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Vishvakarma R, Mishra A. Characterization of a Novel Protease Inhibitor from the Edible Mushroom
Agaricus bisporus. Protein Pept Lett 2022; 29:460-472. [DOI: 10.2174/0929866529666220405161903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Protease inhibitors inhibit the activity of protease enzymes, hence are essentially involved in the regulation of the metabolic processes involving protease enzymes and protection the host organism against external damage due to proteases. These inhibitors are abundantly present in all living organisms but have not been much reported in mushrooms. Mushrooms are one of the major food components of humans with delicious taste and high nutritional value. Mushrooms also have therapeutic and economic significance. The edible mushrooms with medicinal properties are much in commercial demand. To date, the presence of protease inhibitors has not been reported much in edible mushrooms. The present study reports the characterization of a protease inhibitor isolated from the common white button mushroom Agaricus bisporus.
Objective:
The objective of the present study is to characterize the novel protease inhibitor from Agaricus bisporus to determine its nature and activity at varying environmental conditions.
Method:
The protease inhibitor was characterized through SDS PAGE, gel filtration chromatography, and de novo sequencing to determine its molecular mass, and sequence respectively. The optimum pH and temperature, and the pH and thermal stability were studied to determine the optimum working range of the protease inhibitor. The protease inhibitory activity (%) was determined in presence of metal ions, surfactants, oxidizing agents, and reducing agents. The kinetic parameters and the type of inhibition exhibited by the protease inhibitor were determined using casein and trypsin protease enzyme.
Results:
The protease inhibitor was found to be a low molecular mass compound of 25 kDa. The de novo sequencing matched the inhibitor against a 227 amino acid containing peptide molecular mass of 24.6 kDa molecular mass. The protease inhibitory activity (%) was found highest at pH 7.0 and temperature 50 0C, and was stable from pH 4.0-9.0 and temperature 30-80 0C. In presence of metal ions, the residual protease inhibitory activity (%) enhanced in presence of Na+, Mg2+, and Fe3+. The residual activity increased in presence of the surfactant SDS slightly in comparison to control, while decreased in the case of Triton-X and Tween 20. The presence of oxidizing agents, hydrogen peroxide, and dimethyl sulfoxide decreased the residual inhibitory activity. The protease inhibitor was unaffected by the reducing agents: dithiothreitol and β-mercaptoethanol up to 2mM concentration but decreased at higher concentrations. The inhibitor exhibited uncompetitive inhibition against trypsin with an inhibitory constant of 166 nM, indicating a strong affinity towards the protease, with a half-life of 93.90 minutes at 37 0C.
Conclusion:
Protease inhibitors isolated from mushrooms are generally small in size, more stable, and tolerant towards varying external conditions. The protease inhibitor isolated from Agaricus bisporus also exhibited similar characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Vishvakarma
- Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh-226026, India
| | - Abha Mishra
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh-221005, India
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Wang J, Cai W, Yu J, Liu H, He S, Zhu L, Xu J. Dietary Advanced Glycation End Products Shift the Gut Microbiota Composition and Induce Insulin Resistance in Mice. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:427-437. [PMID: 35210793 PMCID: PMC8857970 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s346411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the associations between gut microbiota characteristics and glycometabolic profiles in mice fed diets high in advanced glycation end products (AGEs). METHODS C57BL/6 mice were exposed to a heat-treated diet or exogenous AGEs for 24 weeks, and glucose metabolism was assessed via the intraperitoneal glucose-tolerance test (IPGTT). Serum AGE and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) levels were quantified using ELISA kits. 16S rDNA sequencing was performed to analyze the changes in gut microbiota according to α- and β-diversity. Key operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were evaluated, and co-abundance groups (CAGs) were delineated using weighted correlation network analysis. Associations between CAGs and clinical parameters were analyzed using Spearman correlation; predictive functional analysis of gut microbiota was performed using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes data. RESULTS We identified significant increases in fasting blood glucose (FBG) and fasting insulin levels, as well as homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and glucose area under the receiver operating characteristic curve from IPGTT, in the high-AGE diet groups relative to controls at week 24. Serum AGE and LBP levels were elevated, and the α- and β-diversity of gut microbiota reduced in high-AGE diet groups. We identified 92 key OTUs that clustered into six CAGs, revealing positive correlations between CAG2/3/5 and insulin levels and mice weight and negative correlations between CAG1/3/4/5 and AGE, FBG, and LBP levels and HOMA-IR in mice fed high-AGE diets. We observed a reduced abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria, including Bacteroidales_S24-7, Ruminococcaceae, and Lachnospiraceae, in mice fed high-AGE diets, with pathway analysis of gut microbiota revealing significantly enriched fructose and mannose metabolism. CONCLUSION High-AGE diets altered the gut microbiota composition and structure, and induced insulin resistance in mice. In the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, the loss of butyrate-producing bacteria might impair the colonic epithelial barrier, thereby triggering chronic low-grade inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Nanchang, 330006, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangxi Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Cai
- Department of Medical Genetics and Cell biology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiao Yu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Honghong Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shasha He
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Nanchang, 330006, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangxi Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jixiong Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Nanchang, 330006, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangxi Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
- Correspondence: Jixiong Xu, Email
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Li Q, Wu J, Huang L, Zhao B, Li Q. Ephedrine ameliorates cerebral ischemia injury via inhibiting NOD-like receptor pyrin domain 3 inflammasome activation through the Akt/GSK3β/NRF2 pathway. Hum Exp Toxicol 2021; 40:S540-S552. [PMID: 34715758 DOI: 10.1177/09603271211052981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and long-term disability worldwide. The aim of this study is to explore the potential function of ephedrine in ischemic stroke and the underlying molecular mechanism. A middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rat model was established. The potential effects of ephedrine on MCAO rats and LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells were evaluated. Ephedrine reduced the infarct volume, cell apoptosis, brain water content, neurological score, and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) production in MCAO rats. Ephedrine treatment also suppressed TNF-α and IL-1β production and NOD-like receptor pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation in BV2 microglial cells. The expression of NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-1β was suppressed by ephedrine. Moreover, ephedrine treatment increased the phosphorylation of Akt and GSK3β and nuclear NRF2 levels in LPS-treated BV2 microglial cells. Meanwhile, LY294002 attenuated the inhibitory effects of ephedrine on NLRP3 inflammasome activation and TNF-α and IL-1β production. In addition, the level of pAkt was increased, while NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-1β were decreased by ephedrine treatment in MCAO rats. In conclusion, ephedrine ameliorated cerebral ischemia injury via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation through the Akt/GSK3β/NRF2 pathway. Our results revealed a potential role of ephedrine in ischemic stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunxian Li
- Department of Encephalopathy, DongZhimen Hospital, 248912Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Encephalopathy, DongZhimen Hospital, 248912Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lixian Huang
- Department of Encephalopathy, DongZhimen Hospital, 248912Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Encephalopathy, DongZhimen Hospital, 248912Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qingbin Li
- Department of Encephalopathy, DongZhimen Hospital, 248912Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Xu L, Zaky MY, Yousuf W, Ullah A, Abdelbaset GR, Zhang Y, Ahmed OM, Liu S, Liu H. The Anticancer Potential of Apigenin Via Immunoregulation. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:479-489. [PMID: 32660399 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200713171137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Apigenin is an edible flavonoid widely distributed in natural plants, including most vegetables and fruits. Previous studies have revealed that apigenin possesses multiple biological functions by demonstrating antiinflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-tumor and cardiovascular protective effects. Furthermore, recent progressions have disclosed a novel perspective of the anti-cancer roles of apigenin through its immunoregulatory functions. With the rapid progression of the groundbreaking strategies being developed for cancer immunotherapy, its immunoregulatory roles are being recognized as intriguing features of the multifaceted apigenin. However, the current understanding of this emerging role of apigenin still remains limited. Therefore, in the present review, recent advances on the immunoregulatory properties of apigenin in various diseases with a special focus on neoplasm, are summarized. Clinical strategies of cancer immunotherapy are briefly introduced and findings on apigenin linked to immunoregulatory roles in immunotherapy-associated aspects are brought together. The bioactivity, bioavailability, toxicity and potential of apigenin, to be considered as a therapeutic agent in anti-tumor immunotherapy, is discussed. Disclosed molecular mechanisms underlying the immunoregulatory roles of apigenin in cancer immunotherapy are also summarized. Based on findings from the literature, apigenin has the potential to serve as a prospective adjuvant for anti-cancer immunotherapy and warrants further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xu
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Mohamed Y Zaky
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Waleed Yousuf
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Anwar Ullah
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Gehad R Abdelbaset
- Molecular Physiology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt
| | - Yingqiu Zhang
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Osama M Ahmed
- Molecular Physiology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt
| | - Shuyan Liu
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Han Liu
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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Shi C, Li J, Li J. Ephedrine attenuates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats through NF-κB signaling pathway. Hum Exp Toxicol 2020; 40:994-1002. [PMID: 33307823 DOI: 10.1177/0960327120975456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The inflammation and immune responses are critical in ischemic stroke and contribute to aggravated brain damage. Ephedrine was reported to play an important role in the control of inflammatory responses. This study was to investigate the repairing effects and potential mechanisms of ephedrine on cerebral ischemic injury in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia. The rat model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury was established using the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) method and then rats were treated with ephedrine (5 and 10 mg/kg) for 7 days. The neurobehavioral progression was assessed using the neurological scoring method. The pathology of brain tissue was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The infarct volume was examined by triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. The apoptosis in ischemic brain tissues was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Inflammatory factors were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Gene quantification and protein expression were detected by real-time PCR and western blot, respectively. Ephedrine treatment significantly alleviated the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, evidenced by decreased neurological deficit score, infarct volume and water content. Ephedrine also decreased autophagy and apoptosis in brain tissues. Moreover, ephedrine treatment significantly reduced inflammatory responses, associating with decreasing the protein expression of p-NF-κB. These results demonstrated neuroprotective properties of ephedrine and highlighted it as a new potential anti-inflammatory agent against injury of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanhong Shi
- Department of Neurology, Yiwu Central Hospital, Yiwu, China
| | - Jianhong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yiwu Central Hospital, Yiwu, China
| | - Jianwei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yiwu Central Hospital, Yiwu, China
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Samykannu G, Vijayababu P, Antonyraj CB, Narayanan S. Structural investigation of APRs to improve the solubility of outer membrane protease (PgtE) from Salmonella enterica serotype typhi- A multi-constraint approach. Biochem Biophys Rep 2020; 21:100693. [PMID: 31872081 PMCID: PMC6911951 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2019.100693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Outer membrane proteins were playing a crucial role on the several functions controlled by cell membranes even though they are not naturally expressed at higher levels. In order to obtain biologically active protein, the denaturation of these inclusion bodies must be optimized using chaotropic agents. Hence, this study focuses on improving the yield of Outer Membrane Protease (PgtE) from Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (S. Typhi) using chaotropes and additives. Denaturation methods were tried with various pH, detergents, and reducing agents were used to optimize the solubility of PgtE with biologically active form. Due to the aggregation, we failed to achieve the maximum yield of PgtE. Consequently, we predicted 9 Aggregation Prone Regions (APRs) in PgtE, which are mutated by known structural Gatekeepers. We calculated the Aggregation Index (AI) of PgtE with 10 mM of aspartic acid as an additive in optimized buffer. In addition, the mutations at specific positions within the protein structure can act as APRs suppressors without affecting protein stability with CABS flex dynamics. The multiple sequence analysis demonstrate that aspartic acid is appropriate denaturing additive for other Gram-negative pathogens of Omptin family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopinath Samykannu
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Princy Vijayababu
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Sundarabaalaji Narayanan
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
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Khan MA, Khurana N, Ahmed RS, Umar S, Md G Sarwar AH, Alam Q, Kamal MA, Ashraf GM. Chemokines: A Potential Therapeutic Target to Suppress Autoimmune Arthritis. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:2937-2946. [PMID: 31580792 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190709205028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemokines are a family of low molecular weight proteins that induce chemotaxis of inflammatory cells, which mainly depends on the recognition of a chemo-attractant gradient and interaction with the substratum. In Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), abundant chemokines are expressed in synovial tissue, cause inflammatory cells migration into the inflamed joint that necessitates the formation of new blood vessels i.e. angiogenesis. Over the decades, studies showed that continuous inflammation may lead to the loss of tissue architecture and function, causing severe disability and cartilage destruction. In spite of the advancement of modern drug therapy, thousands of arthritic patients suffer mortality and morbidity globally. Thus, there is an urgent need for the development of novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of RA. METHODS This review is carried out throughout a non-systematic search of the accessible literature, will provide an overview of the current information of chemokine in RA and also exploring the future perspective of the vital role of targeting chemokine in RA treatment. RESULTS Since, chemokines are associated with inflammatory cells/leucocyte migration at the site of inflammation in chronic inflammatory diseases and hence, blockade or interference with chemokines activity showing a potential approach for the development of new anti-inflammatory agents. Currently, results obtained from both preclinical and clinical studies showed significant improvement in arthritis. CONCLUSION This review summarizes the role of chemokines and their receptors in the pathogenesis of RA and also indicates possible interactions of chemokines/receptors with various synthetic and natural compounds that may be used as a potential therapeutic target in the future for the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood A Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences & GTB Hospital, Dilshad Garden, Delhi 110095, India
| | - Nikhil Khurana
- Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences & GTB Hospital, Dilshad Garden, Delhi 110095, India
| | - Rafat S Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences & GTB Hospital, Dilshad Garden, Delhi 110095, India
| | - Sadiq Umar
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Illinois, Clinical Science Building (CSB), Chicago, IL-60612, United States
| | - Abu H Md G Sarwar
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025, India
| | - Qamre Alam
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, NSW, Australia
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Aatif M, Shah A, Priyadarshini M, Farhan M, Bano B. Probing the structural interactions between methotrexate and dexamethasone with muscle cystatin: a biophysical study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:2955-2964. [PMID: 31389299 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1653374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Drug protein interactions have gained considerable attention over the past many years. In the current communication the association of muscle cystatin (MC) with anti-rheumatic drugs methotrexate and dexamethasone was studied by thiol proteinase inhibitor assay, ultra violet (UV) absorption, fluorescence spectroscopy, and fluorescence transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR). A static pattern of quenching was noticed between muscle cystatin and methotrexate (MTX). Binding constant (Ka) of methotrexate to muscle cystatin was found to be 1 × 10-7 M-1 and the stoichiometry of binding was calculated to be one. Fluorescence measurement of the emission quenching reveals that the quenching process of cystatin by dexamethasone (DXN) was also static. The stoichiometry of binding and binding constant was also obtained. Additional evidence regarding MTX-MC and DXN-MC was obtained from UV spectroscopy and FTIR spectroscopic results. Such spectroscopic studies would help in modelling new candidate drugs for rheumatoid arthritis based on their cystatin binding profile.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Aatif
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Kingdom Saudi Arabia
| | - Aaliya Shah
- Department of Biochemistry, SKIMS Medical College, Srinagar, India
| | | | - Mohd Farhan
- Department of Biology, College of Basic Sciences, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Kingdom Saudi Arabia
| | - Bilqees Bano
- Department of Biochemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
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Cardoso MGB, Trento MVC, Reis CH, Marcussi S, Cardoso PG. Lecanicillium aphanocladii: snake venom phospholipases A 2 and proteases as tools to prospect enzymatic inhibitors. Lett Appl Microbiol 2019; 69:88-95. [PMID: 31102470 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural enzyme inhibitors have been widely described in literature because of its pharmacological and cosmetic applications. Fungi found in caves represent a promising source of bioactive substances that are still little explored scientifically. Thus, the present work evaluated the presence of enzymatic modulators in a filtrate obtained from the cultivation of the cave fungus Lecanicillium aphanocladii (Family: Cordycipitaceae). Snake venoms from Bothrops alternatus and Bothrops atrox were used as an enzymatic source for the induction of the phospholipase, proteolytic, thrombolytic, cytotoxic and coagulant activities. Compounds present in the fungal filtrate inhibited 50, 23·8, 26·6, 50·9 and 52·5% of the proteolytic, phospholipase, haemolytic, thrombolytic and coagulant activities respectively. The filtrate was not cytotoxic on erythrocytes, but induced partial dissolution of thrombi. Fungal enzyme inhibitors that have low or no toxicity and can be obtained on a large scale and at low cost are relevant in the medical-scientific context. Therefore, the inhibition of phospholipases A2 and proteases observed in the present work highlights the potential of fungal metabolites for the development of drugs that can be used in the treatment of haemostasis and inflammation-related disorders. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: In this study, secondary metabolites synthesized by Lecanicillium aphanocladii, a fungus isolated from caves, demonstrated modulating action on proteases and phospholipases A2 present in snake venoms of the Bothrops genus, widely used as tools for the study of pathophysiology processes related to haemostasis and inflammation. The results suggest the possibility of future applications for these metabolites in the development of pharmaceuticals of medical-scientific interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G B Cardoso
- Department of Biology, Biogen Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Brazil
| | - M V C Trento
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Brazil
| | - C H Reis
- Department of Biology, Biogen Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Brazil
| | - S Marcussi
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Brazil
| | - P G Cardoso
- Department of Biology, Biogen Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Brazil
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Wang F, Hu X, Zhou B. Structural characterization of plasmodial aminopeptidase: a combined molecular docking and QSAR-based in silico approaches. Mol Divers 2019; 23:965-984. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-019-09921-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Syed H, Tauseef M, Ahmad Z. A connection between antimicrobial properties of venom peptides and microbial ATP synthase. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 119:23-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Medeiros AFD, Costa IDS, Carvalho FMCD, Kiyota S, Souza BBPD, Sifuentes DN, Serquiz RP, Maciel BLL, Uchôa AF, Santos EAD, Morais AHDA. Biochemical characterisation of a Kunitz-type inhibitor from Tamarindus indica L. seeds and its efficacy in reducing plasma leptin in an experimental model of obesity. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2018; 33:334-348. [PMID: 29322840 PMCID: PMC6010142 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2017.1419220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A trypsin inhibitor isolated from tamarind seed (TTI) has satietogenic effects in animals, increasing the cholecystokinin (CCK) in eutrophy and reducing leptin in obesity. We purified TTI (pTTI), characterised, and observed its effect upon CCK and leptin in obese Wistar rats. By HPLC, and after amplification of resolution, two protein fractions were observed: Fr1 and Fr2, with average mass of [M + 14H]+ = 19,594,690 Da and [M + 13H]+ = 19,578,266 Da, respectively. The protein fractions showed 54 and 53 amino acid residues with the same sequence. pTTI presented resistance to temperature and pH variations; IC50 was 2.7 × 10−10 mol.L−1 and Ki was 2.9 × 10−11 mol.L−1. The 2-DE revealed spots with isoelectric points between pH 5 and 6, and one near pH 8. pTTI action on leptin decrease was confirmed. We conclude that pTTI is a Kunitz trypsin inhibitor with possible biotechnological health-related application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Fernandes de Medeiros
- a Postgraduate Biochemistry Program, Biosciences Center , Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte , Natal , Brazil
| | - Izael de Sousa Costa
- a Postgraduate Biochemistry Program, Biosciences Center , Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte , Natal , Brazil
| | | | - Sumika Kiyota
- b Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Biochemistry , CPDSA, Biological Institute , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Beatriz Blenda Pinheiro de Souza
- c Postgraduate Biological Molecular, Institute of Biological Sciences , University of Brasília , Distrito Federal , Brasília , Brazil.,d Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology , Embrapa , Distrito Federal , Brasília , Brazil
| | | | - Raphael Paschoal Serquiz
- a Postgraduate Biochemistry Program, Biosciences Center , Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte , Natal , Brazil
| | - Bruna Leal Lima Maciel
- e Postgraduate Nutrition Program, Center for Health Sciences , Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte , Natal , Brazil.,f Department of Nutrition, Center for Health Sciences , Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte , Natal , Brazil
| | - Adriana Ferreira Uchôa
- a Postgraduate Biochemistry Program, Biosciences Center , Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte , Natal , Brazil.,g Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Biosciences Center , Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte , Natal , Brazil
| | - Elizeu Antunes Dos Santos
- a Postgraduate Biochemistry Program, Biosciences Center , Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte , Natal , Brazil.,h Department of Biochemistry, Biosciences Center , Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte , Natal , Brazil
| | - Ana Heloneida de Araújo Morais
- a Postgraduate Biochemistry Program, Biosciences Center , Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte , Natal , Brazil.,e Postgraduate Nutrition Program, Center for Health Sciences , Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte , Natal , Brazil.,f Department of Nutrition, Center for Health Sciences , Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte , Natal , Brazil
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Vishvakarma R, Mishra A. Production of a protease inhibitor from edible mushroom Agaricus bisporus and its statistical optimization by response surface methodology. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 47:450-457. [PMID: 28140750 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2017.1286851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The production of a protease inhibitor from Agaricus bisporus through solid-state fermentation was studied. The purpose was to produce protease inhibitor from natural, cheap, and readily available carbon and nitrogen sources. Solid-state fermentation enhanced the mycelia growth and also gave a higher yield of the product. Further, fungal growth and other production parameters were statistically optimized. The specificity of the inhibitor was tested and was effective against trypsin. Screening of significant factors (wheat bran, cyanobacterial biomass, initial pH, temperature, incubation period, and moisture content and inoculum size) was performed using Plackett-Burman design. Central composite design was used to determine the optimized values of the significant variables which were found to be temperature (27.5°C), incubation time (156 hr), cyanobacterial biomass (1 g), and moisture content (50%) and gave a statistical yield of 980 PIU/g which was 25.6% higher than experimental yield (780 PIU/g). The inhibitor was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) cellulose chromatography (yield 43.89% and 0.21%, respectively) and subjected to reversed-phase HPLC to validate its identity. Since protease inhibitors act against proteases, finding ample therapeutic roles; the isolated protease inhibitor from A. bisporus can also be a probable medicinal agent after its further characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Vishvakarma
- a School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) , Varanasi , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Abha Mishra
- a School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) , Varanasi , Uttar Pradesh , India
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Shamsi TN, Parveen R, Naz H, Haque MA, Fatima S. Biophysical insight into structure-function relation of Allium sativum Protease Inhibitor by thermal, chemical and pH-induced modulation using comprehensive spectroscopic analysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 103:415-423. [PMID: 28528000 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have analyzed the structural and functional changes in the nature of Allium sativum Protease Inhibitor (ASPI) on undergoing various denaturation with variable range of pH, temperature and urea (at pH 8.2). ASPI being anti-tryptic in nature has native molecular mass of ∼15kDa. The conformational stability, functional parameters and their correlation were estimated under different conditions using circular dichroism, fluorescence and activity measurements. ASPI was found to fall in belongs to α+β protein. It demonstrated structural and functional stability in the pH range 5.0-12.0 and up to70°C temperature. Further decrease in pH and increase in temperature induces unfolding followed by aggregation. Chemical induced denaturation was found to be cooperative and transitions were reversible and sigmoid. Tm (midpoint of denaturation), ΔCp (constant pressure heat capacity change) and ΔHm (van't Hoff enthalpy change at Tm were calculated to be 41.25±0.2°C, 1.3±0.07kcalmol-1K-1 and 61±2kcalmol-1 respectively for thermally denatured ASPI earlier. The reversibility of the protein was confirmed for both thermally and chemically denatured ASPI. The results obtained from trypsin inhibitory activity assay and structural studies are found to be in a significant correlation and hence established structure-function relationship of ASPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tooba Naz Shamsi
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Romana Parveen
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Huma Naz
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Md Anzarul Haque
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Sadaf Fatima
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India.
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A novel anticoagulant protein with antithrombotic properties from the mosquito Culex pipiens pallens. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 93:156-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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New acidic proteases from Liza aurata viscera: Characterization and application in gelatin production. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 92:533-542. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Abstract
Background:Proteases are important enzymes that can degrade proteins and are found in animals, plants, bacteria, fungi and viruses. The action of proteases can be controlled by Protease Inhibitors (PIs), chemical or proteinaceous in nature that can block the active site of protease. Since the step catalyzed by proteases may play important role in life cycle of microbes, hindering the action of proteases by PIs may act as therapeutic intervention for microbial infection.Material and Methods:A thorough study was performed and wide range of literature was surveyed to confirm our results of PIs showing antibacterial activity.Results:PIs have shown to be effective drugs against bacterial pathogens, pathogenic viruses- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Herpes virus, Hepatitis Virus. PIs have recently been investigated for controlling protozoan parasites. Clinical value of proteases and their inhibitors has been studied inHelicobacter pyloriwhich is the etiologic agent of gastritis.Conclusion:This review is intended to highlight the role of PIs in the Battle against Microbial Pathogens.
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Characterization, biomedical and agricultural applications of protease inhibitors: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 91:1120-33. [PMID: 26955746 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.02.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This review describes Protease Inhibitors (PIs) which target or inhibit proteases, protein digesting enzymes. These proteases play a crucial task in many biological events including digestion, blood coagulation, apoptosis etc. Regardless of their crucial roles, they need to be checked regularly by PIs as their excess may possibly damage host organism. On basis of amino acid composition of PIs where Protease-PI enzymatic reactions occur i.e. serine, cysteine, and aspartic acid, they are classified. Nowadays, various PIs are being worked upon to fight various parasitic or viral diseases including malaria, schistosomiasis, colds, flu', dengue etc. They prevent an ongoing process begun by carcinogen exposure by keeping a check on metastasis. They also possess potential to reduce carcinogen-induced, increased levels of gene amplification to almost normal levels. Some PIs can principally be used for treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure by blocking conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II for example Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs). Also PIs target amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) level in brain which is prime responsible for development of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Also, PIs inhibit enzymatic activity of HIV-1 Protease Receptor (PR) by preventing cleavage events in Gag and Gag-Pol that result in production of non-virulent virus particles.
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Lv Y, Zhang J, Wu H, Zhao S, Song Y, Wang S, Wang B, Lv G, Ma X. A protease inhibition strategy based on acceleration of autolysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:5959-62. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc01448d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An iconoclastic protease inhibition strategy based on autolysis acceleration: proteases are concentrated and induced to self-digest by a polymer via electrostatic interaction. Such a catalytic cycle results in high inhibition efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lv
- Laboratory of Biomedical Materials Engineering
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- P. R. China
| | - Jianbin Zhang
- Laboratory of Biomedical Materials Engineering
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- P. R. China
| | - Hao Wu
- Laboratory of Biomedical Materials Engineering
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- P. R. China
| | - Shan Zhao
- Laboratory of Biomedical Materials Engineering
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- P. R. China
| | - Yizhe Song
- Laboratory of Biomedical Materials Engineering
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- P. R. China
| | - Shujun Wang
- Laboratory of Biomedical Materials Engineering
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- P. R. China
| | - Bing Wang
- Laboratory of Biomedical Materials Engineering
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- P. R. China
| | - Guojun Lv
- Laboratory of Biomedical Materials Engineering
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaojun Ma
- Laboratory of Biomedical Materials Engineering
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- P. R. China
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Zahir F, Rabbani G, Khan RH, Rizvi SJ, Jamal MS, Abuzenadah AM. The pharmacological features of bilirubin: the question of the century. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/cmble-2015-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis review looks at the toxicity and metabolism of bilirubin in terms of its pharmacological potential. Its role has gained importance as more research has revealed the functional significance and interrelationship between the gasotransmitters nitric oxide and carbon monoxide. The biological actions of bilirubin have mostly been characterized in the high micromolar range where toxic effects occur. However, it could also prove to be an important cytoprotector for brain tissue, which is inherently less equipped for antioxidant defense. Plasma bilirubin levels negatively correlate to a number of disease states. Higher levels of bilirubin that are still within the normal range provide a protective effect to the body. The effects on various disorders could be tested using controlled pharmacological upregulation of the molecule with animal models. At nanomolar concentrations, considerable benefits have been obtained when the molecule was delivered pharmacologically under in vitro or in vivo test conditions, particularly in neurodegenerative disorders and after tissue or organ transplantation. The induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX-1) via the activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor or the use of bile pigments in the harvesting of diseased tissue are novel applications, and like every new therapy, should be used with caution. HMOX-1 is tissue specific, and in exceptional states, such as schizophrenia and specific types of renal disorder, the same therapy may have disastrous effects.
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Ali PPM, Sapna K, Mol KRR, Bhat SG, Chandrasekaran M, Elyas KK. Trypsin Inhibitor from Edible Mushroom Pleurotus floridanus Active against Proteases of Microbial Origin. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 173:167-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0826-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mavridis K, Avgeris M, Scorilas A. Targeting kallikrein-related peptidases in prostate cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:365-83. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.880693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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23
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Smoum R, Rubinstein A, Dembitsky VM, Srebnik M. Boron containing compounds as protease inhibitors. Chem Rev 2012; 112:4156-220. [PMID: 22519511 DOI: 10.1021/cr608202m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reem Smoum
- The School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Microbial and fungal protease inhibitors--current and potential applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 93:1351-75. [PMID: 22218770 PMCID: PMC7080157 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3834-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Proteolytic enzymes play essential metabolic and regulatory functions in many biological processes and also offer a wide range of biotechnological applications. Because of their essential roles, their proteolytic activity needs to be tightly regulated. Therefore, small molecules and proteins that inhibit proteases can be versatile tools in the fields of medicine, agriculture and biotechnology. In medicine, protease inhibitors can be used as diagnostic or therapeutic agents for viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic diseases as well as for treating cancer and immunological, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. They can be involved in crop protection against plant pathogens and herbivorous pests as well as against abiotic stress such as drought. Furthermore, protease inhibitors are indispensable in protein purification procedures to prevent undesired proteolysis during heterologous expression or protein extraction. They are also valuable tools for simple and effective purification of proteases, using affinity chromatography. Because there are such a large number and diversity of proteases in prokaryotes, yeasts, filamentous fungi and mushrooms, we can expect them to be a rich source of protease inhibitors as well.
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