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Urbonavicius S, Srinanthalogen R, Sandermann J, Valius M, Kaupinis A, Ludvigsen M. A novel view to varicose veins pathogenesis: Proteomic profiling suggests a pivotal role of extracellular matrix degradation. Phlebology 2024; 39:20-28. [PMID: 37846077 DOI: 10.1177/02683555231206891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although morphological and anatomical studies indicate that venous wall weakening and subendothelial fibrosis characterize varicose veins (VV), the pathogenesis of VV remains poorly understood. The aim of this study is to obtain protein expression profiles in patients with VV and thereby get a step closer to understanding the pathogenesis of VV. METHODS Specimens were obtained from total of 10 patients, that is, from 5 patients undergoing VV surgical stripping and from 5 non-VV patients undergoing bypass surgery. Specimens were collected from the same layers of venous wall. Proteins were extracted from each specimen and analyzed by ion mobility spectrometry (IMS-MS). In total, 1387 were identified and 486 proteins were identified in all samples. From these, 15 proteins were differentially expressed between VV and non-VV samples (p < .05) and 12 of these showed a fold change >1.5. RESULTS Interestingly, among the differentially expressed proteins, only two proteins were significantly increased in the VV tissue, that is, GAPDH (p = .028, fold change 2.74), where several proteins involved in maintaining the homeostasis in the extracellular matrix, that is, the CXXC zinc finger protein 5 (CXXC5) and nucleoporin (SEH1) were prominently downregulated (p = .049, fold change 37.8, and p = .040, fold change 3.46). The downregulation in protein expression of CXXC5 and SEH1 as well as upregulation of GAPDH were validated by Western blotting. CONCLUSION The identified differentially expressed proteins suggest an altered profile of the connective tissue proteins as well as an increased proteolytic enzyme activity which both may be central in the pathophysiology of varicose veins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigitas Urbonavicius
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Vascular Research Unit, Viborg Regional Hospital, Viborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Reshaabi Srinanthalogen
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Vascular Research Unit, Viborg Regional Hospital, Viborg, Denmark
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jes Sandermann
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Vascular Research Unit, Viborg Regional Hospital, Viborg, Denmark
| | - Mindaugas Valius
- Proteomic Center, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Algirdas Kaupinis
- Proteomic Center, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Maja Ludvigsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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2
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Jensen LF, Bentzon JF, Albarrán-Juárez J. The Phenotypic Responses of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Exposed to Mechanical Cues. Cells 2021; 10:2209. [PMID: 34571858 PMCID: PMC8469800 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During the development of atherosclerosis and other vascular diseases, vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) located in the intima and media of blood vessels shift from a contractile state towards other phenotypes that differ substantially from differentiated SMCs. In addition, these cells acquire new functions, such as the production of alternative extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and signal molecules. A similar shift in cell phenotype is observed when SMCs are removed from their native environment and placed in a culture, presumably due to the absence of the physiological signals that maintain and regulate the SMC phenotype in the vasculature. The far majority of studies describing SMC functions have been performed under standard culture conditions in which cells adhere to a rigid and static plastic plate. While these studies have contributed to discovering key molecular pathways regulating SMCs, they have a significant limitation: the ECM microenvironment and the mechanical forces transmitted through the matrix to SMCs are generally not considered. Here, we review and discuss the recent literature on how the mechanical forces and derived biochemical signals have been shown to modulate the vascular SMC phenotype and provide new perspectives about their importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Filt Jensen
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (L.F.J.); (J.F.B.)
| | - Jacob Fog Bentzon
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (L.F.J.); (J.F.B.)
- Experimental Pathology of Atherosclerosis Laboratory, Spanish National Center for Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Julian Albarrán-Juárez
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (L.F.J.); (J.F.B.)
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Yan J, Wang WB, Fan YJ, Bao H, Li N, Yao QP, Huo YL, Jiang ZL, Qi YX, Han Y. Cyclic Stretch Induces Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells to Secrete Connective Tissue Growth Factor and Promote Endothelial Progenitor Cell Differentiation and Angiogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:606989. [PMID: 33363166 PMCID: PMC7755638 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.606989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) play a vital role in endothelial repair following vascular injury by maintaining the integrity of endothelium. As EPCs home to endothelial injury sites, they may communicate with exposed vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), which are subjected to cyclic stretch generated by blood flow. In this study, the synergistic effect of cyclic stretch and communication with neighboring VSMCs on EPC function during vascular repair was investigated. In vivo study revealed that EPCs adhered to the injury site and were contacted to VSMCs in the Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat carotid artery injury model. In vitro, EPCs were cocultured with VSMCs, which were exposed to cyclic stretch at a magnitude of 5% (which mimics physiological stretch) and a constant frequency of 1.25 Hz for 12 h. The results indicated that stretched VSMCs modulated EPC differentiation into mature endothelial cells (ECs) and promoted angiogenesis. Meanwhile, cyclic stretch upregulated the mRNA expression and secretion level of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in VSMCs. Recombinant CTGF (r-CTGF) treatment promoted endothelial differentiation of EPCs and angiogenesis, and increased their protein levels of FZD8 and β-catenin. CTGF knockdown in VSMCs inhibited cyclic stretch-induced EPC differentiation into ECs and attenuated EPC tube formation via modulation of the FZD8/β-catenin signaling pathway. FZD8 knockdown repressed endothelial differentiation of EPCs and their angiogenic activity. Wnt signaling inhibitor decreased the endothelial differentiation and angiogenetic ability of EPCs cocultured with stretched VSMCs. Consistently, an in vivo Matrigel plug assay demonstrated that r-CTGF-treated EPCs exhibited enhanced angiogenesis; similarly, stretched VSMCs also induced cocultured EPC differentiation toward ECs. In a rat vascular injury model, r-CTGF improved EPC reendothelialization capacity. The present results indicate that cyclic stretch induces VSMC-derived CTGF secretion, which, in turn, activates FZD8 and β-catenin to promote both differentiation of cocultured EPCs into the EC lineage and angiogenesis, suggesting that CTGF acts as a key intercellular mediator and a potential therapeutic target for vascular repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yan
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Mechanobiology and Medical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Bin Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Mechanobiology and Medical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang-Jing Fan
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Mechanobiology and Medical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Bao
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Mechanobiology and Medical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Li
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Mechanobiology and Medical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Ping Yao
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Mechanobiology and Medical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun-Long Huo
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Mechanobiology and Medical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zong-Lai Jiang
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Mechanobiology and Medical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Xin Qi
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Mechanobiology and Medical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Han
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Mechanobiology and Medical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Zhang W, Huang G, Xu F. Engineering Biomaterials and Approaches for Mechanical Stretching of Cells in Three Dimensions. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:589590. [PMID: 33154967 PMCID: PMC7591716 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.589590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stretch is widely experienced by cells of different tissues in the human body and plays critical roles in regulating their behaviors. Numerous studies have been devoted to investigating the responses of cells to mechanical stretch, providing us with fruitful findings. However, these findings have been mostly observed from two-dimensional studies and increasing evidence suggests that cells in three dimensions may behave more closely to their in vivo behaviors. While significant efforts and progresses have been made in the engineering of biomaterials and approaches for mechanical stretching of cells in three dimensions, much work remains to be done. Here, we briefly review the state-of-the-art researches in this area, with focus on discussing biomaterial considerations and stretching approaches. We envision that with the development of advanced biomaterials, actuators and microengineering technologies, more versatile and predictive three-dimensional cell stretching models would be available soon for extensive applications in such fields as mechanobiology, tissue engineering, and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoyou Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
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5
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Chen J, Zhou Y, Liu S, Li C. Biomechanical signal communication in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Cell Commun Signal 2020; 14:357-376. [PMID: 32780323 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-020-00576-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomechanical stresses are closely associated with cardiovascular development and diseases. In vivo, vascular smooth muscle cells are constantly stimulated by biomechanical factors caused by increased blood pressure leading to the non-specific activation of cell transmembrane proteins. Thus, various intracellular signal molecules are simultaneously activated via signaling cascades, which are closely related to alterations in the differentiation, phenotype, inflammation, migration, pyroptosis, calcification, proliferation, and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells. Meanwhile, mechanical stress-induced miRNAs and epigenetics modification on vascular smooth muscle cells play critical roles as well. Eventually, the overall pathophysiology of the cells is altered, resulting in the development of many major clinical diseases, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, grafted venous atherosclerosis, and aneurysm, among others. In this paper, important advances in mechanical signal communication in vascular smooth muscle cells are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuying Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Chaohong Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Bao H, Li H, Shi Q, Huang K, Chen X, Chen Y, Han Y, Xiao Q, Yao Q, Qi Y. Lamin A/C negatively regulated by miR-124-3p modulates apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells during cyclic stretch application in rats. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 228:e13374. [PMID: 31495066 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
AIM Apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) influenced by abnormal cyclic stretch is crucial for vascular remodelling during hypertension. Lamin A/C, a nuclear envelope protein, is mechano-responsive, but the role of lamin A/C in VSMC apoptosis is still unclear. METHODS FX-5000T Strain Unit provided cyclic stretch (CS) in vitro. AnnexinV/PI and cleaved Caspase 3 ELISA detected apoptosis. qPCR was used to investigate the expression of miR-124-3p and a luciferase reporter assay was used to evaluate the ability of miR-124-3p binding to the Lmna 3'UTR. Protein changes of lamin A/C and relevant molecules were detected using western blot. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and Protein/DNA array detected the potential transcription factors. Renal hypertensive rats verified these changes. RESULTS High cyclic stretch (15%-CS) induced VSMC apoptosis and repressed lamin A/C expressions compared with normal (5%-CS) control. Downregulation of lamin A/C enhanced VSMC apoptosis. In addition, 15%-CS had no significant effect on mRNA expression of Lmna, and lamin A/C degradation was not induced by autophagy. 15%-CS elevated miR-124-3p bound to the 3'UTR of Lmna and negatively regulated protein expression of lamin A/C. Similar changes occurred in renal hypertensive rats compared with sham controls. Lamin A/C repression affected activity of TP53, CREB1, MYC, STAT1/5/6 and JUN, which may in turn affect apoptosis. CONCLUSION Our data suggested that the decreased expression of lamin A/C upon abnormal cyclic stretch and hypertension may induce VSMC apoptosis. These mechano-responsive factors play important roles in VSMC apoptosis and might be novel therapeutic targets for vascular remodelling in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Bao
- Institute of Mechanobiology & Medical Engineering School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Hai‐Peng Li
- Institute of Mechanobiology & Medical Engineering School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Qian Shi
- Institute of Mechanobiology & Medical Engineering School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Kai Huang
- Institute of Mechanobiology & Medical Engineering School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Xiao‐Hu Chen
- Institute of Mechanobiology & Medical Engineering School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Yuan‐Xiu Chen
- Institute of Mechanobiology & Medical Engineering School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Yue Han
- Institute of Mechanobiology & Medical Engineering School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Qian Xiao
- Institute of Mechanobiology & Medical Engineering School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Qing‐Ping Yao
- Institute of Mechanobiology & Medical Engineering School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Ying‐Xin Qi
- Institute of Mechanobiology & Medical Engineering School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering Beihang University Beijing China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering Beihang University Beijing China
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7
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Shen Y, Pan Y, Guo S, Sun L, Zhang C, Wang L. The roles of mechanosensitive ion channels and associated downstream MAPK signaling pathways in PDLC mechanotransduction. Mol Med Rep 2020; 21:2113-2122. [PMID: 32323761 PMCID: PMC7115221 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate whether the cytoskeleton, the Piezo1 ion channel and the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4 (TRPV4) ion channel are equally functional in the mechanotransduction of periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs) and to reveal the interplay of these mechanically sensitive ion channels (MSCs). Human PDLCs (hPDLCs) were pretreated with cytochalasin D (the inhibitor of actin polymerization), GsMTx4 (the antagonist of Piezo1) and GSK205 (the antagonist of TRPV4), and then subjected to periodic mechanical loading. The expression levels of macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) in hPDLCs were detected via western blotting. Osteoblast mineralization induction capacity of the hPDLCs was also studied and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) expression profile was determined via protein microarray. The expression of Piezo1 and TRPV4 in the PDLCs was significantly increased at 8 h after loading. These differences in expression were accompanied by increased expression of M-CSF, RANKL and COX2. Compared with the control group, key PDLC biomarkers were suppressed after mechanical loading following treatment with the inhibitors of Piezo1 (GsMTx4) and TRPV4 (GSK205). The phosphorylated-MAPK protein array showed differential biomarker profiles among all groups. The present study suggested that both MSCs and the cytoskeleton participated as mechanical sensors, and did so independently in hPDLC mechanotransduction. Furthermore, the Piezo1 ion channel may transmit mechanical signals via the ERK signaling pathway; however, the TRPV4 channel may function via alternative signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Shen
- Institute of Stomatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Yongchu Pan
- Institute of Stomatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Shuyu Guo
- Institute of Stomatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Lian Sun
- Institute of Stomatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Institute of Stomatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Lin Wang
- Institute of Stomatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
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8
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Xie F, Shao S, Zhang B, Deng S, Ur Rehman Aziz A, Liao X, Liu B. Differential phosphorylation regulates the shear stress-induced polar activity of Rho-specific guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor α. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:6978-6989. [PMID: 32003021 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The activity of Rho-specific guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor α (RhoGDIα) is regulated by its own phosphorylation at different amino acid sites. These phosphorylation sites may have a crucial role in local Rho GTPases activation during cell migration. This paper is designed to explore the influence of phosphorylation on shear stress-induced spatial RhoGDIα activation. Based on the fluorescence resonance energy transfer biosensor sl-RhoGDIα, which was constructed to test the RhoGDIα activity in living cells, new RhoGDIα phosphomimetic mutation (sl-S101E/S174E, sl-Y156E, sl-S101E, sl-S174E) and phosphorylation-deficient mutation (sl-S101A/S174A, sl-Y156A, sl-S101A, sl-S174A) biosensors were designed to test their effects on RhoGDIα activation upon shear stress application in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The results showed lower RhoGDIα activity at the downstream of HUVECs (the region from the edge of the nucleus to the edge of the cell along with the flow). The overall decrease in RhoGDIα activity was inhibited by Y156A-mutant, whereas the polarized RhoGDIα and Rac1 activity were blocked by S101A/S174A mutant. It is concluded that the Tyr156 phosphorylation mainly mediates shear stress-induced overall RhoGDIα activity, while Ser101/Ser174 phosphorylation mediates its polarization. This study demonstrates that differential phosphorylation of RhoGDIα regulates shear stress-induced spatial RhoGDIα activation, which could be a potential target to control cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xie
- Liaoning Key Lab of IC & BME System, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Shuai Shao
- Liaoning Key Lab of IC & BME System, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Baohong Zhang
- Liaoning Key Lab of IC & BME System, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Sha Deng
- Liaoning Key Lab of IC & BME System, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Aziz Ur Rehman Aziz
- Liaoning Key Lab of IC & BME System, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaoling Liao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Liaoning Key Lab of IC & BME System, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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9
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Tang X, Liu Y, Xiao Q, Yao Q, Allen M, Wang Y, Gao L, Qi Y, Zhang P. Pathological cyclic strain promotes proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells via the ACTH/ERK/STAT3 pathway. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:8260-8270. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Tang
- Institute of Mechanobiology and Medical EngineeringSchool of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Institute of Mechanobiology and Medical EngineeringSchool of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Qian Xiao
- Institute of Mechanobiology and Medical EngineeringSchool of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Qingping Yao
- Institute of Mechanobiology and Medical EngineeringSchool of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Molly Allen
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCalifornia
| | - Yingxiao Wang
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCalifornia
| | - Lizhi Gao
- Institute of Mechanobiology and Medical EngineeringSchool of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yingxin Qi
- Institute of Mechanobiology and Medical EngineeringSchool of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ping Zhang
- Institute of Mechanobiology and Medical EngineeringSchool of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
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10
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Nuclear envelope proteins modulate proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells during cyclic stretch application. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:5293-8. [PMID: 27114541 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1604569113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic stretch is an important inducer of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation, which is crucial in vascular remodeling during hypertension. However, the molecular mechanism remains unclear. We studied the effects of emerin and lamin A/C, two important nuclear envelope proteins, on VSMC proliferation in hypertension and the underlying mechano-mechanisms. In common carotid artery of hypertensive rats in vivo and in cultured cells subjected to high (15%) cyclic stretch in vitro, VSMC proliferation was increased significantly, and the expression of emerin and lamin A/C was repressed compared with normotensive or normal (5%) cyclic stretch controls. Using targeted siRNA to mimic the repressed expression of emerin or lamin A/C induced by 15% stretch, we found that VSMC proliferation was enhanced under static and 5%-stretch conditions. Overexpression of emerin or lamin A/C reversed VSMC proliferation induced by 15% stretch. Hence, emerin and lamin A/C play critical roles in suppressing VSMC hyperproliferation induced by hyperstretch. ChIP-on-chip and MOTIF analyses showed that the DNAs binding with emerin contain three transcription factor motifs: CCNGGA, CCMGCC, and ABTTCCG; DNAs binding with lamin A/C contain the motifs CVGGAA, GCCGCYGC, and DAAGAAA. Protein/DNA array proved that altered emerin or lamin A/C expression modulated the activation of various transcription factors. Furthermore, accelerating local expression of emerin or lamin A/C reversed cell proliferation in the carotid artery of hypertensive rats in vivo. Our findings establish the pathogenetic role of emerin and lamin A/C repression in stretch-induced VSMC proliferation and suggest mechanobiological mechanism underlying this process that involves the sequence-specific binding of emerin and lamin A/C to specific transcription factor motifs.
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11
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Adams Waldorf KM, Singh N, Mohan AR, Young RC, Ngo L, Das A, Tsai J, Bansal A, Paolella L, Herbert BR, Sooranna SR, Gough GM, Astley C, Vogel K, Baldessari AE, Bammler TK, MacDonald J, Gravett MG, Rajagopal L, Johnson MR. Uterine overdistention induces preterm labor mediated by inflammation: observations in pregnant women and nonhuman primates. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015; 213:830.e1-830.e19. [PMID: 26284599 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Uterine overdistention is thought to induce preterm labor in women with twin and multiple pregnancies, but the pathophysiology remains unclear. We investigated for the first time the pathogenesis of preterm birth associated with rapid uterine distention in a pregnant nonhuman primate model. STUDY DESIGN A nonhuman primate model of uterine overdistention was created using preterm chronically catheterized pregnant pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina) by inflation of intraamniotic balloons (N = 6), which were compared to saline controls (N = 5). Cesarean delivery was performed due to preterm labor or at experimental end. Microarray, quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, Luminex (Austin, TX), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to measure messenger RNA (mRNA) and/or protein levels from monkey (amniotic fluid, myometrium, maternal plasma) and human (amniocytes, amnion, myometrium) tissues. Statistical analysis employed analysis of covariance and Wilcoxon rank sum. Biomechanical forces were calculated using the law of Laplace. RESULTS Preterm labor occurred in 3 of 6 animals after balloon inflation and correlated with greater balloon volume and uterine wall stress. Significant elevations of inflammatory cytokines and prostaglandins occurred following uterine overdistention in an "inflammatory pulse" that correlated with preterm labor (interleukin [IL]-1β, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, IL-6, IL-8, CCL2, prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin F2α, all P < .05). A similar inflammatory response was observed in amniocytes in vitro following mechanical stretch (IL1β, IL6, and IL8 mRNA multiple time points, P < .05), in amnion of women with polyhydramnios (IL6 and TNF mRNA, P < .05) and in amnion (TNF-α) and myometrium of women with twins in early labor (IL6, IL8, CCL2, all P < .05). Genes differentially expressed in the nonhuman primate after balloon inflation and in women with polyhydramnios and twins are involved in tissue remodeling and muscle growth. CONCLUSION Uterine overdistention by inflation of an intraamniotic balloon is associated with an inflammatory pulse that precedes and correlates with preterm labor. Our results indicate that inflammation is an early event after a mechanical stress on the uterus and leads to preterm labor when the stress is sufficiently great. Further, we find evidence of uterine tissue remodeling and muscle growth as a common, perhaps compensatory, response to uterine distension.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natasha Singh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aarthi R Mohan
- Department of Cancer and Surgery, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roger C Young
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Lisa Ngo
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Ananya Das
- Department of Cancer and Surgery, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jesse Tsai
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Aasthaa Bansal
- Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research and Policy Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Louis Paolella
- School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Bronwen R Herbert
- Department of Cancer and Surgery, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Suren R Sooranna
- Department of Cancer and Surgery, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - G Michael Gough
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Cliff Astley
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Keith Vogel
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Audrey E Baldessari
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Theodor K Bammler
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - James MacDonald
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Michael G Gravett
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Global Alliance to Prevent Prematurity and Stillbirth, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Lakshmi Rajagopal
- Department of Pediatrics and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Mark R Johnson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Prandi F, Piola M, Soncini M, Colussi C, D’Alessandra Y, Penza E, Agrifoglio M, Vinci MC, Polvani G, Gaetano C, Fiore GB, Pesce M. Adventitial vessel growth and progenitor cells activation in an ex vivo culture system mimicking human saphenous vein wall strain after coronary artery bypass grafting. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117409. [PMID: 25689822 PMCID: PMC4331547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Saphenous vein graft disease is a timely problem in coronary artery bypass grafting. Indeed, after exposure of the vein to arterial blood flow, a progressive modification in the wall begins, due to proliferation of smooth muscle cells in the intima. As a consequence, the graft progressively occludes and this leads to recurrent ischemia. In the present study we employed a novel ex vivo culture system to assess the biological effects of arterial-like pressure on the human saphenous vein structure and physiology, and to compare the results to those achieved in the presence of a constant low pressure and flow mimicking the physiologic vein perfusion. While under both conditions we found an activation of Matrix Metallo-Proteases 2/9 and of microRNAs-21/146a/221, a specific effect of the arterial-like pressure was observed. This consisted in a marked geometrical remodeling, in the suppression of Tissue Inhibitor of Metallo-Protease-1, in the enhanced expression of TGF-β1 and BMP-2 mRNAs and, finally, in the upregulation of microRNAs-138/200b/200c. In addition, the veins exposed to arterial-like pressure showed an increase in the density of the adventitial vasa vasorum and of cells co-expressing NG2, CD44 and SM22α markers in the adventitia. Cells with nuclear expression of Sox-10, a transcription factor characterizing multipotent vascular stem cells, were finally found in adventitial vessels. Our findings suggest, for the first time, a role of arterial-like wall strain in the activation of pro-pathologic pathways resulting in adventitial vessels growth, activation of vasa vasorum cells, and upregulation of specific gene products associated to vascular remodeling and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Prandi
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Piola
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Soncini
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Colussi
- Istituto di Patologia Medica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Yuri D’Alessandra
- Unità di Immunologia e Genomica Funzionale, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Penza
- II Divisione di Cardiochirurgia, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Agrifoglio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Gianluca Polvani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Gaetano
- Division of Cardiovascular Epigenetics, Goethe University, Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany
| | | | - Maurizio Pesce
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
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13
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Sylow L, Møller LLV, Kleinert M, Richter EA, Jensen TE. Stretch-stimulated glucose transport in skeletal muscle is regulated by Rac1. J Physiol 2015; 593:645-56. [PMID: 25416624 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.284281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Rac1 regulates stretch-stimulated (i.e. mechanical stress) glucose transport in muscle. Actin depolymerization decreases stretch-induced glucose transport in skeletal muscle. Rac1 is a required part of the mechanical stress-component of the contraction-stimulus to glucose transport in skeletal muscle. ABSTRACT An alternative to the canonical insulin signalling pathway for glucose transport is muscle contraction/exercise. Mechanical stress is an integrated part of the muscle contraction/relaxation cycle, and passive stretch stimulates muscle glucose transport. However, the signalling mechanism regulating stretch-stimulated glucose transport is not well understood. We recently reported that the actin cytoskeleton regulating GTPase, Rac1, was activated in mouse muscle in response to stretching. Rac1 is a regulator of contraction- and insulin-stimulated glucose transport, however, its role in stretch-stimulated glucose transport and signalling is unknown. We therefore investigated whether stretch-induced glucose transport in skeletal muscle required Rac1 and the actin cytoskeleton. We used muscle-specific inducible Rac1 knockout mice as well as pharmacological inhibitors of Rac1 and the actin cytoskeleton in isolated soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles. In addition, the role of Rac1 in contraction-stimulated glucose transport during conditions without mechanical load on the muscles was evaluated in loosely hanging muscles and muscles in which cross-bridge formation was blocked by the myosin ATPase inhibitors BTS and Blebbistatin. Knockout as well as pharmacological inhibition of Rac1 reduced stretch-stimulated glucose transport by 30-50% in soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscle. The actin depolymerizing agent latrunculin B similarly decreased glucose transport in response to stretching by 40-50%. Rac1 inhibition reduced contraction-stimulated glucose transport by 30-40% in tension developing muscle but did not affect contraction-stimulated glucose transport in muscles in which force development was prevented. Our findings suggest that Rac1 and the actin cytoskeleton regulate stretch-stimulated glucose transport and that Rac1 is a required part of the mechanical stress-component of the contraction-stimulus to glucose transport in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lykke Sylow
- Molecular Physiology Group, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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14
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Pan J, Wang T, Wang L, Chen W, Song M. Cyclic strain-induced cytoskeletal rearrangement of human periodontal ligament cells via the Rho signaling pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91580. [PMID: 24619024 PMCID: PMC3950223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although mechanical stimulations are known have a significant impact on cytoskeletal rearrangement, little is known regarding the behavioral alteration of human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) under cyclic strain. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of the Rho signaling pathway on cyclic strain-induced cytoskeletal rearrangement of hPDLCs. Methods Healthy hPDLCs obtained from teeth extracted for orthodontic purposes were subjected to cyclic strain with physiological loading (10%) at a frequency of 0.1 Hz for 6 h or 24 h using a FX-5000T system. Changes in cell morphology were examined by phase-contrast microscopy, while F-actin reorganization was observed by phalloidin staining and confocal microscopy. Protein expression was analyzed through western blot analysis. Results Significant enhancement of cytoskeletal reorganization was observed following exposure to the cyclic strain. In addition, a significant increase was noted in the expression levels of GTP-Rho, Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) and p-cofilin, whereas the expression levels of Rho GDP dissociation inhibitors alpha (Rho-GDIa) were reduced in the hPDLCs, compared with the static control cells. More importantly, the Rock inhibitor Y-27632 suppressed cyclic strain-induced cytoskeletal rearrangement of hPDLCs. Additionally, Y-27632 and overexpression of Rho-GDIa were found to lower p-cofilin protein expressions under cyclic strain, while Rho-GDIa siRNA transfection had the opposite effect on the hPDLCs. Conclusion Cyclic strain promotes cytoskeletal rearrangement of hPDLCs by downregulating the expression levels of Rho-GDIa and upregulating the expression levels of GTP-Rho, Rock and p-cofilin. These observations may provide valuable insight into understanding orthodontic tooth movement as well as alveolar bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Pan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingle Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Central Hospital of Minhang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Stomatology, First People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wantao Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (WC); (MS)
| | - Meng Song
- Department of Stomatology, First People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (WC); (MS)
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15
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Yamashita O, Yoshimura K, Nagasawa A, Ueda K, Morikage N, Ikeda Y, Hamano K. Periostin links mechanical strain to inflammation in abdominal aortic aneurysm. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79753. [PMID: 24260297 PMCID: PMC3833967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are characterized by chronic inflammation, which contributes to the pathological remodeling of the extracellular matrix. Although mechanical stress has been suggested to promote inflammation in AAA, the molecular mechanism remains uncertain. Periostin is a matricellular protein known to respond to mechanical strain. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of periostin in mechanotransduction in the pathogenesis of AAA. METHODS AND RESULTS We found significant increases in periostin protein levels in the walls of human AAA specimens. Tissue localization of periostin was associated with inflammatory cell infiltration and destruction of elastic fibers. We examined whether mechanical strain could stimulate periostin expression in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Cells subjected to 20% uniaxial cyclic strains showed significant increases in periostin protein expression, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activation, and secretions of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and the active form of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2. These changes were largely abolished by a periostin-neutralizing antibody and by the FAK inhibitor, PF573228. Interestingly, inhibition of either periostin or FAK caused suppression of the other, indicating a positive feedback loop. In human AAA tissues in ex vivo culture, MCP-1 secretion was dramatically suppressed by PF573228. Moreover, in vivo, periaortic application of recombinant periostin in mice led to FAK activation and MCP-1 upregulation in the aortic walls, which resulted in marked cellular infiltration. CONCLUSION Our findings indicated that periostin plays an important role in mechanotransduction that maintains inflammation via FAK activation in AAA.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Animals
- Aorta, Abdominal/metabolism
- Aorta, Abdominal/pathology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/genetics
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/metabolism
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/pathology
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CCL2/genetics
- Chemokine CCL2/metabolism
- Female
- Focal Adhesion Kinase 1/genetics
- Focal Adhesion Kinase 1/metabolism
- Humans
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/genetics
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Rats
- Up-Regulation/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Yamashita
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Koichi Yoshimura
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
- Graduate School of Health and Welfare, Yamaguchi Prefectural University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Ayako Nagasawa
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Koshiro Ueda
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Morikage
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ikeda
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Kimikazu Hamano
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
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16
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Chen L, Wu T, Wei TQ, Wei X, Li SF, Wang KJ, Li H. Skp2-mediated degradation of p27 regulates cell cycle progression in compressed human bladder smooth muscle cells. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2013; 30:181-6. [PMID: 24656158 DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) results in smooth muscle cell hyperplasia, decreased bladder wall compliance, and lower and upper urinary tract pathology. Mechanical stimulus on detrusor tissue is critical to BOO disease progression. Our previous studies confirm that mechanical stimulus triggers human bladder smooth muscle cell (HBSMC) proliferation. To better understand the signal transduction mechanisms for this process we detected cell cycle machinery of HBSMC (Bose ® Biodynamic, Minnetonka, MN, USA). HBSMCs cultured in scaffolds were subjected to four different pressures (0 cmH2O, 100 cmH2O, 200 cmH2O, and 300 cmH2O) for 24 hours, which were controlled by a BOSE BioDynamic bioreactor. Then we used flow cytometry to examine cell cycle distribution, polymerase chain reaction, and immunoblotting to quantify Skp2, p27, and p21 expression in each group. Additionally, Skp2 was silenced in HBSMCs using small interfering RNA to validate the role of Skp2 in mediating pressure-induced cell cycle progression. Compared with the 0 cmH2O control, HBSMCs in the 200 cmH2O and 300 cmH2O groups exhibited high-level expression of Skp2 gene and low-level expression of p27 protein. However, p21, another downstream signal of Skp2, showed no significant change between groups. In addition, Skp2 silencing abolished increases in cell proliferation induced by pressure. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the functional importance of Skp2 in cyclic hydrodynamic pressure stimulated HBSMC proliferation. The signal transduction mechanism for this process involves p27 as well as p21 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tang-Qiang Wei
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Wei
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sheng-Fu Li
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kun-Jie Wang
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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17
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Ferdous Z, Jo H, Nerem RM. Strain Magnitude-Dependent Calcific Marker Expression in Valvular and Vascular Cells. Cells Tissues Organs 2013; 197:372-83. [DOI: 10.1159/000347007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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18
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Yu M, Gong D, Lim M, Arutyunyan A, Groffen J, Heisterkamp N. Lack of bcr and abr promotes hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49756. [PMID: 23152932 PMCID: PMC3495860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bcr and Abr are GTPase activating proteins that specifically downregulate activity of the small GTPase Rac in restricted cell types in vivo. Rac1 is expressed in smooth muscle cells, a critical cell type involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension. The molecular mechanisms that underlie hypoxia-associated pulmonary hypertension are not well-defined. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Bcr and abr null mutant mice were compared to wild type controls for the development of pulmonary hypertension after exposure to hypoxia. Also, pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells from those mice were cultured in hypoxia and examined for proliferation, p38 activation and IL-6 production. Mice lacking Bcr or Abr exposed to hypoxia developed increased right ventricular pressure, hypertrophy and pulmonary vascular remodeling. Perivascular leukocyte infiltration in the lungs was increased, and under hypoxia bcr-/- and abr-/- macrophages generated more reactive oxygen species. Consistent with a contribution of inflammation and oxidative stress in pulmonary hypertension-associated vascular damage, Bcr and Abr-deficient animals showed elevated endothelial leakage after hypoxia exposure. Hypoxia-treated pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells from Bcr- or Abr-deficient mice also proliferated faster than those of wild type mice. Moreover, activated Rac1, phosphorylated p38 and interleukin 6 were increased in these cells in the absence of Bcr or Abr. Inhibition of Rac1 activation with Z62954982, a novel Rac inhibitor, decreased proliferation, p38 phosphorylation and IL-6 levels in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells exposed to hypoxia. CONCLUSIONS Bcr and Abr play a critical role in down-regulating hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension by deactivating Rac1 and, through this, reducing both oxidative stress generated by leukocytes as well as p38 phosphorylation, IL-6 production and proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yu
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Division of Hematology/Oncology, and The Saban Research Institute of Children’s Hospital, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Dapeng Gong
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Division of Hematology/Oncology, and The Saban Research Institute of Children’s Hospital, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Min Lim
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Anna Arutyunyan
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Division of Hematology/Oncology, and The Saban Research Institute of Children’s Hospital, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - John Groffen
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Division of Hematology/Oncology, and The Saban Research Institute of Children’s Hospital, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Nora Heisterkamp
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Division of Hematology/Oncology, and The Saban Research Institute of Children’s Hospital, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Kang H, Davis-Dusenbery BN, Nguyen PH, Lal A, Lieberman J, Van Aelst L, Lagna G, Hata A. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 promotes vascular smooth muscle contractility by activating microRNA-21 (miR-21), which down-regulates expression of family of dedicator of cytokinesis (DOCK) proteins. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:3976-86. [PMID: 22158624 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.303156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) signaling pathway plays a critical role in the promotion and maintenance of the contractile phenotype in vascular smooth muscle cell (vSMC). Misexpression or inactivating mutations of the BMP receptor gene can lead to dedifferentiation of vSMC characterized by increased migration and proliferation that is linked to vascular proliferative disorders. Previously we demonstrated that vSMCs increase microRNA-21 (miR-21) biogenesis upon BMP4 treatment, which induces contractile gene expression by targeting programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4). To identify novel targets of miR-21 that are critical for induction of the contractile phenotype by BMP4, biotinylated miR-21 was expressed in vSMCs followed by an affinity purification of mRNAs associated with miR-21. Nearly all members of the dedicator of cytokinesis (DOCK) 180-related protein superfamily were identified as targets of miR-21. Down-regulation of DOCK4, -5, and -7 by miR-21 inhibited cell migration and promoted cytoskeletal organization by modulating an activity of small GTPase. Thus, this study uncovers a regulatory mechanism of the vSMC phenotype by the BMP4-miR-21 axis through DOCK family proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hara Kang
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
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20
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Provenzano PP, Keely PJ. Mechanical signaling through the cytoskeleton regulates cell proliferation by coordinated focal adhesion and Rho GTPase signaling. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:1195-205. [PMID: 21444750 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.067009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The notion that cell shape and spreading can regulate cell proliferation has evolved over several years, but only recently has this been linked to forces from within and upon the cell. This emerging area of mechanical signaling is proving to be wide-spread and important for all cell types. The microenvironment that surrounds cells provides a complex spectrum of different, simultaneously active, biochemical, structural and mechanical stimuli. In this milieu, cells probe the stiffness of their microenvironment by pulling on the extracellular matrix (ECM) and/or adjacent cells. This process is dependent on transcellular cell-ECM or cell-cell adhesions, as well as cell contractility mediated by Rho GTPases, to provide a functional linkage through which forces are transmitted through the cytoskeleton by intracellular force-generating proteins. This Commentary covers recent advances in the underlying mechanisms that control cell proliferation by mechanical signaling, with an emphasis on the role of 3D microenvironments and in vivo extracellular matrices. Moreover, as there is much recent interest in the tumor-stromal interaction, we will pay particular attention to exciting new data describing the role of mechanical signaling in the progression of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo P Provenzano
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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