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Zhao X, Wang Q, Li X, Xu H, Ren C, Yang Y, Xu S, Wei G, Duan Y, Tan Z, Fang Y. Norgestrel causes digestive gland injury in the clam Mactra veneriformis: An integrated histological, transcriptomics, and metabolomics study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 871:162110. [PMID: 36764532 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The potential adverse effects of progestins on aquatic organisms, especially non-target species, are of increasing concern worldwide. However, the effect and mechanism of progestin toxicity on aquatic invertebrates remain largely unexplored. In the present study, clams Mactra veneriformis were exposed to norgestrel (NGT, 0, 10, and 1000 ng/L), the dominant progestin detected in the aquatic environment, for 21 days. NGT accumulation, histology, transcriptome, and metabolome were assessed in the digestive gland. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) was 386 and 268 in the 10 ng/L NGT group and 1000 ng/L NGT group, respectively, indicating efficient accumulation of NGT in the clams. Histological analysis showed that NGT led to the swelling of epithelial cells and blurring of the basement membrane in the digestive gland. Differentially-expressed genes and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis using a transcriptomic approach suggested that NGT primarily disturbed the detoxification system, antioxidant defense, carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, and steroid hormone metabolism, which was consistent with the metabolites analyzed using a metabolomic approach. Furthermore, we speculated that the oxidative stress caused by NGT resulted in histological damage to the digestive gland. This study showed that NGT caused adverse effects in the clams and sheds light on the mechanisms of progestin interference in aquatic invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Zhao
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, PR China
| | - Qing Wang
- Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Xiangfei Li
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, PR China
| | - Hua Xu
- Yantai Ecological Environment Monitoring Center, Shandong Province, Yantai 264010, PR China
| | - Chuanbo Ren
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Restoration for Marine Ecology, Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Yantai 264006, PR China
| | - Yanyan Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Restoration for Marine Ecology, Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Yantai 264006, PR China
| | - Shuhao Xu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, PR China
| | - Guoxing Wei
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, PR China
| | - Yujun Duan
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, PR China
| | - Zhitao Tan
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, PR China
| | - Yan Fang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, PR China.
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Gautam M, Thapa G. Cytochrome P450-mediated estrogen catabolism therapeutic avenues in epilepsy. Acta Neurol Belg 2021; 121:603-612. [PMID: 32743748 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-020-01454-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neuropsychiatric disorder, which does not have any identifiable cause. However, experimental and clinical results have asserted that the sex hormone estrogen level and endocrine system function influence the seizure and epileptic episodes. There are available drugs to control epilepsy, which passes through the metabolism process. Cytochrome P-450 family 1 (CYP1A1) is a heme-containing mono-oxygenase that are induced several folds in most of the tissues and cells contributing to their differential expression, which regulates various metabolic processes upon administration of therapeutics. CYP1A1 gene family has been found to metabolize estrogen, a female sex hormone, which plays a central role in maintaining the health of brain altering the level of estrogen active neuropsychiatric disorder like epilepsy. Hence, in this article, we endeavor to provide an opinion of estrogen, its effects on epilepsy and catamenial epilepsy, their metabolism by CYP1A1 and new way forward to differential diagnosis and clinical management of epilepsy in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Gautam
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Ganesh Thapa
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland.
- Biohazards and Biosafety, Estates and Facilities, Trinity College of Dublin, The University of Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, D02 PN40, Ireland.
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Kitaoka S, Hatogai J, Iimura R, Yamamoto Y, Oba K, Nakai M, Kusunoki Y, Ochiai W, Sugiyama K. Relationship between low midazolam metabolism by cytochrome P450 3A in mice and the high incidence of birth defects. J Toxicol Sci 2018; 43:65-74. [PMID: 29415953 DOI: 10.2131/jts.43.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The use of midazolam in early stages of pregnancy has resulted in a high incidence of birth defects; however, the underlying reason is unknown. We investigated expression changes of the CYP3A molecular species and focused on its midazolam metabolizing activity from the foetal period to adulthood. CYP3A16 was the only CYP3A species found to be expressed in the liver during the foetal period. However, CYP3A11 is upregulated in adult mice, but has been found to be downregulated during the foetal period and to gradually increase after birth. When CYP3A16 expression was induced in a microsomal fraction of cells used to study midazolam metabolism by CYP3A16, its activity was suppressed. These results showed that the capacity to metabolize midazolam in the liver during the foetal period is very low, which could hence result in a high incidence of birth defects associated with the use of midazolam during early stages of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jo Hatogai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University
| | - Ryuki Iimura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University
| | - Yuka Yamamoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University
| | - Konomi Oba
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University
| | - Mami Nakai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University
| | | | - Wataru Ochiai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University
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Chen JM, Zhang QS, Li XY, Gong X, Ruan YJ, Zeng SJ, Lu LL, Qi XX, Wang Y, Hu M, Zhu LJ, Liu ZQ. Tissue Distribution and Gender-Specific Protein Expression of Cytochrome P450 in five Mouse Genotypes with a Background of FVB. Pharm Res 2018; 35:114. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2389-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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5
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Ochiai W, Kobayashi H, Kitaoka S, Kashiwada M, Koyama Y, Nakaishi S, Nagai T, Aburada M, Sugiyama K. Effect of the active ingredient of Kaempferia parviflora, 5,7-dimethoxyflavone, on the pharmacokinetics of midazolam. J Nat Med 2018; 72:607-614. [PMID: 29550915 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-018-1184-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
5,7-Dimethoxyflavone (5,7-DMF), one of the major components of Kaempferia parviflora, has anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, and antineoplastic effects. On the other hand, in vitro studies have reported that it directly inhibits the drug metabolizing enzyme family cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3As. In this study, its safety was evaluated from a pharmacokinetic point of view, based on daily ingestion of 5,7-DMF. Midazolam, a substrate of CYP3As, was orally administered to mice treated with 5,7-DMF for 10 days, and its pharmacokinetic properties were investigated. In the group administered 5,7-DMF, the area under the curve (AUC) of midazolam increased by 130% and its biological half-life was extended by approximately 100 min compared to the control group. Compared to the control group, 5,7-DMF markedly decreased the expression of CYP3A11 and CYP3A25 in the liver. These results suggest that continued ingestion of 5,7-DMF decreases the expression of CYP3As in the liver, consequently increasing the blood concentrations of drugs metabolized by CYP3As.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Ochiai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan.
| | - Hiroko Kobayashi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kitaoka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Mayumi Kashiwada
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Yuya Koyama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Saho Nakaishi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Tomomi Nagai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Masaki Aburada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Sugiyama
- Department of Functional Molecule, Kinetics Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan.
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Sato Y, Kaneko Y, Cho T, Goto K, Otsuka T, Yamamoto S, Goto S, Maruyama H, Narita I. Prolactin Upregulates Female-Predominant P450 Gene Expressions and Downregulates Male-Predominant Gene Expressions in Mouse Liver. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:586-592. [PMID: 28330858 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.074658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolactin is a polypeptide hormone with over 300 separate biologic activities. Its serum level is increased during pregnancy and lactation, and it has been reported that pregnancy and lactation affect drug and steroid metabolism in mice and humans. Several studies reported that pregnancy or lactation influences liver cytochrome P450 (P450) expression and its activity, affecting the biosynthesis of steroids and xenobiotics through growth hormone or sex hormones; however, the role of prolactin as the regulator of liver P450 expression has not been elucidated so far. In the present study, we focused on prolactin as the regulator of expression of liver sex-predominant genes, including P450s. To investigate the role of prolactin in the hepatic gene expressions, pCAGGS expression vector containing mouse prolactin cDNA was transfected by hydrodynamic injection into both male and female mice. Hyperprolactinemia phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 in the liver and augmented female mouse liver mRNA expression of Cyp3a16, Cyp3a41, Cyp3a44, Cyp2b9, and prolactin receptor genes, whose expressions were female-predominant in hepatocytes. Moreover, liver expression of male-predominant genes such as Cyp2d9, Cyp7b1, Mup1, and Alas2 were reduced in male mice with hyperprolactinemia. The serum levels of conventional regulators of hepatic gene expressions, growth hormone, and testosterone were not affected by hyperprolactinemia. We demonstrated that prolactin upregulated female-predominant genes in female mice and downregulated male-predominant genes in male mice. We conjecture that higher concentration of prolactin would alter steroid and xenobiotic metabolisms by modulating hepatic P450 gene expressions during pregnancy and lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Sato
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology (Y.S., Y.K., T.C., K.G., T.O., S.Y., S.G., I.N.) and Department of Clinical Nephroscience (H.M.), Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Asahimachi-dori, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Kaneko
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology (Y.S., Y.K., T.C., K.G., T.O., S.Y., S.G., I.N.) and Department of Clinical Nephroscience (H.M.), Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Asahimachi-dori, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takamasa Cho
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology (Y.S., Y.K., T.C., K.G., T.O., S.Y., S.G., I.N.) and Department of Clinical Nephroscience (H.M.), Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Asahimachi-dori, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kei Goto
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology (Y.S., Y.K., T.C., K.G., T.O., S.Y., S.G., I.N.) and Department of Clinical Nephroscience (H.M.), Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Asahimachi-dori, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tadashi Otsuka
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology (Y.S., Y.K., T.C., K.G., T.O., S.Y., S.G., I.N.) and Department of Clinical Nephroscience (H.M.), Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Asahimachi-dori, Niigata, Japan
| | - Suguru Yamamoto
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology (Y.S., Y.K., T.C., K.G., T.O., S.Y., S.G., I.N.) and Department of Clinical Nephroscience (H.M.), Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Asahimachi-dori, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shin Goto
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology (Y.S., Y.K., T.C., K.G., T.O., S.Y., S.G., I.N.) and Department of Clinical Nephroscience (H.M.), Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Asahimachi-dori, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroki Maruyama
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology (Y.S., Y.K., T.C., K.G., T.O., S.Y., S.G., I.N.) and Department of Clinical Nephroscience (H.M.), Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Asahimachi-dori, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ichiei Narita
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology (Y.S., Y.K., T.C., K.G., T.O., S.Y., S.G., I.N.) and Department of Clinical Nephroscience (H.M.), Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Asahimachi-dori, Niigata, Japan
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7
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Su J, Chang C, Xiang Q, Zhou ZW, Luo R, Yang L, He ZX, Yang H, Li J, Bei Y, Xu J, Zhang M, Zhang Q, Su Z, Huang Y, Pang J, Zhou SF. Xyloketal B, a marine compound, acts on a network of molecular proteins and regulates the activity and expression of rat cytochrome P450 3a: a bioinformatic and animal study. Drug Des Devel Ther 2014; 8:2555-602. [PMID: 25548518 PMCID: PMC4271727 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s73476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural compounds are becoming popular for the treatment of illnesses and health promotion, but the mechanisms of action and safety profiles are often unknown. Xyloketal B (XKB) is a novel marine compound isolated from the mangrove fungus Xylaria sp., with potent antioxidative, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective effects. However, its molecular targets and effects on drug-metabolizing enzymes are unknown. This study aimed to investigate the potential molecular targets of XKB using bioinformatic approaches and to examine the effect of XKB on the expression and activity of rat cytochrome P450 3a (Cyp3a) subfamily members using midazolam as a model probe. DDI-CPI, a server that can predict drug–drug interactions via the chemical–protein interactome, was employed to predict the targets of XKB, and the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) was used to analyze the pathways of the predicted targets of XKB. Homology modeling was performed using the Discovery Studio program 3.1. The activity and expression of rat hepatic Cyp3a were examined after the rats were treated with XKB at 7 and 14 mg/kg for 8 consecutive days. Rat plasma concentrations of midazolam and its metabolite 1′-OH-midazolam were determined using a validated high-performance liquid chromatographic method. Bioinformatic analysis showed that there were over 324 functional proteins and 61 related signaling pathways that were potentially regulated by XKB. A molecular docking study showed that XKB bound to the active site of human cytochrome P450 3A4 and rat Cyp3a2 homology model via the formation of hydrogen bonds. The in vivo study showed that oral administration of XKB at 14 mg/kg to rats for 8 days significantly increased the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of midazolam, with a concomitant decrease in the plasma clearance and AUC ratio of 1′-OH-midazolam over midazolam. Further, oral administration of 14 mg/kg XKB for 8 days markedly reduced the activity and expression of hepatic Cyp3a in rats. Taken together, the results show that XKB could regulate networks of molecular proteins and related signaling pathways and that XKB downregulated hepatic Cyp3a in rats. XKB might cause drug interactions through modulation of the activity and expression of Cyp3a members. More studies are warranted to confirm the mechanisms of action of XKB and to investigate the underlying mechanism for the regulating effect of XKB on Cyp3a subfamily members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Su
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China ; Department of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China ; The People's Hospital of Shenzhen City, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Cui Chang
- The People's Hospital of Shenzhen City, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Xiang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China ; Department of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Rong Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lun Yang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Xu He
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center and Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Medical Sciences, Guiyang Medical University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongtu Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China ; The People's Hospital of Shenzhen City, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianan Li
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Bei
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinmei Xu
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China ; Department of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Minjing Zhang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qihao Zhang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijian Su
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yadong Huang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiyan Pang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA ; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center and Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Medical Sciences, Guiyang Medical University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
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8
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Hasegawa M, Kapelyukh Y, Tahara H, Seibler J, Rode A, Krueger S, Lee DN, Wolf CR, Scheer N. Quantitative prediction of human pregnane X receptor and cytochrome P450 3A4 mediated drug-drug interaction in a novel multiple humanized mouse line. Mol Pharmacol 2011; 80:518-28. [PMID: 21628639 DOI: 10.1124/mol.111.071845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (P450) 3A4 is the predominant P450 enzyme expressed in human liver and intestine, and it is involved in the metabolism of approximately 50% of clinically used drugs. Because of the differences in the multiplicity of CYP3A genes and the poor correlation of substrate specificity of CYP3A proteins between species, the extrapolation of CYP3A-mediated metabolism of a drug from animals to man is difficult. This situation is further complicated by the fact that the predictability of the clinically common drug-drug interaction of pregnane X receptor (PXR)-mediated CYP3A4 induction by animal studies is limited as a result of marked species differences in the interaction of many drugs with this receptor. Here we describe a novel multiple humanized mouse line that combines a humanization for PXR, the closely related constitutive androstane receptor, and a replacement of the mouse Cyp3a cluster with a large human genomic region carrying CYP3A4 and CYP3A7. We provide evidence that this model shows a human-like CYP3A4 induction response to different PXR activators, that it allows the ranking of these activators according to their potency to induce CYP3A4 expression in the human liver, and that it provides an experimental approach to quantitatively predict PXR/CYP3A4-mediated drug-drug interactions in humans.
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Sakuma T, Kawasaki Y, Jarukamjorn K, Nemoto N. Sex Differences of Drug-metabolizing Enzyme: Female Predominant Expression of Human and Mouse Cytochrome P450 3A Isoforms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.55.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Sakuma
- Department of Toxicology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Yuki Kawasaki
- Department of Toxicology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Kanokwan Jarukamjorn
- Department of Toxicology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
- Academic Office of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University
| | - Nobuo Nemoto
- Department of Toxicology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
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10
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Woodland C, Huang TT, Gryz E, Bendayan R, Fawcett JP. Expression, Activity and Regulation of CYP3A in Human and Rodent Brain. Drug Metab Rev 2008; 40:149-68. [DOI: 10.1080/03602530701836712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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11
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Shackleton CHL, Hughes BA, Lavery GG, Walker EA, Stewart PM. The corticosteroid metabolic profile of the mouse. Steroids 2008; 73:1066-76. [PMID: 18502460 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Revised: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Data are presented on the urinary corticosteroid metabolic profile of the mouse strain 129/svJ. Through the use of GC/MS we have characterized, or tentatively identified corticosterone (Kendall's compound B) metabolites of both the 11beta-hydroxy and 11-carbonyl (compound A) series in urine. Full mass spectra of the methyloxime-trimethylether derivatives of 15 metabolites are included in the paper as an aid to other researchers in the field. Metabolites ranged in polarity from tetrahydrocorticosterone (THB) to dihydroxy-corticosterone with dominance of highly polar steroids. We found that prior to excretion corticosterone can undergo oxidation at position 11beta, reduction at position 20 and A-ring reduction. Metabolites retaining the 3-oxo-4-ene structure can be hydroxylated at position 6beta- as well as at an unidentified position, probably 16alpha-. Saturated steroids can be hydroxylated at positions 1beta-, 6alpha-, 15alpha- and 16alpha. A pair of hydroxy-20-dihydro-corticosterone metabolites (OH-DHB) were the most important excretory products accounting for about 40% of the total. One metabolite of this type was identified as 6beta-hydroxy-DHB; the other, of similar quantitative importance was probably 16alpha-hydroxy-DHB. The ratio of metabolites of corticosterone (B) to those of 11-dehydro-corticosterone (A) was greater than 9:1, considerably higher than that for the equivalent "human" ratio of 1:1 for cortisol to cortisone metabolites. Results from this study allowed the evaluation of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD) activity in mice with deleted glucose-6-phosphate transporter (G6PT). These mice had attenuated back-conversion of A to B resulting in an increased ratio of A-metabolites to B-metabolites [Walker EA, Ahmed A, Lavery GG, Tomlinson JW, Kim SY, Cooper MS, Stewart PM, 11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 regulation by intracellular glucose-6-phosphate, provides evidence for a novel link between glucose metabolism and HPA axis function. J Biol Chem 2007;282:27030-6]. We believe this study is currently the most comprehensive on the urinary steroid metabolic profile of the mouse. Quantitatively less steroid is excreted in urine than in feces by this species but urine analysis is more straightforward and the hepatic metabolites are less subject to microbial degradation than if feces was analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H L Shackleton
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Division of Medical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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12
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Zhang H, Wu X, Wang H, Mikheev AM, Mao Q, Unadkat JD. Effect of pregnancy on cytochrome P450 3a and P-glycoprotein expression and activity in the mouse: mechanisms, tissue specificity, and time course. Mol Pharmacol 2008; 74:714-23. [PMID: 18509067 DOI: 10.1124/mol.107.043851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasma concentrations of orally administered anti-human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors are significantly reduced during human and mouse pregnancy. We have shown that in the mouse, at gestational day 19, this reduction is due to increased hepatic cytochrome P450 3a (Cyp3a) protein expression and activity. In the current study, we investigated the mechanisms by which Cyp3a activity is increased by pregnancy and the time course of change in expression of Cyp3a and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in various tissues. We found that hepatic transcripts of Cyp3a16, Cyp3a41, and Cyp3a44 were significantly increased during pregnancy, whereas those of Cyp3a11 and Cyp3a25 were significantly decreased. This resulted in a net increase in Cyp3a protein expression and activity in the liver during pregnancy. The increase in Cyp3a41 and Cyp3a44 transcripts was positively correlated (p < 0.05) with hepatocyte nuclear factor 6 and estrogen receptor-alpha transcripts. The pregnancy-related factors that transcriptionally activated mouse Cyp3a isoforms also activated the human CYP3A4 promoter in pregnant CYP3A4-promoter-luciferase transgenic (CYP3A4-tg) mice. In contrast, intestinal Cyp3a protein expression was not significantly affected by pregnancy. No change in P-gp protein expression was observed in the liver or kidney during pregnancy, although a significant decrease was observed in the placenta. Because hepatic CYP3A activity also seems to be induced during human pregnancy, the mouse (including CYP3A4-tg mouse) seems to be an excellent animal model to determine the molecular mechanisms for such an induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixia Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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13
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Liu J, Xie Y, Cooper R, Ducharme DMK, Tennant R, Diwan BA, Waalkes MP. Transplacental exposure to inorganic arsenic at a hepatocarcinogenic dose induces fetal gene expression changes in mice indicative of aberrant estrogen signaling and disrupted steroid metabolism. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007; 220:284-91. [PMID: 17350061 PMCID: PMC2680420 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2007.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2006] [Revised: 01/16/2007] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to inorganic arsenic in utero in C3H mice produces hepatocellular carcinoma in male offspring when they reach adulthood. To help define the molecular events associated with the fetal onset of arsenic hepatocarcinogenesis, pregnant C3H mice were given drinking water containing 0 (control) or 85 ppm arsenic from day 8 to 18 of gestation. At the end of the arsenic exposure period, male fetal livers were removed and RNA isolated for microarray analysis using 22K oligo chips. Arsenic exposure in utero produced significant (p<0.001) alterations in expression of 187 genes, with approximately 25% of aberrantly expressed genes related to either estrogen signaling or steroid metabolism. Real-time RT-PCR on selected genes confirmed these changes. Various genes controlled by estrogen, including X-inactive-specific transcript, anterior gradient-2, trefoil factor-1, CRP-ductin, ghrelin, and small proline-rich protein-2A, were dramatically over-expressed. Estrogen-regulated genes including cytokeratin 1-19 and Cyp2a4 were over-expressed, although Cyp3a25 was suppressed. Several genes involved with steroid metabolism also showed remarkable expression changes, including increased expression of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-7 (HSD17beta7; involved in estradiol production) and decreased expression of HSD17beta5 (involved in testosterone production). The expression of key genes important in methionine metabolism, such as methionine adenosyltransferase-1a, betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase and thioether S-methyltransferase, were suppressed. Thus, exposure of mouse fetus to inorganic arsenic during a critical period in development significantly alters the expression of various genes encoding estrogen signaling and steroid or methionine metabolism. These alterations could disrupt genetic programming at the very early life stage, which could impact tumor formation much later in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Inorganic Carcinogenesis Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at NIEHS, Mail Drop F0-09, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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14
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Martignoni M, Groothuis GMM, de Kanter R. Species differences between mouse, rat, dog, monkey and human CYP-mediated drug metabolism, inhibition and induction. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2007; 2:875-94. [PMID: 17125407 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2.6.875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 987] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Animal models are commonly used in the preclinical development of new drugs to predict the metabolic behaviour of new compounds in humans. It is, however, important to realise that humans differ from animals with regards to isoform composition, expression and catalytic activities of drug-metabolising enzymes. In this review the authors describe similarities and differences in this respect among the different species, including man. This may be helpful for drug researchers to choose the most relevant animal species in which the metabolism of a compound can be studied for extrapolating the results to humans. The authors focus on CYPs, which are the main enzymes involved in numerous oxidative reactions and often play a critical role in the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of xenobiotics. In addition, induction and inhibition of CYPs are compared among species. The authors conclude that CYP2E1 shows no large differences between species, and extrapolation between species appears to hold quite well. In contrast, the species-specific isoforms of CYP1A, -2C, -2D and -3A show appreciable interspecies differences in terms of catalytic activity and some caution should be applied when extrapolating metabolism data from animal models to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Martignoni
- Nerviano Medical Sciences, Preclinical Development, Viale Pasteur 10, Nerviano (MI), Italy.
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15
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Down MJ, Arkle S, Mills JJ. Regulation and induction of CYP3A11, CYP3A13 and CYP3A25 in C57BL/6J mouse liver. Arch Biochem Biophys 2006; 457:105-10. [PMID: 17107656 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2006.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Revised: 09/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study reports that dexamethasone (DEX) significantly induces CYP3A11, CYP3A13 and CYP3A25 mRNA expression in male and female 4 days, 3 weeks and 18 weeks old C57BL/6J mice. Furthermore, CYP3A activity, as measured by erythromycin-N-demethylation, is also significantly increased. PXR, RXRalpha and CAR are known to be involved in the induction of CYP3As. Here we report nuclear receptors PXR and RXRalpha but not CAR demonstrate gender- and age-dependent expression. Also, treatment of C57BL/6J mice with DEX induces PXR but not RXRalpha or CAR. In summary, we demonstrate DEX is not only able to up-regulate CYP3A expression and activity, but also the nuclear receptor PXR through which it may exert this effect. Furthermore, the gender- and age-dependent pattern of basal PXR and RXRalpha expression is similar to the 3 CYP3As analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Down
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, St Michaels Building, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, UK
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16
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Lee C, Hutson JR, Tzau VKF, Riddick DS. Regulation of constitutive mouse hepatic cytochromes P450 and growth hormone signaling components by 3-methylcholanthrene. Drug Metab Dispos 2006; 34:1530-8. [PMID: 16782765 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.106.009936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
3-Methylcholanthrene (MC) activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and increases expression of cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes such as CYP1A1. MC also decreases expression of CYP2C11, the major hepatic P450 in male rats that is regulated by pulsatile growth hormone (GH) secretion via a pathway partially dependent on signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b (STAT5b). If disruption of this GH signaling pathway is important for MC's ability to suppress CYP2C11 transcription, we hypothesize that MC suppresses other male-specific genes (e.g., mouse Cyp2d9) regulated by pulsatile GH with STAT5b dependence. We examined the time course of MC's effects on hepatic P450s and GH signaling components in male C57BL/6 mice. P450 content, heme content, and NADPH P450 oxidoreductase activity were induced 2.3-, 1.8-, and 1.3-fold, respectively, by MC. MC dramatically induced CYP1A1 mRNA, protein, and catalytic activity. MC caused a 42% decrease in CYP2D9 protein, a 28% decrease in CYP2D9 mRNA, and a 27% decrease in testosterone 16alpha-hydroxylation activity. MC caused a pronounced decrease in CYP3A protein; however, there was no apparent change in testosterone 6beta-hydroxylation activity, and changes in mRNA levels for CYP3A forms were relatively small. Expression of GH receptor and major urinary protein 2, a gene regulated by GH with STAT5b dependence, was decreased by MC at the mRNA level. These results show that MC suppresses mouse Cyp2d9, a pulsatile GH- and STAT5b-dependent male-specific gene, via a pretranslational mechanism that may involve disrupted GH signaling. Mouse CYP3A protein levels are dramatically decreased by MC via a mechanism that is not yet understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunja Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Sciences Building, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Mathias AA, Maggio-Price L, Lai Y, Gupta A, Unadkat JD. Changes in pharmacokinetics of anti-HIV protease inhibitors during pregnancy: the role of CYP3A and P-glycoprotein. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 316:1202-9. [PMID: 16293714 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.095406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women have reduced exposure [area under the curve (AUC)] to anti-HIV protease inhibitors [e.g., nelfinavir (NFV)] during pregnancy. To determine the mechanistic basis of this phenomenon, we administered NFV mesylate orally (2.5 mg) or intravenously (0.625 mg) to timed pregnant (gestational age: 18-19 days) and non-pregnant FVB mice. After oral but not after i.v. administration, the plasma clearance of NFV was higher (by 134%, p < 0.05) and bioavailability was lower (by 32%, p < 0.05) in pregnant (n = 3) versus nonpregnant mice (n = 3). These effects of pregnancy were not due to changes in plasma protein binding of NFV. The half-life of NFV depletion in hepatic S-9 fractions of pregnant mice (n = 8) was 2.2-fold faster (p < 0.05) than that in nonpregnant mice (n = 7). Hepatic CYP3A activity (testosterone 6beta-hydroxylation, n = 4) and expression (n = 8) were significantly higher (by 138 and 49%, p < 0.05) in pregnant mice than that in nonpregnant mice. In the intestine, no CYP3A activity was detected and CYP3A protein expression (n = 6, p > 0.05) was not significantly different between the two groups. P-glycoprotein expression (n = 6) in hepatic and intestinal tissue of pregnant mice was not significantly different from that in nonpregnant mice. These changes in disposition of NFV during pregnancy are predominately due to a change in its bioavailability. An increase in hepatic CYP3A can explain the reduced bioavailability of NFV during pregnancy. If such upregulation of hepatic CYP3A activity occurs in pregnant women, it has important implications for dose adjustment of a variety of drugs ingested by pregnant women and cleared predominately via CYP3A metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita A Mathias
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Box 357610, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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18
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Gervasini G, Carrillo JA, Benitez J. Potential role of cerebral cytochrome P450 in clinical pharmacokinetics: modulation by endogenous compounds. Clin Pharmacokinet 2004; 43:693-706. [PMID: 15301574 DOI: 10.2165/00003088-200443110-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes catalyse phase I metabolic reactions of psychotropic drugs. The main isoenzymes responsible for this biotransformation are CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP3A and those of the subfamily CYP2C. Although these enzymes are present in the human brain, their specific role in this tissue remains unclear. However, because CYP enzymatic activities have been reported in the human brain and because brain microsomes have been shown to metabolise the same probe substrates used to assess specific hepatic CYP activities and substrates of known hepatic CYPs, local drug metabolism is believed to be likely. There are also indications that CYP2D6 is involved in the metabolism of endogenous substrates in the brain. This, along with the fact that several neurotransmitters modulate CYP enzyme activities in human liver microsomes, indicates that CYP enzymes present in brain could be under various regulatory mechanisms and that those mechanisms could influence drug pharmacokinetics and, hence, drug response. In this paper we review the presence of CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2D6 and CYP3A in brain, as well as the possible existence of local brain metabolism, and discuss the putative implications of endogenous modulation of these isoenzymes by neurotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Gervasini
- Department of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
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19
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Abstract
The mouse Cyp3a locus on chromosome 5 was analyzed by the use of bacterial artificial chromosomes. Five out of the six known Cyp3a genes, Cyp3a11, Cyp3a13, Cyp3a16, Cyp3a25, Cyp3a41 and Cyp3a44 were found to be linked to each other, however, Cyp3a13, possibly because of a distant position from the main body of the locus was not. In the intergenic regions additional Cyp3a genomic sequences were identified providing evidence for duplication events within the locus. Moreover, a Cyp3a41 duplicated gene, Cyp3a41A, is expressed at significant levels as the corresponding mRNA can be detected in the EST database. In line, therefore, with the higher number of mouse versus human CYP3As, the mouse locus covers a larger chromosomal region and appears to be considerably more complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Zaphiropoulos
- Department of Bioscience, Center for Nutrition and Toxicology, Karolinska Institute, Novum, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden.
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20
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Anakk S, Kalsotra A, Kikuta Y, Huang W, Zhang J, Staudinger JL, Moore DD, Strobel HW. CAR/PXR provide directives for Cyp3a41 gene regulation differently from Cyp3a11. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2004; 4:91-101. [PMID: 14770174 DOI: 10.1038/sj.tpj.6500222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study reports that Cyp3a41 gene contains 13 exons and is localized on the chromosome 5. CYP3A41 is a female-specific isoform that is predominantly expressed in the liver. Estrogen signaling is not responsible for its female specificity. CYP3A41 expression in kidney and brain is observed only in 50% of mice examined. PXR mediates dexamethasone-dependent suppression of CYP3A41. In contrast to CYP3A11, CYP3A41 expression is not induced by pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile (PCN) in wild-type mice, but is significantly suppressed by PCN in PXR(-/-) mice. Phenobarbital and TCPOBOP induce CYP3A11 expression only in the presence of CAR, but have no effect on CYP3A41 expression. Immunoblot and erythromycin demethylase activity analysis reveal robust CYP3A induction after PCN treatment, which is poorly correlated to CYP3A41. These findings suggest a differential role for CAR/PXR in regulating individual CYP3A isoforms by previously characterized CYP3A inducers.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/biosynthesis
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/genetics
- Constitutive Androstane Receptor
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/biosynthesis
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/genetics
- Dexamethasone/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/physiology
- Isoenzymes/biosynthesis
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Isoenzymes/physiology
- Male
- Membrane Proteins
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Microsomes, Liver/drug effects
- Microsomes, Liver/enzymology
- Oxidoreductases/biosynthesis
- Oxidoreductases/genetics
- Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating/biosynthesis
- Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating/genetics
- Pregnane X Receptor
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/deficiency
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/physiology
- Receptors, Steroid/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Steroid/deficiency
- Receptors, Steroid/genetics
- Receptors, Steroid/physiology
- Transcription Factors/deficiency
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- S Anakk
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical School of Houston, TX 77225, USA
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21
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Anakk S, Kalsotra A, Shen Q, Vu MT, Staudinger JL, Davies PJA, Strobel HW. Genomic characterization and regulation of CYP3a13: role of xenobiotics and nuclear receptors. FASEB J 2003; 17:1736-8. [PMID: 12958193 DOI: 10.1096/fj.02-1004fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We report that CYP3a13 gene, located on mouse chromosome 5, spans 27.5 Kb and contains 13 exons. The transcription start site is 35 bp upstream of the coding region and results in a 109 bp 5' untranslated region. CYP3a13 promoter shows putative binding sites for retinoid X receptor, pregnane X receptor, and estrogen receptor. CYP3a13 shows a broad tissue distribution with predominant expression in liver. Although CYP3a13 shares 92% nucleotide identity with the female-specific rat CYP3A9, its expression does not exhibit sexual dimorphism. Ligand activation of peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-gamma and retinoid X receptor inhibit expression of CYP3a13 at the transcription level in a tissue-specific manner. Another novel finding is hepatic induction of CYP3a13 by dexamethasone occurring only in pregnane X receptor null mice. We also report that pregnane X receptor is essential to maintain robust in vivo basal levels of CYP3a13 in contrast to CYP3a11. CYP3a13 protein expressed in vitro can metabolize clinically active drugs ethylmorphine and erythromycin, as well as benzphetamine. We conclude that CYP3a13 is regulated differentially by various nuclear receptors. In humans this may lead to altered drug metabolism, as many of the newly synthesized ligands/drugs targeted toward these nuclear receptors could influence CYP3A gene expression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/genetics
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/metabolism
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A
- Dexamethasone/pharmacology
- Female
- Gene Components
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genomics
- Ligands
- Male
- Membrane Proteins
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Biological
- Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating/genetics
- Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating/metabolism
- Pregnane X Receptor
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/physiology
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/metabolism
- Receptors, Steroid/genetics
- Receptors, Steroid/physiology
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Retinoid X Receptors
- Sex Characteristics
- Tissue Distribution
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Xenobiotics/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayeepriyadarshini Anakk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School, Houston 77225, USA
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22
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Theodoropoulos C, Demers C, Delvin E, Ménard D, Gascon-Barré M. Calcitriol regulates the expression of the genes encoding the three key vitamin D3 hydroxylases and the drug-metabolizing enzyme CYP3A4 in the human fetal intestine. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2003; 58:489-99. [PMID: 12641633 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2003.01743.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The human fetal jejunum has been shown to harbour the vitamin D3 (D3) nuclear receptor (VDRn) and to be responsive to calcitriol/1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3[1,25(OH)2D3] through modulation of proliferation and differentiation processes. The aim of the study was to evaluate the presence as well as the effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 exposure on the expression levels of the three key D3-hydroxylase gene transcripts (25-hydroxylase, CYP27A; 24-hydroxylase, CYP24; 1alpha-hydroxylase, CYP27B1) as well as that of the 1,25(OH)2D3-responsive endobiotic/xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme CYP3A4 (which is also considered a major detoxifiying enzyme) in the human proximal and distal intestine.methods Specimens from normal fetuses ranging from 15 to 20 weeks of gestation were obtained following elective termination of normal pregnancies. Intestinal explants were cultured for a period of 24 h or 48 h with 10-7 m 1,25(OH)2D3. All data were compared to paired-control cultures without 1,25(OH)2D3. Total RNA was extracted and cDNA synthesized by RT-PCR. The cDNA obtained was amplified by radioactive PCR, the signal intensity evaluated by densitometric analyses and expressed in relation to the levels of GAPDH. RESULTS Data indicate that VDRn, the three D3-hydroxylases as well as CYP3A4 are expressed in all segments of the human fetal small intestine and in the colon. Basal expression levels of VDRn, CYP27A, CYP24 and CYP3A4 were found to be similar in the proximal, median and distal jejunum as well an in the proximal and distal colon. In contrast, basal 1alpha-hydroxylase CYP27B1 expression levels were found to be 65% higher in the colon than in the small intestine (P < 0.02). The 1alpha-hydroxylase was also found to be sensitive to 1,25(OH)2D3 with a 31% decrease in its expression levels within 24 h of 1,25(OH)2D3 exposure to reach a 55% decrease after 48 h of incubation in the presence of the hormone (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the levels of the 25-hydroxylase gene transcript were also decreased by 10% within the first 24 h and by 29% after 48 h of incubation in the presence of 1,25(OH)2D3 (P < 0.003). VDRn expression levels were also found to be reduced following incubation in the presence of 1,25(OH)2D3. In contrast, exposure to 1,25(OH)2D3 contributed to a 4.8 fold increase in the expression of the 24-hydroxylase gene transcript within the first 24 h of exposure (P < 0.03), and to a highly significant induction (24, 22 and 1.5 fold over basal values) of the CYP3A4 gene transcript in 3 of the 4 specimens studies. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, the data illustrate that at mid-gestation 1,25(OH)2D3 is fully active in the modulation of all D3-hydroxylases in the human developing intestine. They also show that the detoxifying enzyme CYP3A4 is not only present along the intestinal tract but is also sensitive to 1,25(OH)2D3, indicating that the hormone may be a key element in intestinal development and in the maintenance of the intestinal mucosa integrity in the basal state and in response to damage-inducing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Theodoropoulos
- Département de Pharmacologie, Faculté de médecine, Centre de recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
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23
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Haag M, Fautrel A, Guillouzo A, Frossard N, Pons F. Expression of cytochromes P450 3A in mouse lung: effects of dexamethasone and pregnenolone 16alpha-carbonitrile. Arch Toxicol 2003; 77:145-9. [PMID: 12632254 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-002-0426-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2002] [Accepted: 10/15/2002] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Expression of cytochromes P450 3A (CYP3A) has been reported in the lung, but its regulation has received little attention. In the present study, we assessed lung levels of Cyp3a mRNA, protein and activity in control mice and in mice treated with either dexamethasone (DEX), pregnenolone 16alpha-carbonitrile (PCN) or a mixture of DEX+PCN. Lung expression of the pregnane X receptor (PXR) was also investigated. Constitutive levels of Cyp3a mRNA were found in the lung from control mice by polymerase chain reaction after reverse transcription of total RNA (RT-PCR). These levels were significantly increased (2.0-fold, P<0.05) in mice treated with DEX and further enhanced (2.7-fold increase, P<0.01) in mice treated with DEX+PCN. In control mice, basal levels of Cyp3a protein and activity were also found, as assessed by western blot and measure of testosterone 6beta-hydroxylation, respectively. In mice treated with DEX or DEX+PCN, changes in Cyp3a protein and activity exhibited the same pattern as those in Cyp3a mRNA. In contrast, PCN alone failed to trigger consistent increases in lung Cyp3a mRNA, protein and activity. PXR mRNA was not detected in the lung from control or PCN-treated mice by RT-PCR, but was found at significant levels in the lungs from mice treated with DEX or DEX+PCN. Our results show that expression of Cyp3a is upregulated by glucocorticoids in mouse lung, and that this effect is potentiated by antiglucocorticoids. This potentiation may involve PXR, expression of which is induced in the lung of glucocorticoid-treated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Haag
- Inserm U425, Neuroimmunopharmacologie pulmonaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Louis Pasteur Strasbourg-I, 74 Route du Rhin, BP 2467401, Illkirch cedex, France
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24
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Abstract
B-ring hydroxylation is a major metabolic pathway for cholesterols and some steroids. In liver, 7 alpha-hydroxylation of cholesterols, mediated by CYP7A and CYP39A1, is the rate-limiting step of bile acid synthesis and metabolic elimination. In brain and other tissues, both sterols and some steroids including dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) are prominently 7 alpha-hydroxylated by CYP7B. The function of extra-hepatic steroid and sterol 7-hydroxylation is unknown. Nevertheless, 7-oxygenated cholesterols are potent regulators of cell proliferation and apoptosis; 7-oxygenated derivatives of DHEA, pregnenolone, and androstenediol can have major effects in the brain and in the immune system. The receptor targets involved remain obscure. It is argued that B-ring modification predated steroid evolution: non-enzymatic oxidation of membrane sterols primarily results in 7-oxygenation. Such molecules may have provided early growth and stress signals; a relic may be found in hydroxylation at the symmetrical 11-position of glucocorticoids. Early receptor targets probably included intracellular sterol sites, some modern steroids may continue to act at these targets. 7-Hydroxylation of DHEA may reflect conservation of an early signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lathe
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, George Square, EH9 9XD, Edinburgh, UK.
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25
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Sakuma T, Endo Y, Mashino M, Kuroiwa M, Ohara A, Jarukamjorn K, Nemoto N. Regulation of the expression of two female-predominant CYP3A mRNAs (CYP3A41 and CYP3A44) in mouse liver by sex and growth hormones. Arch Biochem Biophys 2002; 404:234-42. [PMID: 12147261 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(02)00329-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A second female-predominant murine CYP3A, CYP3A44, was isolated from liver and its mRNA expression was compared with that of the previously described CYP3A41. The expression of CYP3A44 was relatively constant after birth in females, whereas it gradually declined in males after 5 weeks of age. The expression of CYP3A41 increased with age in females after 3 weeks of age, whereas it gradually declined in males after 5 weeks of age. Hypophysectomy and growth hormone replacement indicated that expression of both CYP3A mRNAs in females was dependent on the feminine plasma growth hormone profile. Estradiol induced the expression of both mRNAs and the effect was dependent on the presence of the pituitary gland. These observations suggest that endocrine control of expression might be similar, but not identical, for two female-predominant CYP3A mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Sakuma
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
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