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Manda G, Rojo AI, Martínez-Klimova E, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Cuadrado A. Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid: From Herbal Medicine to Clinical Development for Cancer and Chronic Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:151. [PMID: 32184727 PMCID: PMC7058590 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) is a phenolic lignan obtained from Larrea tridentata, the creosote bush found in Mexico and USA deserts, that has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of numerous diseases such as cancer, renal, cardiovascular, immunological, and neurological disorders, and even aging. NDGA presents two catechol rings that confer a very potent antioxidant activity by scavenging oxygen free radicals and this may explain part of its therapeutic action. Additional effects include inhibition of lipoxygenases (LOXs) and activation of signaling pathways that impinge on the transcription factor Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-related Factor (NRF2). On the other hand, the oxidation of the catechols to the corresponding quinones my elicit alterations in proteins and DNA that raise safety concerns. This review describes the current knowledge on NDGA, its targets and side effects, and its synthetic analogs as promising therapeutic agents, highlighting their mechanism of action and clinical projection towards therapy of neurodegenerative, liver, and kidney disease, as well as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Manda
- Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana I Rojo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Paz (idiPAZ), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" UAM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Martínez-Klimova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Antonio Cuadrado
- Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Paz (idiPAZ), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" UAM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Jackson TC, Kotermanski SE, Kochanek PM, Jackson EK. Oxidative stress induces release of 2'-AMP from microglia. Brain Res 2018; 1706:101-109. [PMID: 30395838 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia metabolize exogenous 2'-AMP and 3'-AMP (non-canonical nucleotides) to adenosine and exogenous 2'-AMP and 3'-AMP (via conversion to adenosine) inhibit the production of inflammatory cytokines by microglia. This suggests that if microglia release endogenous 2'-AMP and/or 3'-AMP in response to injurious stimuli, this would complete an autocrine/paracrine mechanism that attenuates the over-activation of microglia during brain injury. Here we investigated in microglia (and for comparison astrocytes and neurons) the effects of injurious stimuli on extracellular and intracellular levels of 2',3'-cAMP (2'-AMP and 3'-AMP precursor), 2'-AMP, and 3'-AMP. METHODS Experiments were conducted in primary cultures of rat microglia, astrocytes, and neurons. Cells were exposed to oxygen/glucose deprivation, iodoacetate plus 2,4-dinitrophenol (metabolic inhibitors), glutamate, or H2O2 for one hour, and extracellular and intracellular 2',3'-cAMP, 2'-AMP, and 3'-AMP were measured by UPLC-MS/MS. KEY RESULTS In microglia, H2O2 increased extracellular levels of 2'-AMP, but not 3'-AMP, by ∼16-fold (from 0.17 ± 0.11 to 2.78 ± 0.27 ng/106 cells; n = 13; mean ± SEM; P < 0.000005). H2O2 also induced oxidative changes in cellular proteins as detected by an increased number of carbonyl groups in protein side chains. In contrast, oxygen/glucose deprivation, metabolic inhibitors, or glutamate had no effect on either extracellular 2'-AMP or 3'-AMP levels. In astrocytes and neurons, none of the injurious stimuli increased extracellular 2'-AMP or 3'-AMP. CONCLUSIONS Oxidative stress (but not oxygen/glucose deprivation, energy deprivation, or excitotoxicity) induces microglia (but not astrocytes or neurons) to release 2'-AMP, but not 3'-AMP. The 2',3'-cAMP/2'-AMP/adenosine pathway mechanism may serve to prevent over-activation of microglia in response to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis C Jackson
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Shawn E Kotermanski
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Patrick M Kochanek
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Edwin K Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Siddique YH, Ali F. Protective effect of nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) on the transgenic Drosophila model of Alzheimer's disease. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 269:59-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Andérica-Romero AC, Hernández-Damián J, Vázquez-Cervantes GI, Torres I, González-Herrera IG, Pedraza-Chaverri J. The MLN4924 inhibitor exerts a neuroprotective effect against oxidative stress injury via Nrf2 protein accumulation. Redox Biol 2016; 8:341-7. [PMID: 26966893 PMCID: PMC4789348 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It was explored the cytoprotective and antioxidant effect of MLN4924, a specific inhibitor of Nedd8-activating enzyme (NAE), against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced damage in cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs). Primary cultures of CGNs were exposed to H2O2 after preincubation with MLN4924. The compounds were removed, and CGNs were incubated in culture medium for 24 h in order to determine cell viability by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) assays. It was demonstrated that MLN4924 remarkably attenuated H2O2-induced cell damage. Meanwhile reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was evaluated with the fluorescent probe dihydroethidium (DHE). Interestingly H2O2-induced ROS production was inhibited by pretreatment with MLN4924. MLN4924 treatment in CGNs resulted in nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) protein accumulation. Intriguingly this effect was observed in the cytosolic and nuclear compartments of the CGNs. The cytoprotective effect of MLN4924 was associated with its ability to diminish ROS production induced by H2O2 and the accumulation of Nrf2 protein levels in the cytoplasm and nucleus of the CGNs. MLN4924 attenuates H2O2-induced neuronal damage. MLN4924 attenuates H2O2-induced ROS production in neurons. MLN4924 promotes both nuclear and cytoplasmic accumulation of Nrf2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Andérica-Romero
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), University City, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jacqueline Hernández-Damián
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), University City, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Ignacio Vázquez-Cervantes
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), University City, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ismael Torres
- Animal Care Unit, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), University City, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), University City, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico.
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Hohnholt MC, Blumrich EM, Dringen R. Multiassay analysis of the toxic potential of hydrogen peroxide on cultured neurons. J Neurosci Res 2014; 93:1127-37. [PMID: 25354694 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
To clarify discrepancies in the literature on the adverse effects of hydrogen peroxide on neurons, this study investigated the application of this peroxide to cultured cerebellar granule neurons with six assays frequently used to test for viability. Cultured neurons efficiently cleared exogenous H2O2. Although viability was not affected by exposure to 10 µM hydrogen peroxide, an exposure to the peroxide in higher concentrations rapidly lowered, within 15 min, the cellular 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltertrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction capacity to 53% ± 1% (100 µM) and 31% ± 1% (1,000 µM) and the 3-amino-7-dimethylamino-2-methyl-phenazine hydrochloride (neutral red; NR) uptake to 84% ± 6% (100 µM) and 33% ± 1% (1,000 µM) of control cells. The release of glycolytically generated lactate was stopped within 30 min in neurons treated with 1,000 µM peroxide. In contrast, even hours after peroxide application, the cell morphology, the number of propidium iodide-positive cells, and the extracellular activity of the cytosolic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were not significantly altered. The rapid loss in MTT reduction and NR uptake after exposure of neurons to H2O2 for 5 or 15 min correlated well with a strongly compromised MTT reduction and a very high extracellular LDH activity observed after further incubation in peroxide-free medium for a total incubation period of 24 hr. These data demonstrate that cultured neurons do not recover from damage that is inflicted by a short exposure to H2O2 and that the rapid losses in the capacities of neurons for MTT reduction and NR uptake are good predictors of delayed cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela C Hohnholt
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen and Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Eva M Blumrich
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen and Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ralf Dringen
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen and Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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Hernández-Damián J, Andérica-Romero AC, Pedraza-Chaverri J. Paradoxical Cellular Effects and Biological Role of the Multifaceted Compound Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2014; 347:685-97. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201400159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Hernández-Damián
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biology; National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM); University City D.F. Mexico
| | - Ana Cristina Andérica-Romero
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biology; National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM); University City D.F. Mexico
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biology; National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM); University City D.F. Mexico
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Hohnholt MC, Dringen R. Short time exposure to hydrogen peroxide induces sustained glutathione export from cultured neurons. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 70:33-44. [PMID: 24524999 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide is a normal by-product of cellular metabolism that in higher concentrations can cause oxidative stress. Cultured cerebellar granule neurons efficiently disposed of micromolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide with half-times in the minute range in a process that predominately involved catalase. Application of up to 100 µM hydrogen peroxide did not affect the cell viability for up to 4h, but caused a time- and concentration-dependent increase in the extracellular glutathione (GSH) content that was accompanied by a matching decrease in the cellular GSH content. Hydrogen peroxide at 100 µM stimulated maximally the GSH export from viable neurons, but did not affect GSH export from cultured astrocytes. The peroxide-induced extracellular GSH accumulation from neurons was lowered by 70% in the presence of MK571, an inhibitor of multidrug resistance protein (Mrp) 1. The extracellular GSH content determined after 4h of incubation was already significantly increased after a 5-min exposure of neurons to hydrogen peroxide and became maximal after 15 min of peroxide application. These data demonstrate that just a short exposure of viable cerebellar granule neurons to micromolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide stimulates a prolonged Mrp1-mediated export of cellular GSH. This process may compromise the antioxidative potential of neurons and increase their sensitivity toward drugs and toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela C Hohnholt
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, 28334 Bremen, Germany; Centre for Environmental Research, and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, 28334 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Ralf Dringen
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, 28334 Bremen, Germany; Centre for Environmental Research, and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, 28334 Bremen, Germany
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Reyes-Fermín LM, González-Reyes S, Tarco-Álvarez NG, Hernández-Nava M, Orozco-Ibarra M, Pedraza-Chaverri J. Neuroprotective effect of α-mangostin and curcumin against iodoacetate-induced cell death. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 15:34-41. [DOI: 10.1179/1476830512y.0000000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Zúñiga-Toalá A, Zatarain-Barrón ZL, Hernández-Pando R, Negrette-Guzmán M, Huerta-Yepez S, Torres I, Pinzón E, Tapia E, Pedraza-Chaverri J. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid induces Nrf2 nuclear translocation in vivo and attenuates renal damage and apoptosis in the ischemia and reperfusion model. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 20:775-779. [PMID: 23643094 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
It has been shown that the pretreatment with nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), a lignan with direct and indirect antioxidant properties, protects against the ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced renal oxidant damage. Although it has been shown that NDGA induces Nrf2 nuclear translocation in renal epithelial LLC-PK1 cells in culture, it is unknown if NDGA may induce Nrf2 translocation in vivo. In this work was explored if NDGA is able to induce in vivo Nrf2 nuclear translocation in kidneys of rats submitted to uni-nephrectomy (U-NX) or I/R injury. Four groups of male Wistar rats were used: U-NX, NDGA, I/R, and I/R+NDGA. NDGA was injected i.p. (10mg/kg/day) starting 48 h before I/R. Kidney samples were obtained at 3 h of reperfusion after to measure Nrf2 translocation. Additional groups of rats were studied at 24 h of reperfusion to measure histological damage and apoptosis. NDGA was able to induce Nrf2 translocation in vivo in kidneys of rats submitted to both U-NX and I/R injury and to protect against renal histological damage and apoptosis. It is concluded that the pretreatment of NDGA is able to induce in vivo nuclear Nrf2 translocation in kidney of rats suggesting that this may be involved in the renoprotection against I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adverqueydi Zúñiga-Toalá
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biology, National Autonomous University of Mexico-UNAM, Mexico
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Wei X, Wang S, Zheng W, Wang X, Liu X, Jiang S, Pi J, Zheng Y, He G, Qu W. Drinking water disinfection byproduct iodoacetic acid induces tumorigenic transformation of NIH3T3 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:5913-20. [PMID: 23641915 DOI: 10.1021/es304786b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Iodoacetic acid (IAA) and iodoform (IF) are unregulated iodinated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) found in drinking water. Their presence in the drinking water of China has not been documented. Recently, the carcinogenic potential of IAA and IF has been a concern because of their mutagenicity in bacteria and genotoxicity in mammalian cells. Therefore, we measured their concentrations in Shanghai drinking water and assessed their cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and ability to transform NIH3T3 cells to tumorigenic lines. The concentrations of IAA and IF in Shanghai drinking water varied between summer and winter with maximum winter levels of 2.18 μg/L IAA and 0.86 μg/L IF. IAA with a lethal concentration 50 (LC50) of 2.77 μM exhibited more potent cytotoxicity in NIH3T3 cells than IF (LC50 = 83.37 μM). IAA, but not IF, induced a concentration-dependent DNA damage measured by γ-H2AX staining and increased tail moment in single-cell gel electrophoresis. Neither IAA nor IF increased micronucleus frequency. Prolonged exposure of NIH3T3 cells to IAA increased the frequencies of transformed cells with anchorage-independent growth and agglutination with concanavalin A. IAA-transformed cells formed aggressive fibrosarcomas after inoculation into Balb/c nude mice. This study demonstrated that IAA has a biological activity that is consistent with a carcinogen and human exposure should be of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wei
- Key Laboratory of the Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Nordihydroguaiaretic acid attenuates the oxidative stress-induced decrease of CD33 expression in human monocytes. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:375893. [PMID: 23533689 PMCID: PMC3596923 DOI: 10.1155/2013/375893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) is a natural lignan with recognized antioxidant and beneficial properties that is isolated from Larrea tridentata. In this study, we evaluated the effect of NDGA on the downregulation of oxidant stress-induced CD33 in human monocytes (MNs). Oxidative stress was induced by iodoacetate (IAA) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and was evaluated using reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and cell viability. NDGA attenuates toxicity, ROS production and the oxidative stress-induced decrease of CD33 expression secondary to IAA or H2O2 in human MNs. It was also shown that NDGA (20 μM) attenuates cell death in the THP-1 cell line that is caused by treatment with either IAA or H2O2. These results suggest that NDGA has a protective effect on CD33 expression, which is associated with its antioxidant activity in human MNs.
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Cano-Ramírez D, Torres-Vargas CE, Guerrero-Castillo S, Uribe-Carvajal S, Hernández-Pando R, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Orozco-Ibarra M. Effect of glycolysis inhibition on mitochondrial function in rat brain. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2012; 26:206-11. [PMID: 22539072 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase enhances the neural vulnerability to excitotoxicity both in vivo and in vitro through an unknown mechanism possibly related to mitochondrial failure. However, as the effect of glycolysis inhibition on mitochondrial function in brain has not been studied, the aim of the present work was to evaluate the effect of glycolysis inhibition induced by iodoacetate on mitochondrial function and oxidative stress in brain. Mitochondria were isolated from brain cortex, striatum and cerebellum of rats treated systemically with iodoacetate (25 mg/kg/day for 3 days). Oxygen consumption, ATP synthesis, transmembrane potential, reactive oxygen species production, lipoperoxidation, glutathione levels, and aconitase activity were assessed. Oxygen consumption and aconitase activity decreased in the brain cortex and striatum, showing that glycolysis inhibition did not trigger severe mitochondrial impairment, but a slight mitochondrial malfunction and oxidative stress were present.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Cano-Ramírez
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México, DF, Mexico
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Liu Y, Wang H, Zhu Y, Chen L, Qu Y, Zhu Y. The protective effect of nordihydroguaiaretic acid on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury is mediated by the JNK pathway. Brain Res 2012; 1445:73-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Rojo AI, Medina-Campos ON, Rada P, Zúñiga-Toalá A, López-Gazcón A, Espada S, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Cuadrado A. Signaling pathways activated by the phytochemical nordihydroguaiaretic acid contribute to a Keap1-independent regulation of Nrf2 stability: Role of glycogen synthase kinase-3. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:473-87. [PMID: 22142471 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Defense against oxidative stress is executed by an antioxidant program that is tightly controlled by the transcription factor Nrf2. The stability of Nrf2 involves the interaction of two degradation domains, designated Neh2 and Neh6, with the E3 ubiquitin ligase adaptors, Keap1 and β-TrCP, respectively. The regulation of Nrf2 through the Neh6 degron remains largely unexplored but requires GSK-3 to form a phosphodegron. In this study, the cancer-chemopreventive agent nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) increased the level of Nrf2 protein and expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in kidney-derived LLC-PK1 and HEK293T cells and in wild-type mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs). However, NDGA did not induce HO-1 in Nrf2(-/-) MEFs, indicating that Nrf2 is required for induction. The relevance of the Nrf2/HO-1 axis to antioxidant protection was further demonstrated by the finding that the HO-1 inhibitor stannous-mesoporphyrin abolished protection against hydrogen peroxide conferred by NDGA. NDGA increased Nrf2 and HO-1 protein levels in Keap1(-/-) MEFs, implying that Keap1-independent mechanisms regulate Nrf2 stability. Mutants of the Neh2 or Nrh6 domain and chimeric proteins comprising cyan fluorescent protein fused to Neh2 and green fluorescent protein fused to Neh6 exhibited longer half-lives in the presence of NDGA, demonstrating that NDGA targets both the Neh2 and the Neh6 degrons. In common with other chemopreventive agents, NDGA activated the ERK1/2, p38, JNK, and PI3K pathways. By using selective kinase inhibitors we found that PI3K, JNK, and p38 were responsible for the stabilization of Nrf2 and induction of HO-1 by NDGA. To explain how NDGA might up-regulate Nrf2 in a Keap1-independent manner we explored the participation of GSK-3β because it controls the Neh6 phosphodegron. Importantly, NDGA caused inhibitory phosphorylation of GSK-3β at Ser9 and at Thr390, and this was associated with a substantial reduction in Neh6 phosphorylation. Our study demonstrates that NDGA activates Nrf2 through multiple signaling cascades and identifies GSK-3β as an integrator of these signaling pathways and a gatekeeper of Nrf2 stability at the level of the Neh6 phosphodegron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Rojo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols UAM-CSIC, Centro de Investigación en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Paz, Madrid 28029, Spain
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Pals JA, Ang JK, Wagner ED, Plewa MJ. Biological mechanism for the toxicity of haloacetic acid drinking water disinfection byproducts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:5791-7. [PMID: 21671678 DOI: 10.1021/es2008159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The halogenated acetic acids are a major class of drinking water disinfection byproducts (DBPs) with five haloacetic acids regulated by the U.S. EPA. These agents are cytotoxic, genotoxic, mutagenic, and teratogenic. The decreasing toxicity rank order of the monohalogenated acetic acids (monoHAAs) is iodo- > bromo- >> chloroacetic acid. We present data that the monoHAAs inhibit glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity in a concentration-dependent manner with the same rank order as above. The rate of inhibition of GAPDH and the toxic potency of the monoHAAs are highly correlated with their alkylating potential and the propensity of the halogen leaving group. This strong association between GAPDH inhibition and the monoHAA toxic potency supports a comprehensive mechanism for the adverse biological effects by this widely occurring class of regulated DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Pals
- College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences, Department of Crop Sciences, and the NSF WaterCAMPWS Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Neuroprotective phenolics in medicinal plants. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33:1611-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-1011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Galano A, Macías-Ruvalcaba NA, Medina Campos ON, Pedraza-Chaverri J. Mechanism of the OH radical scavenging activity of nordihydroguaiaretic acid: a combined theoretical and experimental study. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:6625-35. [PMID: 20415502 DOI: 10.1021/jp912001c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The antioxidant nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) is a plant phenolic lignan originally isolated from the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata). It has been shown that NDGA scavenges efficiently hydroxyl radicals ((*)OH). In the present paper the mechanism by which NDGA scavenges (*)OH is addressed performing a combined experimental and theoretical investigation. We found that NDGA protects, in a concentration-dependent way, bovine serum albumin and DNA from the damage induced by (*)OH generated by the Fenton reaction. In addition, the NDGA + (*)OH reaction is predicted to be diffusion-controlled. The first step of this reaction is proposed to occur mainly by a sequential electron proton transfer from NDGA to (*)OH generating a neutral radical of NDGA, which after a second oxidation step gives a diradical that after a cascade sequential complex reaction produces a cyclic compound. This cyclic product is predicted to have a UV-vis spectrum very similar to that of NDGA, making its identification by this technique very difficult. The electrochemical studies performed in water support the formation of a cyclic compound (C2) as the main product of the reaction. It is concluded that NDGA can scavenge at least two (*)OH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annia Galano
- Departamento de Química, División de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, 09340 City, México.
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Glycolysis inhibition decreases the levels of glutamate transporters and enhances glutamate neurotoxicity in the R6/2 Huntington's disease mice. Neurochem Res 2010; 35:1156-63. [PMID: 20401690 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0168-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Excitotoxicity has been associated with the loss of medium spiny neurons (MSN) in Huntington's disease (HD). We have previously observed that the content of the glial glutamate transporters, glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) and glutamate-aspartate transporter (GLAST), diminishes in R6/2 mice at 14 weeks of age but not at 10 weeks, and that this change correlates with an increased vulnerability of striatal neurons to glutamate toxicity. We have also reported that inhibition of the glycolytic pathway decreases glutamate uptake and enhances glutamate neurotoxicity in the rat brain. We now show that at 10-weeks of age, glutamate excitotoxicity is precipitated in R6/2 mice, after the treatment with iodoacetate (IOA), an inhibitor of the glycolytic enzyme, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). IOA induces a larger inhibition of GAPDH in R6/2 mice, while it similarly reduces the levels of GLT-1 and GLAST in wild-type and transgenic animals. Results suggest that metabolic failure and altered glutamate uptake are involved in the vulnerability of striatal neurons to glutamate excitotoxicity in HD.
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