1
|
Guan J, Fan Y, Wang S, Zhou F. Functions of MAP3Ks in antiviral immunity. Immunol Res 2023; 71:814-832. [PMID: 37286768 PMCID: PMC10247270 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-023-09401-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Immune signal transduction is crucial to the body's defense against viral infection. Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) activates the transcription of interferon regulators and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB); this promotes the release of interferons and inflammatory factors. Efficient regulation of type I interferon and NF-κB signaling by members of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K) family plays an important role in antiviral immunity. Elucidating the specific roles of MAP3K activation during viral infection is essential to develop effective antiviral therapies. In this review, we outline the specific regulatory mechanisms of MAP3Ks in antiviral immunity and discuss the feasibility of targeting MAP3Ks for the treatment of virus-induced diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jizhong Guan
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yao Fan
- The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang Y, Wang HM, Zhou Y, Hu LH, Wan JM, Yang JH, Niu HB, Hong XP, Hu P, Chen LB, Hu P, Chen LB. Dusp1 regulates thermal tolerance limits in zebrafish by maintaining mitochondrial integrity. Zool Res 2023; 44:126-141. [PMID: 36419379 PMCID: PMC9841188 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature tolerance restricts the distribution of a species. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms that set the thermal tolerance limits of an organism are poorly understood. Here, we report on the function of dual-specificity phosphatase 1 (DUSP1) in thermal tolerance regulation. Notably, we found that dusp1 -/- zebrafish grew normally but survived within a narrowed temperature range. The higher susceptibility of these mutant fish to both cold and heat challenges was attributed to accelerated cell death caused by aggravated mitochondrial dysfunction and over-production of reactive oxygen species in the gills. The DUSP1-MAPK-DRP1 axis was identified as a key pathway regulating these processes in both fish and human cells. These observations suggest that DUSP1 may play a role in maintaining mitochondrial integrity and redox homeostasis. We therefore propose that maintenance of cellular redox homeostasis may be a key mechanism for coping with cellular thermal stress and that the interplay between signaling pathways regulating redox homeostasis in the most thermosensitive tissue (i.e., gills) may play an important role in setting the thermal tolerance limit of zebrafish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 200120, China,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 200120, China,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Hua-Min Wang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 200120, China,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 200120, China,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 200120, China,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 200120, China,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Ling-Hong Hu
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 200120, China,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 200120, China,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Jing-Ming Wan
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 200120, China,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 200120, China,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Ji-Hui Yang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 200120, China,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 200120, China,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Hong-Bo Niu
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 200120, China,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 200120, China,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Xiu-Ping Hong
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 200120, China,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 200120, China,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Peng Hu
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 200120, China,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 200120, China,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Liang-Biao Chen
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 200120, China,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 200120, China,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 200120, China,E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Qu F, Zeng X, Liu Z, Guo M, Zhang X, Cao S, Zhou Y, He Z, Tang J, Mao Z, Yang Y, Zhou Z, Liu Z. Functional characterization of MEKK3 in the intestinal immune response to bacterial challenges in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Front Immunol 2022; 13:981995. [PMID: 35990669 PMCID: PMC9388831 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.981995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 3 (MEKK3) is an evolutionarily conserved Ser/Thr protein kinase of the MEKK family that is essential for the host immune response to pathogen challenges in mammals. However, the immune function of MEKK3s in lower vertebrate species, especially in bony fish, remains largely unknown. In this study, a fish MEKK3 (designated CiMEKK3) gene was cloned and identified from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). The present CiMEKK3 cDNA encoded a 620 amino acid polypeptide containing a conserved S-TKc domain and a typical PB1 domain. Several potential immune-related transcription factor-binding sites, including activating protein 1 (AP-1), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and signal transducer and activator of downstream transcription 3 (STAT3), were observed in the 5’ upstream DNA sequence of CiMEKK3. A phylogenetic tree showed that CiMEKK3 exhibits a close evolutionary relationship with MEKK3s from Cyprinus carpio and Carassius auratus. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that CiMEKK3 transcripts were widely distributed in all selected tissues of healthy grass carp, with a relatively high levels observed in the gill, head kidney and intestine. Upon in vitro challenge with bacterial pathogens (Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas veronii) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) (lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN), L-Ala-γ-D-Glu-mDAP (Tri-DAP) and muramyl dipeptide (MDP)), the expression levels of CiMEKK3 in the intestinal cells of grass carp were shown to be significantly upregulated in a time-dependent manner. In vivo injection experiments revealed that CiMEKK3 transcripts were significantly induced by MDP challenge in the intestine; however, these effects could be inhibited by the nutritional dipeptides carnosine and Ala-Gln. Moreover, subcellular localization analysis and luciferase reporter assays indicated that CiMEKK3 could act as a cytoplasmic signal-transducing activator involved in the regulation of NF-κB and MAPK/AP-1 signaling cascades in HEK293T cells. Taken together, these findings strongly suggest that CiMEKK3 plays vital roles in the intestinal immune response to bacterial challenges, which will aid in understanding the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease in bony fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fufa Qu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuan Zeng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Meixing Guo
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Shenping Cao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Yonghua Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhimin He
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianzhou Tang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhuangwen Mao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Yalin Yang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhigang Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Zhen Liu,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tauffenberger A, Magistretti PJ. Reactive Oxygen Species: Beyond Their Reactive Behavior. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:77-87. [PMID: 33439432 PMCID: PMC7829243 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03208-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cellular homeostasis plays a critical role in how an organism will develop and age. Disruption of this fragile equilibrium is often associated with health degradation and ultimately, death. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been closely associated with health decline and neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease. ROS were first identified as by-products of the cellular activity, mainly mitochondrial respiration, and their high reactivity is linked to a disruption of macromolecules such as proteins, lipids and DNA. More recent research suggests more complex function of ROS, reaching far beyond the cellular dysfunction. ROS are active actors in most of the signaling cascades involved in cell development, proliferation and survival, constituting important second messengers. In the brain, their impact on neurons and astrocytes has been associated with synaptic plasticity and neuron survival. This review provides an overview of ROS function in cell signaling in the context of aging and degeneration in the brain and guarding the fragile balance between health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Tauffenberger
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Pierre J Magistretti
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Meijles DN, Cull JJ, Markou T, Cooper STE, Haines ZHR, Fuller SJ, O'Gara P, Sheppard MN, Harding SE, Sugden PH, Clerk A. Redox Regulation of Cardiac ASK1 (Apoptosis Signal-Regulating Kinase 1) Controls p38-MAPK (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase) and Orchestrates Cardiac Remodeling to Hypertension. Hypertension 2020; 76:1208-1218. [PMID: 32903101 PMCID: PMC7480944 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.14556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Systemic hypertension increases cardiac workload causing cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and increased cardiac fibrosis. An underlying feature is increased production of reactive oxygen species. Redox-sensitive ASK1 (apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1) activates stress-regulated protein kinases (p38-MAPK [mitogen-activated protein kinases] and JNKs [c-Jun N-terminal kinases]) and promotes fibrosis in various tissues. Here, we determined the specificity of ASK1 signaling in the heart, with the hypothesis that ASK1 inhibitors may be used to manage fibrosis in hypertensive heart disease. Using immunoblotting, we established that moderate levels of H2O2 activate ASK1 in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and perfused rat hearts. ASK1 was activated during ischemia in adult rat hearts, but not on reperfusion, consistent with activation by moderate (not high) reactive oxygen species levels. In contrast, IL (interleukin)-1β activated an alternative kinase, TAK1 (transforming growth factor–activated kinase 1). ASK1 was not activated by IL1β in cardiomyocytes and activation in perfused hearts was due to increased reactive oxygen species. Selonsertib (ASK1 inhibitor) prevented activation of p38-MAPKs (but not JNKs) by oxidative stresses in cultured cardiomyocytes and perfused hearts. In vivo (C57Bl/6J mice with osmotic minipumps for drug delivery), selonsertib (4 mg/[kg·d]) alone did not affect cardiac function/dimensions (assessed by echocardiography). However, it suppressed hypertension-induced cardiac hypertrophy resulting from angiotensin II (0.8 mg/[kg·d], 7d), with inhibition of Nppa/Nppb mRNA upregulation, reduced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and, notably, significant reductions in interstitial and perivascular fibrosis. Our data identify a specific reactive oxygen species→ASK1→p38-MAPK pathway in the heart and establish that ASK1 inhibitors protect the heart from hypertension-induced cardiac remodeling. Thus, targeting the ASK1→p38-MAPK nexus has potential therapeutic viability as a treatment for hypertensive heart disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N Meijles
- From the Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute (D.N.M., S.T.E.C., Z.H.R.H.), St George's University of London, United Kingdom.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, United Kingdom (D.N.M., J.J.C., T.M., S.J.F., P.H.S., A.C.), St. George's Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua J Cull
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, United Kingdom (D.N.M., J.J.C., T.M., S.J.F., P.H.S., A.C.), St. George's Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomais Markou
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, United Kingdom (D.N.M., J.J.C., T.M., S.J.F., P.H.S., A.C.), St. George's Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susanna T E Cooper
- From the Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute (D.N.M., S.T.E.C., Z.H.R.H.), St George's University of London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stephen J Fuller
- From the Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute (D.N.M., S.T.E.C., Z.H.R.H.), St George's University of London, United Kingdom.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, United Kingdom (D.N.M., J.J.C., T.M., S.J.F., P.H.S., A.C.), St. George's Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter O'Gara
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (P.O., S.E.H.)
| | - Mary N Sheppard
- CRY Cardiovascular Pathology Department (M.N.S.), St George's University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Sian E Harding
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (P.O., S.E.H.)
| | - Peter H Sugden
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, United Kingdom (D.N.M., J.J.C., T.M., S.J.F., P.H.S., A.C.), St. George's Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Clerk
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, United Kingdom (D.N.M., J.J.C., T.M., S.J.F., P.H.S., A.C.), St. George's Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Loss of Caveolin-1 Is Associated with a Decrease in Beta Cell Death in Mice on a High Fat Diet. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155225. [PMID: 32718046 PMCID: PMC7432291 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated free fatty acids (FFAs) impair beta cell function and reduce beta cell mass as a consequence of the lipotoxicity that occurs in type 2 diabetes (T2D). We previously reported that the membrane protein caveolin-1 (CAV1) sensitizes to palmitate-induced apoptosis in the beta pancreatic cell line MIN6. Thus, our hypothesis was that CAV1 knock-out (CAV1 KO) mice subjected to a high fat diet (HFD) should suffer less damage to beta cells than wild type (WT) mice. Here, we evaluated the in vivo response of beta cells in the pancreatic islets of 8-week-old C57Bl/6J CAV1 KO mice subjected to a control diet (CD, 14% kcal fat) or a HFD (60% kcal fat) for 12 weeks. We observed that CAV1 KO mice were resistant to weight gain when on HFD, although they had high serum cholesterol and FFA levels, impaired glucose tolerance and were insulin resistant. Some of these alterations were also observed in mice on CD. Interestingly, KO mice fed with HFD showed an adaptive response of the pancreatic beta cells and exhibited a significant decrease in beta cell apoptosis in their islets compared to WT mice. These in vivo results suggest that although the CAV1 KO mice are metabolically unhealthy, they adapt better to a HFD than WT mice. To shed light on the possible signaling pathway(s) involved, MIN6 murine beta cells expressing (MIN6 CAV) or not expressing (MIN6 Mock) CAV1 were incubated with the saturated fatty acid palmitate in the presence of mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors. Western blot analysis revealed that CAV1 enhanced palmitate-induced JNK, p38 and ERK phosphorylation in MIN6 CAV1 cells. Moreover, all the MAPK inhibitors partially restored MIN6 viability, but the effect was most notable with the ERK inhibitor. In conclusion, our results suggest that CAV1 KO mice adapted better to a HFD despite their altered metabolic state and that this may at least in part be due to reduced beta cell damage. Moreover, they indicate that the ability of CAV1 to increase sensitivity to FFAs may be mediated by MAPK and particularly ERK activation.
Collapse
|
7
|
Ajikumar A, Long MB, Heath PR, Wharton SB, Ince PG, Ridger VC, Simpson JE. Neutrophil-Derived Microvesicle Induced Dysfunction of Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5227. [PMID: 31652502 PMCID: PMC6834153 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB), composed of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC) that are tightly linked by tight junction (TJ) proteins, restricts the movement of molecules between the periphery and the central nervous system. Elevated systemic levels of neutrophils have been detected in patients with altered BBB function, but the role of neutrophils in BMEC dysfunction is unknown. Neutrophils are key players of the immune response and, when activated, produce neutrophil-derived microvesicles (NMV). NMV have been shown to impact the integrity of endothelial cells throughout the body and we hypothesize that NMV released from circulating neutrophils interact with BMEC and induce endothelial cell dysfunction. Therefore, the current study investigated the interaction of NMV with human BMEC and determined whether they altered gene expression and function in vitro. Using flow cytometry and confocal imaging, NMV were shown to be internalized by the human cerebral microvascular endothelial cell line hCMEC/D3 via a variety of energy-dependent mechanisms, including endocytosis and macropinocytosis. The internalization of NMV significantly altered the transcriptomic profile of hCMEC/D3, specifically inducing the dysregulation of genes associated with TJ, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis and vesicular transport. Functional studies confirmed NMV significantly increased permeability and decreased the transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) of a confluent monolayer of hCMEC/D3. These findings indicate that NMV interact with and affect gene expression of BMEC as well as impacting their integrity. We conclude that NMV may play an important role in modulating the permeability of BBB during an infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anjana Ajikumar
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK.
| | - Merete B Long
- Department of Infection Immunity and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Sheffield, Medical School, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.
| | - Paul R Heath
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK.
| | - Stephen B Wharton
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK.
| | - Paul G Ince
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK.
| | - Victoria C Ridger
- Department of Infection Immunity and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Sheffield, Medical School, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.
| | - Julie E Simpson
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kim MS, Han JY, Kim SH, Kim HY, Jeon D, Lee K. Polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate induces IL-6 and TNF-α expression through JNK-dependent pathway in human lung epithelial cells. J Toxicol Sci 2018; 43:485-492. [PMID: 30078834 DOI: 10.2131/jts.43.485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG) is an antimicrobial biocide that causes severe lung injury accompanied with inflammation and subsequent fibrosis. Cytokines mediate the inflammatory response, leading to fibrosis in injured tissues. PHMG is known to induce the expression of various cytokines in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of three MAPK subfamilies (JNK, p38 MAPK, and ERK) in PHMG-induced cytokine expression in A549 human lung epithelial cells. Our in vivo and in vitro data indicated that PHMG induced an increase in mRNA expression of IL-6 and TNF-α, and enhanced the phosphorylation of JNK, p38 MAPK, and ERK. Further, we investigated the involvement of MAPKs in PHMG-induced mRNA expression of IL-6 and TNF-α using JNK, p38 MAPK, and ERK inhibitors in A549 cells. Pre-treatment with the JNK inhibitor but not the p38 MAPK or ERK inhibitor, significantly attenuated the PHMG-induced mRNA expression of IL-6 and TNF-α. These results suggest that the activation of JNK is involved at least partially in the induction of IL-6 or TNF-α expression by PHMG in A549 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Seok Kim
- National Center for Efficacy Evaluation of Respiratory Disease Product, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea
| | - Jin-Young Han
- National Center for Efficacy Evaluation of Respiratory Disease Product, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea.,Department of human and environmental toxicology, University of Science & Technology, Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Kim
- National Center for Efficacy Evaluation of Respiratory Disease Product, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea.,Department of human and environmental toxicology, University of Science & Technology, Korea
| | - Hyung-Young Kim
- National Center for Efficacy Evaluation of Respiratory Disease Product, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea
| | - Doin Jeon
- National Center for Efficacy Evaluation of Respiratory Disease Product, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea
| | - Kyuhong Lee
- National Center for Efficacy Evaluation of Respiratory Disease Product, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea.,Department of human and environmental toxicology, University of Science & Technology, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lee MH, Han AR, Jang M, Choi HK, Lee SY, Kim KT, Lim TG. Antiskin Inflammatory Activity of Black Ginger (Kaempferia parviflora) through Antioxidative Activity. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:5967150. [PMID: 29849904 PMCID: PMC5903305 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5967150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Kaempferia parviflora (Krachaidum (KD)) is a traditional herbal medicine and has properties that are beneficial for human health. In the current study, we sought to investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of KD extract (KPE). In mouse skin tissue, UV light representing solar wavelengths (sUV) increased COX-2 expression, while treatment with KPE reduced this effect. The anti-inflammatory activity of KPE was confirmed in in vitro models. MAPK signaling pathways were activated by sUV irradiation, and this was also repressed in the presence of KPE treatment. It is assumed that the anti-inflammatory activity of KPE is caused by the antioxidative effect. Furthermore, we confirmed the critical role of oxidative stress in sUV-induced COX-2 expression. We analyzed the polyphenol composition of KPE. Of the polyphenols identified, gallic acid, apigenin, and tangeretin were identified as the major polyphenols (at 9.31 ± 1.27, 2.37 ± 0.14, and 2.15 ± 0.19 μg/mg dry weight, resp.). Collectively, these findings show that in the presence of sUV irradiation, KD has anti-inflammatory properties and antioxidative effects in the skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myung-hee Lee
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, 55365 Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah-Ram Han
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, 55365 Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Jang
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, 55365 Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Kyoung Choi
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, 55365 Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Young Lee
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Ave NE, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Kyung-Tack Kim
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, 55365 Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Gyu Lim
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, 55365 Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Neuroprotective Effects of Bioactive Compounds and MAPK Pathway Modulation in "Ischemia"-Stressed PC12 Pheochromocytoma Cells. Brain Sci 2018; 8:brainsci8020032. [PMID: 29419806 PMCID: PMC5836051 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This review surveys the efforts taken to investigate in vitro neuroprotective features of synthetic compounds and cell-released growth factors on PC12 clonal cell line temporarily deprived of oxygen and glucose followed by reoxygenation (OGD/R). These cells have been used previously to mimic some of the properties of in vivo brain ischemia-reperfusion-injury (IRI) and have been instrumental in identifying common mechanisms such as calcium overload, redox potential, lipid peroxidation and MAPKs modulation. In addition, they were useful for establishing the role of certain membrane penetrable cocktails of antioxidants as well as potential growth factors which may act in neuroprotection. Pharmacological mechanisms of neuroprotection addressing modulation of the MAPK cascade and increased redox potential by natural products, drugs and growth factors secreted by stem cells, in either undifferentiated or nerve growth factor-differentiated PC12 cells exposed to ischemic conditions are discussed for future prospects in neuroprotection studies.
Collapse
|
11
|
Blockage of NOX2/MAPK/NF- κB Pathway Protects Photoreceptors against Glucose Deprivation-Induced Cell Death. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:5093473. [PMID: 29085555 PMCID: PMC5611869 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5093473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Acute energy failure is one of the critical factors contributing to the pathogenic mechanisms of retinal ischemia. Our previous study demonstrated that glucose deprivation can lead to a caspase-dependent cell death of photoreceptors. The aim of this study was to decipher the upstream signal pathway in glucose deprivation- (GD-) induced cell death. We mimicked acute energy failure by using glucose deprivation in photoreceptor cells (661W cells). GD-induced oxidative stress was evaluated by measuring ROS with the DCFH-DA assay and HO-1 expression by Western blot analysis. The activation of NOX2/MAPK/NF-κB signal was assessed by Western blot and immunohistochemical assays. The roles of these signals in GD-induced cell death were measured by using their specific inhibitors. Inhibition of Rac-1 and NOX2 suppressed GD-induced oxidative stress and protected photoreceptors against GD-induced cell death. NOX2 was an upstream signal in the caspase-dependent cell death cascade, yet the downstream MAPK pathways were activated and blocking MAPK signals rescued 661W cells from GD-induced death. In addition, GD caused the activation of NF-κB signal and inhibiting NF-κB significantly protected 661W cells. These observations may provide insights for treating retinal ischemic diseases and protecting retinal neurons from ischemia-induced cell death.
Collapse
|
12
|
Yoshino H, Kashiwakura I. Involvement of reactive oxygen species in ionizing radiation-induced upregulation of cell surface Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 expression in human monocytic cells. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2017; 58:626-635. [PMID: 28369600 PMCID: PMC5737079 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrx011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns and are indispensable for antibacterial and antiviral immunity. Our previous report showed that ionizing radiation increases the cell surface expressions of TLR2 and TLR4 and enhances their responses to agonists in human monocytic THP1 cells. The present study investigated how ionizing radiation increases the cell surface expressions of TLR2 and TLR4 in THP1 cells. The THP1 cells treated or not treated with pharmaceutical agents such as cycloheximide and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) were exposed to X-ray irradiation, following which the expressions of TLRs and mitogen-activated protein kinase were analyzed. X-ray irradiation increased the mRNA expressions of TLR2 and TLR4, and treatment with a protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide abolished the radiation-induced upregulation of their cell surface expressions. These results indicate that radiation increased those receptors through de novo protein synthesis. Furthermore, treatment with an antioxidant NAC suppressed not only the radiation-induced upregulation of cell surface expressions of TLR2 and TLR4, but also the radiation-induced activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. Since it has been shown that the inhibitor for JNK can suppress the radiation-induced upregulation of TLR expression, the present results suggest that ionizing radiation increased the cell surface expressions of TLR2 and TLR4 through reactive oxygen species-mediated JNK activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Yoshino
- Department of Radiation Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
- Corresponding author. Department of Radiation Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan. Tel: +81-172-39-5528; Fax: +81-172-39-5912;
| | - Ikuo Kashiwakura
- Department of Radiation Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
The Role of the MAPK Signaling, Topoisomerase and Dietary Bioactives in Controlling Cancer Incidence. Diseases 2017; 5:diseases5020013. [PMID: 28933366 PMCID: PMC5547980 DOI: 10.3390/diseases5020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are common products of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, xenobiotics metabolism and are generated in response to several environmental stress conditions. Some of them play important biochemical roles in cellular signal transduction and gene transcription. On the other hand, ROS are known to be involved in a wide range of human diseases, including cancer. The excessive production of such ROS together with disruption of homeostasis detoxifying mechanisms can mediate a series of cellular oxidative stresses. The oxidative stress of redundant free radicals production can lead to oxidative denaturation of cellular macromolecules including proteins, lipids and DNA. Moreover, oxidative damage is one of the major causes of DNA mutations, replication errors and genomic abnormalities which result in either inhibition or induction of transcription, and end with the disturbance of signal transduction pathways. Among affected signaling pathways are redox-sensitive kinases. The stimulation of these kinases induces several transcription factors through the phosphorylation of their module proteins. The activation of such pathways induces proliferation and cellular transformation. A diet rich in antioxidant compounds has potential health benefits, and there is a growing interest in the role of natural antioxidants in nutrition for prevention and cure of cancer diseases. A controversy has risen regarding the relation between antioxidants and the significant decrease in the risk of cancer incidence. In this review, we will focus on redox-sensitive kinases signaling pathways, highlighting the effects of dietary antioxidant on the prevention, incidence, prognosis or even treatment of human cancers. In addition, we will place emphasis on the chemical classes of pterocarpans as natural anti-oxidants/cancers as well as their underlying mechanisms of action, including their effects on MAPKs and topoisomerase activities.
Collapse
|
14
|
Ren HP, Yin XY, Yu HY, Xiao HF. Stevioside induced cytotoxicity in colon cancer cells via reactive oxygen species and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways-mediated apoptosis. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:2337-2343. [PMID: 28454400 PMCID: PMC5403622 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways in cell growth and differentiation has been well established. The present study aimed to investigate the anti-proliferative effect of stevioside on human colon cancer HT-29 cells. Additionally, the effect of stevioside on cell cycle arrest and MAPK signaling pathways in HT-29 cells was explored. Stevioside was observed to significantly inhibit cancer cell growth at a dose of 5 µM at 48 and 72 h. A dose-dependent increase in the apoptosis rate was observed with cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase. In addition, caspase-9 and caspase-3 activity also increased. An increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential indicated that the mitochondrial-mediated intrinsic pathway is responsible for apoptotic activity. These results were additionally verified by the elevated expression level of phosphorylated p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Additionally, by inhibiting ROS production and MAPK activation, the antiproliferative effect of stevioside was suppressed, confirming the hypothesis that ROS and MAPK proteins induce apoptosis in human colon cancer HT-29 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Peng Ren
- Department of Oncology, Weifang People's Hospital of Shandong Province, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yan Yin
- Weifang Kuiwen District Family Planning of Health Inspection Team, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Ying Yu
- Department of Oncology, Weifang People's Hospital of Shandong Province, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Feng Xiao
- Department of Oncology, Weifang People's Hospital of Shandong Province, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ruess DA, Probst M, Marjanovic G, Wittel UA, Hopt UT, Keck T, Bausch D. HDACi Valproic Acid (VPA) and Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid (SAHA) Delay but Fail to Protect against Warm Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161233. [PMID: 27513861 PMCID: PMC4981462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histone deacetylases (HDAC) catalyze N-terminal deacetylation of lysine-residues on histones and multiple nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins. In various animal models, such as trauma/hemorrhagic shock, ischemic stroke or myocardial infarction, HDAC inhibitor (HDACi) application is cyto- and organoprotective and promotes survival. HDACi reduce stress signaling, cell death and inflammation. Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury during major liver resection or transplantation increases morbidity and mortality. Assuming protective properties, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the HDACi VPA and SAHA on warm hepatic I/R. MATERIAL AND METHODS Male Wistar-Kyoto rats (age: 6-8 weeks) were randomized to VPA, SAHA, vehicle control (pre-) treatment or sham-groups and underwent partial no-flow liver ischemia for 90 minutes with subsequent reperfusion for 6, 12, 24 and 60 hours. Injury and regeneration was quantified by serum AST and ALT levels, by macroscopic aspect and (immuno-) histology. HDACi treatment efficiency, impact on MAPK/SAPK-activation and Hippo-YAP signaling was determined by Western blot. RESULTS Treatment with HDACi significantly enhanced hyperacetylation of Histone H3-K9 during I/R, indicative of adequate treatment efficiency. Liver injury, as measured by macroscopic aspect, serum transaminases and histology, was delayed, but not alleviated in VPA and SAHA treated animals. Importantly, tissue destruction was significantly more pronounced with VPA. SAPK-activation (p38 and JNK) was reduced by VPA and SAHA in the early (6h) reperfusion phase, but augmented later on (JNK, 24h). Regeneration appeared enhanced in SAHA and VPA treated animals and was dependent on Hippo-YAP signaling. CONCLUSIONS VPA and SAHA delay warm hepatic I/R injury at least in part through modulation of SAPK-activation. However, these HDACi fail to exert organoprotective effects, in this setting. For VPA, belated damage is even aggravated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dietrich A. Ruess
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Moriz Probst
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Goran Marjanovic
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Uwe A. Wittel
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich T. Hopt
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Keck
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Dirk Bausch
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
An exploration of the antioxidant effects of garlic saponins in mouse-derived C2C12 myoblasts. Int J Mol Med 2015; 37:149-56. [PMID: 26531218 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to confirm the protective effects of garlic saponins against oxidative stress-induced cellular damage and to further elucidate the underlying mechanisms in mouse-derived C2C12 myoblasts. Relative cell viability was determined by 3-(4.5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2.5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Comet assay was used to measure DNA damage and oxidative stress was determined using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate to measure intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Western blot analysis and small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based knockdown were used in order to investigate the possible molecular mechanisms. Our results revealed that garlic saponins prevented hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced growth inhibition and exhibited scavenging activity against intracellular ROS. We also observed that garlic saponins prevented H2O2-induced comet tail formation and decreased the phosphorylation levels of γH2AX expression, suggesting that they can prevent H2O2-induced DNA damage. In addition, garlic saponins increased the levels of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a potent antioxidant enzyme associated with the induction and phosphorylation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and the translocation of Nrf2 from the cytosol into the nucleus. However, the protective effects of garlic saponins on H2O2-induced ROS generation and growth inhibition were significantly reduced by zinc protoporphyrin Ⅸ, an HO-1 competitive inhibitor. In addition, the potential of garlic saponins to mediate HO-1 induction and protect against H2O2‑mediated growth inhibition was adversely affected by transient transfection with Nrf2-specific siRNA. Garlic saponins activated extracellular signal‑regulated kinase (ERK) signaling, whereas a specific ERK inhibitor was able to inhibit HO-1 upregulation, as well as Nrf2 induction and phosphorylation. Taken together, the findings of our study suggest that garlic saponins activate the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway by enabling ERK to contribute to the induction of phase Ⅱ antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes, including HO-1 in C2C12 cells.
Collapse
|
17
|
Choi EK, Yeo JS, Park CY, Na HI, Lim JA, Lee JE, Hong SW, Park SS, Lim DG, Kwak KH. Inhibition of reactive oxygen species downregulates the MAPK pathway in rat spinal cord after limb ischemia reperfusion injury. Int J Surg 2015; 22:74-8. [PMID: 26283297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We examined the activity of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family members, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38, in rats pinal cord after hind limb ischemia reperfusion (IR) and analyzed the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as mediators of MAPK signaling under these conditions. METHODS In experiment 1, hind limb IR rats were treated intraperitoneally with one of following agents at 30 min before reperfusion: allopurinol (4, 40 mg/kg), superoxide dismutase (SOD, 4000 U/kg), N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME, 10 mg/kg), or SOD (4000 U/kg) + l-NAME (10 mg/kg). In experiment 2, 5,10,15,20-tetrakis (N-methyl-4'-pyridyl) porphyrinato iron (III) (FeTMPyP) was administered intraperitoneally (1, 3, or 10 mg/kg) 30 min before reperfusion. After 3 d reperfusion period, the spinal cord (L4-6) was harvested to investigate MAPK signaling activity. RESULTS In experiment 1, p-ERK and p-JNK levels were significantly higher in the IR group than sham group. Administration of allopurinol, SOD, l-NAME, or SOD + l-NAME significantly reduced the IR-induced increase in p-ERK and p-JNK levels. There were no significant differences in p-p38 levels. In experiment 2, FeTMPyP significantly reduced the IR-induced increase in p-ERK and p-JNK levels in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Activation of ERK and JNK in the spinal cord was induced by hind limb IR and was not accompanied by p38 activation. IR-induced MAPK phosphorylation was reduced by inhibition of superoxide, nitric oxide, and peroxynitrite, indicating that ROS produced by hind limb IR mediate the activation of these signaling pathways in the spinal cord, potentially affecting distant organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Kyung Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jin-Seok Yeo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Chan Yoon Park
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Ho in Na
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jung a Lim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Seong Wook Hong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sung-Sik Park
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Dong Gun Lim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kyung Hwa Kwak
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
New Insight into the Role of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Cellular Signal-Transduction Processes. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 319:221-54. [PMID: 26404470 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were once considered to be deleterious agents, contributing to a vast range of pathologies. But, now their protective effects are being appreciated. Both their damaging and beneficial effects are initiated when they target distinct molecules and consequently begin functioning as part of complex signal-transduction pathways. The recognition of ROS as signaling mediators has driven a wealth of research into their roles in both normal and pathophysiological states. The present review assesses the relevant recent literature to outline the current perspectives on redox-signaling mechanisms, physiological implications, and therapeutic strategies. This study highlights that a more fundamental knowledge about many aspects of redox signaling will allow better targeting of ROS, which would in turn improve prophylactic and pharmacotherapy for redox-associated diseases.
Collapse
|
19
|
Tomida T. Visualization of the spatial and temporal dynamics of MAPK signaling using fluorescence imaging techniques. J Physiol Sci 2015; 65:37-49. [PMID: 25145828 PMCID: PMC10716987 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-014-0332-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Conserved mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways are major mechanisms through which cells perceive and respond properly to their surrounding environment. Such homeostatic responses maintain the life of the organism. Since errors in MAPK signaling pathways can lead to cancers and to defects in immune responses, in the nervous system and metabolism, these pathways have been extensively studied as potential therapeutic targets. Although much has been studied about the roles of MAPKs in various cellular functions, less is known regarding regulation of MAPK in living organisms. This review will focus on the latest understanding of the dynamic regulation of MAPK signaling in intact cells that was revealed by using novel fluorescence imaging techniques and advanced systems-analytical methods. These techniques allowed quantitative analyses of signal transduction in situ with high spatio-temporal resolution and have revealed the nature of the molecular dynamics that determine cellular responses and fates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taichiro Tomida
- Division of Molecular Cell Signaling, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan,
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Leão TL, da Fonseca FG. Subversion of cellular stress responses by poxviruses. World J Clin Infect Dis 2014; 4:27-40. [DOI: 10.5495/wjcid.v4.i4.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular stress responses are powerful mechanisms that prevent and cope with the accumulation of macromolecular damage in the cells and also boost host defenses against pathogens. Cells can initiate either protective or destructive stress responses depending, to a large extent, on the nature and duration of the stressing stimulus as well as the cell type. The productive replication of a virus within a given cell places inordinate stress on the metabolism machinery of the host and, to assure the continuity of its replication, many viruses have developed ways to modulate the cell stress responses. Poxviruses are among the viruses that have evolved a large number of strategies to manipulate host stress responses in order to control cell fate and enhance their replicative success. Remarkably, nearly every step of the stress responses that is mounted during infection can be targeted by virally encoded functions. The fine-tuned interactions between poxviruses and the host stress responses has aided virologists to understand specific aspects of viral replication; has helped cell biologists to evaluate the role of stress signaling in the uninfected cell; and has tipped immunologists on how these signals contribute to alert the cells against pathogen invasion and boost subsequent immune responses. This review discusses the diverse strategies that poxviruses use to subvert host cell stress responses.
Collapse
|
21
|
A genotoxic stress-responsive miRNA, miR-574-3p, delays cell growth by suppressing the enhancer of rudimentary homolog gene in vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:2971-90. [PMID: 24566139 PMCID: PMC3958894 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15022971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) is a type of non-coding RNA that regulates the expression of its target genes by interacting with the complementary sequence of the target mRNA molecules. Recent evidence has shown that genotoxic stress induces miRNA expression, but the target genes involved and role in cellular responses remain unclear. We examined the role of miRNA in the cellular response to X-ray irradiation by studying the expression profiles of radio-responsive miRNAs and their target genes in cultured human cell lines. We found that expression of miR-574-3p was induced in the lung cancer cell line A549 by X-ray irradiation. Overexpression of miR-574-3p caused delayed growth in A549 cells. A predicted target site was detected in the 3′-untranslated region of the enhancer of the rudimentary homolog (ERH) gene, and transfected cells showed an interaction between the luciferase reporter containing the target sequences and miR-574-3p. Overexpression of miR-574-3p suppressed ERH protein production and delayed cell growth. This delay was confirmed by knockdown of ERH expression. Our study suggests that miR-574-3p may contribute to the regulation of the cell cycle in response to X-ray irradiation via suppression of ERH protein production.
Collapse
|
22
|
Welc SS, Clanton TL, Dineen SM, Leon LR. Heat stroke activates a stress-induced cytokine response in skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 115:1126-37. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00636.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stroke (HS) induces a rapid elevation in a number of circulating cytokines. This is often attributed to the stimulatory effects of endotoxin, released from damaged intestine, on immune cells. However, parenchymal cells also produce cytokines, and skeletal muscle, comprising a large proportion of body mass, is thought to participate. We tested the hypothesis that skeletal muscle exhibits a cytokine response to HS that parallels the systemic response in conscious mice heated to a core temperature of 42.4°C (TcMax). Diaphragm and hindlimb muscles showed a rapid rise in interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleuin-10 (IL-10) mRNA and transient inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) throughout early recovery, a pattern that parallels changes in circulating cytokines. IL-6 protein was transiently elevated in both muscles at ∼32 min after reaching TcMax. Other responses observed included an upregulation of toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) and heat shock protein-72 (HSP-72) mRNA but no change in TLR-2 or HSP25 mRNA. Furthermore, c-jun and c-fos mRNA increased. Together, c-jun/c-fos form the activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor, critical for stress-induced regulation of IL-6. Interestingly, a second “late-phase” (24 h) cytokine response, with increases in IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, and TNF-α protein, were observed in hindlimb but not diaphragm muscle. These results demonstrate that skeletal muscle responds to HS with a distinct “stress-induced immune response,” characterized by an early upregulation of IL-6, IL-10, and TLR-4 and suppression of IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA, a pattern discrete from classic innate immune cytokine responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven S. Welc
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Thomas L. Clanton
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Shauna M. Dineen
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Lisa R. Leon
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lim TG, Kim JE, Jung SK, Li Y, Bode AM, Park JS, Yeom MH, Dong Z, Lee KW. MLK3 is a direct target of biochanin A, which plays a role in solar UV-induced COX-2 expression in human keratinocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:896-903. [PMID: 23948065 PMCID: PMC4241970 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Solar UV (sUV) is an important environmental carcinogen. Recent studies have shown that sUV is associated with numerous human skin disorders, such as wrinkle formation and inflammation. In this study, we found that the isoflavone, biochanin A, inhibited the expression of sUV-induced COX-2, which is a well-characterized sUV-induced enzyme, in both human HaCaT keratinocytes and JB6 P+ mouse skin epidermal cells. Several studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of biochanin A. However, its direct molecular target is unknown. We found that biochanin A inhibited sUV-induced phosphorylation of MKK4/JNK/c-Jun and MKK3/6/p38/MSK1. Mixed-lineage kinase 3 (MLK3) is an upstream kinase of MKK4 and MKK3/6. Thus, we evaluated the effect of biochanin A on MLK3. We found that sUV-induced MLK3 phosphorylation was not affected, whereas MLK3 kinase activity was significantly suppressed by biochanin A. Furthermore, direct binding of biochanin A in the MLK3 ATP-binding pocket was detected using pull-down assays. Computer modeling supported our observation that MLK3 is a novel target of biochanin A. These results suggest that biochanin A exerts chemopreventive effects by suppressing sUV-induced COX-2 expression mediated through MLK3 inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Gyu Lim
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Avenue NE, Austin, MN, 55912, USA
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, 443-270, Republic of Korea
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Eun Kim
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Avenue NE, Austin, MN, 55912, USA
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, 443-270, Republic of Korea
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Keun Jung
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Avenue NE, Austin, MN, 55912, USA
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, 443-270, Republic of Korea
- Division of Metabolism and Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Yan Li
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Avenue NE, Austin, MN, 55912, USA
| | - Ann M. Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Avenue NE, Austin, MN, 55912, USA
| | - Jun-Seong Park
- Skin Research Institute, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 341-1, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Hun Yeom
- Skin Research Institute, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 341-1, Republic of Korea
| | - Zigang Dong
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Avenue NE, Austin, MN, 55912, USA
| | - Ki Won Lee
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, 443-270, Republic of Korea
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lei B, Schwinn DA, Morris DP. Stimulation of α1a adrenergic receptors induces cellular proliferation or antiproliferative hypertrophy dependent solely on agonist concentration. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72430. [PMID: 23991110 PMCID: PMC3749976 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of α1aAdrenergic Receptors (ARs) is known to have anti-proliferative and hypertrophic effects; however, some studies also suggests this receptor can increase cell proliferation. Surprisingly, we find the α1aAR expressed in rat-1 fibroblasts can produce either phenotype, depending exclusively on agonist concentration. Stimulation of the α1aAR by high dose phenylephrine (>10−7 M) induces an antiproliferative, hypertrophic response accompanied by robust and extended p38 activation. Inhibition of p38 with SB203580 prevented the antiproliferative response, while inhibition of Erk or Jnk had no effect. In stark contrast, stimulation of the α1aAR with low dose phenylephrine (∼10−8 M) induced an Erk-dependent increase in cellular proliferation. Agonist-induced Erk phosphorylation was preceded by rapid FGFR and EGFR transactivation; however, only EGFR inhibition blocked Erk activation and proliferation. The general matrix metalloprotease inhibitor, GM6001, blocked agonist induced Erk activation within seconds, strongly suggesting EGFR activation involved extracellular triple membrane pass signaling. Erk activation required little Ca2+ release and was blocked by PLCβ or PKC inhibition but not by intracellular Ca2+ chelation, suggesting Ca2+ independent activation of novel PKC isoforms. In contrast, Ca2+ release was essential for PI3K/Akt activation, which was acutely maximal at non-proliferative doses of agonist. Remarkably, our data suggests EGFR transactivation leading to Erk induced proliferation has the lowest activation threshold of any α1aAR response. The ability of α1aARs to induce proliferation are discussed in light of evidence suggesting antagonistic growth responses reflect native α1aAR function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beilei Lei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Debra A. Schwinn
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, Biochemistry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Daniel P. Morris
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Koen YM, Sarma D, Hajovsky H, Galeva NA, Williams TD, Staudinger JL, Hanzlik RP. Protein targets of thioacetamide metabolites in rat hepatocytes. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:564-74. [PMID: 23465048 PMCID: PMC3710294 DOI: 10.1021/tx400001x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Thioacetamide (TA) has long been known as a hepatotoxicant whose bioactivation requires S-oxidation to thioacetamide S-oxide (TASO) and then to the very reactive S,S-dioxide (TASO2). The latter can tautomerize to form acylating species capable of covalently modifying cellular nucleophiles including phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) lipids and protein lysine side chains. Isolated hepatocytes efficiently oxidize TA to TASO but experience little covalent binding or cytotoxicity because TA is a very potent inhibitor of the oxidation of TASO to TASO2. However, hepatocytes treated with TASO show extensive covalent binding to both lipids and proteins accompanied by extensive cytotoxicity. In this work, we treated rat hepatocytes with [(14)C]-TASO and submitted the mitochondrial, microsomal, and cytosolic fractions to 2DGE, which revealed a total of 321 radioactive protein spots. To facilitate the identification of target proteins and adducted peptides, we also treated cells with a mixture of TASO/[(13)C2D3]-TASO. Using a combination of 1DGE- and 2DGE-based proteomic approaches, we identified 187 modified peptides (174 acetylated, 50 acetimidoylated, and 37 in both forms) from a total of 88 nonredundant target proteins. Among the latter, 57 are also known targets of at least one other hepatotoxin. The formation of both amide- and amidine-type adducts to protein lysine side chains is in contrast to the exclusive formation of amidine-type adducts with PE phospholipids. Thiobenzamide (TB) undergoes the same two-step oxidative bioactivation as TA, and it also gives rise to both amide and amidine adducts on protein lysine side chains but only amidine adducts to PE lipids. Despite their similarity in functional group chemical reactivity, only 38 of 62 known TB target proteins are found among the 88 known targets of TASO. The potential roles of protein modification by TASO in triggering cytotoxicity are discussed in terms of enzyme inhibition, protein folding, and chaperone function, and the emerging role of protein acetylation in intracellular signaling and the regulation of biochemical pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yakov M. Koen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Diganta Sarma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Heather Hajovsky
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Nadezhda A. Galeva
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Todd D. Williams
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Jeffrey L. Staudinger
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Robert P. Hanzlik
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Li HB, Wang GZ, Gong J, Wu ZY, Guo S, Li B, Liu M, Ji YD, Tang M, Yuan SY, Shang Y, Yao SL. BML-111 attenuates hemorrhagic shock-induced acute lung injury through inhibiting activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in rats. J Surg Res 2013; 183:710-9. [PMID: 23558258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemorrhagic shock activates cellular stress signals and can lead to systemic inflammatory response, organ injury, and death. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) acts as a sensor of tissue injury in models of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Lipoxins are endogenous lipid mediators with potent anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving actions. We hypothesized that BML-111 (a lipoxin A4-receptor agonist) attenuates hemorrhagic shock-induced acute lung injury (ALI) through inhibiting activation of the MAPK pathway. METHODS We randomized Sprague-Dawley rats into four groups: sham, hemorrhagic shock-resuscitation (HS), HS plus BML-111 (BML-111), and HS plus BML-111 and BOC-2 (BOC-2). Two hours after resuscitation, we collected samples of lung. We obtained bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for neutrophil count. We performed optical microscopy to examine pathologic changes in lungs. Wet/dry ratios, myeloperoxidase expression, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 levels in lung were measured. We evaluated MAPK activation and the DNA binding activity of activator protein-1 in lung. RESULTS Treatment with BML-111 reduced the lung damage and wet/dry ratio, neutrophil count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, expression of myeloperoxidase, and production of IL-1β and IL-6 in lung. Phosphorylation of MAPK was also decreased by BML-111 in lung. Furthermore, the DNA binding activity of activator protein-1 was blocked by BML-111. An antagonist of the lipoxin A4-receptor, BOC-2, reversed the protective effect of BML-111 on ALI induced by hemorrhagic shock. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that BML-111 attenuated hemorrhagic shock-induced ALI via the MAPK/activator protein-1 signaling pathway. Therefore, BML-111 may have therapeutic potential for hemorrhagic shock-induced ALI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bin Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Warr N, Carre GA, Siggers P, Faleato JV, Brixey R, Pope M, Bogani D, Childers M, Wells S, Scudamore CL, Tedesco M, del Barco Barrantes I, Nebreda AR, Trainor PA, Greenfield A. Gadd45γ and Map3k4 interactions regulate mouse testis determination via p38 MAPK-mediated control of Sry expression. Dev Cell 2012; 23:1020-31. [PMID: 23102580 PMCID: PMC3526779 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2012.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Loss of the kinase MAP3K4 causes mouse embryonic gonadal sex reversal due to reduced expression of the testis-determining gene, Sry. However, because of widespread expression of MAP3K4, the cellular basis of this misregulation was unclear. Here, we show that mice lacking Gadd45γ also exhibit XY gonadal sex reversal caused by disruption to Sry expression. Gadd45γ is expressed in a dynamic fashion in somatic cells of the developing gonads from 10.5 days postcoitum (dpc) to 12.5 dpc. Gadd45γ and Map3k4 genetically interact during sex determination, and transgenic overexpression of Map3k4 rescues gonadal defects in Gadd45γ-deficient embryos. Sex reversal in both mutants is associated with reduced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and GATA4. In addition, embryos lacking both p38α and p38β also exhibit XY gonadal sex reversal. Taken together, our data suggest a requirement for GADD45γ in promoting MAP3K4-mediated activation of p38 MAPK signaling in embryonic gonadal somatic cells for testis determination in the mouse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nick Warr
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council, Harwell, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wei SC, Rosenberg IM, Cao Z, Huett AS, Xavier RJ, Podolsky DK. Tribbles 2 (Trib2) is a novel regulator of toll-like receptor 5 signaling. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012; 18:877-88. [PMID: 22271508 PMCID: PMC3881418 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.22883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed by a variety of cells, including intestinal epithelia. However, the full spectrum of regulators modulating innate responses via TLRs has not been delineated. Tribbles (Trib) have been identified as a highly conserved family of kinase-like proteins. We sought to clarify the role of Trib2 in the TLR signaling pathway. METHODS Trib2 mRNA and protein levels were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot, respectively. Immunohistochemical staining was used to determine the expression of Trib2 in human tissue. Involvement of Trib2 in nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathways was assessed in epithelial cells by NF-κB reporter assay. Proteins that interacted with Trib2 were identified by mass spectrometry and confirmed by immunoprecipitation. The domain essential for Trib2 function was mapped using truncated constructs. RESULTS Trib2 expression is decreased in active inflamed tissue from patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Trib2 is expressed in human and mouse colonic epithelium as well as immune cells, and its expression in epithelium is inducible in a ligand-dependent manner by TLR5 ligand stimulation. Trib2 inhibits TLR5-mediated activation of NF-κB downstream of TRAF6. Trib2 selectively modulates mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways p38 and Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) but not p44/p42 (ERK1/2). NF-κB2 (p100) was identified as a Trib2 binding partner in regulating the TLR5 signaling pathway that leads to inhibition of NF-κB activity. Residues 158-177 in the Trib2 kinase-like domain are required for Trib2 function. CONCLUSIONS These observations indicate that Trib2 is a novel regulator in the TLR5 signaling pathway and altered expression of Trib2 may play a role in IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chen Wei
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taiwan
| | - Ian M. Rosenberg
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Zhifang Cao
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Alan S. Huett
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Ramnik J. Xavier
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA,Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Daniel K. Podolsky
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA,UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Breitman M, Kook S, Gimenez LE, Lizama BN, Palazzo MC, Gurevich EV, Gurevich VV. Silent scaffolds: inhibition OF c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 activity in cell by dominant-negative arrestin-3 mutant. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:19653-64. [PMID: 22523077 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.358192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We established a new in vivo arrestin-3-JNK3 interaction assay based on bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) between JNK3-luciferase and Venus-arrestins. We tested the ability of WT arrestin-3 and its 3A mutant that readily binds β2-adrenergic receptors as well as two mutants impaired in receptor binding, Δ7 and KNC, to directly bind JNK3 and to promote JNK3 phosphorylation in cells. Both receptor binding-deficient mutants interact with JNK3 significantly better than WT and 3A arrestin-3. WT arrestin-3 and Δ7 mutant robustly promoted JNK3 activation, whereas 3A and KNC mutants did not. Thus, receptor binding, JNK3 interaction, and JNK3 activation are three distinct arrestin functions. We found that the KNC mutant, which tightly binds ASK1, MKK4, and JNK3 without facilitating JNK3 phosphorylation, has a dominant-negative effect, competitively decreasing JNK activation by WT arrestin-3. Thus, KNC is a silent scaffold, a novel type of molecular tool for the suppression of MAPK signaling in living cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maya Breitman
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Creating a pro-survival and anti-inflammatory phenotype by modulation of acetylation in models of hemorrhagic and septic shock. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 710:107-33. [PMID: 22127890 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-5638-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Shock, regardless of etiology, is characterized by decreased tissue perfusion resulting in cell death, organ dysfunction, and poor survival. Current therapies largely focus on restoring tissue perfusion through resuscitation but have failed to address the specific cellular dysfunction caused by shock. Acetylation is rapidly emerging as a key mechanism that regulates the expression of numerous genes (epigenetic modulation through activation of nuclear histone proteins), as well as functions of multiple cytoplasmic proteins involved in key cellular functions such as cell survival, repair/healing, signaling, and proliferation. Cellular acetylation can be increased immediately through the administration of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACI). A series of studies have been performed using: (1) cultured cells; (2) single-organ ischemia-reperfusion injury models; (3) rodent models of lethal septic and hemorrhagic shock; (4) swine models of lethal hemorrhagic shock and multi-organ trauma; and (5) tissues from severely injured trauma patients, to fully characterize the changes in acetylation that occur following lethal insults and in response to treatment with HDACI. These data demonstrate that: (1) shock causes a decrease in acetylation of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins; (2) hypoacetylation can be rapidly reversed through the administration of HDACI; (3) normalization of acetylation prevents cell death, decreases inflammation, attenuates activation of pro-apoptotic pathways, and augments pro-survival pathways; (4) the effect of HDACI significantly improves survival in lethal models of septic shock, hemorrhagic shock, and complex poly-trauma without need for conventional fluid resuscitation or blood transfusion; and (5) improvement in survival is not due to better resuscitation but due to an enhanced ability of cells to tolerate lethal insults.As different models of hemorrhagic or septic shock have specific strengths and limitations, this chapter will summarize our attempts to create "pro-survival and anti-inflammatory phenotype" in various models of hemorrhagic shock and septic shock.
Collapse
|
31
|
Thy28 partially prevents apoptosis induction following engagement of membrane immunoglobulin in WEHI-231 B lymphoma cells. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2011; 17:36-48. [PMID: 22139584 PMCID: PMC6275998 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-011-0034-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Thy28 protein is conserved among plants, bacteria, and mammalian cells. Nuclear Thy28 protein is substantially expressed in testis, liver, and immune cells such as lymphocytes. Lymphocyte apoptosis plays a crucial role in homeostasis and formation of a diverse lymphocyte repertoire. In this study, we examined whether Thy28 affects induction of apoptosis in WEHI-231 B lymphoma cells following engagement of membrane immunoglobulin (mIg). Once they were established, the Thy28-overexpressing WEHI-231 cells showed similar expression levels of IgM and class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule compared with controls. The Thy28-overexpressing cells were considerably resistant to loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), caspase-3 activation, and increase in annexin-positive cells upon mIg engagement. These changes were concomitant with an increase in G1 phase associated with upregulation of p27Kip1. The anti-IgM-induced sustained activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), which was associated with late-phase hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production, was partially reduced in the Thy28-expressing cells relative to controls. Taken together, the data suggest that in WEHI-231 B lymphoma cells, Thy28 regulates mIg-mediated apoptotic events through the JNK-H2O2 activation pathway, concomitant with an accumulation of cells in G1 phase associated with upregulation of p27Kip1 in WEHI-231 B lymphoma cells.
Collapse
|
32
|
Takeda K, Naguro I, Nishitoh H, Matsuzawa A, Ichijo H. Apoptosis signaling kinases: from stress response to health outcomes. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:719-61. [PMID: 20969480 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a highly regulated process essential for the development and homeostasis of multicellular organisms. Whereas caspases, a large family of intracellular cysteine proteases, play central roles in the execution of apoptosis, other proapoptotic and antiapoptotic regulators such as the members of the Bcl-2 family are also critically involved in the regulation of apoptosis. A large body of evidence has revealed that a number of protein kinases are among such regulators and regulate cellular sensitivity to various proapoptotic signals at multiple steps in apoptosis. However, recent progress in the analysis of these apoptosis signaling kinases demonstrates that they generally act as crucial regulators of diverse cellular responses to a wide variety of stressors, beyond their roles in apoptosis regulation. In this review, we have cataloged apoptosis signaling kinases involved in cellular stress responses on the basis of their ability to induce apoptosis and discuss their roles in stress responses with particular emphasis on health outcomes upon their dysregulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kohsuke Takeda
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Strategic Approach to Drug Discovery and Development in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Global Center of Excellence Program and Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Histone deacetylase inhibitor treatment attenuates MAP kinase pathway activation and pulmonary inflammation following hemorrhagic shock in a rodent model. J Surg Res 2011; 176:185-94. [PMID: 21816439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemorrhagic shock activates cellular stress signals and can lead to systemic inflammatory response, organ injury, and death. We have previously shown that treatment with histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) significantly improves survival in lethal models (60% blood loss) of hemorrhage. The aim of the current study was to examine whether these protective effects were due to attenuation of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, which are known to promote inflammation and apoptosis. METHODS Wistar-Kyoto rats (250-300 g) were subjected to 40% blood loss and randomized to treatment with: (1) HDACI valproic acid (VPA 300 mg/kg i.v.; volume = 0.75 mL/kg), or (2) vehicle control (0.75 mL/kg of 0.9% saline). Animals were sacrificed at 1, 4, and 20 h (n = 3-4/group/timepoint), and lung samples were analyzed by Western blotting for expression of active (phosphorylated) and inactive forms of c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) and p38 MAPK. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was measured in lung tissue 20 h after hemorrhage as a marker of neutrophil infiltration. Normal animals (n = 3) served as shams. RESULTS Hemorrhaged animals demonstrated significant increases in phosphorylated p38 at 1 h, phosphorylated JNK at 4 h, and increased MPO activity at 20 h (P < 0.05 compared with sham). VPA treatment significantly (P < 0.05) attenuated all of these changes. CONCLUSIONS Hemorrhagic shock activates pro-inflammatory MAPK signaling pathways and promotes pulmonary neutrophil infiltration, affects that are significantly attenuated by VPA treatment. This may represent a key mechanism through which HDACIs decrease organ damage and promote survival in hemorrhagic shock.
Collapse
|
34
|
Runchel C, Matsuzawa A, Ichijo H. Mitogen-activated protein kinases in mammalian oxidative stress responses. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:205-18. [PMID: 21050144 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
All aerobic organisms are exposed to oxidative stress during their lifetime and are required to respond appropriately for maintenance of their survival and homeostasis. Sustained exposure to oxidative stress has devastating effects in organisms, and, not surprisingly, oxidative stress has been implicated in numerous human diseases. Therefore, an understanding of how mammals respond to oxidative stress is crucial both biologically and clinically. Intracellular signaling pathways, which are activated in response to excessive oxygen radicals, play essential roles in overcoming oxidative stress. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways are involved in diverse physiological processes, and are critical for induction of oxidative stress responses. In this review, we will discuss the physiological roles of MAPKs in oxidative stress, the upstream signaling pathways leading to MAPK activation, their regulation, and the MAPK downstream substrates, with a focus on mammalian systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Runchel
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Modulation of acetylation: creating a pro-survival and anti-inflammatory phenotype in lethal hemorrhagic and septic shock. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:523481. [PMID: 21403879 PMCID: PMC3051174 DOI: 10.1155/2011/523481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) play a key role in homeostasis of protein acetylation in histone and nonhistone proteins and in regulating fundamental cellular activities. In this paper we review and discuss intriguing recent developments in the use of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) to combat some critical conditions in an animal model of hemorrhagic and septic shock. HDACIs have neuroprotective, cardioprotective, renal-protective, and anti-inflammatory properties; survival improvements have been significantly shown in these models. We discuss the targets and mechanisms underlying these effects of HDACIs and comment on the potential new clinical applications for these agents in the future. This paper highlights the emerging roles of HDACIs as acetylation modulators in models of hemorrhagic and septic shock and explains some contradictions encountered in previous studies.
Collapse
|
36
|
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases and Reactive Oxygen Species: How Can ROS Activate MAPK Pathways? JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2011; 2011:792639. [PMID: 21637379 PMCID: PMC3100083 DOI: 10.1155/2011/792639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 737] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 12/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are serine-threonine protein kinases that play the major role in signal transduction from the cell surface to the nucleus. MAPKs, which consist of growth factor-regulated extracellular signal-related kinases (ERKs), and the stress-activated MAPKs, c-jun NH2-terminal kinases (JNKs) and p38 MAPKs, are part of a three-kinase signaling module composed of the MAPK, an MAPK kinase (MAP2K) and an MAPK kinase (MAP3K). MAP3Ks phosphorylate MAP2Ks, which in turn activate MAPKs. MAPK phosphatases (MKPs), which recognize the TXY amino acid motif present in MAPKs, dephosphorylate and deactivate MAPKs. MAPK pathways are known to be influenced not only by receptor ligand interactions, but also by different stressors placed on the cell. One type of stress that induces potential activation of MAPK pathways is the oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Generally, increased ROS production in a cell leads to the activation of ERKs, JNKs, or p38 MAPKs, but the mechanisms by which ROS can activate these kinases are unclear. Oxidative modifications of MAPK signaling proteins and inactivation and/or degradation of MKPs may provide the plausible mechanisms for activation of MAPK pathways by ROS, which will be reviewed in this paper.
Collapse
|
37
|
Ritterhoff S, Farah CM, Grabitzki J, Lochnit G, Skurat AV, Schmitz ML. The WD40-repeat protein Han11 functions as a scaffold protein to control HIPK2 and MEKK1 kinase functions. EMBO J 2010; 29:3750-61. [PMID: 20940704 PMCID: PMC2989105 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2010.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases are organized in hierarchical networks that are assembled and regulated by scaffold proteins. Here, we identify the evolutionary conserved WD40-repeat protein Han11 as an interactor of the kinase homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2). In vitro experiments showed the direct binding of Han11 to HIPK2, but also to the kinases DYRK1a, DYRK1b and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1 (MEKK1). Han11 was required to allow coupling of MEKK1 to DYRK1 and HIPK2. Knockdown experiments in Caenorhabditis elegans showed the relevance of the Han11 orthologs Swan-1 and Swan-2 for the osmotic stress response. Downregulation of Han11 in human cells lowered the threshold and amplitude of HIPK2- and MEKK1-triggered signalling events and changed the kinetics of kinase induction. Han11 knockdown changed the amplitude and time dependence of HIPK2-driven transcription in response to DNA damage and also interfered with MEKK1-triggered gene expression and stress signalling. Impaired signal transmission also occurred upon interference with stoichiometrically assembled signalling complexes by Han11 overexpression. Collectively, these experiments identify Han11 as a novel scaffold protein regulating kinase signalling by HIPK2 and MEKK1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Ritterhoff
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Carla M Farah
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Julia Grabitzki
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Günter Lochnit
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Alexander V Skurat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
UV irradiation induces Snail expression by AP-1 dependent mechanism in human skin keratinocytes. J Dermatol Sci 2010; 60:105-13. [PMID: 20851575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation from the sun is the major cause of keratinocyte skin cancer. Transcription factor Snail plays an important role in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and epithelial tumor formation. OBJECTIVE The aims of this study are to determine the regulation of Snail expression of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on Snail expression in human skin in vivo, and the mechanisms by which UV irradiation induces Snail expression, in human keratinocytes. METHODS Real-time RT-PCR was employed to measure Snail expression in human skin in vivo and cultured human keratinocytes. Luciferase assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) were employed to investigate transcriptional regulation of the in Snail gene promoter. RESULTS Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation transiently induces Snail expression in human skin in vivo and cultured human keratinocytes. Snail induction is significantly reduced by specific inhibitors of ERK, p38 or JNK, indicating each of the three major mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways participate in Snail regulation. AP-1 transcription factor complex, a downstream target of MAPK signaling, is required for Snail induction. Inhibition of AP-1 activity by over-expression of dominant-negative c-Jun substantially reduces Snail induction. Analyses of the Snail promoter, revealed the presence of an AP-1 binding site. EMSA assay demonstrated that UV irradiation specifically induced c-Jun binding to this AP-1 site. Mutation of the AP-1-binding site completely blocked protein binding and inhibited UV irradiation-induced Snail promoter activity. CONCLUSION UV irradiation induces Snail gene expression in human skin keratinocytes. This induction is mediated by MAPK-AP-1 dependent signaling pathway. Elevated expression of Snail in response to chronic UV irradiation in human skin may contribute to UV irradiation-induced skin tumor development.
Collapse
|
39
|
Harding SJ, Browne GJ, Miller BW, Prigent SA, Dickens M. Activation of ASK1, downstream MAPKK and MAPK isoforms during cardiac ischaemia. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1802:733-40. [PMID: 20550965 PMCID: PMC2954285 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
p38 MAPK is activated potently during cardiac ischaemia, although the precise mechanism by which it is activated is unclear. We used the isolated perfused rat heart to investigate the signalling pathways activated upstream of p38 during global cardiac ischaemia. Ischaemia strongly activated p38α but not the JNK pathway. The MAPKKs, MKK3, MKK4 and MKK6 have previously been identified as potential upstream activators of p38; however, in the ischaemic perfused heart, we saw activation of MKK3 and MKK6 but not MKK4. MKK3 and MKK6 showed different temporal patterns of activity, indicating distinct modes of activation and physiological function. Consistent with a lack of JNK activation, we saw no activation of MKK4 or MKK7 at any time point during ischaemia. A lack of MKK4 activation indicates, at least in the ischaemic heart, that MKK4 is not a physiologically relevant activator of p38. The MAPKKK, ASK1, was strongly activated late during ischaemia, with a similar time course to that of MKK6 and in ischaemic neonatal cardiac myocytes ASK1 expression preferentially activated MKK6 rather than MKK3. These observations suggest that during ischaemia ASK1 is coupled to p38 activation primarily via MKK6. Potent activation of ASK1 during ischaemia without JNK activation shows that during cardiac ischaemia, ASK1 preferentially activates the p38 pathway. These results demonstrate a specificity of responses seldom seen in previous studies and illustrate the benefits of using direct assays in intact tissues responding to physiologically relevant stimuli to unravel the complexities of MAPK signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Harding
- Department of Biochemistry, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Cross talk between Smad, MAPK, and actin in the etiology of pulmonary arterial hypertension. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 661:265-78. [PMID: 20204736 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-500-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The gene for the type 2 receptor for the bone morphogenic pathway, BMPR2, is mutated in a large majority of familial pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH),. However, the mechanisms linking BMPR2 mutation to disease remain obscure. BMPR2 potentially signals through multiple immediate downstream pathways, including Smad, MAPK, LIM domain kinase 1 (LIMK) and dynein, light chain, Tctex-type 1 (TCTEX), v-src sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (SRC), and nuclear factor kappa-B (NFkB). Functional consequences of BMPR2 mutation, largely ascertained from animal models, include a shift from contractile to synthetic phenotype in smooth muscle, probably downstream of Smad signal; alterations in expression of actin organization related genes, possibly related to focal adhesions; alterations in cytokines and inflammatory cell recruitment; increased proliferation and apoptosis; and increased collagen and matrix. A synthesis of the available data suggests that the normal role of BMPR2 in adult animals is to assist in injury repair. BMPR2 is suppressed in injured tissue, which facilitates inflammatory response, shift to a synthetic cellular phenotype, and alterations in migration or permeability of cells in the vascular wall. We thus hypothesize that BMPR2 mutation thus leads to an impaired ability to terminate the injury repair process, leading to strong predisposition to PAH.
Collapse
|
41
|
Cockrell LM, Puckett MC, Goldman EH, Khuri FR, Fu H. Dual engagement of 14-3-3 proteins controls signal relay from ASK2 to the ASK1 signalosome. Oncogene 2009; 29:822-30. [PMID: 19935702 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Faithful and efficient transmission of biological signals through mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways requires engagement of highly regulated cellular machinery in response to diverse environmental cues. Here, we report a novel mechanism controlling signal relay between two MAP3Ks, apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK) 1 and ASK2. We show that ASK2 specifically interacts with 14-3-3 proteins through phosphorylated S964. Although a 14-3-3-binding defective mutant of ASK1 (S967A) has no effect on the ASK2/14-3-3 interaction, both overexpression of the analogous ASK2 (S964A) mutant and knockdown of ASK2 dramatically reduced the amount of ASK1 complexed with 14-3-3. These data suggest a dominant role of ASK2 in 14-3-3 control of ASK1 function. Indeed, ASK2 S964A-induced dissociation of 14-3-3 from ASK1 correlated with enhanced phosphorylation of ASK1 at T838 and increased c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation, the two biological readouts of ASK1 activation. Our results suggest a model in which upstream signals couple ASK2 S964 phosphorylation to the ASK1 signalosome through dual engagement of 14-3-3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L M Cockrell
- Program in Molecular and Systems Pharmacology of the Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Huang G, Shi LZ, Chi H. Regulation of JNK and p38 MAPK in the immune system: signal integration, propagation and termination. Cytokine 2009; 48:161-9. [PMID: 19740675 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Stress-activated MAP kinases (MAPKs), comprised of JNK and p38, play prominent roles in the innate and adaptive immune systems. Activation of MAPKs is mediated by a three-tiered kinase module comprised of MAPK kinase kinases (MAP3Ks), MAPK kinases (MAP2Ks) and MAPKs through sequential protein phosphorylation. Activated MAPKs, in turn, phosphorylate transcription factors and other targets to regulate gene transcription and immune responses. Recent studies have provided new insight into the upstream and downstream components of the MAPK pathway that facilitate the activation and propagation of MAPK signaling in immune responses. Moreover, MAPK activity is negatively regulated by MAPK phosphatases (MKPs), a group of dual-specificity phosphatases that dephosphorylate and inactivate the MAPKs. Here we discuss the recent advances in our understanding of these regulatory processes in MAPK signaling with a focus on their impacts on immune function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gonghua Huang
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Bogani D, Siggers P, Brixey R, Warr N, Beddow S, Edwards J, Williams D, Wilhelm D, Koopman P, Flavell RA, Chi H, Ostrer H, Wells S, Cheeseman M, Greenfield A. Loss of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 4 (MAP3K4) reveals a requirement for MAPK signalling in mouse sex determination. PLoS Biol 2009; 7:e1000196. [PMID: 19753101 PMCID: PMC2733150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex determination in mammals is controlled by the presence or absence of the Y-linked gene SRY. In the developing male (XY) gonad, sex-determining region of the Y (SRY) protein acts to up-regulate expression of the related gene, SOX9, a transcriptional regulator that in turn initiates a downstream pathway of testis development, whilst also suppressing ovary development. Despite the requirement for a number of transcription factors and secreted signalling molecules in sex determination, intracellular signalling components functioning in this process have not been defined. Here we report a role for the phylogenetically ancient mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway in mouse sex determination. Using a forward genetic screen, we identified the recessive boygirl (byg) mutation. On the C57BL/6J background, embryos homozygous for byg exhibit consistent XY gonadal sex reversal. The byg mutation is an A to T transversion causing a premature stop codon in the gene encoding MAP3K4 (also known as MEKK4), a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase. Analysis of XY byg/byg gonads at 11.5 d post coitum reveals a growth deficit and a failure to support mesonephric cell migration, both early cellular processes normally associated with testis development. Expression analysis of mutant XY gonads at the same stage also reveals a dramatic reduction in Sox9 and, crucially, Sry at the transcript and protein levels. Moreover, we describe experiments showing the presence of activated MKK4, a direct target of MAP3K4, and activated p38 in the coelomic region of the XY gonad at 11.5 d post coitum, establishing a link between MAPK signalling in proliferating gonadal somatic cells and regulation of Sry expression. Finally, we provide evidence that haploinsufficiency for Map3k4 accounts for T-associated sex reversal (Tas). These data demonstrate that MAP3K4-dependent signalling events are required for normal expression of Sry during testis development, and create a novel entry point into the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying sex determination in mice and disorders of sexual development in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debora Bogani
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council (MRC) Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Pam Siggers
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council (MRC) Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Brixey
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council (MRC) Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Warr
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council (MRC) Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Beddow
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council (MRC) Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Edwards
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council (MRC) Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Debbie Williams
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council (MRC) Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Dagmar Wilhelm
- The Institute of Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter Koopman
- The Institute of Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Richard A. Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Harry Ostrer
- Human Genetics Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sara Wells
- The Mary Lyon Centre, Medical Research Council (MRC) Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Cheeseman
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council (MRC) Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
- The Mary Lyon Centre, Medical Research Council (MRC) Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Andy Greenfield
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council (MRC) Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Protein kinase PKR-dependent activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases occurs through mitochondrial adapter IPS-1 and is antagonized by vaccinia virus E3L. J Virol 2009; 83:5718-25. [PMID: 19321614 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00224-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play important roles in the host innate immune response. The protein kinase regulated by RNA (PKR) is implicated in p38 MAPK activation in response to proinflammatory signals in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. To test the role of PKR in the activation of p38 and JNK MAPKs in human cells following viral infection, HeLa cells made stably deficient in PKR by using an RNA interference strategy were compared to cells with sufficient PKR. The phosphorylation of both p38 and JNK in cells with sufficient PKR was activated following either infection with an E3L deletion (DeltaE3L) mutant of vaccinia virus or transfection with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in the absence of infection with wild-type vaccinia virus. The depletion of PKR by stable knockdown impaired the phosphorylation of both p38 and JNK induced by either the DeltaE3L mutant virus or dsRNA but not that induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha. The PKR-dependent activation of MAPKs in DeltaE3L mutant-infected cells was abolished by treatment with cytosine beta-d-arabinoside. The complementation of PKR-deficient cells with the human PKR wild-type protein, but not with the PKR catalytic mutant (K296R) protein, restored p38 and JNK phosphorylation following DeltaE3L mutant virus infection. Transient small interfering RNA knockdown established that the p38 and JNK kinase activation following DeltaE3L infection was dependent upon RIG-I-like receptor signal transduction pathway components, including the mitochondrial adapter IPS-1 protein.
Collapse
|
45
|
Song X, Coffa S, Fu H, Gurevich VV. How does arrestin assemble MAPKs into a signaling complex? J Biol Chem 2009; 284:685-695. [PMID: 19001375 PMCID: PMC2610502 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m806124200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Revised: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Arrestins bind active phosphorylated G protein-coupled receptors, precluding G protein activation and channeling signaling to alternative pathways. Arrestins also function as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) scaffolds, bringing together three components of MAPK signaling modules. Here we have demonstrated that all four vertebrate arrestins interact with JNK3, MKK4, and ASK1, but only arrestin3 facilitates JNK3 activation. Thus, the functional specificity of arrestins is not determined by differential binding of the kinases. Using receptor binding-impaired mutant, we have shown that free arrestin3 readily promotes JNK3 phosphorylation. We identified key arrestin-binding elements in JNK3 and ASK1 and investigated the molecular interactions of arrestin2 and arrestin3 and their individual domains with the components of the two MAPK cascades, ASK1-MKK4-JNK3 and c-Raf-1-MEK1-ERK2. We found that both arrestin domains interact with all six kinases. These findings shed new light on the mechanism of arrestin-mediated MAPK activation and the spatial arrangement of the three kinases on arrestin molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiufeng Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232 and the Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Sergio Coffa
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232 and the Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Haian Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232 and the Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Vsevolod V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232 and the Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Carta L, Smaldone S, Zilberberg L, Loch D, Dietz HC, Rifkin DB, Ramirez F. p38 MAPK is an early determinant of promiscuous Smad2/3 signaling in the aortas of fibrillin-1 (Fbn1)-null mice. J Biol Chem 2008; 284:5630-6. [PMID: 19109253 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m806962200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling characterizes the progression of aortic aneurysm in mouse models of Marfan syndrome, a systemic disorder of the connective tissue that is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the extracellular matrix protein fibrillin-1. Fibrillin-1 mutations are believed to promote abnormal Smad2/3 signaling by impairing the sequestration of latent TGF-beta complexes into the extracellular matrix. Here we report that promiscuous Smad2/3 signaling is the cell-autonomous phenotype of primary cultures of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) explanted from the thoracic aortas of Fbn1 mutant mice with either neonatal onset or progressively severe aortic aneurysm. This cellular phenotype was characterized in VSMC isolated from Fbn1-null (mgN/mgN) mice, which recapitulate the most severe form of Marfan syndrome. We found that loss of fibrillin-1 deposition promotes the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species and abnormal accumulation of phosphorylated TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 and p38 MAPK, in addition to increasing the levels of endogenous phospho-Smad2. We showed that improper Smad2/3 signaling in Fbn1-null VSMC is in part stimulated by phospho-p38 MAPK, which is in turn activated in response to signals other than those mediated by the kinase activity of the ALK5 receptor. Consistent with these cell culture data, in vivo analyses documented that phospho-p38 MAPK accumulates earlier than phospho-Smad2 in the aortic wall of mgN/mgN mice and that systemic inhibition of phospho-p38 MAPK activity lowers the levels of phospho-Smad2 in this tissue. Collectively, these findings indicate that improper activation of p38 MAPK is a precursor of constitutive Smad2/3 signaling in the aortic wall of a mouse model of neonatal lethal Marfan syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Carta
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics and the Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Hansen TE, Puntervoll P, Seternes OM, Jørgensen JB. Atlantic salmon possess three mitogen activated protein kinase kinase 6 paralogs responding differently to stress. FEBS J 2008; 275:4887-902. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06628.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
48
|
Ikehata K, Duzhak TG, Galeva NA, Ji T, Koen YM, Hanzlik RP. Protein targets of reactive metabolites of thiobenzamide in rat liver in vivo. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:1432-42. [PMID: 18547066 PMCID: PMC2493440 DOI: 10.1021/tx800093k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Thiobenzamide (TB) is a potent hepatotoxin in rats, causing dose-dependent hyperbilirubinemia, steatosis, and centrolobular necrosis. These effects arise subsequent to and appear to result from the covalent binding of the iminosulfinic acid metabolite of TB to cellular proteins and phosphatidylethanolamine lipids [ Ji et al. ( 2007) Chem. Res. Toxicol. 20, 701- 708 ]. To better understand the relationship between the protein covalent binding and the toxicity of TB, we investigated the chemistry of the adduction process and the identity of the target proteins. Cytosolic and microsomal proteins isolated from the livers of rats treated with a hepatotoxic dose of [ carboxyl- (14)C]TB contained high levels of covalently bound radioactivity (25.6 and 36.8 nmol equiv/mg protein, respectively). These proteins were fractionated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and radioactive spots (154 cytosolic and 118 microsomal) were located by phosphorimaging. Corresponding spots from animals treated with a 1:1 mixture of TB and TB- d 5 were similarly separated, the spots were excised, and the proteins were digested in gel with trypsin. Peptide mass mapping identified 42 cytosolic and 24 microsomal proteins, many of which appeared in more than one spot on the gel; however, only a few spots contained more than one identifiable protein. Eighty-six peptides carrying either a benzoyl or a benzimidoyl adduct on a lysine side chain were clearly recognized by their d 0/ d 5 isotopic signature (sometimes both in the same digest). Because model studies showed that benzoyl adducts do not arise by hydrolysis of benzimidoyl adducts, it was proposed that TB undergoes S-oxidation twice to form iminosulfinic acid 4 [PhC(NH)SO 2H], which either benzimidoylates a lysine side chain or undergoes hydrolysis to 9 [PhC(O)SO 2H] and then benzoylates a lysine side chain. The proteins modified by TB metabolites serve a range of biological functions and form a set that overlaps partly with the sets of proteins known to be modified by several other metabolically activated hepatotoxins. The relationship of the adduction of these target proteins to the cytotoxicity of reactive metabolites is discussed in terms of three currently popular mechanisms of toxicity: inhibition of enzymes important to the maintenance of cellular energy and homeostasis, the unfolded protein response, and interference with kinase-based signaling pathways that affect cell survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ikehata
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | - Tatyana G. Duzhak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | | | - Tao Ji
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | - Yakov M. Koen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | - Robert P. Hanzlik
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
| |
Collapse
|