or progression. This chapter describes the requirements for the surgical induction of OA in mouse models, and provides guidelines and tools for the subsequent histological, immunohistochemical, and molecular analyses. Methods for the assessment of the contributions of selected genes in genetically modified strains are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty L Culley
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, HSS Research Institute, The Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Purva Singh
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, HSS Research Institute, The Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samantha Lessard
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, HSS Research Institute, The Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mengying Wang
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, HSS Research Institute, The Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brennan Rourke
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, HSS Research Institute, The Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mary B Goldring
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, HSS Research Institute, The Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miguel Otero
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, HSS Research Institute, The Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA.
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24
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Mishima K, Fujita A, Mizuno S, Matsushita M, Nagata T, Kamiya Y, Miyake N, Matsumoto N, Imagama S, Kitoh H. Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease in a patient with Bardet-Biedl syndrome: A case report of a novel MKKS/BBS6 mutation. Clin Case Rep 2020; 8:3110-3115. [PMID: 33363891 PMCID: PMC7752338 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.3357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reports a girl with Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) having a novel causative mutation who developed Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCPD). There exists a possibility that the prognosis of LCPD had been adversely affected by the concomitant BBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Mishima
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Atsushi Fujita
- Department of Human GeneticsYokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohamaJapan
| | - Seiji Mizuno
- Division of Medical GeneticsAichi Developmental Disability CenterKasugaiJapan
| | - Masaki Matsushita
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Tadashi Nagata
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Yasunari Kamiya
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Noriko Miyake
- Department of Human GeneticsYokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohamaJapan
| | - Naomichi Matsumoto
- Department of Human GeneticsYokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohamaJapan
| | - Shiro Imagama
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Hiroshi Kitoh
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryAichi Children’s Health and Medical CenterObuJapan
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25
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Bosakova M, Abraham SP, Nita A, Hruba E, Buchtova M, Taylor SP, Duran I, Martin J, Svozilova K, Barta T, Varecha M, Balek L, Kohoutek J, Radaszkiewicz T, Pusapati GV, Bryja V, Rush ET, Thiffault I, Nickerson DA, Bamshad MJ, Rohatgi R, Cohn DH, Krakow D, Krejci P. Mutations in GRK2 cause Jeune syndrome by impairing Hedgehog and canonical Wnt signaling. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e11739. [PMID: 33200460 PMCID: PMC7645380 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201911739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in genes affecting primary cilia cause ciliopathies, a diverse group of disorders often affecting skeletal development. This includes Jeune syndrome or asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy (ATD), an autosomal recessive skeletal disorder. Unraveling the responsible molecular pathology helps illuminate mechanisms responsible for functional primary cilia. We identified two families with ATD caused by loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding adrenergic receptor kinase 1 (ADRBK1 or GRK2). GRK2 cells from an affected individual homozygous for the p.R158* mutation resulted in loss of GRK2, and disrupted chondrocyte growth and differentiation in the cartilage growth plate. GRK2 null cells displayed normal cilia morphology, yet loss of GRK2 compromised cilia-based signaling of Hedgehog (Hh) pathway. Canonical Wnt signaling was also impaired, manifested as a failure to respond to Wnt ligand due to impaired phosphorylation of the Wnt co-receptor LRP6. We have identified GRK2 as an essential regulator of skeletogenesis and demonstrate how both Hh and Wnt signaling mechanistically contribute to skeletal ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Bosakova
- Department of BiologyFaculty of MedicineMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
- International Clinical Research CenterSt. Anne's University HospitalBrnoCzech Republic
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CASBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Sara P Abraham
- Department of BiologyFaculty of MedicineMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Alexandru Nita
- Department of BiologyFaculty of MedicineMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Eva Hruba
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CASBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Marcela Buchtova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CASBrnoCzech Republic
| | - S Paige Taylor
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Ivan Duran
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Jorge Martin
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Katerina Svozilova
- Department of BiologyFaculty of MedicineMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CASBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Tomas Barta
- Department of Histology and EmbryologyFaculty of MedicineMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Miroslav Varecha
- Department of BiologyFaculty of MedicineMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Lukas Balek
- Department of BiologyFaculty of MedicineMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | | | - Tomasz Radaszkiewicz
- Institute of Experimental BiologyFaculty of ScienceMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Ganesh V Pusapati
- Department of BiochemistryStanford UniversityPalo AltoCAUSA
- Department of MedicineStanford UniversityPalo AltoCAUSA
| | - Vitezslav Bryja
- Institute of Experimental BiologyFaculty of ScienceMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Eric T Rush
- Children's Mercy Kansas City, Center for Pediatric Genomic MedicineKansas CityMOUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of MissouriKansas CityMOUSA
| | - Isabelle Thiffault
- Children's Mercy Kansas City, Center for Pediatric Genomic MedicineKansas CityMOUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of MissouriKansas CityMOUSA
| | | | - Michael J Bamshad
- Department of Genome SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
- Division of Genetic MedicineSeattle Children's HospitalSeattleWAUSA
| | | | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Department of BiochemistryStanford UniversityPalo AltoCAUSA
- Department of MedicineStanford UniversityPalo AltoCAUSA
| | - Daniel H Cohn
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCAUSA
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of California at Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Deborah Krakow
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCAUSA
- Department of Human GeneticsDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCAUSA
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Pavel Krejci
- Department of BiologyFaculty of MedicineMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
- International Clinical Research CenterSt. Anne's University HospitalBrnoCzech Republic
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CASBrnoCzech Republic
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26
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Miyatake K, Kumagai K, Imai S, Yamaguchi Y, Inaba Y. Sclerostin inhibits interleukin-1β-induced late stage chondrogenic differentiation through downregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239651. [PMID: 32976505 PMCID: PMC7518574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that Wnt/β-catenin signaling induces endochondral ossification and plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis (OA). Sclerostin is a potent inhibitor of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. This study investigated the role of sclerostin in the endochondral differentiation under an OA-like condition induced by proinflammatory cytokines. ATDC5 cells were used to investigate chondrogenic differentiation and terminal calcification, and 10 ng/ml IL-1β and/or 200 ng/ml sclerostin were added to the culture medium. IL-1β impaired early chondrogenesis from undifferentiated state into proliferative chondrocytes, and it was not altered by sclerostin. IL-1β induced progression of chondrogenic differentiation in the late stage and promoted terminal calcification. These processes were inhibited by sclerostin and chondrogenic phenotype was restored. In addition, sclerostin restored IL-1β-induced upregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the late stage. This study provides insights into the possible role of sclerostin in the chondrogenic differentiation under the IL-1β-induced OA-like environment. Suppression of Wnt signaling by an antagonist may play a key role in the maintenance of articular homeostasis and has a potential to prevent the progression of OA. Thus, sclerostin is a candidate treatment option for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Miyatake
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ken Kumagai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Sosuke Imai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yasuteru Yamaguchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yutaka Inaba
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
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27
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Oichi T, Otsuru S, Usami Y, Enomoto-Iwamoto M, Iwamoto M. Wnt signaling in chondroprogenitors during long bone development and growth. Bone 2020; 137:115368. [PMID: 32380258 PMCID: PMC7354209 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Wnt signaling together with other signaling pathways governs cartilage development and the growth plate function during long bone formation and growth. β-catenin-dependent Wnt signaling is a specific lineage determinant of skeletal mesenchymal cells toward chondrogenic or osteogenic direction. Once cartilage forms and the growth plate organize, Wnt signaling continues to regulate proliferation and differentiation of the growth plate chondrocytes. Although chondrocytes in the growth plate have a high capacity to proliferate, new cells must be supplied to the growth plate from chondroprogenitor population. Advances in in vivo cell tracking techniques have demonstrated the importance of Wnt signaling in driving tissue renewal. The Wnt-responsive cells, genetically marked by the Wnt-reporter system, are found as stem cells in various tissues. Similarly, Wnt-responsive cells are found in the periphery of the growth plate and expanded to constitute entire column structure, indicating that Wnt signaling participates in the regulation of chondroprogenitors in the growth plate. This review will discuss advancements in research of progenitors in the growth plate, specifically focusing on Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Oichi
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Satoru Otsuru
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yu Usami
- Department of Oral Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Motomi Enomoto-Iwamoto
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Masahiro Iwamoto
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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28
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Liang Y, Li W, Li X, Nan J. Involvement of PI3K/Akt/β-catenin signaling in schisandrin B-mitigated bone deterioration in an experimental rat model of estrogen deficiency. Arch Med Sci 2020; 19:1520-1529. [PMID: 37732059 PMCID: PMC10507775 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2020.92873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Schisandrin B (SchB) has been reported to perform a wide range of biological functions, including antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity and stimulation of osteoblast proliferation. However, the function and mechanism of SchB in ovariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporosis are still unknown. The present study was designed to investigate the anti-osteoporotic activity of SchB in an experimental rat model of estrogen deficiency, which is usually used to mimic human postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO). Material and methods OVX rats were orally treated with low (10 mg/kg) or high (50 mg/kg) doses of SchB for 8 weeks. Bone metabolism-related markers were measured by ELISA. The levels of protein expression were determined by western blotting analysis. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and safranin O staining were performed to analyze trabecular bone and cartilage degeneration. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining was used to evaluate osteoclast differentiation. Results SchB administration markedly increased serum Ca levels and bone Ca content and decreased urinary calcium excretion in OVX-operated rats. In addition, high-dosage SchB treatment blocked osteoclastogenesis and improved trabecular bone and cartilage degeneration in the tibia of OVX-operated rats. Furthermore, high-dosage SchB treatment dramatically elevated the protein expression of phospho-PI3K, phospho-Akt and β-catenin in OVX-operated rats. Conclusions SchB exerted anti-osteoporotic activity in OVX-operated rats by accelerating the phosphorylation of PI3K and Akt, subsequently upregulating the expression of β-catenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People’s Hospital of Taizhou, Taizhou, China
| | - Wei Li
- The Second Clinical School of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People’s Hospital of Taizhou, Taizhou, China
| | - Jun Nan
- Department of Spine Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, China
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29
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Zhou Y, Lu H, Deng L, Lin CH, Pennington Klein K, Wu M. HMGB2 is associated with pressure loading in chondrocytes of temporomandibular joint: In vitro and in vivo study. Cytokine 2020; 126:154875. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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30
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Turner BRH, Itasaki N. Local modulation of the Wnt/β-catenin and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) pathways recapitulates rib defects analogous to cerebro-costo-mandibular syndrome. J Anat 2019; 236:931-945. [PMID: 31884688 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribs are seldom affected by developmental disorders, however, multiple defects in rib structure are observed in the spliceosomal disease cerebro-costo-mandibular syndrome (CCMS). These defects include rib gaps, found in the posterior part of the costal shaft in multiple ribs, as well as missing ribs, shortened ribs and abnormal costotransverse articulations, which result in inadequate ventilation at birth and high perinatal mortality. The genetic mechanism of CCMS is a loss-of-function mutation in SNRPB, a component of the major spliceosome, and knockdown of this gene in vitro affects the activity of the Wnt/β-catenin and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) pathways. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether altering these pathways in vivo can recapitulate rib gaps and other rib abnormalities in the model animal. Chick embryos were implanted with beads soaked in Wnt/β-catenin and BMP pathway modulators during somitogenesis, and incubated until the ribs were formed. Some embryos were harvested in the preceding days for analysis of the chondrogenic marker Sox9, to determine whether pathway modulation affected somite patterning or chondrogenesis. Wnt/β-catenin inhibition manifested characteristic rib phenotypes seen in CCMS, including rib gaps (P < 0.05) and missing ribs (P < 0.05). BMP pathway activation did not cause rib gaps but yielded missing rib (P < 0.01) and shortened rib phenotypes (P < 0.05). A strong association with vertebral phenotypes was also noted with BMP4 (P < 0.001), including scoliosis (P < 0.05), a feature associated with CCMS. Reduced expression of Sox9 was detected with Wnt/β-catenin inhibition, indicating that inhibition of chondrogenesis precipitated the rib defects in the presence of Wnt/β-catenin inhibitors. BMP pathway activators also reduced Sox9 expression, indicating an interruption of somite patterning in the manifestation of rib defects with BMP4. The present study demonstrates that local inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin and activation of the BMP pathway can recapitulate rib defects, such as those observed in CCMS. The balance of Wnt/β-catenin and BMP in the somite is vital for correct rib morphogenesis, and alteration of the activity of these two pathways in CCMS may perturb this balance during somite patterning, leading to the observed rib defects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nobue Itasaki
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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31
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Peck SH, Tobias JW, Shore EM, Malhotra NR, Haskins ME, Casal ML, Smith LJ. Molecular profiling of failed endochondral ossification in mucopolysaccharidosis VII. Bone 2019; 128:115042. [PMID: 31442675 PMCID: PMC6813906 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.115042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) VII is a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by deficient activity of β-glucuronidase, leading to progressive accumulation of incompletely degraded heparan, dermatan, and chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Patients with MPS VII exhibit progressive skeletal deformity including kyphoscoliosis and joint dysplasia, which decrease quality of life and increase mortality. Previously, using the naturally-occurring canine model, we demonstrated that one of the earliest skeletal abnormalities to manifest in MPS VII is failed initiation of secondary ossification in vertebrae and long bones at the requisite postnatal developmental stage. The objective of this study was to obtain global insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying this failed initiation of secondary ossification. Epiphyseal tissue was isolated postmortem from the vertebrae of control and MPS VII-affected dogs at 9 and 14 days-of-age (n = 5 for each group). Differences in global gene expression across this developmental window for both cohorts were measured using whole-transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq). Principal Component Analysis revealed clustering of samples within each group, indicating clear effects of both age and disease state. At 9 days-of-age, 1375 genes were significantly differentially expressed between MPS VII and control, and by 14 days-of-age, this increased to 4719 genes. A targeted analysis focused on signaling pathways important in the regulation of endochondral ossification was performed, and a subset of gene expression differences were validated using qPCR. Osteoactivin (GPNMB) was the top upregulated gene in MPS VII at both ages. In control samples, temporal changes in gene expression from 9 to 14 days-of-age were consistent with chondrocyte maturation, cartilage resorption, and osteogenesis. In MPS VII samples, however, elements of key osteogenic pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin and BMP signaling were not upregulated during this same developmental window suggesting that important bone formation pathways are not activated. In conclusion, this study represents an important step towards identifying therapeutic targets and biomarkers for bone disease in MPS VII patients during postnatal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun H Peck
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John W Tobias
- Penn Genomic Analysis Core, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eileen M Shore
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 415 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Neil R Malhotra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mark E Haskins
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Margret L Casal
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lachlan J Smith
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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32
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Diederichs S, Tonnier V, März M, Dreher SI, Geisbüsch A, Richter W. Regulation of WNT5A and WNT11 during MSC in vitro chondrogenesis: WNT inhibition lowers BMP and hedgehog activity, and reduces hypertrophy. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3875-3889. [PMID: 30980110 PMCID: PMC11105731 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Re-directing mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) chondrogenesis towards a non-hypertrophic articular chondrocyte-(AC)-like phenotype is important for improving articular cartilage neogenesis to enhance clinical cartilage repair strategies. This study is the first to demonstrate that high levels of non-canonical WNT5A followed by WNT11 and LEF1 discriminated MSC chondrogenesis from AC re-differentiation. Moreover, β-catenin seemed incompletely silenced in differentiating MSCs, which altogether suggested a role for WNT signaling in hypertrophic MSC differentiation. WNT inhibition with the small molecule IWP-2 supported MSC chondrogenesis according to elevated proteoglycan deposition and reduced the characteristic upregulation of BMP4, BMP7 and their target ID1, as well as IHH and its target GLI1 observed during endochondral differentiation. Along with the pro-hypertrophic transcription factor MEF2C, multiple hypertrophic downstream targets including IBSP and alkaline phosphatase activity were reduced by IWP-2, demonstrating that WNT activity drives BMP and hedgehog upregulation, and MSC hypertrophy. WNT inhibition almost matched the strong anti-hypertrophic capacity of pulsed parathyroid hormone-related protein application, and both outperformed suppression of BMP signaling with dorsomorphin, which also reduced cartilage matrix deposition. Yet, hypertrophic marker expression under IWP-2 remained above AC level, and in vivo mineralization and ectopic bone formation were reduced but not eliminated. Overall, the strong anti-hypertrophic effects of IWP-2 involved inhibition but not silencing of pro-hypertrophic BMP and IHH pathways, and more advanced silencing of WNT activity as well as combined application of IHH or BMP antagonists should next be considered to install articular cartilage neogenesis from human MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solvig Diederichs
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Veronika Tonnier
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melanie März
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon I Dreher
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Geisbüsch
- Clinic for Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wiltrud Richter
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
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33
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Indirubin-3'-oxime stimulates chondrocyte maturation and longitudinal bone growth via activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-10. [PMID: 31515471 PMCID: PMC6802626 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0306-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers have shown increased interest in determining what stimulates height. Currently, many children undergo precocious puberty, resulting in short stature due to premature closure of the growth plate. However, the current approach for height enhancement is limited to growth hormone treatment, which often results in side effects and clinical failure and is costly. Although recent studies have indicated the importance of paracrine signals in the growth plate for longitudinal bone growth, height-stimulating agents targeting the signaling pathways involved in growth plate maturation remain unavailable in the clinic. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway plays a major role in the maturation of growth plate chondrocytes. In this study, by using an ex vivo tibial culture system, we identified indirubin-3′-oxime (I3O) as a compound capable of enhancing longitudinal bone growth. I3O promoted chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation via activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in vitro. Intraperitoneal injection of I3O in adolescent mice increased growth plate height along with incremental chondrocyte maturation. I3O promoted tibial growth without significant adverse effects on bone thickness and articular cartilage. Therefore, I3O could be a potential therapeutic agent for increasing height in children with growth retardation. A compound that stimulates longitudinal bone growth could lead to safer treatments for children with short stature. Growth hormone treatments can normalize development in some children with growth hormone deficiency, but the side effects can be severe. Researchers led by Kang-Yell Choi at Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea, have determined that chemical stimulation of a critical cell signaling pathway involving bone growth may offer a better approach for growing taller. Longitudinal growth of bones is driven by the proliferation and differentiation of cartilage cells in the growth plate. Choi and colleagues screened a chemical library and identified a compound derived from traditional Chinese herbs, which efficiently promotes this bone growth process in cultured cartilage cells and in the tibias of three-week-old mice. This compound appears safe, suggesting a potentially better avenue for promoting height growth.
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34
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Catheline SE, Hoak D, Chang M, Ketz JP, Hilton MJ, Zuscik MJ, Jonason JH. Chondrocyte-Specific RUNX2 Overexpression Accelerates Post-traumatic Osteoarthritis Progression in Adult Mice. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:1676-1689. [PMID: 31189030 PMCID: PMC7047611 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RUNX2 is a transcription factor critical for chondrocyte maturation and normal endochondral bone formation. It promotes the expression of factors catabolic to the cartilage extracellular matrix and is upregulated in human osteoarthritic cartilage and in murine articular cartilage following joint injury. To date, in vivo studies of RUNX2 overexpression in cartilage have been limited to forced expression in osteochondroprogenitor cells preventing investigation into the effects of chondrocyte-specific RUNX2 overexpression in postnatal articular cartilage. Here, we used the Rosa26Runx2 allele in combination with the inducible Col2a1CreERT2 transgene or the inducible AcanCreERT2 knock-in allele to achieve chondrocyte-specific RUNX2 overexpression (OE) during embryonic development or in the articular cartilage of adult mice, respectively. RUNX2 OE was induced at embryonic day 13.5 (E13.5) for all developmental studies. Histology and in situ hybridization analyses suggest an early onset of chondrocyte hypertrophy and accelerated terminal maturation in the limbs of the RUNX2 OE embryos compared to control embryos. For all postnatal studies, RUNX2 OE was induced at 2 months of age. Surprisingly, no histopathological signs of cartilage degeneration were observed even 6 months following induction of RUNX2 OE. Using the meniscal/ligamentous injury (MLI), a surgical model of knee joint destabilization and meniscal injury, however, we found that RUNX2 OE accelerates the progression of cartilage degeneration following joint trauma. One month following MLI, the numbers of MMP13-positive and TUNEL-positive chondrocytes were significantly greater in the articular cartilage of the RUNX2 OE joints compared to control joints and 2 months following MLI, histomorphometry and Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) scoring revealed decreased cartilage area in the RUNX2 OE joints. Collectively, these results suggest that although RUNX2 overexpression alone may not be sufficient to initiate the OA degenerative process, it may predetermine the rate of OA onset and/or progression following traumatic joint injury. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Catheline
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Donna Hoak
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Martin Chang
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - John P Ketz
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Matthew J Hilton
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael J Zuscik
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Orthopedic Research Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jennifer H Jonason
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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Ramachandran J, Liu Z, Gray RS, Vokes SA. PRMT5 is necessary to form distinct cartilage identities in the knee and long bone. Dev Biol 2019; 456:154-163. [PMID: 31442442 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
During skeletal development, limb progenitors become specified as chondrocytes and subsequently differentiate into specialized cartilage compartments. We previously showed that the arginine dimethyl transferase, PRMT5, is essential for regulating the specification of progenitor cells into chondrocytes within early limb buds. Here, we report that PRMT5 regulates the survival of a separate progenitor domain that gives rise to the patella. Independent of its role in knee development, PRMT5 regulates several distinct types of chondrocyte differentiation within the long bones. Chondrocytes lacking PRMT5 have a striking blockage in hypertrophic chondrocyte differentiation and are marked by abnormal gene expression. PRMT5 remains important for articular cartilage and hypertrophic cell identity during adult stages, indicating an ongoing role in homeostasis of these tissues. We conclude that PRMT5 is required for distinct steps of early and late chondrogenic specialization and is thus a critical component of multiple aspects of long bone development and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janani Ramachandran
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, 100 E 24th Street, Stop A5000, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Zhaoyang Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatrics Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, TX, 78723, USA
| | - Ryan S Gray
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, 103 W. 24th Street, A2703, Austin, TX, 78712, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatrics Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, TX, 78723, USA
| | - Steven A Vokes
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, 100 E 24th Street, Stop A5000, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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36
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Xing W, Godwin C, Pourteymoor S, Mohan S. Conditional disruption of the osterix gene in chondrocytes during early postnatal growth impairs secondary ossification in the mouse tibial epiphysis. Bone Res 2019; 7:24. [PMID: 31646014 PMCID: PMC6804621 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-019-0064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous studies, we have found that the prepubertal increase in thyroid hormone levels induces osterix (Osx) signaling in hypertrophic chondrocytes to transdifferentiate them into osteoblasts. To test if Osx expressed in chondrocytes directly contributes to transdifferentiation and secondary ossification, we generated Osx flox/flox ; Col2-Cre-ERT2 mice and knocked out Osx with a single injection of tamoxifen at postnatal day (P) 3 prior to evaluation of the epiphyseal bone phenotype by µCT, histology, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) at P21. Vehicle (oil)-treated Osx flox/flox ; Col2-Cre-ERT2 and tamoxifen-treated, Cre-negative Osx flox/flox mice were used as controls. µCT analysis of tibial epiphyses revealed that trabecular bone mass was reduced by 23% in the Osx conditional knockout (cKO) compared with control mice. Trabecular number and thickness were reduced by 28% and 8%, respectively, while trabecular separation was increased by 24% in the cKO mice. Trichrome staining of longitudinal sections of tibial epiphyses showed that bone area and bone area adjusted for total area were decreased by 22% and 18%, respectively. IHC studies revealed the presence of abundant Osx-expressing prehypertrophic chondrocytes in the epiphyses of control mice at P10, but not in the cKO mice. Furthermore, expression levels of MMP13, COL10, ALP, and BSP were considerably reduced in the epiphyses of cKO mice. We also found that Osx overexpression in ATDC5 chondrocytes increased expression of Col10, Mmp13, Alp, and Bsp. Our data indicate that Osx expressed in chondrocytes plays a significant role in secondary ossification by regulating expression of genes involved in chondrocyte hypertrophy and osteoblast transdifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weirong Xing
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, CA 92357 USA
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92357 USA
| | - Catrina Godwin
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, CA 92357 USA
| | - Sheila Pourteymoor
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, CA 92357 USA
| | - Subburaman Mohan
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, CA 92357 USA
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92357 USA
- Department of Orthopedics, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92357 USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92357 USA
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37
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Diederichs S, Tonnier V, März M, Dreher SI, Geisbüsch A, Richter W. Regulation of WNT5A and WNT11 during MSC in vitro chondrogenesis: WNT inhibition lowers BMP and hedgehog activity, and reduces hypertrophy. CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR LIFE SCIENCES : CMLS 2019. [PMID: 30980110 DOI: 10.1007/s00018‐019‐03099‐0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Re-directing mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) chondrogenesis towards a non-hypertrophic articular chondrocyte-(AC)-like phenotype is important for improving articular cartilage neogenesis to enhance clinical cartilage repair strategies. This study is the first to demonstrate that high levels of non-canonical WNT5A followed by WNT11 and LEF1 discriminated MSC chondrogenesis from AC re-differentiation. Moreover, β-catenin seemed incompletely silenced in differentiating MSCs, which altogether suggested a role for WNT signaling in hypertrophic MSC differentiation. WNT inhibition with the small molecule IWP-2 supported MSC chondrogenesis according to elevated proteoglycan deposition and reduced the characteristic upregulation of BMP4, BMP7 and their target ID1, as well as IHH and its target GLI1 observed during endochondral differentiation. Along with the pro-hypertrophic transcription factor MEF2C, multiple hypertrophic downstream targets including IBSP and alkaline phosphatase activity were reduced by IWP-2, demonstrating that WNT activity drives BMP and hedgehog upregulation, and MSC hypertrophy. WNT inhibition almost matched the strong anti-hypertrophic capacity of pulsed parathyroid hormone-related protein application, and both outperformed suppression of BMP signaling with dorsomorphin, which also reduced cartilage matrix deposition. Yet, hypertrophic marker expression under IWP-2 remained above AC level, and in vivo mineralization and ectopic bone formation were reduced but not eliminated. Overall, the strong anti-hypertrophic effects of IWP-2 involved inhibition but not silencing of pro-hypertrophic BMP and IHH pathways, and more advanced silencing of WNT activity as well as combined application of IHH or BMP antagonists should next be considered to install articular cartilage neogenesis from human MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solvig Diederichs
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Veronika Tonnier
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melanie März
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon I Dreher
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Geisbüsch
- Clinic for Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wiltrud Richter
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
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38
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Choi S, Kim HY, Cha PH, Seo SH, Lee C, Choi Y, Shin W, Heo Y, Han G, Lee W, Choi KY. CXXC5 mediates growth plate senescence and is a target for enhancement of longitudinal bone growth. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:2/2/e201800254. [PMID: 30971423 PMCID: PMC6458850 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201800254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Longitudinal bone growth ceases with growth plate senescence during puberty. However, the molecular mechanisms of this phenomenon are largely unexplored. Here, we examined Wnt-responsive genes before and after growth plate senescence and found that CXXC finger protein 5 (CXXC5), a negative regulator of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, was gradually elevated with reduction of Wnt/β-catenin signaling during senescent changes of rodent growth plate. Cxxc5 -/- mice demonstrated delayed growth plate senescence and tibial elongation. As CXXC5 functions by interacting with dishevelled (DVL), we sought to identify small molecules capable of disrupting this interaction. In vitro screening assay monitoring CXXC5-DVL interaction revealed that several indirubin analogs were effective antagonists of this interaction. A functionally improved indirubin derivative, KY19382, elongated tibial length through delayed senescence and further activation of the growth plate in adolescent mice. Collectively, our findings reveal an important role for CXXC5 as a suppressor of longitudinal bone growth involving growth plate activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehee Choi
- Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Yi Kim
- Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Pu-Hyeon Cha
- Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seol Hwa Seo
- Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chulho Lee
- Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yejoo Choi
- Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wookjin Shin
- Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yunseok Heo
- Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gyoonhee Han
- Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Weontae Lee
- Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kang-Yell Choi
- Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea .,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,CK Biotechnology Inc, Seoul, Korea
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39
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Qi H, Kim JK, Ha P, Chen X, Chen E, Chen Y, Li J, Pan HC, Yu M, Mohazeb Y, Azer S, Baik L, Kwak JH, Ting K, Zhang X, Hu M, Soo C. Inactivation of Nell-1 in Chondrocytes Significantly Impedes Appendicular Skeletogenesis. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:533-546. [PMID: 30352124 PMCID: PMC6677149 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
NELL-1, an osteoinductive protein, has been shown to regulate skeletal ossification. Interestingly, an interstitial 11p14.1-p15.3 deletion involving the Nell-1 gene was recently reported in a patient with short stature and delayed fontanelle closure. Here we sought to define the role of Nell-1 in endochondral ossification by investigating Nell-1-specific inactivation in Col2α1-expressing cell lineages. Nell-1flox/flox ; Col2α1-Cre+ (Nell-1Col2α1 KO) mice were generated for comprehensive analysis. Nell-1Col2α1 KO mice were born alive but displayed subtle femoral length shortening. At 1 and 3 months postpartum, Nell-1 inactivation resulted in dwarfism and premature osteoporotic phenotypes. Specifically, Nell-1Col2α1 KO femurs and tibias exhibited significantly reduced length, bone mineral density (BMD), bone volume per tissue volume (BV/TV), trabecular number/thickness, cortical volume/thickness/density, and increased trabecular separation. The decreased bone formation rate revealed by dynamic histomorphometry was associated with altered numbers and/or function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Furthermore, longitudinal observations by in vivo micro-CT showed delayed and reduced mineralization at secondary ossification centers in mutants. Histologically, reduced staining intensities of Safranin O, Col-2, Col-10, and fewer BrdU-positive chondrocytes were observed in thinner Nell-1Col2α1 KO epiphyseal plates along with altered distribution and weaker expression level of Ihh, Patched-1, PTHrP, and PTHrP receptor. Primary Nell-1Col2α1 KO chondrocytes also exhibited decreased proliferation and differentiation, and its downregulated expression of the Ihh-PTHrP signaling molecules can be partially rescued by exogenous Nell-1 protein. Moreover, intranuclear Gli-1 protein and gene expression of the Gli-1 downstream target genes, Hip-1 and N-Myc, were also significantly decreased with Nell-1 inactivation. Notably, the rescue effects were diminished/reduced with application of Ihh signaling inhibitors, cyclopamine or GANT61. Taken together, these findings suggest that Nell-1 is a pivotal modulator of epiphyseal homeostasis and endochondral ossification. The cumulative chondrocyte-specific Nell-1 inactivation significantly impedes appendicular skeletogenesis resulting in dwarfism and premature osteoporosis through inhibiting Ihh signaling and predominantly altering the Ihh-PTHrP feedback loop. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huichuan Qi
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China.,Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jong Kil Kim
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pin Ha
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Eric Chen
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yao Chen
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jiayi Li
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hsin Chuan Pan
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mengliu Yu
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Center of Stomatology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, 2nd Yinghuayuan East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yasamin Mohazeb
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sophia Azer
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lloyd Baik
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jin Hee Kwak
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kang Ting
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xinli Zhang
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Chia Soo
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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40
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Tong W, Tower RJ, Chen C, Wang L, Zhong L, Wei Y, Sun H, Cao G, Jia H, Pacifici M, Koyama E, Enomoto-Iwamoto M, Qin L. Periarticular Mesenchymal Progenitors Initiate and Contribute to Secondary Ossification Center Formation During Mouse Long Bone Development. Stem Cells 2019; 37:677-689. [PMID: 30681752 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Long bone development involves the embryonic formation of a primary ossification center (POC) in the incipient diaphysis followed by postnatal development of a secondary ossification center (SOC) at each epiphysis. Studies have elucidated major basic mechanisms of POC development, but relatively little is known about SOC development. To gain insights into SOC formation, we used Col2-Cre Rosa-tdTomato (Col2/Tomato) reporter mice and found that their periarticular region contained numerous Tomato-positive lineage cells expressing much higher Tomato fluorescence (termed TomatoH ) than underlying epiphyseal chondrocytes (termed TomatoL ). With time, the TomatoH cells became evident at the SOC invagination site and cartilage canal, increased in number in the expanding SOC, and were present as mesenchymal lineage cells in the subchondral bone. These data were verified in two mouse lineage tracing models, Col2-CreER Rosa-tdTomato and Gli1-CreER Rosa-tdTomato. In vitro tests showed that the periarticular TomatoH cells from Col2/Tomato mice contained mesenchymal progenitors with multidifferentiation abilities. During canal initiation, the cells expressed vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and migrated into epiphyseal cartilage ahead of individual or clusters of endothelial cells, suggesting a unique role in promoting vasculogenesis. Later during SOC expansion, chondrocytes in epiphyseal cartilage expressed VEGF, and angiogenic blood vessels preceded TomatoH cells. Gene expression analyses of microdissected samples revealed upregulation of MMPs in periarticular cells at the invagination site and suggested potential roles for novel kinase and growth factor signaling pathways in regulating SOC canal initiation. In summary, our data indicate that the periarticular region surrounding epiphyseal cartilage contains mesenchymal progenitors that initiate SOC development and form subchondral bone. Stem Cells 2019;37:677-689.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Robert J Tower
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Chider Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Luqiang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Leilei Zhong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yulong Wei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gaoyuan Cao
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Haoruo Jia
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Maurizio Pacifici
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eiki Koyama
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Motomi Enomoto-Iwamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ling Qin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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41
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Fan L, He Y, Han J, Ybuan P, Guo X, Wang W. The osteoarthritis-associated gene PAPSS2 promotes differentiation and matrix formation in ATDC5 chondrogenic cells. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:5190-5200. [PMID: 30546414 PMCID: PMC6256856 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
3′-Phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate synthetase 2 (PAPSS2) has been shown to be important in the development of normal skeletal structure. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of PAPSS2 in the differentiation of chondrocytes as well as their mechanisms. Using RNA interference-mediated via a lentivirus and a retrovirus, PAPSS2 gene silence and overexpression in ATDC5 chondrogenic cells were performed. Chondrocyte differentiation and chondrogenic-related gene markers associated with extracellular matrix formation were noted. The mRNA and protein expression for Wnt4, β-catenin and SOX9 genes were observed. The PAPSS2 transcript expression levels progressively decline in ATDC5-induced chondrocyte-like cells during differentiation. Silencing of PAPSS2 expression had a significantly attenuating effect on cell differentiation and decreased expression of collagen II and X. In contrast, over-expression of PAPSS2 promoted the differentiation of ATDC5 chondrogenic cells. The mRNA expression levels of Wnt4 and SOX9 decreased significantly in PAPSS2 knock down cells vs. control cells. However, this expression was increased in the cells over-expressing PAPSS2. These data indicate that PAPSS2 regulates aggrecan activity as well as cell differentiation. The findings favor a mechanism by which PAPSS2 induces differentiation in ATDC5 cells via direct regulation of early signaling events that promote formation of collagenous matrix components. This control is probably mediated via extracellular matrix formation Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Fan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Yuan He
- Beijing Novartis Pharma Ltd., Beijing 100004, P.R. China
| | - Jing Han
- Department of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Puwei Ybuan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Clinical Medical College, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712000, P.R. China
| | - Xiong Guo
- Department of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Weizhuo Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
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42
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Luan F, Ma K, Mao J, Yang F, Zhang M, Luan H. Differentiation of human amniotic epithelial cells into osteoblasts is induced by mechanical stretch via the Wnt/β‑catenin signalling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:5717-5725. [PMID: 30365100 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human amniotic epithelial cells (hAECs) have recently been recognized as a potential source of stem cells. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of mechanical stretch on the osteogenic differentiation of hAECs. As it has been previously reported that the physical environment is an important factor in maintaining the phenotype and functionality of differentiated cells, mechanical stretch was use to mimic the mechanical environment in the present study, with the following parameters: 5% elongation of the hAECs at a frequency of 0.5 Hz, with evaluation at 2, 6, 12 and 24 h time points. The osteogenic differentiation process of the hAECs followed by mechanical stimulation was evaluated by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR), western blotting and immunocytochemistry. Additionally, in a parallel study, a runt‑related transcription factor 2 (Runx2)/core binding factor α 1 (Cbfa1)‑specific short hairpin RNA (shRNA) plasmid vector and a scrambled shRNA control plasmid was constructed for transfection into the hAECs prior to mechanical stimulation. The cultured hAECs exhibited a cobblestone‑shaped epithelial‑like phenotype and were positive for stage‑specific embryonic antigen‑4, cytokeratin‑19, cluster of differentiation 44 and octamer‑binding protein 4, as detected by flow cytometry, western blotting or confocal microscopy. The qPCR and western blotting data demonstrated that the mRNA and protein expression levels of Runx2/Cbfa1, alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin were upregulated compared with the control group following stretching and they peaked at 12 h. These results indicated that the osteogenic differentiation of the hAECs was induced by mechanical stimuli. Additionally, the mRNA and protein expression levels of β‑catenin and cyclin D were increased significantly following stretching; however, they were decreased following Runx2/Cbfa1‑shRNA transfection as observed by RT‑qPCR and western blotting. These results suggested that the Wnt/β‑catenin pathway may have an important role in mechanical stretch‑induced osteogenic differentiation of the hAECs. Furthermore, the combination of stretch and osteogenic induction medium had synergistic effects on the osteogenic differentiation. The results of the present study demonstrated that mechanical stimuli have an important role in osteogenic differentiation of hAECs via the Wnt/β‑catenin signalling pathway, which may be a potential therapeutic strategy in bone regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujun Luan
- Department of Orthopedics, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, P.R. China
| | - Kunlong Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, P.R. China
| | - Jia Mao
- Department of Dermatology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, P.R. China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, P.R. China
| | - Minghua Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, P.R. China
| | - Hexu Luan
- Department of Orthopedics, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, P.R. China
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43
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Cheng X, Li PZ, Wang G, Yan Y, Li K, Brand-Saberi B, Yang X. Microbiota-derived lipopolysaccharide retards chondrocyte hypertrophy in the growth plate through elevating Sox9 expression. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:2593-2605. [PMID: 30264889 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating data show that the cytotoxicity of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from microbiota or infection is associated with many disorders observed in the clinics. However, it is still obscure whether or not embryonic osteogenesis is affected by the LPS exposure during gestation. Using the early chicken embryo model, we could demonstrate that LPS exposure inhibits chondrogenesis of the 8-day chicken embryos by Alcian Blue-staining and osteogenesis of 17-day by Alcian Blue and Alizarin Red staining. Further analysis of the growth plates showed that the length of the proliferating zone (PZ) increases whereas that of the hypertrophic zone (HZ) decreased following LPS exposure. However there is no significant change on cell proliferation in the growth plates. Immunofluorescent staining, western blot analysis, and quantitive polymerase chain reaction revealed that Sox9 and Col2a1 are highly expressed at the messenger RNA level and their protein products are also abundant. LPS exposure causes a downregulation of Runx2 and Col10a1 expression in 8-day hindlimbs, and a suppression of Runx2, Col10a1, and Vegfa expression in 17-day phalanges. Knocking down Sox9 in ATDC5 cells by small interfering RNA transfection lead to the expression reduction of Col2a1, Runx2, and Col10a1, implying the vital role of Sox9 in the process of LPS-induced delay in the transition from proliferating chondrocytes to hypertrophic chondrocytes in the growth plate. In the presence of LPS, the antioxidant defense regulator nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is highly expressed, and the activities of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), SOD2, and glutaredoxin rise in 17-day phalanges and ADTC5 cells. Simultaneously, an increase of intracellular ROS is observed. When Nrf2 expression was knocked down in ATDC5 cells, the expressions of Sox9, Col2a1, Runx2, Col10a1, and Vegfa were also going down as well. Taken together, our current data suggest that LPS exposure during gestation could restrict the chondrocytes conversion from proliferating to hypertrophic in the growth plate, in which LPS-induced Sox9 plays a crucial role to trigger the cascade of downstream genes by excessive ROS production and Nrf2 elevation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cheng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic, Development & Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei-Zhi Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic, Development & Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guang Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic, Development & Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Yan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic, Development & Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic, Development & Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Beate Brand-Saberi
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Xuesong Yang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic, Development & Prenatal Medicine, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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44
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Yamaguchi Y, Kumagai K, Imai S, Miyatake K, Saito T. Sclerostin is upregulated in the early stage of chondrogenic differentiation, but not required in endochondral ossification in vitro. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201839. [PMID: 30071108 PMCID: PMC6072128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerostin is a potent inhibitor of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Wnt signaling pathways have multiple roles in the regulation of cartilage development, growth, and maintenance. This study focused on the role of sclerostin in the process of chondrogenic differentiation. We hypothesized that sclerostin is essential to induce chondrogenic differentiation and regulate endochondral ossification. ATDC5 cells were used to investigate chondrogenic differentiation and terminal calcification. During chondrogenic differentiation, intrinsic sclerostin was upregulated in the early stage, but downregulated in the late stage. Addition of sclerostin elevated expressions of Sox9 and Col2a1 (P<0.05) and reduced expressions of Runx2, Col10a1, MMP-3, MMP-13, and ADAMTS5 (P<0.05) through inhibition of the Wnt-β-catenin signaling pathway (P<0.05). Terminal calcification was significantly inhibited by sclerostin (P<0.05). In contrast, deletion of sclerostin decreased expressions of Sox9 and Col2a1 (P<0.05), increased expressions of Runx2, Col10a1, MMP-3, and MMP-13 (P<0.05), and promoted terminal calcification (P<0.05). This study provides insights into the possible role of sclerostin in the regulation of chondrogenic differentiation. Sclerostin is upregulated in the early stage of chondrogenic differentiation, but is not required in endochondral ossification. Sclerostin is a candidate modulator for chondrogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuteru Yamaguchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Muscloskeletal Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ken Kumagai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Muscloskeletal Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Sosuke Imai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Muscloskeletal Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazuma Miyatake
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Muscloskeletal Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Saito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Muscloskeletal Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
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45
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Xu T, Wang C, Shen J, Tong P, O’Keefe R. Ablation of Dnmt3b in chondrocytes suppresses cell maturation during embryonic development. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:5852-5863. [PMID: 29637597 PMCID: PMC5993586 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation is a major mode of epigenetic regulation in the mammalian genome and is essential for embryonic development. The three catalytic DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts), Dnmt1, Dnmt3a, and Dnmt3b, catalyze the methylation of cytosine. Dnmt3b is highly expressed in chondrocytes and global knockout of Dnmt3b led to skeletal deformations and embryonic lethality, suggesting an essential role of Dnmt3b in endochondral bone formation. To further define the role of Dnmt3b in skeletal development, Dnmt3b was deleted in Col2 positive chondrocyte lineage cells. Both axial and appendicular skeletal size were reduced and bone mineralization was delayed in Col2Cre+ ;Dnmt3bf/f (Dnmt3bCol2 ) mice at E14.5 and E18.5. While Alcian Blue Hematoxylin/Orange G (ABH/OG) staining showed normal chondrocyte columns in control growth plates, the length of hypertrophic chondrocyte zone and type X collagen expression were decreased in E18.5 growth plates from Dnmt3bCol2 mice. TUNEL and PCNA staining demonstrated that the delay in chondrocyte maturation observed in the Dnmt3bCol2 growth plates was not secondary to altered chondrocyte apoptosis or proliferation. Complementary in vitro experiments were performed on primary sternal chondrocytes isolated from control and Dnmt3bCol2 mice. Gene expression studies confirmed delayed terminal maturation as Mmp13 and Col10a1 expression was down-regulated in Dnmt3bCol2 chondrocytes. In addition, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Alizarin Red staining confirmed that Dnmt3b deletion in chondrocytes delays in vitro chondrocyte hypertrophic differentiation and matrix mineralization. Mechanistically, Dnmt3b gene deletion resulted in decreased BMP signaling through reduction of Smad1 phosphorylation. These findings show that epigenetic factor, Dnmt3b is necessary for normal chondrocyte hypertrophic maturation and limb development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Cuicui Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Peijian Tong
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Regis O’Keefe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110
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46
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Zhou Y, Wang T, Hamilton JL, Chen D. Wnt/β-catenin Signaling in Osteoarthritis and in Other Forms of Arthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2018; 19:53. [PMID: 28752488 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-017-0679-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Arthritis defines a large group of diseases primarily affecting the joint. It is the leading cause of pain and disability in adults. Osteoarthritis (OA) affecting the knee or hip is the most common form among over 100 types of arthritis. Other types of arthritis include erosive hand OA, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) OA, facet joint OA, diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH), and spondyloarthritis (SpA). However, the specific molecular signals involved in the development and progression of OA and related forms of arthritis remain largely unknown. The canonical wingless/integrated (Wnt)/β-catenin signaling pathway could play a unique role in the pathogenesis of arthritis. In this review article, we will focus on the molecular mechanisms of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the pathogenesis of OA and other types of arthritis. RECENT FINDINGS Emerging evidence demonstrates that Wnts and Wnt-related molecules are involved in arthritis development and progression in human genetic studies and in vitro studies. Also, mouse models have been generated to determine the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the pathogenesis of arthritis. Wnt/β-catenin signaling represents a unique signaling pathway regulating arthritis development and progression, and the molecules in this particular pathway may serve as targets for the therapeutic intervention of arthritis. Mediators and downstream effectors of Wnt/β-catenin signaling are increased in OA as well other forms of arthritis, including DISH and SpA. Through extensive investigations, including pre-clinical studies in transgenic mice and translational and human studies, the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway has been proven to play roles in bone and joint pathology by directly affecting bone, cartilage, and synovial tissue; further, these pathologies can be reduced through targeting this pathway. Continued investigation into the distinct molecular signaling of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway will provide additional insights toward the therapeutic intervention in arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachuan Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Tingyu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - John L Hamilton
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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47
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The art of building bone: emerging role of chondrocyte-to-osteoblast transdifferentiation in endochondral ossification. Bone Res 2018. [PMID: 29928541 DOI: 10.1038/s41413‐018‐0021‐z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a worldwide epidemic of skeletal diseases causing not only a public health issue but also accounting for a sizable portion of healthcare expenditures. The vertebrate skeleton is known to be formed by mesenchymal cells condensing into tissue elements (patterning phase) followed by their differentiation into cartilage (chondrocytes) or bone (osteoblasts) cells within the condensations. During the growth and remodeling phase, bone is formed directly via intramembranous ossification or through a cartilage to bone conversion via endochondral ossification routes. The canonical pathway of the endochondral bone formation process involves apoptosis of hypertrophic chondrocytes followed by vascular invasion that brings in osteoclast precursors to remove cartilage and osteoblast precursors to form bone. However, there is now an emerging role for chondrocyte-to-osteoblast transdifferentiation in the endochondral ossification process. Although the concept of "transdifferentiation" per se is not recent, new data using a variety of techniques to follow the fate of chondrocytes in different bones during embryonic and post-natal growth as well as during fracture repair in adults have identified three different models for chondrocyte-to-osteoblast transdifferentiation (direct transdifferentiation, dedifferentiation to redifferentiation, and chondrocyte to osteogenic precursor). This review focuses on the emerging models of chondrocyte-to-osteoblast transdifferentiation and their implications for the treatment of skeletal diseases as well as the possible signaling pathways that contribute to chondrocyte-to-osteoblast transdifferentiation processes.
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48
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Aghajanian P, Mohan S. The art of building bone: emerging role of chondrocyte-to-osteoblast transdifferentiation in endochondral ossification. Bone Res 2018; 6:19. [PMID: 29928541 PMCID: PMC6002476 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-018-0021-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a worldwide epidemic of skeletal diseases causing not only a public health issue but also accounting for a sizable portion of healthcare expenditures. The vertebrate skeleton is known to be formed by mesenchymal cells condensing into tissue elements (patterning phase) followed by their differentiation into cartilage (chondrocytes) or bone (osteoblasts) cells within the condensations. During the growth and remodeling phase, bone is formed directly via intramembranous ossification or through a cartilage to bone conversion via endochondral ossification routes. The canonical pathway of the endochondral bone formation process involves apoptosis of hypertrophic chondrocytes followed by vascular invasion that brings in osteoclast precursors to remove cartilage and osteoblast precursors to form bone. However, there is now an emerging role for chondrocyte-to-osteoblast transdifferentiation in the endochondral ossification process. Although the concept of "transdifferentiation" per se is not recent, new data using a variety of techniques to follow the fate of chondrocytes in different bones during embryonic and post-natal growth as well as during fracture repair in adults have identified three different models for chondrocyte-to-osteoblast transdifferentiation (direct transdifferentiation, dedifferentiation to redifferentiation, and chondrocyte to osteogenic precursor). This review focuses on the emerging models of chondrocyte-to-osteoblast transdifferentiation and their implications for the treatment of skeletal diseases as well as the possible signaling pathways that contribute to chondrocyte-to-osteoblast transdifferentiation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Aghajanian
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Veterans Affairs Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, California USA
| | - Subburaman Mohan
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Veterans Affairs Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, California USA
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California USA
- Department of Orthopedics, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California USA
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49
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Piombo V, Jochmann K, Hoffmann D, Wuelling M, Vortkamp A. Signaling systems affecting the severity of multiple osteochondromas. Bone 2018; 111:71-81. [PMID: 29545125 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Multiple osteochondromas (MO) syndrome is a dominant autosomal bone disorder characterized by the formation of cartilage-capped bony outgrowths that develop at the juxtaposition of the growth plate of endochondral bones. MO has been linked to mutations in either EXT1 or EXT2, two glycosyltransferases required for the synthesis of heparan sulfate (HS). The establishment of mouse mutants demonstrated that a clonal, homozygous loss of Ext1 in a wild type background leads to the development of osteochondromas. Here we investigate mechanisms that might contribute to the variation in the severity of the disease observed in human patients. Our results show that residual amounts of HS are sufficient to prevent the development of osteochondromas strongly supporting that loss of heterozygosity is required for osteochondroma formation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that different signaling pathways affect size and frequency of the osteochondromas thereby modulating the severity of the disease. Reduced Fgfr3 signaling, which regulates proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes, increases osteochondroma number, while activated Fgfr3 signaling reduces osteochondroma size. Both, activation and reduction of Wnt/β-catenin signaling decrease osteochondroma size and frequency by interfering with the chondrogenic fate of the mutant cells. Reduced Ihh signaling does not change the development of the osteochondromas, while elevated Ihh signaling increases the cellularity and inhibits chondrocyte differentiation in a subset of osteochondromas and might thus predispose osteochondromas to the transformation into chondrosarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Piombo
- Department of Developmental Biology, Centre of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Katja Jochmann
- Department of Developmental Biology, Centre of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel Hoffmann
- Research Group Bioinformatics, Centre of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Manuela Wuelling
- Department of Developmental Biology, Centre of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Andrea Vortkamp
- Department of Developmental Biology, Centre of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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50
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Moore ER, Jacobs CR. The primary cilium as a signaling nexus for growth plate function and subsequent skeletal development. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:533-545. [PMID: 28901584 PMCID: PMC5839937 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The primary cilium is a solitary, antenna-like sensory organelle with many important roles in cartilage and bone development, maintenance, and function. The primary cilium's potential role as a signaling nexus in the growth plate makes it an attractive therapeutic target for diseases and disorders associated with bone development and maintenance. Many signaling pathways that are mediated by the cilium-such as Hh, Wnt, Ihh/PTHrP, TGFβ, BMP, FGF, and Notch-are also known to influence endochondral ossification, primarily by directing growth plate formation and chondrocyte behavior. Although a few studies have demonstrated that these signaling pathways can be directly tied to the primary cilium, many pathways have yet to be evaluated in context of the cilium. This review serves to bridge this knowledge gap in the literature, as well as discuss the cilium's importance in the growth plate's ability to sense and respond to chemical and mechanical stimuli. Furthermore, we explore the importance of using the appropriate mechanism to study the cilium in vivo and suggest IFT88 deletion is the best available technique. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:533-545, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R. Moore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Columbia University; 351 Engineering Terrace, Mail Code 8904, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue New York 10027 New York
| | - Christopher R. Jacobs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Columbia University; 351 Engineering Terrace, Mail Code 8904, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue New York 10027 New York
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