1
|
Oliveira M, Sousa A, Sá S, Soares S, Pereira AC, Rocha AC, Pais P, Ferreira D, Almeida C, Luís C, Lima C, Almeida F, Gestoso Á, Duarte MC, Barata P, Martins-Mendes D, Baylina P, Pereira CF, Fernandes R. Harvesting the Power of Green Synthesis: Gold Nanoparticles Tailored for Prostate Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2277. [PMID: 38396953 PMCID: PMC10889744 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Biosynthetic gold nanoparticles (bAuNPs) present a promising avenue for enhancing bio-compatibility and offering an economically and environmentally responsible alternative to traditional production methods, achieved through a reduction in the use of hazardous chemicals. While the potential of bAuNPs as anticancer agents has been explored, there is a limited body of research focusing on the crucial physicochemical conditions influencing bAuNP production. In this study, we aim to identify the optimal growth phase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultures that maximizes the redox potential and coordinates the formation of bAuNPs with increased efficiency. The investigation employs 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIP) as a redox indicator. Simultaneously, we explore the impact of temperature, pH, and incubation duration on the biosynthesis of bAuNPs, with a specific emphasis on their potential application as antitumor agents. Characterization of the resulting bAuNPs is conducted using ATR-FT-IR, TEM, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. To gain insights into the anticancer potential of bAuNPs, an experimental model is employed, utilizing both non-neoplastic (HPEpiC) and neoplastic (PC3) epithelial cell lines. Notably, P. aeruginosa cultures at 9 h/OD600 = 1, combined with biosynthesis at pH 9.0 for 24 h at 58 °C, produce bAuNPs that exhibit smaller, more spherical, and less aggregated characteristics. Crucially, these nanoparticles demonstrate negligible effects on HPEpiC cells while significantly impacting PC3 cells, resulting in reduced viability, migration, and lower IL-6 levels. This research lays the groundwork for the development of more specialized, economical, and ecologically friendly treatment modalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Oliveira
- FP-I3ID, FP-BHS, Instituto de Investigação, Inovação e Desenvolvimento, Biomedical Health Sciences, Universidade Fernando Pessoa (UFP), 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- CECLIN, Centro de Estudos Clínicos, Hospital Escola Fernando Pessoa, 4420-096 Gondomar, Portugal
- RISE-UFP, Rede de Investigação em Saúde, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - André Sousa
- FP-I3ID, FP-BHS, Instituto de Investigação, Inovação e Desenvolvimento, Biomedical Health Sciences, Universidade Fernando Pessoa (UFP), 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- CECLIN, Centro de Estudos Clínicos, Hospital Escola Fernando Pessoa, 4420-096 Gondomar, Portugal
- RISE-UFP, Rede de Investigação em Saúde, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- FMUP, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- FFCC-Facultad de Ciencias, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Sara Sá
- FP-I3ID, FP-BHS, Instituto de Investigação, Inovação e Desenvolvimento, Biomedical Health Sciences, Universidade Fernando Pessoa (UFP), 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- CECLIN, Centro de Estudos Clínicos, Hospital Escola Fernando Pessoa, 4420-096 Gondomar, Portugal
- RISE-UFP, Rede de Investigação em Saúde, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- FMUP, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- FFCC-Facultad de Ciencias, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Sílvia Soares
- FP-I3ID, FP-BHS, Instituto de Investigação, Inovação e Desenvolvimento, Biomedical Health Sciences, Universidade Fernando Pessoa (UFP), 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- CECLIN, Centro de Estudos Clínicos, Hospital Escola Fernando Pessoa, 4420-096 Gondomar, Portugal
- RISE-UFP, Rede de Investigação em Saúde, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- FMUP, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Cláudia Pereira
- FP-I3ID, FP-BHS, Instituto de Investigação, Inovação e Desenvolvimento, Biomedical Health Sciences, Universidade Fernando Pessoa (UFP), 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- CECLIN, Centro de Estudos Clínicos, Hospital Escola Fernando Pessoa, 4420-096 Gondomar, Portugal
- RISE-UFP, Rede de Investigação em Saúde, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Catarina Rocha
- FP-I3ID, FP-BHS, Instituto de Investigação, Inovação e Desenvolvimento, Biomedical Health Sciences, Universidade Fernando Pessoa (UFP), 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- CECLIN, Centro de Estudos Clínicos, Hospital Escola Fernando Pessoa, 4420-096 Gondomar, Portugal
- RISE-UFP, Rede de Investigação em Saúde, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- FMUP, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrick Pais
- FP-I3ID, FP-BHS, Instituto de Investigação, Inovação e Desenvolvimento, Biomedical Health Sciences, Universidade Fernando Pessoa (UFP), 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- CECLIN, Centro de Estudos Clínicos, Hospital Escola Fernando Pessoa, 4420-096 Gondomar, Portugal
- RISE-UFP, Rede de Investigação em Saúde, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- ECVA-UTAD, Escola de Ciências da Vida e do Ambiente, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Diogo Ferreira
- FP-I3ID, FP-BHS, Instituto de Investigação, Inovação e Desenvolvimento, Biomedical Health Sciences, Universidade Fernando Pessoa (UFP), 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- CECLIN, Centro de Estudos Clínicos, Hospital Escola Fernando Pessoa, 4420-096 Gondomar, Portugal
- RISE-UFP, Rede de Investigação em Saúde, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- FFCC-Facultad de Ciencias, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- TBIO, Center for Translational Health and Medical Biotechnology Research, ESS-IPP, Escola S. Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cátia Almeida
- FP-I3ID, FP-BHS, Instituto de Investigação, Inovação e Desenvolvimento, Biomedical Health Sciences, Universidade Fernando Pessoa (UFP), 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- CECLIN, Centro de Estudos Clínicos, Hospital Escola Fernando Pessoa, 4420-096 Gondomar, Portugal
- RISE-UFP, Rede de Investigação em Saúde, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- FMUP, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Luís
- FP-I3ID, FP-BHS, Instituto de Investigação, Inovação e Desenvolvimento, Biomedical Health Sciences, Universidade Fernando Pessoa (UFP), 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- CECLIN, Centro de Estudos Clínicos, Hospital Escola Fernando Pessoa, 4420-096 Gondomar, Portugal
- RISE-UFP, Rede de Investigação em Saúde, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- FMUP, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudio Lima
- FP-I3ID, FP-BHS, Instituto de Investigação, Inovação e Desenvolvimento, Biomedical Health Sciences, Universidade Fernando Pessoa (UFP), 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- CECLIN, Centro de Estudos Clínicos, Hospital Escola Fernando Pessoa, 4420-096 Gondomar, Portugal
- RISE-UFP, Rede de Investigação em Saúde, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fábio Almeida
- FP-I3ID, FP-BHS, Instituto de Investigação, Inovação e Desenvolvimento, Biomedical Health Sciences, Universidade Fernando Pessoa (UFP), 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- CECLIN, Centro de Estudos Clínicos, Hospital Escola Fernando Pessoa, 4420-096 Gondomar, Portugal
- RISE-UFP, Rede de Investigação em Saúde, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Álvaro Gestoso
- FP-I3ID, FP-BHS, Instituto de Investigação, Inovação e Desenvolvimento, Biomedical Health Sciences, Universidade Fernando Pessoa (UFP), 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- CECLIN, Centro de Estudos Clínicos, Hospital Escola Fernando Pessoa, 4420-096 Gondomar, Portugal
- RISE-UFP, Rede de Investigação em Saúde, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel-Correa Duarte
- FFCC-Facultad de Ciencias, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- CINBIO, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Southern Galicia Institute of Health Research (IISGS), Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health (CIBERSAM), 36310 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Barata
- FP-I3ID, FP-BHS, Instituto de Investigação, Inovação e Desenvolvimento, Biomedical Health Sciences, Universidade Fernando Pessoa (UFP), 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- CECLIN, Centro de Estudos Clínicos, Hospital Escola Fernando Pessoa, 4420-096 Gondomar, Portugal
- RISE-UFP, Rede de Investigação em Saúde, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- FMUP, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniela Martins-Mendes
- FP-I3ID, FP-BHS, Instituto de Investigação, Inovação e Desenvolvimento, Biomedical Health Sciences, Universidade Fernando Pessoa (UFP), 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- CECLIN, Centro de Estudos Clínicos, Hospital Escola Fernando Pessoa, 4420-096 Gondomar, Portugal
- RISE-UFP, Rede de Investigação em Saúde, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- FMUP, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pilar Baylina
- FP-I3ID, FP-BHS, Instituto de Investigação, Inovação e Desenvolvimento, Biomedical Health Sciences, Universidade Fernando Pessoa (UFP), 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- CECLIN, Centro de Estudos Clínicos, Hospital Escola Fernando Pessoa, 4420-096 Gondomar, Portugal
- RISE-UFP, Rede de Investigação em Saúde, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- TBIO, Center for Translational Health and Medical Biotechnology Research, ESS-IPP, Escola S. Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla F. Pereira
- FP-I3ID, FP-BHS, Instituto de Investigação, Inovação e Desenvolvimento, Biomedical Health Sciences, Universidade Fernando Pessoa (UFP), 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- CECLIN, Centro de Estudos Clínicos, Hospital Escola Fernando Pessoa, 4420-096 Gondomar, Portugal
- RISE-UFP, Rede de Investigação em Saúde, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rúben Fernandes
- FP-I3ID, FP-BHS, Instituto de Investigação, Inovação e Desenvolvimento, Biomedical Health Sciences, Universidade Fernando Pessoa (UFP), 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- CECLIN, Centro de Estudos Clínicos, Hospital Escola Fernando Pessoa, 4420-096 Gondomar, Portugal
- RISE-UFP, Rede de Investigação em Saúde, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Evaluation of the Immunomodulatory Effects of a Probiotics and Natural Extract-Based Formulation in Bacterial-Induced Prostatitis. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020389. [PMID: 36836748 PMCID: PMC9965078 DOI: 10.3390/life13020389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the many factors inducing prostate inflammation, bacterial contribution is potentially underrated according to the scientific community. Bacterial prostatitis is characterized by modifications of the prostatic microenvironment, mainly driven by the immune system. Macrophages play a major role in bacterial prostatitis, secreting a plethora of proinflammatory and chemoattractive cytokines and proteolytic enzymes able to degrade the ECM, so facilitating the invasion of other immune cells. Consequently, macrophages represent a link between bacterial infection and prostate inflammation, as well as being the main target of prostate anti-inflammatory drugs and dietary supplements. This study aims to investigate the effect of a formulation composed of active principles and a probiotic strain with a particular focus on the anti-inflammatory effect in an in vitro bacterial prostatitis model. The results obtained showed that the formulation reduces the inflammatory response of prostatic epithelium induced by bacterial infection. This effect is mediated by the modulation of activated macrophages. Analysis of the cytokines released highlights that the tested formulation is able to reduce the expression of key proinflammatory cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of prostate diseases, in particular prostate cancer, and represents a valuable tool to prevent bacterial prostatitis and ensure favorable prostate health.
Collapse
|
3
|
McGeagh L, Robles LA, Persad R, Rowe E, Bahl A, Aning J, Koupparis A, Abrams P, Perks C, Holly J, Johnson L, Shiridzinomwa C, Challapalli A, Shingler E, Taylor H, Oxley J, Sandu M, Martin RM, Lane JA. Prostate cancer-Exercise and Metformin Trial (Pre-EMpT): study protocol for a feasibility factorial randomized controlled trial in men with localised or locally advanced prostate cancer. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2022; 8:179. [PMID: 35962445 PMCID: PMC9372971 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-022-01136-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence from observational studies have shown that moderate intensity physical activity can reduce risk of progression and cancer-specific mortality in participants with prostate cancer. Epidemiological studies have also shown participants taking metformin to have a reduced risk of prostate cancer. However, data from randomised controlled trials supporting the use of these interventions are limited. The Prostate cancer–Exercise and Metformin Trial examines that feasibility of randomising participants diagnosed with localised or locally advanced prostate cancer to interventions that modify physical activity and blood glucose levels. The primary outcomes are randomisation rates and adherence to the interventions over 6 months. The secondary outcomes include intervention tolerability and retention rates, measures of insulin-like growth factor I, prostate-specific antigen, physical activity, symptom-reporting, and quality of life. Methods Participants are randomised in a 2 × 2 factorial design to both a physical activity (brisk walking or control) and a pharmacological (metformin or control) intervention. Participants perform the interventions for 6 months with final measures collected at 12 months follow-up. Discussion Our trial will determine whether participants diagnosed with localised or locally advanced prostate cancer, who are scheduled for radical treatments or being monitored for signs of cancer progression, can be randomised to a 6 months physical activity and metformin intervention. The findings from our trial will inform a larger trial powered to examine the clinical benefits of these interventions. Trial registration Prostate Cancer Exercise and Metformin Trial (Pre-EMpT) is registered on the ISRCTN registry, reference number ISRCTN13543667. Date of registration 2nd August 2018–retrospectively registered. First participant was recruited on 11th September 2018.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy McGeagh
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Supportive Cancer Care Research Group, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Institute of Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Research, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Luke A Robles
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Raj Persad
- Bristol Urological Institute, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Edward Rowe
- Bristol Urological Institute, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Amit Bahl
- Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Jonathan Aning
- Bristol Urological Institute, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Paul Abrams
- Bristol Urological Institute, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Claire Perks
- Insulin-like Growth Factors and Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jeffrey Holly
- Insulin-like Growth Factors and Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Lyndsey Johnson
- Clinical Research Centre, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Amarnath Challapalli
- Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Ellie Shingler
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Hilary Taylor
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Bristol Medical School, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jon Oxley
- Department of Cellular Pathology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Meda Sandu
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Richard M Martin
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Bristol Medical School, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - J Athene Lane
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. .,Bristol Medical School, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Prasad SK, Bhat S, Shashank D, C R A, R S, Rachtanapun P, Devegowda D, Santhekadur PK, Sommano SR. Bacteria-Mediated Oncogenesis and the Underlying Molecular Intricacies: What We Know So Far. Front Oncol 2022; 12:836004. [PMID: 35480118 PMCID: PMC9036991 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.836004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancers are known to have multifactorial etiology. Certain bacteria and viruses are proven carcinogens. Lately, there has been in-depth research investigating carcinogenic capabilities of some bacteria. Reports indicate that chronic inflammation and harmful bacterial metabolites to be strong promoters of neoplasticity. Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric adenocarcinoma is the best illustration of the chronic inflammation paradigm of oncogenesis. Chronic inflammation, which produces excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) is hypothesized to cause cancerous cell proliferation. Other possible bacteria-dependent mechanisms and virulence factors have also been suspected of playing a vital role in the bacteria-induced-cancer(s). Numerous attempts have been made to explore and establish the possible relationship between the two. With the growing concerns on anti-microbial resistance and over-dependence of mankind on antibiotics to treat bacterial infections, it must be deemed critical to understand and identify carcinogenic bacteria, to establish their role in causing cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shashanka K Prasad
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara (JSS) Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru, India
| | - Smitha Bhat
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara (JSS) Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru, India
| | - Dharini Shashank
- Department of General Surgery, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, Mandya, India
| | - Akshatha C R
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Sindhu R
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara (JSS) Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru, India
| | - Pornchai Rachtanapun
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Devananda Devegowda
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru, India
| | - Prasanna K Santhekadur
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru, India
| | - Sarana Rose Sommano
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Anti-Tumor Effects of Vitamin B2, B6 and B9 in Promonocytic Lymphoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153763. [PMID: 31374832 PMCID: PMC6696026 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation can lead to tumour initiation and progression. Vitamin B complex has the ability to regulate the immune response and, therefore, inflammation but many of the mechanistic and molecular processes involved in this regulation are still not fully understood. This study sought to determine some of these processes by studying the effects of vitamin B2 (riboflavin) B6 (pyridoxine) and B9 (folic acid) on un-differentiated pro-monocytic lymphoma cells in regard to their ability to alter the proliferation, migration, apoptosis, cytokines and expression levels of programmed death ligand 1. We show that vitamin B2, B6 and B9, on pro-monocytic lymphoma cells exerted an anti-tumorigenic effect. This data could form the basis for future studies in using vitamin B supplementation to reduce cancer cell growth in vivo.
Collapse
|
6
|
Xiao L, Luo Y, Tai R, Zhang N. Estrogen receptor β suppresses inflammation and the progression of prostate cancer. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:3555-3563. [PMID: 30864712 PMCID: PMC6472045 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that estrogen receptor β (ERβ) signaling alleviates systemic inflammation in animal models, and suggested that ERβ-selective agonists may deactivate microglia and suppress T cell activity via downregulation of nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). In the present study, the role of ERβ in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation and association with NF-κB activity were investigated in PC-3 and DU145 prostate cancer cell lines. Cells were treated with LPS to induce inflammation, and ELISA was performed to determine the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6. MTT and Transwell assays, and Annexin V/propidium iodide staining were conducted to measure cell viability, apoptosis and migration, respectively. Protein expression was determined via western blot analysis. LPS-induced inflammation resulted in elevated expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, MCP-1 and IL-6 compared with controls. ERβ overexpression significantly inhibited the LPS-induced production of TNF-α, IL-1β, MCP-1 and IL-6. In addition, the results indicated that ERβ suppressed viability and migration, and induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells, which was further demonstrated by altered expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, B-cell lymphoma 2-associated X protein, caspase-3, E-cadherin and matrix metalloproteinase-2. These effects were reversed by treatment with the ERβ antagonist PHTPP or ERβ-specific short interfering RNA. ERβ overexpression reduced the expression levels of p65 and phosphorylated NF-κB inhibitor α (IκBα), but not total IκBα expression in LPS-treated cells. In conclusion, ERβ suppressed the viability and migration of the PC-3 and DU145 prostate cancer cell lines and induced apoptosis. Furthermore, it reduced inflammation and suppressed the activation of the NF-κB pathway, suggesting that ERβ may serve roles as an anti-inflammatory and anticancer agent in prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Xiao
- Department of Urology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650041, P.R. China
| | - Yaohui Luo
- Department of Urology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650041, P.R. China
| | - Rongfen Tai
- Department of Urology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650041, P.R. China
| | - Ningnan Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650041, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dai JY, Wang B, Wang X, Cheng A, Kolb S, Stanford JL, Wright JL. Vigorous Physical Activity Is Associated with Lower Risk of Metastatic-Lethal Progression in Prostate Cancer and Hypomethylation in the CRACR2A Gene. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2018; 28:258-264. [PMID: 30464020 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-18-0622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is preliminary evidence linking physical activity to better prostate cancer outcomes, though the molecular mechanisms underlying this association are not clear. METHODS In a Seattle-based cohort of patients diagnosed with clinically localized prostate cancer and prospective follow-up for outcomes (n = 1,354), we studied the association between self-reported vigorous physical activity and prostate cancer progression to a metastatic-lethal phenotype. A subset of patients had prostate cancer tissue samples available for investigating DNA methylation (Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip array) and exercise (n = 524). RESULTS Patients who had vigorous physical activity at least once per week during the year before diagnosis (∼79% of the cohort) were significantly less likely to progress to metastatic-lethal prostate cancer compared with those who had vigorous physical activity less frequently (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.63; P = 0.029). Among the subset of men who had radical prostatectomy as primary treatment and tumor tissue available, a differentially methylated region (DMR) was identified (family-wise error rate = 0.03, hypomethylated in the weekly exercise group), with 9 methylation probes located in the promoter region of CRACR2A. This gene encodes a calcium binding protein involved in innate immune response. The methylation level of the nine CpGs was inversely correlated with CRACR2A gene expression (average correlation coefficient = -0.35). CONCLUSIONS Vigorous physical activity before diagnosis is associated with epigenetic alterations of CRACR2A and prostate cancer metastatic-lethal progression. IMPACT This analysis provides strong evidence for the association between vigorous physical activity and a less likelihood to develop metastatic-lethal progression, and a suggestive link between exercise and DNA methylation in the CRACRA2A gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Y Dai
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchison Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchison Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Anqi Cheng
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington
| | - Suzanne Kolb
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchison Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Janet L Stanford
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchison Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jonathan L Wright
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchison Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Duscharla D, Reddy Kami Reddy K, Dasari C, Bhukya S, Ummanni R. Interleukin-6 induced overexpression of valosin-containing protein (VCP)/p97 is associated with androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC) progression. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:7148-7164. [PMID: 29693262 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Though Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is effective initially, numerous patients become resistant to it and develop castration resistant PCa (CRPC). Cytokines promotes ligand independent activation of AR. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels are elevated in CRPC patients and regulate AR activity. However, progression to CRPC is not fully understood. In this study, we analyzed differential protein expression in LNCaP cells treated with IL-6 using proteomics. Results revealed altered expression of 27 proteins and Valosin-containing protein (VCP)/p97 plays a predominant role in co-regulation of altered proteins. Interestingly, IL-6 induced VCP expression through Pim-1 via STAT3 is AR independent there by suggesting a role for VCP in CRPC. Transfection of LNCaP cells for VCP overexpression showed an increased cell proliferation, migration, and invasion where as its inhibition by NMS-873 showed the reverse effect causing cell death. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that cell death occurs due to apoptosis by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, elevated cell cycle inhibitors p21, p27kip1, and active PARP and reduced Bcl-2. VCP promotes cell invasion and migration by altering E-cadherin and Vimentin levels inversely triggering EMT of PCa cells. VCP immunostaining revealed no staining in BPH but strong staining in PCa. This study determines VCP may play an important role in progression to CRPC and it can be a favorable target with to develop new therapies to treat ADT resistant prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Divya Duscharla
- Center for Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad, India.,Center for Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Karthik Reddy Kami Reddy
- Center for Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad, India.,Center for Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Chandrashekhar Dasari
- Center for Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad, India.,Center for Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Supriya Bhukya
- Center for Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Ramesh Ummanni
- Center for Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad, India.,Center for Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu MC, Chen WH, Chiou CS, Lo WC, Dubey NK, Chen YC, Lai WFT, Yeh SD, Chiang HS, Deng WP. Inhibition of chronic prostate inflammation by hyaluronic acid through an immortalized human prostate stromal cell line model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178152. [PMID: 28558037 PMCID: PMC5448756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the most common urologic disease among elderly men. A well-established in vitro cell model is required to determine the therapeutic mechanism of BPH inflammation. In this study, we attempted to establish an immortalized human prostate stromal cell line by transfecting with HPV-16 E6/E7 and designated as ihPSC. No significant difference was found in fibroblast-like morphology between primary hPSC and ihPSC. The ihPSC possessed a significantly higher cell proliferation rate than primary hPSC. The prostate-specific markers and proteins including cytoskeleton (α-SMA and vimentin) and smooth muscle (calponin), especially the androgen receptor (AR) were also examined in ihPSC, almost identical to the primary hPSC. To create an in vitro model featuring chronic prostatic inflammation, ihPSC was stimulated with IFN-γ+IL-17 and then treated with the high molecular weight hyaluronic acid hylan G-F 20 as an alternative strategy for inhibiting BPH inflammation. Hylan G-F 20 could dose-dependently diminish the inflammation-induced proliferation in ihPSC. The enhanced expressions of inflammatory molecules including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), inducible nitrogen oxide synthase (iNOS), and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) were all abolished by hylan G-F 20. For inflammatory signaling, hylan G-F 20 can also diminish the IFN-γ+IL-17-increased expression of iNOS and p65 in ihPSC. These findings suggest that ihPSC could provide a mechanism-based platform for investigating prostate inflammation. The hylan G-F 20 showed strong anti-inflammatory effects by decreasing inflammatory cytokines and signalings in the ihPSC, indicating its therapeutic potentials in BPH treatment in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Che Liu
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wei-Hong Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Stem Cell Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chi-Sheng Chiou
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wen-Cheng Lo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
- School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Navneet Kumar Dubey
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Stem Cell Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Chin Chen
- Stem Cell Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wen-Fu T. Lai
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shauh-Der Yeh
- Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Sun Chiang
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Cardinal Tien Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Win-Ping Deng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Stem Cell Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
- College of Oral medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hilary S, Habib H, Souka U, Ibrahim W, Platat C. Bioactivity of arid region honey: an in vitro study. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 17:177. [PMID: 28356100 PMCID: PMC5371251 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1664-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of honey have been largely recognized by various studies. Almost all of the potential benefits are associated with polyphenol content. Honey varieties from the arid region are reported to be rich in polyphenols, but data related to its bioactivity in vitro is greatly lacking. This study aimed at establishing the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of arid region honey. Four honey varieties from arid region (H1, H2, H3, and H4) and two popular non-arid region honey (H5 and H6) were tested in vitro in this study. Methods The erythrocyte membrane protection effect of honey varieties were measured by hemolysis assay after exposing erythrocytes to a peroxide generator. The subsequent production of MDA (malondialdehyde) content in erythrocytes was measured. Immunomodulatory effect of the honey varieties was tested in prostate cancer cells PC-3 and PBMC (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) by measuring the IL-6 (interleukin 6) and NO (nitric oxide) levels in cell culture supernatant after incubation with the honey varieties. PC-3 cell viability was assessed after incubation with honey varieties for 24 h. Results Arid region honey exhibited superior erythrocyte membrane protection effect with H4 measuring 1.3 ± 0.042mMTE/g and H2 measuring 1.122 ± 0.018mMTE/g. MDA levels were significantly reduced by honey samples, especially H4 (20.819 ± 0.63 nmol/mg protein). We observed a significant decrease in cell population in PC-3 after 24 h in culture on treatment with honey. A moderate increase in NO levels was observed in both cultures after 24 h at the same time levels of IL-6 were remarkably reduced by honey varieties. Conclusion The results demonstrate the antioxidant effect of arid region honey due to its erythrocyte membrane protection effect and subsequent lowering of oxidative damage as evident from lower levels of lipid peroxidation byproduct MDA. Arid region honey varieties were as good as non-arid region types at decreasing cell viability of prostate cancer cells. The moderate increase in NO levels in PC-3 and PBMCs were not significant enough to elicit any pro-inflammatory response. However, IL-6 secretion was remarkably reduced by all honey varieties in a comparable level indicating the potential anti-inflammatory property of arid region honey.
Collapse
|
11
|
Quintar AA, Maldonado CA. Androgen regulation of host defenses and response to inflammatory stimuli in the prostate gland. Cell Biol Int 2017; 41:1223-1233. [PMID: 28244686 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The prostate gland is a strictly androgen-dependent organ which is also the main target of infectious and inflammatory diseases in the male reproductive tract. Host defenses and immunity of the gland have unique features to maintain a constant balance between response and tolerance to diverse antigens. In this context, the effects of reproductive hormones on the male tract are thus complex and have just started to be defined. From the classical description of "the prostatic antibacterial factor," many host defense proteins with potent microbicidal and anti-tumoral activities have been described in the organ. Indeed, it has been proposed a central role for resident cells, that is, epithelial and smooth muscle cells, in the prostatic response against injuries. However, these cells also represent the target of the inflammatory damage, leading to the development of a Proliferative Inflammatory Atrophy-like process in the epithelium and a myofibroblastic-like reactive stroma. Available data on androgen regulation of inflammation led to a model of the complex control, in which the final effect will depend on the tissue microenvironment, the cause of inflammation, and the levels of androgens among other factors. In this paper, we review the current scientific literature about the inflammatory process in the gland, the modulation of host defense proteins, and the influence of testosterone on the resolution of prostatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amado A Quintar
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Pabellón de Biología Celular. E. Barros esq. Enfermera Gordillo 1 piso Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Cristina A Maldonado
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Pabellón de Biología Celular. E. Barros esq. Enfermera Gordillo 1 piso Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gonorrhea infection increases the risk of prostate cancer in Asian population: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 36:813-821. [PMID: 28013414 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-016-2866-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study evaluated the risk of developing prostate cancer among patients with gonorrhea. We identified cases of newly diagnosed gonorrhea in men between 2000 and 2010 from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. Each patient with gonorrhea was matched to four controls, based on age and index year. All subjects were followed up from the index date to December 31, 2010. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to assess the risk of prostate cancer. A total of 355 men were included in the study group, and 1,420 age-matched subjects without gonorrhea were included in the control group. After adjusting for age, comorbidities, urbanization level, hospital level, and monthly income, gonorrhea was significantly associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer (adjusted hazard ratio = 5.66, 95% confidence interval = 1.36-23.52). Men aged 45-70 years and those with lower monthly income were more strongly associated with prostate cancer in the study group than the control group. The higher risk for developing prostate cancer were also found in those without syphilis, without genital warts, without diabetes mellitus, without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, without benign prostatic hypertrophy, without chronic prostatitis, and without alcoholism. The Kaplan-Meier analysis showed the risk of prostate cancer was significantly higher in the study group than in the control group. Gonorrhea may be involved in the development of prostate cancer. More intensive screening and prevention interventions for prostate cancer should be recommended in men with gonorrhea.
Collapse
|
13
|
SOCS1 inhibits migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells, attenuates tumor growth and modulates the tumor stroma. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2016; 20:36-47. [PMID: 27779203 DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2016.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) gene is repressed in prostate cancer (PCa) by epigenetic silencing and microRNA miR30d. Increased expression of the SOCS1-targeting miR30d correlates with higher biochemical recurrence, suggesting a tumor suppressor role of SOCS1 in PCa, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We have shown that SOCS1 inhibits MET receptor kinase signaling, a key oncogenic pathway in cancer progression. Here we evaluated the role of SOCS1 in attenuating MET signaling in PCa cells and tumor growth in vivo. METHODS MET-overexpressing human DU145 and PC3 PCa cell lines were stably transduced with SOCS1, and their growth, migration and invasion of collagen matrix were evaluated in vitro. Cells expressing SOCS1 or the control vector were evaluated for tumor growth in NOD.scid.gamma mice as xenograft or orthotopic tumors. RESULTS HGF-induced MET signaling was attenuated in SOCS1-expressing DU145 and PC3 cells. Compared with vector control cells, SOCS1-expressing cells showed reduced proliferation and impaired migration following HGF stimulation. DU145 and PC3 cells showed marked ability to invade the collagen matrix following HGF stimulation and this was attenuated by SOCS1. As xenografts, SOCS1-expressing PCa cells showed significantly reduced tumor growth compared with vector control cells. In the orthotopic tumor model, SOCS1 reduced the growth of primary tumors and metastatic spread. Intriguingly, the SOCS1-expressing DU145 and PC3 tumors showed increased collagen deposition, associated with increased frequency of myofibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the tumor suppressor role of SOCS1 in PCa and suggest that attenuation of MET signaling is one of the underlying mechanisms. SOCS1 in PCa cells also appears to prevent the tumor-promoting functions of cancer-associated fibroblasts.
Collapse
|
14
|
Korsten H, Ziel-van der Made ACJ, van Weerden WM, van der Kwast T, Trapman J, Van Duijn PW. Characterization of Heterogeneous Prostate Tumors in Targeted Pten Knockout Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147500. [PMID: 26807730 PMCID: PMC4726760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we generated a preclinical mouse prostate tumor model based on PSA-Cre driven inactivation of Pten. In this model homogeneous hyperplastic prostates (4-5m) developed at older age (>10m) into tumors. Here, we describe the molecular and histological characterization of the tumors in order to better understand the processes that are associated with prostate tumorigenesis in this targeted mouse Pten knockout model. The morphologies of the tumors that developed were very heterogeneous. Different histopathological growth patterns could be identified, including intraductal carcinoma (IDC), adenocarcinoma and undifferentiated carcinoma, all strongly positive for the epithelial cell marker Cytokeratin (CK), and carcinosarcomas, which were negative for CK. IDC pattern was already detected in prostates of 7-8 month old mice, indicating that it could be a precursor stage. At more than 10 months IDC and carcinosarcoma were most frequently observed. Gene expression profiling discriminated essentially two molecular subtypes, denoted tumor class 1 (TC1) and tumor class 2 (TC2). TC1 tumors were characterized by high expression of epithelial markers like Cytokeratin 8 and E-Cadherin whereas TC2 tumors showed high expression of mesenchyme/stroma markers such as Snail and Fibronectin. These molecular subtypes corresponded with histological growth patterns: where TC1 tumors mainly represented adenocarcinoma/intraductal carcinoma, in TC2 tumors carcinosarcoma was the dominant growth pattern. Further molecular characterization of the prostate tumors revealed an increased expression of genes associated with the inflammatory response. Moreover, functional markers for senescence, proliferation, angiogenesis and apoptosis were higher expressed in tumors compared to hyperplasia. The highest expression of proliferation and angiogenesis markers was detected in TC2 tumors. Our data clearly showed that in the genetically well-defined PSA-Cre;Pten-loxP/loxP prostate tumor model, histopathological, molecular and biological heterogeneity occurred during later stages of tumor development.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/chemistry
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Animals
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Biomarkers
- Biomarkers, Tumor
- Cadherins/analysis
- Carcinoma/chemistry
- Carcinoma/genetics
- Carcinoma/pathology
- Carcinosarcoma/chemistry
- Carcinosarcoma/genetics
- Carcinosarcoma/pathology
- Cellular Senescence/genetics
- Disease Progression
- Epithelial Cells/chemistry
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Inflammation/genetics
- Keratins/analysis
- Male
- Mesoderm/chemistry
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Knockout
- Neoplasm Proteins/analysis
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- PTEN Phosphohydrolase/deficiency
- Prostatic Hyperplasia/genetics
- Prostatic Hyperplasia/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/chemistry
- Prostatic Neoplasms/classification
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Stromal Cells/chemistry
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanneke Korsten
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wytske M. van Weerden
- Department of Urology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo van der Kwast
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Trapman
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Petra W. Van Duijn
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Adissu HA, McKerlie C, Di Grappa M, Waterhouse P, Xu Q, Fang H, Khokha R, Wood GA. Timp3 loss accelerates tumour invasion and increases prostate inflammation in a mouse model of prostate cancer. Prostate 2015; 75:1831-43. [PMID: 26332574 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered expression and activity of proteases is implicated in inflammation and cancer progression. An important negative regulator of protease activity is TIMP3 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3). TIMP3 expression is lacking in many cancers including advanced prostate cancer, and this may facilitate invasion and metastasis by allowing unrestrained protease activity. METHODS To investigate the role of TIMP3 in prostate cancer progression, we crossed TIMP3-deficient mice (Timp3(-/-)) to mice with prostate-specific deletion of the tumor suppressor Pten (Pten(-/-)), a well-established mouse model of prostate cancer. Tumor growth and progression were compared between Pten(-/-), Timp3(-/-) and control (Pten(-/-), Timp3(+/+)) mice at 16 weeks of age by histopathology and markers of proliferation, vascularity, and tumor invasion. Metalloproteinase activity within the tumors was assessed by gelatin zymography. Inflammatory infiltrates were assessed by immunohistochemistry for macrophages and lymphocytes whereas expression of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators was assessed by quantitative real time PCR and multiplex ELISA. RESULTS Increased tumor growth, proliferation index, increased microvascular density, and invasion was observed in Pten(-/-), Timp3(-/-) prostate tumors compared to Pten(-/-), Timp3(+/+) tumors. Tumor cell invasion in Pten(-/-), Timp3(-/-) mice was associated with increased expression of matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-9 and activation of MMP-2. There was markedly increased inflammatory cell infiltration into the TIMP3-deficient prostate tumors along with increased expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, cyclooxygenase-2, TNF-α, and interleukin-1β; all of which are implicated in inflammation and cancer. CONCLUSIONS This study provides important insights into the role of altered protease activity in promoting prostate cancer invasion and implicates prostate inflammation as an important promoting factor in prostate cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hibret A Adissu
- Centre for Modeling Human Disease, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Physiology & Experimental Medicine Research Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colin McKerlie
- Centre for Modeling Human Disease, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Physiology & Experimental Medicine Research Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marco Di Grappa
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Waterhouse
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Qiang Xu
- Centre for Modeling Human Disease, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hui Fang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rama Khokha
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Geoffrey A Wood
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang H, Wang L, Jerde TJ, Chan B, Savran CA, Burcham GN, Crist S, Ratliff TL. Characterization of autoimmune inflammation induced prostate stem cell expansion. Prostate 2015; 75:1620-31. [PMID: 26174474 PMCID: PMC4720918 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of inflammation in prostate cancer (PCa) and benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) has been well described but the cellular mechanisms by which inflammation modulates the prostate are currently unclear. Prostate stem cells (PSC) not only maintain prostate homeostasis but also are considered to be the cell of origin of PCa and an important contributor to BPH. However, the impact of inflammation on PSC is not well understood. Therefore, we initiated studies to evaluate the effect of inflammation on PSC. METHOD Ovalbumin specific CD8(+) T cells were intravenously delivered to intact and castrated prostate ovalbumin expressing transgenic-3 (POET-3) mice to induce inflammation. Lin (CD45/CD31)(-) Sca1(+) CD49f(+) cells (LSC) and progenitor cells within LSC were determined by flow cytometry. Sorted LSC were subjected to a prostate sphere forming assay to evaluate PSC clonal propagation, proliferation, immediate differentiation, and self-renewal ability. Density of individual spheres was measured by a cantilever-based resonator weighing system. Morphology and characterization of prostate spheres was determined by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Finally, immediate PSC differentiation in sphere formation was determined by immunofluorescence for epithelial cytokeratin markers cytokeratin (CK) 5 and CK8. RESULT Data presented here demonstrate a significant expansion of the proliferative (BrdU(+) ) LSC population, including CK5(+) , p63(+) , CK18(+) cells, as well as intermediate cells (CK5(+) /CK8(+) ) in inflamed prostates. Histological images reveal that PSC from inflamed prostates produce significantly larger spheres, indicating that the enhanced proliferation observed in LSC is sustained in vitro in the absence of inflammatory mediators. In addition, cultures from inflamed PSC yielded increased number of tubule-like spheres. These tube-like spheres grown from PSCs isolated from inflamed mice exhibited stratification of a CK8(+) luminal-like layer and a CK5(+) basal-like layer. Notably, the numbers of spheres formed by inflamed and non-inflamed PSC were equal, suggesting that even though proliferation is enhanced by inflammation, the homeostatic level of PSC is maintained. CONCLUSION Induction of inflammation promotes PSC expansion and immediate differentiation through highly proliferative progenitor cells while the homeostasis of PSC is maintained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsing‐Hui Wang
- Department of Comparative PathobiologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndiana
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research201 S. University St.West LafayetteIndiana
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of UrologyIndiana UniversityIndianapolisIndiana
| | - Travis J. Jerde
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of UrologyIndiana UniversityIndianapolisIndiana
| | - Bin‐Da Chan
- School of Mechanical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndiana
- Birck Nanotechnology CenterPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndiana
| | - Cagri A. Savran
- School of Mechanical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndiana
- Birck Nanotechnology CenterPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndiana
| | - Grant N. Burcham
- Department of Comparative PathobiologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndiana
- College of Veterinary MedicineThe Heeke Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndiana
| | - Scott Crist
- Department of Comparative PathobiologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndiana
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research201 S. University St.West LafayetteIndiana
| | - Timothy L. Ratliff
- Department of Comparative PathobiologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndiana
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research201 S. University St.West LafayetteIndiana
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lian WQ, Luo F, Song XL, Lu YJ, Zhao SC. Gonorrhea and Prostate Cancer Incidence: An Updated Meta-Analysis of 21 Epidemiologic Studies. Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:1902-10. [PMID: 26126881 PMCID: PMC4502545 DOI: 10.12659/msm.893579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between gonorrhea and prostate cancer risk has been investigated widely, but the results remain inconsistent and contradictory. We conducted an updated meta-analysis to obtain a more precise estimate of this association. MATERIAL AND METHODS PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were searched for papers up to June 2014 to identify eligible studies. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the influence of gonorrhea on prostate cancer risk. RESULTS Twenty-one observational studies (19 case-control and 2 cohort) were eligible, comprising 9965 prostate cancer patients and 118 765 participants. Pooled results indicated that gonorrhea was significantly associated with increased incidence of prostate cancer (OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.14-1.52). The association between gonorrhea and prostate cancer was stronger in African American males (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.06-1.65) than in Whites (OR 1.05, 95% CI 0.90-1.21). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that gonorrhea is associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer, especially among African American males. These results warrant further well-designed, large-scale cohort studies to draw definitive conclusions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qing Lian
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Fei Luo
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Xian-Lu Song
- Department of Radiotherapy, Cancer Center of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Jie Lu
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K
| | - Shan-Chao Zhao
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Giangreco AA, Dambal S, Wagner D, Van der Kwast T, Vieth R, Prins GS, Nonn L. Differential expression and regulation of vitamin D hydroxylases and inflammatory genes in prostate stroma and epithelium by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in men with prostate cancer and an in vitro model. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 148:156-65. [PMID: 25305352 PMCID: PMC4361379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Previous work on vitamin D in the prostate has focused on the prostatic epithelium, from which prostate cancer arises. Prostatic epithelial cells are surrounded by stroma, which has well-established regulatory control over epithelial proliferation, differentiation, and the inflammatory response. Here we examined the regulation of vitamin D-related genes and inflammatory genes by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D) in laser-capture microdissected prostate tissue from a vitamin D3 clinical trial and in an in vitro model that facilitates stromal-epithelial crosstalk. Analysis of the trial tissues showed that VDR was present in both cell types, whereas expression of the hydroxylases was the highest in the epithelium. Examination of gene expression by prostatic (1,25(OH)2D) concentrations showed that VDR was significantly lower in prostate tissues with the highest concentration of 1,25(OH)2D, and down-regulation of VDR by 1,25(OH) 2D was confirmed in the primary cell cultures. Analysis of inflammatory genes in the patient tissues revealed that IL-6 expression was the highest in the prostate stroma while PTGS2 (COX2) levels were lowest in the prostate cancer tissues from men in the highest tertile of prostatic 1,25(OH)2D. In vitro, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 were suppressed by 1,25 (OH)2D in the primary epithelial cells, whereas TNF-α and PTGS2 were suppressed by 1,25(OH) 2D in the stromal cells. Importantly, the ability of 1,25(OH)2D to alter pro-inflammatory-induced changes in epithelial cell growth were dependent on the presence of the stromal cells. In summary, whereas both stromal and epithelial cells of the prostate express VDR and can presumably respond to 1,25(OH)2D, the prostatic epithelium appears to be the main producer of 1,25(OH)2D. Further, while the prostate epithelium was more responsive to the anti-inflammatory activity of 1,25 (OH)2D than stromal cells, stroma-epithelial crosstalk enhanced the phenotypic effects of 1,25(OH)2D and the inflammatory process in the prostate gland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shweta Dambal
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dennis Wagner
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Reinhold Vieth
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gail S Prins
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Urology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Larisa Nonn
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA; University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Androgens and androgen receptor (AR) signaling are necessary for prostate development and homeostasis. AR signaling also drives the growth of nearly all prostate cancer cells. The role of androgens and AR signaling has been well characterized in metastatic prostate cancer, where it has been shown that prostate cancer cells are exquisitely adept at maintaining functional AR signaling to drive cancer growth. As androgens and AR signaling are so intimately involved in prostate development and the proliferation of advanced prostate cancer, it stands to reason that androgens and AR are also involved in prostate cancer initiation and the early stages of cancer growth, yet little is known of this process. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge concerning the role of androgens and AR signaling in prostate tissue, from development to metastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer, and use that information to suggest potential roles for androgens and AR in prostate cancer initiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhou
- Department of Molecular PharmacologyBeckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E Duarte Road, Beckman 2310, Duarte, California 91010, USADepartment of Molecular and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Eric C Bolton
- Department of Molecular PharmacologyBeckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E Duarte Road, Beckman 2310, Duarte, California 91010, USADepartment of Molecular and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Jeremy O Jones
- Department of Molecular PharmacologyBeckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E Duarte Road, Beckman 2310, Duarte, California 91010, USADepartment of Molecular and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Goeman F, De Nicola F, D'Onorio De Meo P, Pallocca M, Elmi B, Castrignanò T, Pesole G, Strano S, Blandino G, Fanciulli M, Muti P. VDR primary targets by genome-wide transcriptional profiling. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 143:348-56. [PMID: 24726990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25(OH)2D3) plays a role in breast cancer prevention and survival. It elicits a variety of antitumor activities like controlling cellular differentiation, proliferation and angiogenesis. Most of its biological effects are exerted via its nuclear receptor which acts as a transcriptional regulator. Here, we carried out a genome-wide investigation of the primary transcriptional targets of 1α,25(OH)2D3 in breast epithelial cancer cells using RNA-Seq technology. We identified early transcriptional targets of 1α,25(OH)2D3 involved in adhesion, growth regulation, angiogenesis, actin cytoskeleton regulation, hexose transport, inflammation and immunomodulation, apoptosis, endocytosis and signaling. Furthermore, we found several transcription factors to be regulated by 1α,25(OH)2D3 that subsequently amplify and diversify the transcriptional output driven by 1α,25(OH)2D3 leading finally to a growth arrest of the cells. Moreover, we could show that 1α,25(OH)2D3 elevates the trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 4 at several target gene promoters. Our present transcriptomic analysis of differential expression after 1α,25(OH)2D3 treatment provides a resource of primary 1α,25(OH)2D3 targets that might drive the antiproliferative action in breast cancer epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Goeman
- Translational Oncogenomics Unit, Italian National Cancer Institute "Regina Elena", 00144 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesca De Nicola
- Laboratory of Epigenetic, Molecular Medicine Area, Italian National Cancer Institute "Regina Elena", 00144 Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Matteo Pallocca
- Translational Oncogenomics Unit, Italian National Cancer Institute "Regina Elena", 00144 Rome, Italy.
| | - Berardino Elmi
- Laboratory of Epigenetic, Molecular Medicine Area, Italian National Cancer Institute "Regina Elena", 00144 Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Graziano Pesole
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics of the National Research Council and Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Sabrina Strano
- Molecular Chemoprevention Unit, Italian National Cancer Institute "Regina Elena", 00144 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Blandino
- Translational Oncogenomics Unit, Italian National Cancer Institute "Regina Elena", 00144 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Fanciulli
- Laboratory of Epigenetic, Molecular Medicine Area, Italian National Cancer Institute "Regina Elena", 00144 Rome, Italy.
| | - Paola Muti
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Main Street West Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
PSGR promotes prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostate cancer xenograft growth through NF-κB. Oncogenesis 2014; 3:e114. [PMID: 25111863 PMCID: PMC5189964 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2014.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate-specific G-protein-coupled receptor (PSGR), a member of the olfactory subfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors, is specifically expressed in human prostate tissue and overexpressed in prostate cancer (PCa). This expression pattern suggests a possible role in PCa initiation and progression. We developed a PSGR transgenic mouse model driven by a probasin promoter and investigated the role of PSGR in prostate malignancy. Overexpression of PSGR induced a chronic inflammatory response that ultimately gave rise to premalignant mouse prostate intraepithelial neoplasia lesions in later stages of life. PSGR-overexpressing LnCaP cells in prostate xenografts formed larger tumors compared with normal LnCaP cancer cells, suggesting a role of PSGR in the promotion of tumor development. Furthermore, we identified nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) or RELA as a key downstream target activated by PSGR signaling. We also show that this regulation was mediated in part by the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt (PI3K/AKT) pathway, highlighting a collaborative role between PI3K/AKT and NF-κB during tumor inflammation downstream of PSGR in the initial phases of prostate disease.Oncogenesis (2014) 3, e114; doi:10.1038/oncsis.2014.29; published online 11 August 2014.
Collapse
|
22
|
Nguyen DP, Li J, Tewari AK. Inflammation and prostate cancer: the role of interleukin 6 (IL-6). BJU Int 2014; 113:986-92. [PMID: 24053309 DOI: 10.1111/bju.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Environmental and genetic aspects are reflected in the development of prostate cancer. In this context, there is growing evidence that chronic inflammation is involved in the regulation of cellular events in prostate carcinogenesis, including disruption of the immune response and regulation of the tumour microenvironment. One of the best surrogates of chronic inflammation in prostate cancer is interleukin 6 (IL-6). Serum IL-6 levels are elevated in patients with untreated metastatic or castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and correlate negatively with tumour survival and response to chemotherapy. Via multiple signal pathways including the Janus tyrosine family kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2)-mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-K) pathway, IL-6 is able to promote prostate cancer cell proliferation and inhibit apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. IL-6 is associated with aggressive prostate cancer phenotype and may be involved in the metastatic process through regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and homing of cancer cells to the bone. A substantial body of evidence suggests that IL-6 plays a major role in the transition from hormone-dependent to CRPC, most notably through accessory activation of the androgen receptor. Collectively, these data have stimulated the development of agents targeting IL-6 signalling pathways. A chimeric anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibody has been tested in clinical trials, with mixed results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Nguyen
- Laboratory of Urological Oncology, Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA; Department of Urology, University of Berne, Inselspital, Berne, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and prostatic diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:436123. [PMID: 24900965 PMCID: PMC4036408 DOI: 10.1155/2014/436123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Prostatic diseases are characterized by increased activity of cytokines, growth factors, and cyclooxygenases- (COX-) 1 and 2. Activation of COX-1 and COX-2 results in increased levels of prostaglandins and the induction of angiogenic, antiapoptotic and inflammatory processes. Inhibition of COX enzymes by members of the widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) class of drugs decreases prostaglandin production, and exerts a variety of anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antinociceptive effects. While numerous in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies have shown that NSAIDs inhibit the risk and progression of prostatic diseases, the relationship between NSAIDs and such diseases remains controversial. Here we review the literature in this area, critically analyzing the benefits and caveats associated with the use of NSAIDs in the treatment of prostatic diseases.
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
The high global incidence of prostate cancer has led to a focus on chemoprevention strategies to reduce the public health impact of the disease. Early studies indicating that selenium and vitamin E might protect against prostate cancer encouraged large-scale studies that produced mixed clinical results. Next-generation prostate cancer prevention trials validated the impact of 5α-reductase inhibitors in hormone-responsive prostate cancer, and these results were confirmed in follow-up studies. Other interventions on the horizon, involving both dietary and pharmacological agents, hold some promise but require further investigation to validate their efficacy. In this Review, we discuss the clinical and preclinical evidence for dietary and pharmacological prevention of prostate cancer and give an overview of future opportunities for chemoprevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Thompson
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Mail Code 8026, 7979 Wurzbach, Suite 627, Zeller Building, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - April B Cabang
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Mail Code 8026, 7979 Wurzbach, Suite 627, Zeller Building, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Michael J Wargovich
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Mail Code 8026, 7979 Wurzbach, Suite 627, Zeller Building, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Do androgen deprivation drugs affect the immune cross-talk between mononuclear and prostate cancer cells? Biomed Pharmacother 2013; 68:21-4. [PMID: 24406295 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine the effect of androgen deprivation drugs, i.e. leuprolide and bicalutamide on the immune cross-talk between human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and cells from PC-3 and LNCaP human prostate cancer lines. PBMC, PC-3 and LNCaP were separately incubated without and with two androgen-deprivation drugs, i.e. leuprolide and bicalutamide, and the secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-1ra and IL-10 was examined. In addition, the effect of both drugs on the production of those cytokines was carried out after 24 hours incubation of PBMC with both types of cancer cells. Leuprolide or bicalutamide did not affect the production of the cytokines by PBMC or by the prostate cancer cells from the two lines. Incubation of PBMC with PC-3 or LNCaP cells caused increased production of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 as compared with PBMC incubated without malignant cells. While 10(-7) M and 10(-8) M of leuprolide caused a decreased secretion of IL-1β by PBMC previously incubated with prostate cancer cells without the drug, bicalutamide did not affect this PBMC activity at any drug concentration. This observation suggests the existence of an additional mechanism explaining the effect of androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer patients.
Collapse
|
26
|
Inagaki-Ohara K, Kondo T, Ito M, Yoshimura A. SOCS, inflammation, and cancer. JAKSTAT 2013; 2:e24053. [PMID: 24069550 PMCID: PMC3772102 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.24053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transduction pathways elicited by cytokines and hormones have been shown to regulate distinct stages of development. Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins are negative feedback regulators of cytokine signaling mediated by the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. In particular, SOCS1 and SOCS3 are potent inhibitors of JAKs and can play pivotal roles in inflammation, as well as in the development and progression of cancers. Abnormal expression of SOCS1 and SOCS3 in cancer cells has been reported in human carcinoma associated with dysregulation of signals from cytokine receptors, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and hormone receptors, resulting in malignancies. In this review, we focus on the role of SOCS1 and SOCS3 in cancer development. In addition, the potential of SOCS as a therapeutic target and diagnostic aid will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Inagaki-Ohara
- Department of Gastroenterology; Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology; Research Institute; National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM); Ichikawa, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wen DY, Geng J, Li W, Guo CC, Zheng JH. A computational bioinformatics analysis of gene expression identifies candidate agents for prostate cancer. Andrologia 2013; 46:625-32. [PMID: 23790256 DOI: 10.1111/and.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer and the sixth leading cause of cancer death in males worldwide. Although great progress has been made, the molecular mechanisms of prostate cancer are far from being fully understood and treatment of this disease remains palliative. In this study, we sought to explore the molecular mechanism of prostate cancer and then identify biologically active small molecules capable of targeting prostate cancer using a computational bioinformatics analysis of gene expression. A total of 3068 genes, involved in cell communication, development, localisation and cell proliferation, were differentially expressed in prostate cancer samples compared with normal controls. Pathways associated with signal transduction, immune response and tumorigenesis were dysfunctional. Further, we identified a group of small molecules capable of reversing prostate cancer. These candidate agents may provide the groundwork for a combination therapy approach for prostate cancer. However, further evaluation for their potential use in the treatment of prostate cancer is still needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Y Wen
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Role of inflammasomes and their regulators in prostate cancer initiation, progression and metastasis. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2013; 18:355-67. [PMID: 23793845 PMCID: PMC6275599 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-013-0095-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the main cancers that affect men, especially older men. Though there has been considerable progress in understanding the progression of prostate cancer, the drivers of its development need to be studied more comprehensively. The emergence of resistant forms has also increased the clinical challenges involved in the treatment of prostate cancer. Recent evidence has suggested that inflammation might play an important role at various stages of cancer development. This review focuses on inflammasome research that is relevant to prostate cancer and indicates future avenues of study into its effective prevention and treatment through inflammasome regulation. With regard to prostate cancer, such research is still in its early stages. Further study is certainly necessary to gain a broader understanding of prostate cancer development and to create successful therapy solutions.
Collapse
|
29
|
Klink JC, Bañez LL, Gerber L, Lark A, Vollmer RT, Freedland SJ. Intratumoral inflammation is associated with more aggressive prostate cancer. World J Urol 2013; 31:1497-503. [PMID: 23546767 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-013-1065-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Inflammation may play a role in the development and progression of many cancers, including prostate cancer. We sought to test whether histological inflammation within prostate cancer was associated with more aggressive disease. METHODS The slides of prostatectomy specimens were reviewed by a board-certified pathologist on 287 men from a Veterans Affairs Medical Center treated with radical prostatectomy from 1992 to 2004. The area with the greatest tumor burden was scored in a blinded manner for the degree of inflammation: absent, mild, or marked. We used logistic and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis to examine whether categorically coded inflammation score was associated with adverse pathology and biochemical progression, respectively. RESULTS No inflammation was found in 49 men (17%), while 153 (53%) and 85 (30%) had mild and marked inflammation. During a median follow-up of 77 months, biochemical recurrence occurred among 126 (44%) men. On multivariate analysis, more inflammation was associated with greater risk of positive margins, capsular penetration, and seminal vesicle invasion (all p < 0.05). Marked inflammation was associated with increased PSA recurrence risk when adjusting for preoperative features only (HR 2.08, 95% CI 1.02-4.24), but not after adjusting for pathologic features. CONCLUSIONS Inflammation within prostate cancer was associated with more advanced disease, although it is unclear whether aggressive disease caused increased inflammation or inflammation caused aggressive disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Klink
- Urology Section, Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA,
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
PTEN in Prostate Cancer. Prostate Cancer 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6828-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
|
31
|
Salman H, Ori Y, Bergman M, Djaldetti M, Bessler H. Human prostate cancer cells induce inflammatory cytokine secretion by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2012; 66:330-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
|
32
|
Abstract
Vitamin D system is a complex pathway that includes precursors, active metabolites, enzymes, and receptors. This complex system actives several molecular pathways and mediates a multitude of functions. In addition to the classical role in calcium and bone homeostasis, vitamin D plays "non-calcemic" effects in host defense, inflammation, immunity, and cancer processes as recognized in vitro and in vivo studies. The aim of this review is to highlight the relationship between vitamin D and cancer, summarizing several mechanisms proposed to explain the potential protective effect of vitamin D against the development and progression of cancer. Vitamin D acts like a transcription factor that influences central mechanisms of tumorigenesis: growth, cell differentiation, and apoptosis. In addition to cellular and molecular studies, epidemiological surveys have shown that sunlight exposure and consequent increased circulating levels of vitamin D are associated with reduced reduced occurrence and a reduced mortality in different histological types of cancer. Another recent field of interest concerns polymorphisms of vitamin D receptor (VDR); in this context, preliminary data suggest that VDR polymorphisms more frequently associated with tumorigenesis are Fok1, Bsm1, Taq1, Apa1, EcoRV, Cdx2; although further studies are needed to clarify their role in the cancer. In this review, the relationship between vitamin D and cancer is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vuolo
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Endocrinology and Oncology, "Federico II" University of Naples Naples, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
The population-based association between low vitamin D status and increased cancer risk can be inconsistent, but it is now generally accepted. These relationships link low serum 25OHD (25-hydroxyvitamin D) levels to cancer, whereas cell-based studies show that the metabolite 1,25(OH)2D (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D) is a biologically active metabolite that works through vitamin D receptor to regulate gene transcription. In the present review we discuss the literature relevant to the molecular events that may account for the beneficial impact of vitamin D on cancer prevention or treatment. These data show that although vitamin D-induced growth arrest and apoptosis of tumour cells or their non-neoplastic progenitors are plausible mechanisms, other chemoprotective mechanisms are also worthy of consideration. These alternative mechanisms include enhancing DNA repair, antioxidant protection and immunomodulation. In addition, other cell targets, such as the stromal cells, endothelial cells and cells of the immune system, may be regulated by 1,25(OH)2D and contribute to vitamin D-mediated cancer prevention.
Collapse
|
34
|
Giusiano S, Garcia S, Andrieu C, Dusetti NJ, Bastide C, Gleave M, Taranger-Charpin C, Iovanna JL, Rocchi P. TP53INP1 overexpression in prostate cancer correlates with poor prognostic factors and is predictive of biological cancer relapse. Prostate 2012; 72:117-28. [PMID: 21538421 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor protein 53-induced nuclear protein 1 (TP53INP1) is a proapoptotic protein involved in cell stress response. Whereas there is an overexpression of TP53INP1 in numerous tissues submitted to stress agents, TP53INP1 is down-expressed in stomach, pancreatic, and inflammation-mediated colic carcinomas. In medullary thyroid carcinomas, TP53INP1 overexpression correlates with poor prognosis. TP53INP1 expression has never been reported in Prostate Cancer (PC). Our aim was to investigate variations of TP53INP1 expression and their correlation to clinicopathological parameters in PC. METHODS Quantitative measurements of immunohistochemical expression of TP53INP1 using high-throughput densitometry, assessed on digitized microscopic tissue micro-array images, were correlated with clinicopathological parameters in 91 human PC. Treatment of LNCaP tumor cells in vitro with cytokines and with TP53INP1 antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) was also analyzed. RESULTS In normal prostate tissues, TP53INP1 is only expressed in prostate basal cells. There is a de novo TP53INP1 expression in prostate luminal cells in inflammatory prostate tissues, high grade PIN lesions and in PC. Stimulation of LNCaP cells with inflammatory cytokines enhances the level of TP53INP1 mRNA. In PC, TP53INP1 overexpression correlates with high Gleason grade, unfavorable D'Amico score and lymph node invasion, and is an independent factor of biological cancer relapse. Moreover, treatment of LNCaP cells with a TP53INP1 ASO down-regulates TP53INP1 protein level, inhibits proliferation, and induces apoptosis. CONCLUSION TP53INP1 overexpression in PC seems to be a worse prognostic factor, particularly predictive of biological cancer relapse. Results in vitro suggest that TP53INP1 could be considered as a relevant target for potential specific therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Giusiano
- Department of Pathology, Hôpital Nord, Chemin des Bourrellys, Marseille, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Haverkamp JM, Charbonneau B, Meyerholz DK, Cohen MB, Snyder PW, Svensson RU, Henry MD, Wang HH, Ratliff TL. An inducible model of abacterial prostatitis induces antigen specific inflammatory and proliferative changes in the murine prostate. Prostate 2011; 71:1139-50. [PMID: 21656824 PMCID: PMC3136647 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostatitis is a poorly understood disease and increasing evidence suggests inflammation is involved in other prostatic diseases including prostate cancer. METHODS The ability of pre-activated CD8 T cells to induce prostatitis was examined by adoptive transfer of prostate antigen specific CD8 T cells into POET-3 mice or POET-3/Luc/Pten(-/+) mice. Characterization of the inflammatory response was determined by examining leukocyte infiltration by histological analysis, flow cytometry and by evaluating cytokine and chemokine levels in prostate tissue. The impact of inflammation on the prostate was evaluated by monitoring epithelial cell proliferation over time. RESULTS Initiation of inflammation by ovalbumin specific CD8⁺ T cells (OT-I cells) resulted in development of acute prostatitis in the anterior, dorsolateral and ventral prostate of POET-3 and POET-3/Luc/Pten(-/+) mice. Acute prostatitis was characterized by recruitment of adoptively transferred OT-I cells and importantly, autologous CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and regulatory T cells (Treg). In concert with leukocyte infiltration elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were observed. Inflammation also resulted in marked epithelial cell proliferation that was sustained up to 80 days post adoptive transfer of OT-I cells. CONCLUSIONS The POET-3 model represents a novel mouse model to study both acute and chronic prostate inflammation in an antigen-specific system. Further, the POET-3 mouse model can be crossed with other genetic models of disease such as the C57/Luc/Pten(-/-) model of prostate cancer, allowing the impact of prostatitis on other prostatic diseases to be evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Haverkamp
- Jessica M. Haverkamp, BS. Purdue University, Department of Comparative Pathobiology, West Lafayette, IN and University of Iowa Immunology Program, Iowa City, IA, Hansen Life Science Research Building, 201 South University St., West Lafayette IN, 47905, 765-494-6329 (phone)/765-494-9193 (fax)
| | - Bridget Charbonneau
- Bridget Charbonneau Ph.D., M.P.H. University of Iowa Microbiology Program, Iowa City, IA, Purdue University, Hansen Life Science Research Building, 201 South University St., West Lafayette IN, 47905, 765-494-6329 (phone)/765-494-9193 (fax)
| | - David K. Meyerholz
- David K. Meyerholz, D.V.M, Ph.D., The University of Iowa, Department of Pathology, Iowa City, IA, University of Iowa, 1165 Medical Laboratories, Iowa City, IA 52242-1181, 319-353-4589 (phone)
| | - Michael B. Cohen
- Michael B. Cohen, MD. University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Departments of Pathology, Urology and Epidemiology, Iowa City, IA University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive-C660 General Hospital, Iowa City, IA 52242-1009, 319-384-9609 (phone) / 319-384-9613 (fax)
| | - Paul W. Snyder
- Paul W. Snyder, DVM, Ph.D. Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, 765-494-9676 (phone)
| | - Robert U. Svensson
- Robert U Svensson, Ph.D. The University of Iowa, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Iowa City, IA, University of Iowa, 6-510 Bowen Science Building, Iowa City, IA, 52242, 319-335-7886 (phone)/319-335-7330 (fax)
| | - Michael D. Henry
- Michael D. Henry, Ph.D, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and Pathology. 6-510 Bowen Science Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, 319-335-7886 (phone)/ 319-335-7330 (fax)
| | - Hsing- Hui Wang
- Hsing-Hui Wang, M.S., Purdue University, Department of Comparative Pathobiology, West Lafaytte, IN, Hansen Life Science Research Building, 201 South University St., West Lafayette IN, 47905, 765-494-6329 (phone)/765-494-9193 (fax)
| | - Timothy L. Ratliff
- Timothy L. Ratliff, Ph.D., Purdue University, Department of Comparative Pathobiology, and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, Hansen Life Science Research Building, 201 South University St., West Lafayette IN, 47905, 765-494-9129 (phone) / 765-494-9193 (fax)
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Richman EL, Kenfield SA, Stampfer MJ, Paciorek A, Carroll PR, Chan JM. Physical activity after diagnosis and risk of prostate cancer progression: data from the cancer of the prostate strategic urologic research endeavor. Cancer Res 2011; 71:3889-95. [PMID: 21610110 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-3932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vigorous activity after diagnosis was recently reported to be inversely associated with prostate cancer-specific mortality. However, men with metastatic disease may decrease their activity due to their disease; thus, a causal interpretation is uncertain. We therefore prospectively examined vigorous activity and brisk walking after diagnosis in relation to risk of prostate cancer progression, an outcome less susceptible to reverse causation, among 1,455 men diagnosed with clinically localized prostate cancer. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to examine vigorous activity, nonvigorous activity, walking duration, and walking pace after diagnosis and risk of prostate cancer progression. We observed 117 events (45 biochemical recurrences, 66 secondary treatments, 3 bone metastases, 3 prostate cancer deaths) during 2,750 person-years. Walking accounted for nearly half of all activity. Men who walked briskly for 3 h/wk or more had a 57% lower rate of progression than men who walked at an easy pace for less than 3 h/wk (HR = 0.43; 95% CI: 0.21-0.91; P = 0.03). Walking pace was associated with decreased risk of progression independent of duration (HR brisk vs. easy pace = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.29-0.91; P(trend) = 0.01). Few men engaged in vigorous activity, but there was a suggestive inverse association (HR ≥3 h/wk vs. none = 0.63; 95% CI: 0.32-1.23; P(trend) = 0.17). Walking duration and total nonvigorous activity were not associated with risk of progression independent of pace or vigorous activity, respectively. Brisk walking after diagnosis may inhibit or delay prostate cancer progression among men diagnosed with clinically localized prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Richman
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
IL-6 promotes prostate tumorigenesis and progression through autocrine cross-activation of IGF-IR. Oncogene 2011; 30:2345-55. [PMID: 21258401 PMCID: PMC3112005 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
As an established mediator of inflammation, IL-6 is implicated to facilitate prostate cancer progression to androgen independence through transactivation of the androgen receptor. However, whether IL-6 plays a causative role in de novo prostate tumorigenesis was never investigated. We now provide the first evidence that IL-6 can induce tumorigenic conversion and further progression to an invasive phenotype of non-tumorigenic benign prostate epithelial cells. Moreover, we find that paracrine IL-6 stimulates autocrine IL-6 loop and autocrine activation of IGF-IR to confer the tumorigenic property and that activation of STAT3 is critical in these processes. Inhibition of STAT3 activation or IGF-IR signaling suppresses IL-6-mediated malignant conversion and the associated invasive phenotype. Inhibition of STAT3 activation suppresses IL-6-induced upregulation of IGF-IR and its ligands IGF-I and IGF-II. These findings indicate IL-6 signaling cooperates with IGF-IR signaling in the prostate microenvironment to promote prostate tumorigenesis and progression to aggressiveness. Our findings suggest that STAT3 and IGF-IR may represent potential effective targets for prevention or treatment of prostate cancer.
Collapse
|
38
|
Shen MM, Abate-Shen C. Molecular genetics of prostate cancer: new prospects for old challenges. Genes Dev 2010; 24:1967-2000. [PMID: 20844012 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1965810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 693] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite much recent progress, prostate cancer continues to represent a major cause of cancer-related mortality and morbidity in men. Since early studies on the role of the androgen receptor that led to the advent of androgen deprivation therapy in the 1940s, there has long been intensive interest in the basic mechanisms underlying prostate cancer initiation and progression, as well as the potential to target these processes for therapeutic intervention. Here, we present an overview of major themes in prostate cancer research, focusing on current knowledge of principal events in cancer initiation and progression. We discuss recent advances, including new insights into the mechanisms of castration resistance, identification of stem cells and tumor-initiating cells, and development of mouse models for preclinical evaluation of novel therapuetics. Overall, we highlight the tremendous research progress made in recent years, and underscore the challenges that lie ahead.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Shen
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Inflammatory genetic markers of prostate cancer risk. Cancers (Basel) 2010; 2:1198-220. [PMID: 24281113 PMCID: PMC3835126 DOI: 10.3390/cancers2021198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in Western society males, with incidence rates predicted to rise with global aging. Etiology of prostate cancer is however poorly understood, while current diagnostic tools can be invasive (digital rectal exam or biopsy) and/or lack specificity for the disease (prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing). Substantial histological, epidemiological and molecular genetic evidence indicates that inflammation is important in prostate cancer pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize the current status of inflammatory genetic markers influencing susceptibility to prostate cancer. The focus will be on inflammatory cytokines regulating T-helper cell and chemokine homeostasis, together with the Toll-like receptors as key players in the host innate immune system. Although association studies indicating a genetic basis for prostate cancer are presently limited mainly due to lack of replication, larger and more ethnically and clinically defined study populations may help elucidate the true contribution of inflammatory gene variants to prostate cancer risk.
Collapse
|
40
|
Drott JB, Alexeyev O, Bergström P, Elgh F, Olsson J. Propionibacterium acnes infection induces upregulation of inflammatory genes and cytokine secretion in prostate epithelial cells. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10:126. [PMID: 20420679 PMCID: PMC2867951 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The immune stimulating bacterium Propionibacterium acnes is a frequent colonizer of benign and malignant prostate tissue. To understand the pathogenesis of the earliest phase of this infection, we examined the P. acnes triggered immune response in cultivated prostate epithelial cells. Results Prostate epithelial cells are triggered to secrete IL-6, IL-8 and GM-CSF when infected with P. acnes. The secretion of cytokines is accompanied by NFκB related upregulation of the secreted cytokines as well as several components of the TLR2-NFκB signaling pathway. Conclusions P. acnes has potential to trigger a strong immune reaction in the prostate glandular epithelium. Upon infection of prostate via the retrograde urethral route, the induced inflammatory reaction might facilitate bacterial colonization deeper in the prostate tissue where persistent inflammation may impact the development of prostate diseases as hyperplasia and/or malignancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna B Drott
- Department of Clinical Microbiology/Virology, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Die Bedeutung der chronischen Prostatitis für die Pathogenese des Prostatakarzinoms. Urologe A 2010; 49:947-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00120-010-2284-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
42
|
Bañez LL, Klink JC, Jayachandran J, Lark AL, Gerber L, Hamilton RJ, Masko EM, Vollmer RT, Freedland SJ. Association between statins and prostate tumor inflammatory infiltrate in men undergoing radical prostatectomy. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:722-8. [PMID: 20160265 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-1074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholesterol-lowering drugs known as statins have been reported to have significant anti-inflammatory properties. Given that inflammation may contribute to prostate cancer progression and that statins may reduce the risk for advanced prostate cancer, we investigated whether statin use was associated with reduced intratumoral inflammation in radical prostatectomy (RP) specimens. METHODS Inflammation within index tumors of 236 men undergoing RP from 1996 to 2004 was graded by a single pathologist as grade 0 (absent), 1 (mild: < or =10%), and 2 (marked: >10%). Preoperative statin use was analyzed by grouping subjects as statin users or nonusers. Type and dosage of statin was accounted for using dose equivalents with 20 mg simvastatin as reference. Logistic regression was used to determine the association between statin use and intratumoral inflammation controlling for age, race, body mass index, prostate-specific antigen, year of surgery, clinical stage, pathologic Gleason sum, surgical margin status, extracapsular extension, seminal vesicle invasion, prostate weight, time from prostate biopsy to RP, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use. RESULTS Preoperative statin use was significantly associated with lower risk for any (grade > or =1) intratumoral inflammation (odds ratio, 0.31; 95% confidence interval, 0.10-0.98; P = 0.047) on multivariable analysis, with doses > or =20 mg simvastatin equivalents being more strongly associated (relative to nonuse; odds ratio, 0.22; 95% confidence interval, 0.06-0.79; P = 0.02). CONCLUSION In a cohort of men undergoing RP, statin use was associated with significantly lower risk of any inflammation within prostate tumors. IMPACT Given previous reports that inflammation is associated with advanced prostate cancer, and statin use is associated with decreased prostate cancer progression risk, our findings suggest that inhibition of inflammation within tumors may be a potential mechanism for purported anti-prostate cancer properties of statins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lionel L Bañez
- Division of Urologic Surgery and Duke Prostate Center, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Box 2626, MSRB-I Room 455B, 571 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hou Y, DeVoss J, Dao V, Kwek S, Simko JP, McNeel DG, Anderson MS, Fong L. An aberrant prostate antigen-specific immune response causes prostatitis in mice and is associated with chronic prostatitis in humans. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:2031-41. [PMID: 19603556 PMCID: PMC2701875 DOI: 10.1172/jci38332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic prostatitis is a common disease of unclear etiology and has no specific treatment. Mice deficient in the expression of the autoimmune regulator (Aire) gene, which are defective in thymic expression of self antigens and central tolerance, develop spontaneous prostatitis. In this study, we found that Aire-deficient mice developed spontaneous B and T cell immune responses to a prostate autoantigen, seminal vesicle secretory protein 2 (SVS2), which we believe to be novel. We show that thymic expression of this self antigen was Aire dependent. Moreover, prostatitis was induced in WT mice through immunization with SVS2, demonstrating that immunity to SVS2 was sufficient to induce prostatitis. The clinical relevance of this antigen was highlighted by our observation that patients with chronic prostatitis possessed specific autoantibodies against the human SVS2-like seminal vesicle protein semenogelin. These results provide direct evidence that spontaneous chronic prostatitis is an autoimmune disease and is regulated by both central and peripheral tolerance. Moreover, SVS2 and semenogelin are among the relevant autoantigens in mice and humans, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Hou
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine,
Diabetes Center, and
Department of Pathology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.
University of Wisconsin Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jason DeVoss
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine,
Diabetes Center, and
Department of Pathology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.
University of Wisconsin Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Vinh Dao
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine,
Diabetes Center, and
Department of Pathology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.
University of Wisconsin Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Serena Kwek
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine,
Diabetes Center, and
Department of Pathology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.
University of Wisconsin Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jeffrey P. Simko
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine,
Diabetes Center, and
Department of Pathology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.
University of Wisconsin Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Douglas G. McNeel
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine,
Diabetes Center, and
Department of Pathology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.
University of Wisconsin Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mark S. Anderson
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine,
Diabetes Center, and
Department of Pathology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.
University of Wisconsin Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Lawrence Fong
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine,
Diabetes Center, and
Department of Pathology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.
University of Wisconsin Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Gannon PO, Poisson AO, Delvoye N, Lapointe R, Mes-Masson AM, Saad F. Characterization of the intra-prostatic immune cell infiltration in androgen-deprived prostate cancer patients. J Immunol Methods 2009; 348:9-17. [PMID: 19552894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Revised: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our goal was to study the hormonal regulation of immune cell infiltration in prostate cancer patients treated by androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) using an optimized computer-assistance quantification approach. METHODS The relative density of immune cell subtypes (CD3(+), CD8(+), CD20(+), CD56(+), CD68(+) and Foxp3(+)) was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in archived prostate specimens from control patients (radical prostatectomy only, n=40) and ADT-treated patients (ADT prior to radical prostatectomy, n=35) using an image analysis software and a whole-slide scanner. RESULTS ADT-treated patients had significantly increased relative density of CD3(+) (p<0.001) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes (p<0.001) as well as CD68(+) macrophages (p<0.001). Elevated abundance of CD56(+) Natural Killer (NK) cells was associated with a lower risk of prostate cancer progression (p=0.044), while a high density of CD68(+) macrophages was related to an increased risk of biochemical recurrence (p=0.011). CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that the infiltration of specific immune cell subtypes is modulated by ADT. Furthermore our data confirm that NK cells have a protective role against tumor progression while macrophages seem to favor the development of advanced prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe O Gannon
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Notre-Dame Hospital and Institut du cancer de Montréal. 1560 Sherbrooke East, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Swami S, Krishnan AV, Moreno J, Bhattacharyya RS, Gardner C, Brooks JD, Peehl DM, Feldman D. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and actions by genistein in human prostate cancer cells and by soy isoflavones in prostate cancer patients. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:2050-9. [PMID: 19127598 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Soy and its constituent isoflavone genistein inhibit the development and progression of prostate cancer (PCa). Our study in both cultured cells and PCa patients reveals a novel pathway for the actions of genistein, namely the inhibition of the synthesis and biological actions of prostaglandins (PGs), known stimulators of PCa growth. In the cell culture experiments, genistein decreased cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA and protein expression in both human PCa cell lines (LNCaP and PC-3) and primary prostate epithelial cells and increased 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) mRNA levels in primary prostate cells. As a result genistein significantly reduced the secretion of PGE(2) by these cells. EP4 and FP PG receptor mRNA were also reduced by genistein, providing an additional mechanism for the suppression of PG biological effects. Further, the growth stimulatory effects of both exogenous PGs and endogenous PGs derived from precursor arachidonic acid were attenuated by genistein. We also performed a pilot randomised double blind clinical study in which placebo or soy isoflavone supplements were given to PCa patients in the neo-adjuvant setting for 2 weeks before prostatectomy. Gene expression changes were measured in the prostatectomy specimens. In PCa patients ingesting isoflavones, we observed significant decreases in prostate COX-2 mRNA and increases in p21 mRNA. There were significant correlations between COX-2 mRNA suppression, p21 mRNA stimulation and serum isoflavone levels. We propose that the inhibition of the PG pathway contributes to the beneficial effect of soy isoflavones in PCa chemoprevention and/or treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srilatha Swami
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5103, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Berasain C, Castillo J, Perugorria MJ, Latasa MU, Prieto J, Avila MA. Inflammation and liver cancer: new molecular links . Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1155:206-21. [PMID: 19250206 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.03704.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A connection between inflammation and cancer has been long suspected. Epidemiological studies have established that many tumors occur in association with chronic infectious diseases, and it is also known that persistent inflammation in the absence of infections increases the risk and accelerates the development of cancer. One clear example of inflammation-related cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC is a type tumor that slowly unfolds on a background of chronic inflammation mainly triggered by exposure to infectious agents (hepatotropic viruses) or to toxic compounds (ethanol). The molecular links that connect inflammation and cancer are not completely known, but evidences gathered over the past few years are beginning to define the precise mechanisms. In this article we review the most compelling evidences on the role of transcription factors such as NF-kappaB and STAT3, cytokines like IL-6 and IL-1alpha, ligands of the EGF receptor and other inflammatory mediators in cancer development, with special emphasis in HCC. The molecular dissection of the pathways connecting the inflammatory reaction and neoplasia will pave the way for better therapies to treat cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Berasain
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, CIMA-Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Kogan-Sakin I, Cohen M, Paland N, Madar S, Solomon H, Molchadsky A, Brosh R, Buganim Y, Goldfinger N, Klocker H, Schalken JA, Rotter V. Prostate stromal cells produce CXCL-1, CXCL-2, CXCL-3 and IL-8 in response to epithelia-secreted IL-1. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30:698-705. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
|
48
|
Kell DB. Iron behaving badly: inappropriate iron chelation as a major contributor to the aetiology of vascular and other progressive inflammatory and degenerative diseases. BMC Med Genomics 2009; 2:2. [PMID: 19133145 PMCID: PMC2672098 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The production of peroxide and superoxide is an inevitable consequence of aerobic metabolism, and while these particular 'reactive oxygen species' (ROSs) can exhibit a number of biological effects, they are not of themselves excessively reactive and thus they are not especially damaging at physiological concentrations. However, their reactions with poorly liganded iron species can lead to the catalytic production of the very reactive and dangerous hydroxyl radical, which is exceptionally damaging, and a major cause of chronic inflammation. REVIEW We review the considerable and wide-ranging evidence for the involvement of this combination of (su)peroxide and poorly liganded iron in a large number of physiological and indeed pathological processes and inflammatory disorders, especially those involving the progressive degradation of cellular and organismal performance. These diseases share a great many similarities and thus might be considered to have a common cause (i.e. iron-catalysed free radical and especially hydroxyl radical generation).The studies reviewed include those focused on a series of cardiovascular, metabolic and neurological diseases, where iron can be found at the sites of plaques and lesions, as well as studies showing the significance of iron to aging and longevity. The effective chelation of iron by natural or synthetic ligands is thus of major physiological (and potentially therapeutic) importance. As systems properties, we need to recognise that physiological observables have multiple molecular causes, and studying them in isolation leads to inconsistent patterns of apparent causality when it is the simultaneous combination of multiple factors that is responsible.This explains, for instance, the decidedly mixed effects of antioxidants that have been observed, since in some circumstances (especially the presence of poorly liganded iron) molecules that are nominally antioxidants can actually act as pro-oxidants. The reduction of redox stress thus requires suitable levels of both antioxidants and effective iron chelators. Some polyphenolic antioxidants may serve both roles.Understanding the exact speciation and liganding of iron in all its states is thus crucial to separating its various pro- and anti-inflammatory activities. Redox stress, innate immunity and pro- (and some anti-)inflammatory cytokines are linked in particular via signalling pathways involving NF-kappaB and p38, with the oxidative roles of iron here seemingly involved upstream of the IkappaB kinase (IKK) reaction. In a number of cases it is possible to identify mechanisms by which ROSs and poorly liganded iron act synergistically and autocatalytically, leading to 'runaway' reactions that are hard to control unless one tackles multiple sites of action simultaneously. Some molecules such as statins and erythropoietin, not traditionally associated with anti-inflammatory activity, do indeed have 'pleiotropic' anti-inflammatory effects that may be of benefit here. CONCLUSION Overall we argue, by synthesising a widely dispersed literature, that the role of poorly liganded iron has been rather underappreciated in the past, and that in combination with peroxide and superoxide its activity underpins the behaviour of a great many physiological processes that degrade over time. Understanding these requires an integrative, systems-level approach that may lead to novel therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Fleet JC. Molecular actions of vitamin D contributing to cancer prevention. Mol Aspects Med 2008; 29:388-96. [PMID: 18755215 PMCID: PMC2613446 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 07/31/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The population-based relationship between low vitamin D status and increased cancer risk is now generally accepted. While these relationships are between serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D and cancer, cell-based studies show that the metabolite 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D is biologically active and influences cell biology relevant to cancer through vitamin D receptor-mediated gene transcription. This review examines this paradox and also discusses the cell and gene targets influenced by 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D that may account for the anti-cancer actions of vitamin D. A review of the literature shows that while vitamin D-induced growth arrest and apoptosis of tumor cells or their non-neoplastic progenitors are plausible mechanisms, other gene targets related to DNA repair and immunomodulation, and other cell targets such as the stromal cells and cells of the immune system, may be regulated by 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D and contribute to vitamin D mediated cancer prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James C Fleet
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, 700 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47906-2059, USA.
| |
Collapse
|