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Kapkaç HA, Arslanyolu M. Molecular Cloning, Expression and Enzymatic Characterization of Tetrahymena thermophila Glutathione-S-Transferase Mu 34. Protein J 2024; 43:613-626. [PMID: 38743189 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-024-10204-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Glutathione-S-transferase enzymes (GSTs) are essential components of the phase II detoxification system and protect organisms from oxidative stress induced by xenobiotics and harmful toxins such as 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB). In Tetrahymena thermophila, the TtGSTm34 gene was previously reported to be one of the most responsive GST genes to CDNB treatment (LD50 = 0.079 mM). This study aimed to determine the kinetic features of recombinantly expressed and purified TtGSTm34 with CDNB and glutathione (GSH). TtGSTm34-8xHis was recombinantly produced in T. thermophila as a 25-kDa protein after the cloning of the 660-bp full-length ORF of TtGSTm34 into the pIGF-1 vector. A three-dimensional model of the TtGSTm34 protein constructed by the AlphaFold and PyMOL programs confirmed that it has structurally conserved and folded GST domains. The recombinant production of TtGSTm34-8xHis was confirmed by SDS‒PAGE and Western blot analysis. A dual-affinity chromatography strategy helped to purify TtGSTm34-8xHis approximately 3166-fold. The purified recombinant TtGSTm34-8xHis exhibited significantly high enzyme activity with CDNB (190 µmol/min/mg) as substrate. Enzyme kinetic analysis revealed Km values of 0.68 mM with GSH and 0.40 mM with CDNB as substrates, confirming its expected high affinity for CDNB. The optimum pH and temperature were determined to be 7.0 and 25 °C, respectively. Ethacrynic acid inhibited fully TtGSTm34-8xHis enzyme activity. These results imply that TtGSTm34 of T. thermophila plays a major role in the detoxification of xenobiotics, such as CDNB, as a first line of defense in aquatic protists against oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handan Açelya Kapkaç
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Eskisehir Technical University, Yunusemre Campus, Eskisehir, 26470, Turkey
| | - Muhittin Arslanyolu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Eskisehir Technical University, Yunusemre Campus, Eskisehir, 26470, Turkey.
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Camacho-Jiménez L, González-Ruiz R, Yepiz-Plascencia G. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in marine crustaceans: Bioaccumulation, physiological and cellular responses. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 192:106184. [PMID: 37769555 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are ubiquitous in marine ecosystems. These compounds can be accumulated in water, sediments and organisms, persist in time, and have toxic effects in human and wildlife. POPs can be uptaken and bioaccumulated by crustaceans, affecting different physiological processes, including energy metabolism, immunity, osmoregulation, excretion, growth, and reproduction. Nonetheless, animals have evolved sub-cellular mechanisms for detoxification and protection from chemical stress. POPs induce the activity of enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism and antioxidant systems, that in vertebrates are importantly regulated at gene expression (transcriptional) level. However, the activation and control of these enzyme systems upon the exposure to POPs have been scarcely studied in invertebrate species, including crustaceans. Herein, we summarize various aspects of the bioaccumulation of POPs in marine crustaceans and their physiological effects. We specially focus on the regulation of xenobiotics metabolism and antioxidant enzymes as key sub-cellular mechanisms for detoxification and protection from chemical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Camacho-Jiménez
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD, A.C.), Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas 46, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83304, Mexico.
| | - Ricardo González-Ruiz
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A.C. (IPICYT A.C.), Camino a La Presa de San José 2055, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, 78216, Mexico
| | - Gloria Yepiz-Plascencia
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD, A.C.), Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas 46, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83304, Mexico
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A Novel Glutathione S-Transferase Gtt2 Class (VpGSTT2) Is Found in the Genome of the AHPND/EMS Vibrio parahaemolyticus Shrimp Pathogen. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13090664. [PMID: 34564668 PMCID: PMC8472993 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases are a family of detoxifying enzymes that catalyze the conjugation of reduced glutathione (GSH) with different xenobiotic compounds using either Ser, Tyr, or Cys as a primary catalytic residue. We identified a novel GST in the genome of the shrimp pathogen V. parahaemolyticus FIM- S1708+, a bacterial strain associated with Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND)/Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS) in cultured shrimp. This new GST class was named Gtt2. It has an atypical catalytic mechanism in which a water molecule instead of Ser, Tyr, or Cys activates the sulfhydryl group of GSH. The biochemical properties of Gtt2 from Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VpGSTT2) were characterized using kinetic and crystallographic methods. Recombinant VpGSTT2 was enzymatically active using GSH and CDNB as substrates, with a specific activity of 5.7 units/mg. Low affinity for substrates was demonstrated using both Michaelis–Menten kinetics and isothermal titration calorimetry. The crystal structure showed a canonical two-domain structure comprising a glutathione binding G-domain and a hydrophobic ligand H domain. A water molecule was hydrogen-bonded to residues Thr9 and Ser 11, as reported for the yeast Gtt2, suggesting a primary role in the reaction. Molecular docking showed that GSH could bind at the G-site in the vicinity of Ser11. G-site mutationsT9A and S11A were analyzed. S11A retained 30% activity, while T9A/S11A showed no detectable activity. VpGSTT2 was the first bacterial Gtt2 characterized, in which residues Ser11 and Thr9 coordinated a water molecule as part of a catalytic mechanism that was characteristic of yeast GTT2. The GTT2 family has been shown to provide protection against metal toxicity; in some cases, excess heavy metals appear in shrimp ponds presenting AHPND/EMS. Further studies may address whether GTT2 in V. parahaemolyticus pathogenic strains may provide a competitive advantage as a novel detoxification mechanism.
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Valenzuela-Chavira I, Contreras-Vergara CA, Arvizu-Flores AA, Serrano-Posada H, Lopez-Zavala AA, García-Orozco KD, Hernandez-Paredes J, Rudiño-Piñera E, Stojanoff V, Sotelo-Mundo RR, Islas-Osuna MA. Insights into ligand binding to a glutathione S-transferase from mango: Structure, thermodynamics and kinetics. Biochimie 2017; 135:35-45. [PMID: 28104507 PMCID: PMC5346462 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We studied a mango glutathione S-transferase (GST) (Mangifera indica) bound to glutathione (GSH) and S-hexyl glutathione (GSX). This GST Tau class (MiGSTU) had a molecular mass of 25.5 kDa. MiGSTU Michaelis-Menten kinetic constants were determined for their substrates obtaining a Km, Vmax and kcat for CDNB of 0.792 mM, 80.58 mM min-1 and 68.49 s-1 respectively and 0.693 mM, 105.32 mM min-1 and 89.57 s-1, for reduced GSH respectively. MiGSTU had a micromolar affinity towards GSH (5.2 μM) or GSX (7.8 μM). The crystal structure of the MiGSTU in apo or bound to GSH or GSX generated a model that explains the thermodynamic signatures of binding and showed the importance of enthalpic-entropic compensation in ligand binding to Tau-class GST enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Valenzuela-Chavira
- Laboratorio de Estructura Biomolecular, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico; Laboratorio de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico
| | - Carmen A Contreras-Vergara
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico.
| | - Aldo A Arvizu-Flores
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico
| | - Hugo Serrano-Posada
- CONACyT, Laboratorio de Bioingeniería, Universidad de Colima, Coquimatlán, Colima 28629, Mexico
| | - Alonso A Lopez-Zavala
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico
| | - Karina D García-Orozco
- Laboratorio de Estructura Biomolecular, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico
| | | | - Enrique Rudiño-Piñera
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología (IBT), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Vivian Stojanoff
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Photon Science Directorate, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Rogerio R Sotelo-Mundo
- Laboratorio de Estructura Biomolecular, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico.
| | - Maria A Islas-Osuna
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico
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Juárez-Martínez AB, Sotelo-Mundo RR, Rudiño-Piñera E. Crystal structure of a class-mu glutathione S-transferase from whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei: structural changes in the xenobiotic binding H-site may alter the spectra of molecules bound. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2016; 31. [PMID: 27717103 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are dimeric proteins that play a key role in phase II cellular detoxification. Here, the first crystal structure of a GST class-mu from marine crustacean shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei is reported at a resolution of 2.0 Å. The coordinates reported here have the lowest sequence identity with previously reported GSTs class-mu deposited at the Protein Data Bank (PDB), although they have subtle conformational differences. One key feature of GST class-mu from L. vannamei is the active site crevice markedly reduced when it is compared with other GSTs class-mu. This finding together with the chemical change of residues into the cavity (F112 and Y210) points to a particular specialization in which smallest xenobiotics with nonstandard chemical characteristics can be bound to the H-site. This suggests that marine organisms have evolved structural strategies to provide efficient selectivity toward xenobiotics to be disposed of by the phase II detoxification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna B Juárez-Martínez
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Colonia Chamilpa, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.,Centro de Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Colonia Chamilpa, 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Rogerio R Sotelo-Mundo
- Laboratorio de Estructura Biomolecular. Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Carretera a Ejido La Victoria Km 0.6, P.O. Box 1735, 83304, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Enrique Rudiño-Piñera
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Colonia Chamilpa, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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Kolawole AO. Catalysis of Silver catfish Major Hepatic Glutathione Transferase proceeds via rapid equilibrium sequential random Mechanism. Toxicol Rep 2016; 3:598-607. [PMID: 28959583 PMCID: PMC5615938 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish hepatic glutathione transferases are connected with the elimination of intracellular pollutants and detoxification of organic micro-pollutants in their aquatic ecosystem. The two-substrate steady state kinetic mechanism of Silver catfish (Synodontis eupterus) major hepatic glutathione transferases purified to apparent homogeneity was explored. The enzyme was dimeric enzyme with a monomeric size of 25.6 kDa. Initial-velocity studies and Product inhibition patterns by methyl glutathione and chloride with respect to GSH-CDNB; GSH-ρ-nitrophenylacetate; and GSH-Ethacrynic acid all conforms to a rapid equilibrium sequential random Bi Bi kinetic mechanism rather than steady state sequential random Bi Bi kinetic. α was 2.96 ± 0.35 for the model. The pH profile of Vmax/KM (with saturating 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and variable GSH concentrations) showed apparent pKa value of 6.88 and 9.86. Inhibition studies as a function of inhibitor concentration show that the enzyme is a homodimer and near neutral GST. The enzyme poorly conjugates 4-hydroxylnonenal and cumene hydroperoxide and may not be involved in oxidative stress protection. The seGST is unique and overwhelmingly shows characteristics similar to those of homodimeric class Pi GSTs, as was indicated by its kinetic mechanism, substrate specificity and inhibition studies. The rate- limiting step, probably the product release, of the reaction is viscosity-dependent and is consequential if macro-viscosogen or micro-viscosogen.
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Garcia-Orozco KD, Sanchez-Paz A, Aispuro-Hernandez E, Gomez-Jimenez S, Lopez-Zavala A, Araujo-Bernal S, Muhlia-Almazan A. Gene expression and protein levels of thioredoxin in the gills from the whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) infected with two different viruses: the WSSV or IHHNV. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 32:1141-1147. [PMID: 22465360 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The thioredoxin (TRX) system in crustaceans has demonstrated to act as a cell antioxidant being part of the immune response by dealing with the increased production of reactive oxygen species during bacterial or viral infection. Since the number of marine viruses has increased in the last years significantly affecting aquaculture practices of penaeids, and due to the adverse impact on wild and cultured shrimp populations, it is important to elucidate the dynamics of the shrimp response to viral infections. The role of Litopenaeus vannamei thioredoxin (LvTRX) was compared at both, mRNA and protein levels, in response to two viruses, the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and the infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV). The results confirmed changes in the TRX gene expression levels of WSSV-infected shrimp, but also demonstrated a more conspicuous response of TRX to WSSV than to IHHNV. While both the dimeric and monomeric forms of LvTRX were detected by Western blot analysis during the WSSV infection, the dimer on its reduced form was only detected through the IHHNV infectious process. These findings indicate that WSSV or IHHNV infected shrimp may induce a differential response of the LvTRX protein.
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Gui L, Wang B, Li FH, Sun YM, Luo Z, Xiang JH. Blocking the large extracellular loop (LEL) domain of FcTetraspanin-3 could inhibit the infection of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in Chinese shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 32:1008-15. [PMID: 22406449 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Tetraspanins belong to the transmembrane 4 superfamily (TM(4)SF), which span the cell membrane 4 times and act as bridges or connectors. Increasing evidences have shown that tetraspanins play important role in virus infection. The large extracellular loop (LEL) of a tetraspanin is considered as a possible target of some virus. Tetraspanins are widely found in invertebrates, but the functional roles of most invertebrate tetraspanins have remained unknown. Recently, a tetraspanin, called FcTetraspanin-3, was cloned from the cDNA library of Chinese shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis. The FcTetraspanin-3 constitutive expression in all examined tissues and the expression of the gene were highly induced in hepatopancreas, lymphoid organ and intestine by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) challenge. In this study, we expressed and purified the recombinant peptide containing the LEL domain of FcTetraspanin-3, and produced the anti-LEL polyclone antibody. The expression of FcTetraspanin-3 was observed by real-time PCR and Western blot. Also, the localization of FcTetraspanin-3-positive cells in intestine and hepatopancreas were revealed by immunofluorescence. The results of anti-LEL antibody blocking experiments shown that the antibody can significantly reduce the mortality of shrimp challenged by WSSV. Additionally, dsRNA interference was utilized to examine the functional role of FcTetraspanin-3 in response to WSSV infection, and a sensible decrease of the viral copy number in the tetraspanin knockdown shrimp. These results suggested the blocking of LEL domain of FcTetraspanin-3 could inhibit the infection of WSSV. FcTetraspanin-3 might play an important role in response to WSSV infection, and the LEL domain of FcTetraspanin-3 might mediate the entry of WSSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Gui
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
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Xing H, Wang X, Sun G, Gao X, Xu S, Wang X. Effects of atrazine and chlorpyrifos on activity and transcription of glutathione S-transferase in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 33:233-244. [PMID: 22236720 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2011.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferase isoenzymes (GSTs) play a critical role in detoxification pathways. Here we report the tissue distribution of four antioxidant GSTs gene in common carp, and their expression profiles. We also investigated the GSTs activity in different tissues after exposure to the agricultural chemicals atrazine (ATR), chlorpyrifos (CPF), and their mixture. Relative changes in the mRNA abundance of the GST isoforms were examined by real time PCR in liver, brain, kidney and gill of common carp. After exposure and recovery, we observed a statistically significant decrease in the GSTs activity in animals exposed to high concentrations of ATR (428 μg/L), CPF (116 μg/L), and their mixture (113 μg/L). At basal levels of tissue expression, four GSTs transcript were detected in liver, brain, kidney, and gill. High expression levels were found in all examined tissues. Transcription of some GST isoforms, GST kappa (GSTK), GST theta (GSTT) and GST rho (GSTR), decreased after exposure to CPF and ATR for the entire experimental period in both the kidney and gill. However, increased transcription of GST mu (GSTM) was observed in the kidney or gill 20 d after exposure to ATR or CPF, respectively. Transcription of both GSTT and GSTR was inhibited for the entire experimental period in the brain, kidney and gill of animals exposed to the ATR/CPF mixture, but transcription of GSTM was induced in the liver after 40 d of exposure. In summary, changes in the GSTs activity and their transcription varied within each organ and among organs of common carp after exposure to ATR, CPF, and their mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houjuan Xing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin 150030, China
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Qin G, Jia M, Liu T, Xuan T, Yan Zhu K, Guo Y, Ma E, Zhang J. Identification and characterisation of ten glutathione S-transferase genes from oriental migratory locust, Locusta migratoria manilensis (Meyen). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2011; 67:697-704. [PMID: 21413139 DOI: 10.1002/ps.2110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synthetic pyrethroids are the primary insecticides that are widely used for controlling Locusta migratoria manilensis (Meyen), a major pest in eastern and southern Asia and the Pacific region. In this paper, ten cDNAs encoding glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) were sequenced and characterised in L. migratoria manilensis. The effects of deltamethrin on the ten GST gene expressions were studied. RESULTS Phylogenetic analysis revealed nine GSTs in three different classes, including seven in sigma, one in delta and one in theta. The remaining GST (LmGSTu1) was unclassified. RT-PCR analysis showed that most GST genes were expressed in all tissues examined, including the foregut, midgut, gastric caecum, hindgut, Malpighian tubules, fat bodies, muscles, spermaries and ovaries, except that LmGSTs2, LmGSTs4, LmGSTs7 and LmGSTu1 were expressed in several tissues. LmGSTu1 appeared to be the only gene whose expressions could not be detected in eggs. Real-time quantitative PCR showed that deltamethrin at 0.08 and/or 0.12 µg mL⁻¹ increased almost all ten GST gene expressions in third-instar nymph locusts. However, deltamethrin at 0.16 and/or 0.2 µg mL⁻¹ decreased the expressions of LmGSTd1, LmGSTs1, LmGSTs5 and LmGSTs6. CONCLUSION The increases in GST gene expressions after deltamethrin exposure in L. migratoria manilensis might result in its elevating tolerance to other insecticides and xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Qin
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China; Research Centre of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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Salazar-Medina AJ, García-Rico L, García-Orozco KD, Valenzuela-Soto E, Contreras-Vergara CA, Arreola R, Arvizu-Flores A, Sotelo-Mundo RR. Inhibition by Cu2+ and Cd2+ of a mu-class glutathione S-transferase from shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2010; 24:218-22. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Kim JH, Dahms HU, Rhee JS, Lee YM, Lee J, Han KN, Lee JS. Expression profiles of seven glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes in cadmium-exposed river pufferfish (Takifugu obscurus). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 151:99-106. [PMID: 19744577 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Revised: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferase (GST; EC 2.5.1.18) plays a critical role in detoxification pathways. In this study, we report cloning and expression of seven genes of the GST family of the pufferfish Takifugu obscurus together with mRNA tissue distribution pattern and time-course of expression in response to exposure to cadmium. At basal levels of tissue expression, GST-Mu is highly expressed in liver compared with other tissues. When fish were exposed to cadmium (5 mg/L for 96 h), expression of GST-MAPEG, GST-Mu, GST-Omega, and GST-Zeta was greatly increased, whereas GST-Alpha and GST-Kappa genes showed no significant response. These findings suggest that gene expression of a number of GST isoforms in T. obscurus is modulated in response to exposure to cadmium. We propose GST-Mu, GST-Theta, and GST-Zeta as candidate biomarkers for heavy metal exposure in this fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hyoung Kim
- National Research Lab of Marine Molecular and Environmental Bioscience, Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
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Zhou J, Wang WN, Wang AL, He WY, Zhou QT, Liu Y, Xu J. Glutathione S-transferase in the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei: Characterization and regulation under pH stress. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 150:224-30. [PMID: 19426830 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2009.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 04/25/2009] [Accepted: 04/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We first expressed a Mu-class GST from white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in Escherichia coli, and then characterized the purified recombinant enzyme with respect to the effects of pH, temperature on its catalytic (1-chloro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene-glutathione conjugation) activity. We also analyzed its expression profile in L. vannamei tissues, and assessed changes in Mu-GST expression, GST activity profiles and mortality rates following exposure of white shrimp to low and high pH (5.6 and 9.3, respectively). Realtime-PCR analysis showed that Mu-GST transcripts were expressed in all examined L. vannamei tissues, but were most abundant in the hepatopancreas. At low pH Mu-GST transcript levels in the hepatopancreas were highest after 12 h, and then declined to their original levels after 24 h. After 12 h they were also upregulated in haemocytes, but downregulated in the gills, and unchanged in the stomach following exposure to pH stress. Western blot analyses confirmed that the Mu-GST protein was strongly expressed in the hepatopancreas after 12 h at low pH and remain unchanged in the stomach after exposure to pH stress. pH-Related changes in GST activities in the shrimp hepatopancreas were similar to those displayed by the Mu-GST mRNA and protein profiles. In addition, the mortality of L. vannamei was higher at high pH than at low pH. These results suggest that L. vannamei Mu-GST expression is stimulated by acidic pH and that it may play important roles in detoxification of xenobiotics and antioxidant defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
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Contreras-Vergara CA, Valenzuela-Soto EM, Arvizu-Flores AA, Sotelo-Mundo RR, Yepiz-Plascencia G. Role of invariant tyrosines in a crustacean mu-class glutathione S-transferase from shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei: site-directed mutagenesis of Y7 and Y116. Biochimie 2008; 90:968-71. [PMID: 18314012 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2008.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Y6 and Y115 are key amino acids involved in enzyme-substrate interactions in mu-class glutathione S-transferase (GST). They provide electrophilic assistance and stabilize substrates through their hydroxyl groups. Two site-directed mutants (Y7F and Y116F) and the wild-type shrimp GSTs were expressed in Escherichia coli, and the steady-state kinetic parameters were determined using CDNB as the second substrate. The mutants were modeled based on a crystal structure of a mu-class GST to obtain further insights about the changes at the active site. The Y116F mutant had an increase in kcat contrary to Y7F compared to the wild type. Molecular modeling showed that the shrimp GST has a H108 residue that may contribute to compensate and lead to a less deleterious change when conserved tyrosine residues are mutated. This work indicates that shrimp GST is a useful model to understand the catalysis mechanisms in this critical enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen A Contreras-Vergara
- Aquatic Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Carretera a la Victoria Km 0.6, PO Box 1735, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, México
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