1
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Nagar A, Dubey A, Sharma A, Singh M. Exploring promising natural compounds for breast cancer treatment: in silico molecular docking targeting WDR5-MYC protein interaction. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38356140 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2317975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is an aberrant differentiation of normal cells, characterized by uncontrolled growth and the potential to acquire invasive and aggressive properties that ultimately lead to metastasis. In the realm of scientific exploration, a multitude of pathways has been investigated and targeted by researchers, among which one specific pathway is recognized as WDR5-MYC. Continuous investigations and research show that WDR5-MYC is a therapeutic target protein. Hence, the discovery of naturally occurring compounds with anticancer properties has been suggested as a rapid and efficient alternative for the development of anticancerous therapeutics. A virtual screening approach was used to identify the most potent compounds from the NP-lib database at the MTiOpenScreen webserver against WDR5-MYC. This process yielded a total of 304 identified compounds. Subsequently, after screening, four potent compounds, namely Estrone (ZINC000003869899), Ethyl-1,2-benzanthracene (ZINC000003157052), Strychnine (ZINC000000119434) and 7H-DIBENZO [C, G] CARBAZOLE (ZINC000001562130), along with a cocrystallized 5-[4-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl]-1H-tetrazole inhibitor (QBP) as a reference ligand, were considered for stringent molecular docking. Thus, each compound exhibited significant docking energy between -8.2 and -7.7 kcal/mol and molecular contacts with essential residue Asn225, Lys250, Ser267 and Lys272 in the active pocket of WDR5-MYC against the QBP inhibitor (the native ligand QBP serves as a reference in the comparative analysis of docked complexes). The results support the potent compounds for drug-likeness and strong binding affinity with WDR5-MYC protein. Further, the stability of the selected compounds was predicted by molecular dynamics simulation (100 ns) contributed by intermolecular hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. This demonstrates the potential of the selected compounds to be used against breast cancer treatment.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amka Nagar
- Department of Life Sciences, Sharda School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Dubey
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Computational Chemistry and Drug Discovery Division, Quanta Calculus, India
| | - Ankur Sharma
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mohini Singh
- Department of Life Sciences, Sharda School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Uttar Pradesh, India
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2
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Teuscher KB, Mills JJ, Tian J, Han C, Meyers KM, Sai J, South TM, Crow MM, Van Meveren M, Sensintaffar JL, Zhao B, Amporndanai K, Moore WJ, Stott GM, Tansey WP, Lee T, Fesik SW. Structure-Based Discovery of Potent, Orally Bioavailable Benzoxazepinone-Based WD Repeat Domain 5 Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2023; 66:16783-16806. [PMID: 38085679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The chromatin-associated protein WDR5 (WD repeat domain 5) is an essential cofactor for MYC and a conserved regulator of ribosome protein gene transcription. It is also a high-profile target for anti-cancer drug discovery, with proposed utility against both solid and hematological malignancies. We have previously discovered potent dihydroisoquinolinone-based WDR5 WIN-site inhibitors with demonstrated efficacy and safety in animal models. In this study, we sought to optimize the bicyclic core to discover a novel series of WDR5 WIN-site inhibitors with improved potency and physicochemical properties. We identified the 3,4-dihydrobenzo[f][1,4]oxazepin-5(2H)-one core as an alternative scaffold for potent WDR5 inhibitors. Additionally, we used X-ray structural analysis to design partially saturated bicyclic P7 units. These benzoxazepinone-based inhibitors exhibited increased cellular potency and selectivity and favorable physicochemical properties compared to our best-in-class dihydroisoquinolinone-based counterparts. This study opens avenues to discover more advanced WDR5 WIN-site inhibitors and supports their development as novel anti-cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jianhua Tian
- Molecular Design and Synthesis Center, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0142, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - William J Moore
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
| | - Gordon M Stott
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21701-4907, United States
| | | | | | - Stephen W Fesik
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0142, United States
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3
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Yu X, Li D, Kottur J, Kim HS, Herring LE, Yu Y, Xie L, Hu X, Chen X, Cai L, Liu J, Aggarwal AK, Wang GG, Jin J. Discovery of Potent and Selective WDR5 Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras as Potential Therapeutics for Pancreatic Cancer. J Med Chem 2023; 66:16168-16186. [PMID: 38019706 PMCID: PMC10872723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
As a core chromatin-regulatory scaffolding protein, WDR5 mediates numerous protein-protein interactions (PPIs) with other partner oncoproteins. However, small-molecule inhibitors that block these PPIs exert limited cell-killing effects. Here, we report structure-activity relationship studies in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells that led to the discovery of several WDR5 proteolysis-targeting chimer (PROTAC) degraders, including 11 (MS132), a highly potent and selective von Hippel-Lindau (VHL)-recruiting WDR5 degrader, which displayed positive binding cooperativity between WDR5 and VHL, effectively inhibited proliferation in PDAC cells, and was bioavailable in mice and 25, a cereblon (CRBN)-recruiting WDR5 degrader, which selectively degraded WDR5 over the CRBN neo-substrate IKZF1. Furthermore, by conducting site-directed mutagenesis studies, we determined that WDR5 K296, but not K32, was involved in the PROTAC-induced WDR5 degradation. Collectively, these studies resulted in a highly effective WDR5 degrader, which could be a potential therapeutic for pancreatic cancer and several potentially useful tool compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufen Yu
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Dongxu Li
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jithesh Kottur
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Huen Suk Kim
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Laura E Herring
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Yao Yu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Ling Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Xiaoping Hu
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Xian Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ling Cai
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Jing Liu
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Aneel K Aggarwal
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Gang Greg Wang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Jian Jin
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
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4
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Javed A, Yarmohammadi M, Korkmaz KS, Rubio-Tomás T. The Regulation of Cyclins and Cyclin-Dependent Kinases in the Development of Gastric Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032848. [PMID: 36769170 PMCID: PMC9917736 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer predominantly occurs in adenocarcinoma form and is characterized by uncontrolled growth and metastases of gastric epithelial cells. The growth of gastric cells is regulated by the action of several major cell cycle regulators including Cyclins and Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which act sequentially to modulate the life cycle of a living cell. It has been reported that inadequate or over-activity of these molecules leads to disturbances in cell cycle dynamics, which consequently results in gastric cancer development. Manny studies have reported the key roles of Cyclins and CDKs in the development and progression of the disease in either in vitro cell culture studies or in vivo models. We aimed to compile the evidence of molecules acting as regulators of both Cyclins and CDKs, i.e., upstream regulators either activating or inhibiting Cyclins and CDKs. The review entails an introduction to gastric cancer, along with an overview of the involvement of cell cycle regulation and focused on the regulation of various Cyclins and CDKs in gastric cancer. It can act as an extensive resource for developing new hypotheses for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aadil Javed
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cancer Biology Laboratory, Ege University, Izmir 35040, Turkey
- Correspondence: (A.J.); (T.R.-T.)
| | - Mahdieh Yarmohammadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 33817-74895, Iran
| | - Kemal Sami Korkmaz
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cancer Biology Laboratory, Ege University, Izmir 35040, Turkey
| | - Teresa Rubio-Tomás
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Herakleion, Crete, Greece
- Correspondence: (A.J.); (T.R.-T.)
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5
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Loe AKH, Zhu L, Kim TH. Chromatin and noncoding RNA-mediated mechanisms of gastric tumorigenesis. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:22-31. [PMID: 36653445 PMCID: PMC9898530 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-00926-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common and deadly cancers in the world. It is a multifactorial disease highly influenced by environmental factors, which include radiation, smoking, diet, and infectious pathogens. Accumulating evidence suggests that epigenetic regulators are frequently altered in GC, playing critical roles in gastric tumorigenesis. Epigenetic regulation involves DNA methylation, histone modification, and noncoding RNAs. While it is known that environmental factors cause widespread alterations in DNA methylation, promoting carcinogenesis, the chromatin- and noncoding RNA-mediated mechanisms of gastric tumorigenesis are still poorly understood. In this review, we focus on discussing recent discoveries addressing the roles of histone modifiers and noncoding RNAs and the mechanisms of their interactions in gastric tumorigenesis. A better understanding of epigenetic regulation would likely facilitate the development of novel therapeutic approaches targeting specific epigenetic regulators in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Kwan Ho Loe
- grid.42327.300000 0004 0473 9646Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4 Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - Lexin Zhu
- grid.42327.300000 0004 0473 9646Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4 Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - Tae-Hee Kim
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada. .,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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6
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Thomas P, Srivastava S, Udayashankara AH, Damodaran S, Yadav L, Mathew B, Suresh SB, Mandal AK, Srikantia N. RhoC in association with TET2/WDR5 regulates cancer stem cells by epigenetically modifying the expression of pluripotency genes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 80:1. [PMID: 36469134 PMCID: PMC11073244 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04645-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence illustrates that RhoC has divergent roles in cervical cancer progression where it controls epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration, angiogenesis, invasion, tumor growth, and radiation response. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the primary cause of recurrence and metastasis and exhibit all of the above phenotypes. It, therefore, becomes imperative to understand if RhoC regulates CSCs in cervical cancer. In this study, cell lines and clinical specimen-based findings demonstrate that RhoC regulates tumor phenotypes such as clonogenicity and anoikis resistance. Accordingly, inhibition of RhoC abrogated these phenotypes. RNA-seq analysis revealed that RhoC over-expression resulted in up-regulation of 27% of the transcriptome. Further, the Infinium MethylationEPIC array showed that RhoC over-expressing cells had a demethylated genome. Studies divulged that RhoC via TET2 signaling regulated the demethylation of the genome. Further investigations comprising ChIP-seq, reporter assays, and mass spectrometry revealed that RhoC associates with WDR5 in the nucleus and regulates the expression of pluripotency genes such as Nanog. Interestingly, clinical specimen-based investigations revealed the existence of a subset of tumor cells marked by RhoC+/Nanog+ expression. Finally, combinatorial inhibition (in vitro) of RhoC and its partners (WDR5 and TET2) resulted in increased sensitization of clinical specimen-derived cells to radiation. These findings collectively reveal a novel role for nuclear RhoC in the epigenetic regulation of Nanog and identify RhoC as a regulator of CSCs. The study nominates RhoC and associated signaling pathways as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavana Thomas
- Translational and Molecular Biology Laboratory (TMBL), Division of Molecular Biology and Genetics, St. John's Research Institute (SJRI), St. John's Medical College, Bangalore, 560034, India
- School of Integrative Health Sciences, The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU), Bangalore, 560064, India
| | - Sweta Srivastava
- Translational and Molecular Biology Laboratory (TMBL), Division of Molecular Biology and Genetics, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Bangalore, 560034, India.
| | - Avinash H Udayashankara
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St John's Medical College Hospital, Bangalore, 560034, India
| | - Samyuktha Damodaran
- Translational and Molecular Biology Laboratory (TMBL), Division of Molecular Biology and Genetics, St. John's Research Institute (SJRI), St. John's Medical College, Bangalore, 560034, India
| | - Lokendra Yadav
- Translational and Molecular Biology Laboratory (TMBL), Division of Molecular Biology and Genetics, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Bangalore, 560034, India
| | - Boby Mathew
- Clinical Proteomics Unit, Division of Molecular Medicine, St. John's Research Institute (SJRI), St. John's Medical College, Bangalore, 560034, India
| | - Srinag Bangalore Suresh
- Translational and Molecular Biology Laboratory (TMBL), Division of Molecular Biology and Genetics, St. John's Research Institute (SJRI), St. John's Medical College, Bangalore, 560034, India
| | - Amit Kumar Mandal
- Clinical Proteomics Unit, Division of Molecular Medicine, St. John's Research Institute (SJRI), St. John's Medical College, Bangalore, 560034, India
| | - Nirmala Srikantia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St John's Medical College Hospital, Bangalore, 560034, India
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7
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Mitchell AV, Wu L, James Block C, Zhang M, Hackett J, Craig DB, Chen W, Zhao Y, Zhang B, Dang Y, Zhang X, Zhang S, Wang C, Gibson H, Pile LA, Kidder B, Matherly L, Yang Z, Dou Y, Wu G. FOXQ1 recruits the MLL complex to activate transcription of EMT and promote breast cancer metastasis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6548. [PMID: 36319643 PMCID: PMC9626503 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34239-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant expression of the Forkhead box transcription factor, FOXQ1, is a prevalent mechanism of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis in multiple carcinoma types. However, it remains unknown how FOXQ1 regulates gene expression. Here, we report that FOXQ1 initiates EMT by recruiting the MLL/KMT2 histone methyltransferase complex as a transcriptional coactivator. We first establish that FOXQ1 promoter recognition precedes MLL complex assembly and histone-3 lysine-4 trimethylation within the promoter regions of critical genes in the EMT program. Mechanistically, we identify that the Forkhead box in FOXQ1 functions as a transactivation domain directly binding the MLL core complex subunit RbBP5 without interrupting FOXQ1 DNA binding activity. Moreover, genetic disruption of the FOXQ1-RbBP5 interaction or pharmacologic targeting of KMT2/MLL recruitment inhibits FOXQ1-dependent gene expression, EMT, and in vivo tumor progression. Our study suggests that targeting the FOXQ1-MLL epigenetic axis could be a promising strategy to combat triple-negative breast cancer metastatic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison V Mitchell
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4100 John R, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Ling Wu
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4100 John R, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - C James Block
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4100 John R, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Mu Zhang
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4100 John R, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Justin Hackett
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4100 John R, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Douglas B Craig
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4100 John R, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4100 John R, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Yongzhong Zhao
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Yongjun Dang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4100 John R, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Shengping Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 650 Xinsongjiang Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Chuangui Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 650 Xinsongjiang Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Heather Gibson
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4100 John R, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Lori A Pile
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Benjamin Kidder
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4100 John R, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Larry Matherly
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4100 John R, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Zhe Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Yali Dou
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Guojun Wu
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4100 John R, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
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8
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Wu CP, Hsieh YJ, Tseng HY, Huang YH, Li YQ, Hung TH, Wang SP, Wu YS. The WD repeat-containing protein 5 (WDR5) antagonist WDR5-0103 restores the efficacy of cytotoxic drugs in multidrug-resistant cancer cells overexpressing ABCB1 or ABCG2. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113663. [PMID: 36081287 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of multidrug resistance (MDR) is one of the major challenges in the treatment of cancer which is caused by the overexpression of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters ABCB1 (P-glycoprotein) and/or ABCG2 (BCRP/MXR/ABCP) in cancer cells. These transporters are capable of reducing the efficacy of cytotoxic drugs by actively effluxing them out of cancer cells. Since there is currently no approved treatment for patients with multidrug-resistant tumors, the drug repurposing approach provides an alternative route to identify agents to reverse MDR mediated by ABCB1 and/or ABCG2 in multidrug-resistant cancer cells. WDR5-0103 is a histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methyltransferase inhibitor that disrupts the interaction between the WD repeat-containing protein 5 (WDR5) and mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL) protein. In this study, the effect of WDR5-0103 on MDR mediated by ABCB1 and ABCG2 was determined. We found that in a concentration-dependent manner, WDR5-0103 could sensitize ABCB1- and ABCG2-overexpressing multidrug-resistant cancer cells to conventional cytotoxic drugs. Our results showed that WDR5-0103 reverses MDR and improves drug-induced apoptosis in multidrug-resistant cancer cells by inhibiting the drug-efflux function of ABCB1 and ABCG2, without altering the protein expression of ABCB1 or ABCG2. The potential sites of interactions of WDR5-0103 with the drug-binding pockets of ABCB1 and ABCG2 were predicted by molecular docking. In conclusion, the MDR reversal activity of WDR5-0103 demonstrated here indicates that it could be used in combination therapy to provide benefits to a subset of patients with tumor expressing high levels of ABCB1 or ABCG2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Pu Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ya-Ju Hsieh
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Han-Yu Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Yang-Hui Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Yan-Qing Li
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Tai-Ho Hung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan.
| | - Shun-Ping Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Shan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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9
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Imran A, Moyer BS, Kalina D, Duncan TM, Moody KJ, Wolfe AJ, Cosgrove MS, Movileanu L. Convergent Alterations of a Protein Hub Produce Divergent Effects within a Binding Site. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:1586-1597. [PMID: 35613319 PMCID: PMC9207812 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Progress in tumor
sequencing and cancer databases has created an
enormous amount of information that scientists struggle to sift through.
While several research groups have created computational methods to
analyze these databases, much work still remains in distinguishing
key implications of pathogenic mutations. Here, we describe an approach
to identify and evaluate somatic cancer mutations of WD40 repeat protein
5 (WDR5), a chromatin-associated protein hub. This multitasking protein
maintains the functional integrity of large multi-subunit enzymatic
complexes of the six human SET1 methyltransferases. Remarkably, the
somatic cancer mutations of WDR5 preferentially distribute within
and around an essential cavity, which hosts the WDR5 interaction (Win)
binding site. Hence, we assessed the real-time binding kinetics of
the interactions of key clustered WDR5 mutants with the Win motif
peptide ligands of the SET1 family members (SET1Win). Our
measurements highlight that this subset of mutants exhibits divergent
perturbations in the kinetics and strength of interactions not only
relative to those of the native WDR5 but also among various SET1Win ligands. These outcomes could form a fundamental basis
for future drug discovery and other developments in medical biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Imran
- Department of Physics, Syracuse University, 201 Physics Building, Syracuse, New York 13244-1130, United States
| | - Brandon S. Moyer
- Ichor Life Sciences, Inc., 2651 US Route 11, LaFayette, New York 13084, United States
| | - Dan Kalina
- Ichor Life Sciences, Inc., 2651 US Route 11, LaFayette, New York 13084, United States
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Dr., Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Thomas M. Duncan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, 4249 Weiskotten Hall, 766 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Kelsey J. Moody
- Department of Physics, Syracuse University, 201 Physics Building, Syracuse, New York 13244-1130, United States
- Ichor Life Sciences, Inc., 2651 US Route 11, LaFayette, New York 13084, United States
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Dr., Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
- Lewis School of Health Sciences, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Aaron J. Wolfe
- Department of Physics, Syracuse University, 201 Physics Building, Syracuse, New York 13244-1130, United States
- Ichor Life Sciences, Inc., 2651 US Route 11, LaFayette, New York 13084, United States
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Dr., Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
- Lewis School of Health Sciences, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Michael S. Cosgrove
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, 4249 Weiskotten Hall, 766 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Liviu Movileanu
- Department of Physics, Syracuse University, 201 Physics Building, Syracuse, New York 13244-1130, United States
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, 329 Link Hall, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
- The BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
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10
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Teuscher KB, Meyers KM, Wei Q, Mills JJ, Tian J, Alvarado J, Sai J, Van Meveren M, South TM, Rietz TA, Zhao B, Moore WJ, Stott GM, Tansey WP, Lee T, Fesik SW. Discovery of Potent Orally Bioavailable WD Repeat Domain 5 (WDR5) Inhibitors Using a Pharmacophore-Based Optimization. J Med Chem 2022; 65:6287-6312. [PMID: 35436124 PMCID: PMC10081510 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
WD repeat domain 5 (WDR5) is a nuclear scaffolding protein that forms many biologically important multiprotein complexes. The WIN site of WDR5 represents a promising pharmacological target in a variety of human cancers. Here, we describe the optimization of our initial WDR5 WIN-site inhibitor using a structure-guided pharmacophore-based convergent strategy to improve its druglike properties and pharmacokinetic profile. The core of the previous lead remained constant while a focused SAR effort on the three pharmacophore units was combined to generate a new in vivo lead series. Importantly, this new series of compounds has picomolar binding affinity, improved cellular antiproliferative activity and selectivity, and increased kinetic aqueous solubility. They also exhibit a desirable oral pharmacokinetic profile with manageable intravenous clearance and high oral bioavailability. Thus, these new leads are useful probes toward studying the effects of WDR5 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - William J Moore
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21701-4907, United States
| | - Gordon M Stott
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21701-4907, United States
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11
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Yu X, Li D, Kottur J, Shen Y, Kim HS, Park KS, Tsai YH, Gong W, Wang J, Suzuki K, Parker J, Herring L, Kaniskan HÜ, Cai L, Jain R, Liu J, Aggarwal AK, Wang GG, Jin J. A selective WDR5 degrader inhibits acute myeloid leukemia in patient-derived mouse models. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabj1578. [PMID: 34586829 PMCID: PMC8500670 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abj1578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between WD40 repeat domain protein 5 (WDR5) and its various partners such as mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) and c-MYC are essential for sustaining oncogenesis in human cancers. However, inhibitors that block protein-protein interactions (PPIs) between WDR5 and its binding partners exhibit modest cancer cell killing effects and lack in vivo efficacy. Here, we present pharmacological degradation of WDR5 as a promising therapeutic strategy for treating WDR5-dependent tumors and report two high-resolution crystal structures of WDR5-degrader-E3 ligase ternary complexes. We identified an effective WDR5 degrader via structure-based design and demonstrated its in vitro and in vivo antitumor activities. On the basis of the crystal structure of an initial WDR5 degrader in complex with WDR5 and the E3 ligase von Hippel–Lindau (VHL), we designed a WDR5 degrader, MS67, and demonstrated the high cooperativity of MS67 binding to WDR5 and VHL by another ternary complex structure and biophysical characterization. MS67 potently and selectively depleted WDR5 and was more effective than WDR5 PPI inhibitors in suppressing transcription of WDR5-regulated genes, decreasing the chromatin-bound fraction of MLL complex components and c-MYC, and inhibiting the proliferation of cancer cells. In addition, MS67 suppressed malignant growth of MLL-rearranged acute myeloid leukemia patient cells in vitro and in vivo and was well tolerated in vivo. Collectively, our results demonstrate that structure-based design can be an effective strategy to identify highly active degraders and suggest that pharmacological degradation of WDR5 might be a promising treatment for WDR5-dependent cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufen Yu
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Dongxu Li
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jithesh Kottur
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yudao Shen
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Huen Suk Kim
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kwang-Su Park
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yi-Hsuan Tsai
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Weida Gong
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kyogo Suzuki
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joel Parker
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Laura Herring
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - H. Ümit Kaniskan
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ling Cai
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rinku Jain
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jing Liu
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Aneel K Aggarwal
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Gang Greg Wang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Corresponding author. (J.J.); (G.G.W.)
| | - Jian Jin
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Corresponding author. (J.J.); (G.G.W.)
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12
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Zheng Y, Pei Y, Tang R, Zhou X, Feng Z, Li D, Chen H, Zeng Z, Jiang L, Cai J, Mao P, Wang L. ACBD3 is up-regulated in gastric cancer and promotes cell cycle G1-to-S transition in an AKT-dependent manner. Exp Cell Res 2021; 406:112752. [PMID: 34332983 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that ACBD3 is closely related to the malignant process of cells, but its role in gastric cancer has not been elucidated. This study aims to investigate the expression and function of ACBD3 in human gastric cancer. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database were selected to analyze mRNA levels of ACBD3 in gastric cancer tissues and normal gastric epithelial tissues. qPCR and Western blot were conducted to detect the expression of ACBD3 in two normal gastric epithelial cell lines and five gastric cancer cell lines which were cultured in our laboratory. To exclude differences in individual background between different patients, we further detected the expression of ACBD3 in 8 pairs of malignant/non-malignant clinical gastric tissues. Through the establishment of stable cells, in vitro cell experiments and in vivo xenotransplantation models in mice, the role of ACBD3 in the proliferation of gastric cancer cells has been further explored. AKT inhibitors were used to deeply explore the molecular regulation mechanism of ACBD3. The results showed that the elevated ACBD3 in gastric cancer tissue were positively correlated with the clinical grade and prognosis of gastric cancer. In terms of molecular function, we found that ACBD3 can enhance the production and growth of gastric cancer cells. At the same time, the activation of AKT kinase played an important role in ACBD3's promotion of G1-to-S transition. The experiments generally indicate that ACBD3 is expected to become a potential diagnostic molecule or therapeutic target for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchun Zheng
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuanyuan Pei
- Shenzhen Long-gang Maternal and Child Health Hospital Centralab, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Ruiming Tang
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou, 511518, China
| | - Xiulan Zhou
- Shenzhen Long-gang Maternal and Child Health Hospital Centralab, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Zhengfu Feng
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou, 511518, China
| | - Difeng Li
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou, 511518, China; Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Han Chen
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou, 511518, China; Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Zhi Zeng
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Lili Jiang
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou, 511518, China; Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Junchao Cai
- Department of Immunology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Pu Mao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Lan Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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13
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Tang L, Tang B, Lei Y, Yang M, Wang S, Hu S, Xie Z, Liu Y, Vlodavsky I, Yang S. Helicobacter pylori-Induced Heparanase Promotes H. pylori Colonization and Gastritis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:675747. [PMID: 34220822 PMCID: PMC8248549 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.675747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic gastritis caused by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection has been widely recognized as the most important risk factor for gastric cancer. Analysis of the interaction between the key participants in gastric mucosal immunity and H. pylori infection is expected to provide important insights for the treatment of chronic gastritis and the prevention of gastric cancer. Heparanase is an endoglycosidase that degrades heparan sulfate, resulting in remodeling of the extracellular matrix thereby facilitating the extravasation and migration of immune cells towards sites of inflammation. Heparanase also releases heparan sulfate-bound cytokines and chemokines that further promote directed motility and recruitment of immune cells. Heparanase is highly expressed in a variety of inflammatory conditions and diseases, but its role in chronic gastritis has not been sufficiently explored. In this study, we report that H. pylori infection promotes up-regulation of heparanase in gastritis, which in turn facilitates the colonization of H. pylori in the gastric mucosa, thereby aggravating gastritis. By sustaining continuous activation, polarization and recruitment of macrophages that supply pro-inflammatory and pro-tumorigenic cytokines (i.e., IL-1, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, MIP-2, iNOS), heparanase participates in the generation of a vicious circle, driven by enhanced NFκB and p38-MAPK signaling, that supports the development and progression of gastric cancer. These results suggest that inhibition of heparanase may block this self-sustaining cycle, and thereby reduce the risk of gastritis and gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sumin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiping Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhuo Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yaojiang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shiming Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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14
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Imran A, Moyer BS, Canning AJ, Kalina D, Duncan TM, Moody KJ, Wolfe AJ, Cosgrove MS, Movileanu L. Kinetics of the multitasking high-affinity Win binding site of WDR5 in restricted and unrestricted conditions. Biochem J 2021; 478:2145-2161. [PMID: 34032265 PMCID: PMC8214142 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in quantitative proteomics show that WD40 proteins play a pivotal role in numerous cellular networks. Yet, they have been fairly unexplored and their physical associations with other proteins are ambiguous. A quantitative understanding of these interactions has wide-ranging significance. WD40 repeat protein 5 (WDR5) interacts with all members of human SET1/MLL methyltransferases, which regulate methylation of the histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4). Here, using real-time binding measurements in a high-throughput setting, we identified the kinetic fingerprint of transient associations between WDR5 and 14-residue WDR5 interaction (Win) motif peptides of each SET1 protein (SET1Win). Our results reveal that the high-affinity WDR5-SET1Win interactions feature slow association kinetics. This finding is likely due to the requirement of SET1Win to insert into the narrow WDR5 cavity, also named the Win binding site. Furthermore, our explorations indicate fairly slow dissociation kinetics. This conclusion is in accordance with the primary role of WDR5 in maintaining the functional integrity of a large multisubunit complex, which regulates the histone methylation. Because the Win binding site is considered a key therapeutic target, the immediate outcomes of this study could form the basis for accelerated developments in medical biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Imran
- Department of Physics, Syracuse University, 201 Physics Building, Syracuse, New York 13244-1130, USA
| | - Brandon S. Moyer
- Ichor Therapeutics, Inc., 2521 US Route 11, LaFayette, New York 13084, USA
| | - Ashley J. Canning
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York - Upstate Medical University, 4249 Weiskotten Hall, 766 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| | - Dan Kalina
- Ichor Therapeutics, Inc., 2521 US Route 11, LaFayette, New York 13084, USA
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Dr., Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| | - Thomas M. Duncan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York - Upstate Medical University, 4249 Weiskotten Hall, 766 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| | - Kelsey J. Moody
- Department of Physics, Syracuse University, 201 Physics Building, Syracuse, New York 13244-1130, USA
- Ichor Therapeutics, Inc., 2521 US Route 11, LaFayette, New York 13084, USA
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Dr., Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| | - Aaron J. Wolfe
- Department of Physics, Syracuse University, 201 Physics Building, Syracuse, New York 13244-1130, USA
- Ichor Therapeutics, Inc., 2521 US Route 11, LaFayette, New York 13084, USA
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Dr., Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| | - Michael S. Cosgrove
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York - Upstate Medical University, 4249 Weiskotten Hall, 766 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| | - Liviu Movileanu
- Department of Physics, Syracuse University, 201 Physics Building, Syracuse, New York 13244-1130, USA
- The BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, 13244, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, 329 Link Hall, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
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15
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Zhao J, Chen W, Pan Y, Zhang Y, Sun H, Wang H, Yang F, Liu Y, Shen N, Zhang X, Mo X, Zang J. Structural insights into the recognition of histone H3Q5 serotonylation by WDR5. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/25/eabf4291. [PMID: 34144982 PMCID: PMC8213231 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf4291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Serotonylation of histone H3Q5 (H3Q5ser) is a recently identified posttranslational modification of histones that acts as a permissive marker for gene activation in synergy with H3K4me3 during neuronal cell differentiation. However, any proteins that specifically recognize H3Q5ser remain unknown. Here, we found that WDR5 interacts with the N-terminal tail of histone H3 and functions as a "reader" for H3Q5ser. Crystal structures of WDR5 in complex with H3Q5ser and H3K4me3Q5ser peptides revealed that the serotonyl group is accommodated in a shallow surface pocket of WDR5. Experiments in neuroblastoma cells demonstrate that H3K4me3 modification is hampered upon disruption of WDR5-H3Q5ser interaction. WDR5 colocalizes with H3Q5ser in the promoter regions of cancer-promoting genes in neuroblastoma cells, where it promotes gene transcription to induce cell proliferation. Thus, beyond revealing a previously unknown mechanism through which WDR5 reads H3Q5ser to activate transcription, our study suggests that this WDR5-H3Q5ser-mediated epigenetic regulation apparently promotes tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the first affiliated hospital of USTC, MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Wanbiao Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the first affiliated hospital of USTC, MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yi Pan
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yinfeng Zhang
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Huiying Sun
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Han Wang
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Nan Shen
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China.
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the first affiliated hospital of USTC, MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Xi Mo
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China.
| | - Jianye Zang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the first affiliated hospital of USTC, MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
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16
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Huang D, Chen X, Chen X, Qu Y, Wang Y, Yang Y, Cheng Y. WDR5 Promotes Proliferation and Correlates with Poor Prognosis in Oesophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:10525-10534. [PMID: 33116631 PMCID: PMC7573303 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s234773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The WD40 protein family member WD repeat domain 5 (WDR5) plays significant roles in the tumorigenesis and development of multiple organ tumours. However, the correlation between WDR5 expression and oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has not been elucidated. Methods WDR5 mRNA expression data were acquired from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, and the expression and prognostic potential of WDR5 were assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot. The cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), colony formation assay and cell cycle evaluation were performed to verify the WDR5 function in vitro. The xenograft model was used to verify WDR5 function in vivo. Results The mRNA and protein expression levels of WDR5 were significantly upregulated in ESCC tissues compared with expression in adjacent normal tissues. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that high WDR5 expression in ESCC patients was associated with poor overall survival (P=0.004). Multivariate analysis revealed that WDR5 overexpression emerged as an independent predictor of poor overall survival (P=0.013) in ESCC. The in vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that downregulation of WDR5 expression blocked cell proliferation of ESCC. Mechanistically, we found that WDR5 may influence ESCC proliferation by targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway. Conclusion Our data demonstrate that overexpression of WDR5 was associated with poor prognosis in patients with ESCC and that WDR5 may act as a potential novel prognostic biomarker for ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Qu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Oncology, People's Hospital of Linyi County, Dezhou, Shandong 251500, People's Republic of China
| | - Yafei Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufeng Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
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17
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Zuo Y, Lu Y, Xu Q, Sun D, Liang X, Li X, Li Y. Inhibitory effect of dihydromyricetin on the proliferation of JAR cells and its mechanism of action. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:357-363. [PMID: 32565961 PMCID: PMC7286138 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dihydromyricetin (DMY) is a novel natural drug with antitumor activity against some cancer cells without obvious toxicity. Previously, its apoptotic effect on human choriocarcinoma was detected. The present study further investigated the therapeutic potential of DMY as a new drug for the treatment of choriocarcinoma, as well as its anti-proliferative effect and mechanism of action. The short-term proliferation of JAR cells was determined by MTT assay, whereas the effect of DMY on long-term cell proliferation was determined by colony forming assay. Flow cytometry was used to detect changes in the cell cycle. Furthermore, western blotting was used to detect the expression levels of proliferation-associated proteins such as cyclin A1, cyclin D1, SMAD3 and SMAD4. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to quantify mRNA expression levels. The results indicated that DMY inhibited short and long-term proliferation of JAR cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Flow cytometry demonstrated S/G2/M cell cycle arrest, and western blotting revealed the downregulation of SMAD3, SMAD4, cyclin A1 and cyclin D1 expression levels. The results of RT-qPCR and western blotting were consistent. Overall, the findings of the present study suggest that DMY inhibits the proliferation of human choriocarcinoma JAR cells, potentially through cell cycle arrest via the downregulation of cyclin A1, cyclin D1, SMAD3 and SMAD4 expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhen Zuo
- Department of Pharmacology, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Yanjie Lu
- Department of Pathology, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Qian Xu
- Research Laboratory, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Dayong Sun
- Department of Tumor Radiation and Chemotherapy Center, Chengde Central Hospital, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Xiujun Liang
- Research Laboratory, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoru Li
- Department of Gynaecology, Chengde Central Hospital, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Yuhong Li
- Department of Pathology, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
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18
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Wu C, Muhataer X, Wang W, Deng M, Jin R, Lian Z, Luo D, Li Y, Yang X. Abnormal DNA methylation patterns in patients with infection‑caused leukocytopenia based on methylation microarrays. Mol Med Rep 2020; 21:2335-2348. [PMID: 32323775 PMCID: PMC7185277 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the association between gene methylation and leukocytopenia from the perspective of gene regulation. A total of 30 patients confirmed as having post-infection leukocytopenia at People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region between January 2016 and June 2017 were successively recruited as the leukocytopenia group; 30 patients with post-infection leukocytosis were enrolled as the leukocytosis group. In addition, 30 healthy volunteers who received a health examination at the hospital during the same period were included as the normal control group. In each group, four individuals were randomly selected for whole genome methylation screening. After selection of key methylation sites, the remaining samples in each group were used for verification using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. The levels of serum complement factors C3 and C5 in the leukocytopenia group were significantly lower than those in the other two groups (P<0.05). According to whole-genome DNA methylation detection, 66 and 27 methylation loci may be associated with leukocytopenia and leukocytosis, respectively. Most of these abnormal loci are located on chromosomes 2, 6, 7, 1, 17 and 11. The rates of WW domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2 gene methylation at cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG)_1, CpG_5/6 and CpG_7 in the leukocytopenia group were higher than in the other two groups (P<0.05); the rate of AKT2 CpG_1 methylation was higher in the leukocytopenia group than in the other two groups (P<0.05); the rate of calcium-binding atopy-related autoantigen 1 gene CpG_2 methylation was higher in the leukocytosis group than in the normal control group (P<0.05); and the rate of NADPH oxidase 5 gene CpG_3 methylation was higher in the leukocytosis group than in the normal control group (P<0.05). Chemotactic factor secretion and cell migration abnormalities, ubiquitination modification disorders and reduced oxidative burst may participate in infection-complicated leukocytopenia. The results of this study shed new light on the molecular biological mechanisms of infection-complicated leukocytopenia and provide novel avenues for diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 830001, P.R. China
| | - Xirennayi Muhataer
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 830001, P.R. China
| | - Wenyi Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 830001, P.R. China
| | - Mingqin Deng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 830001, P.R. China
| | - Rong Jin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 830001, P.R. China
| | - Zhichuang Lian
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 830001, P.R. China
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 830001, P.R. China
| | - Yafang Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 830001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 830001, P.R. China
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19
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Bryan AF, Wang J, Howard GC, Guarnaccia AD, Woodley CM, Aho ER, Rellinger EJ, Matlock BK, Flaherty DK, Lorey SL, Chung DH, Fesik SW, Liu Q, Weissmiller AM, Tansey WP. WDR5 is a conserved regulator of protein synthesis gene expression. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:2924-2941. [PMID: 31996893 PMCID: PMC7102967 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
WDR5 is a highly-conserved nuclear protein that performs multiple scaffolding functions in the context of chromatin. WDR5 is also a promising target for pharmacological inhibition in cancer, with small molecule inhibitors of an arginine-binding pocket of WDR5 (the 'WIN' site) showing efficacy against a range of cancer cell lines in vitro. Efforts to understand WDR5, or establish the mechanism of action of WIN site inhibitors, however, are stymied by its many functions in the nucleus, and a lack of knowledge of the conserved gene networks-if any-that are under its control. Here, we have performed comparative genomic analyses to identify the conserved sites of WDR5 binding to chromatin, and the conserved genes regulated by WDR5, across a diverse panel of cancer cell lines. We show that a specific cohort of protein synthesis genes (PSGs) are invariantly bound by WDR5, demonstrate that the WIN site anchors WDR5 to chromatin at these sites, and establish that PSGs are bona fide, acute, and persistent targets of WIN site blockade. Together, these data reveal that WDR5 plays a predominant transcriptional role in biomass accumulation and provide further evidence that WIN site inhibitors act to repress gene networks linked to protein synthesis homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audra F Bryan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Gregory C Howard
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Alissa D Guarnaccia
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Chase M Woodley
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Erin R Aho
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Eric J Rellinger
- Department of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Brittany K Matlock
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center Flow Cytometry Shared Resource, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - David K Flaherty
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center Flow Cytometry Shared Resource, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Shelly L Lorey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Dai H Chung
- Department of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Stephen W Fesik
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - April M Weissmiller
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - William P Tansey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
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20
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Tian J, Teuscher KB, Aho ER, Alvarado JR, Mills JJ, Meyers KM, Gogliotti RD, Han C, Macdonald JD, Sai J, Shaw JG, Sensintaffar JL, Zhao B, Rietz TA, Thomas LR, Payne WG, Moore WJ, Stott GM, Kondo J, Inoue M, Coffey RJ, Tansey WP, Stauffer SR, Lee T, Fesik SW. Discovery and Structure-Based Optimization of Potent and Selective WD Repeat Domain 5 (WDR5) Inhibitors Containing a Dihydroisoquinolinone Bicyclic Core. J Med Chem 2020; 63:656-675. [PMID: 31858797 PMCID: PMC6986559 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
WD repeat domain 5 (WDR5) is a member of the WD40-repeat protein family that plays a critical role in multiple chromatin-centric processes. Overexpression of WDR5 correlates with a poor clinical outcome in many human cancers, and WDR5 itself has emerged as an attractive target for therapy. Most drug-discovery efforts center on the WIN site of WDR5 that is responsible for the recruitment of WDR5 to chromatin. Here, we describe discovery of a novel WDR5 WIN site antagonists containing a dihydroisoquinolinone bicyclic core using a structure-based design. These compounds exhibit picomolar binding affinity and selective concentration-dependent antiproliferative activities in sensitive MLL-fusion cell lines. Furthermore, these WDR5 WIN site binders inhibit proliferation in MYC-driven cancer cells and reduce MYC recruitment to chromatin at MYC/WDR5 co-bound genes. Thus, these molecules are useful probes to study the implication of WDR5 inhibition in cancers and serve as a potential starting point toward the discovery of anti-WDR5 therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Tian
- Chemical Synthesis Core, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Kevin B. Teuscher
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Erin R. Aho
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Joseph R. Alvarado
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Jonathan J. Mills
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Kenneth M. Meyers
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Rocco D. Gogliotti
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Changho Han
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Macdonald
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Jiqing Sai
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - J. Grace Shaw
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - John L. Sensintaffar
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Tyson A. Rietz
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Lance R. Thomas
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - William G. Payne
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - William J. Moore
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Gordon M. Stott
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Jumpei Kondo
- Department of Clinical Bio-resource Research and Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, 541-8567, Japan
| | - Masahiro Inoue
- Department of Clinical Bio-resource Research and Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, 541-8567, Japan
| | - Robert J. Coffey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - William P. Tansey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Shaun R. Stauffer
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Taekyu Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Stephen W. Fesik
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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21
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Wang F, Zhang J, Ke X, Peng W, Zhao G, Peng S, Xu J, Xu B, Cui H. WDR5-Myc axis promotes the progression of glioblastoma and neuroblastoma by transcriptional activating CARM1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 523:699-706. [PMID: 31948749 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.12.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The WD repeat domain 5 (WDR5), also known as SWD3 and BIG-3, is often overexpressed in cancers, however its molecular function in cancer remains to be elucidated. In this study, we found that WDR5 promoted the proliferation and self-renewal of glioblastoma and neuroblastoma cells. The data from databases and Western blot assay showed that CARM1 is a downstream gene of WDR5-Myc axis. In addition, we observed that WDR5 promoted the binding of Myc to CARM1 promoter by interacting with Myc and inducing histone 3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3). Dual luciferase reporter system indicated that Myc binds to the upstream region (-520 to -515) before transcription start site (TSS) of CARM1 promoter. These findings suggest a novel regulatory model for the proliferation and tumorigenesis of glioblastoma and neuroblastoma by WDR5-Myc axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400716, China; Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Jiayi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400716, China; Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Xiaoxue Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400716, China; Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Wen Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400716, China; Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Gaichao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400716, China; Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Shihan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400716, China; Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Jie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400716, China; Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Bo Xu
- School Hospital of Southwest University, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400716, China; Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400716, China.
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22
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Punzi S, Balestrieri C, D'Alesio C, Bossi D, Dellino GI, Gatti E, Pruneri G, Criscitiello C, Lovati G, Meliksetyan M, Carugo A, Curigliano G, Natoli G, Pelicci PG, Lanfrancone L. WDR5 inhibition halts metastasis dissemination by repressing the mesenchymal phenotype of breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res 2019; 21:123. [PMID: 31752957 PMCID: PMC6873410 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-019-1216-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Development of metastases and drug resistance are still a challenge for a successful systemic treatment in breast cancer (BC) patients. One of the mechanisms that confer metastatic properties to the cell relies in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Moreover, both EMT and metastasis are partly modulated through epigenetic mechanisms, by repression or induction of specific related genes. Methods We applied shRNAs and drug targeting approaches in BC cell lines and metastatic patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models to inhibit WDR5, the core subunit of histone H3 K4 methyltransferase complexes, and evaluate its role in metastasis regulation. Result We report that WDR5 is crucial in regulating tumorigenesis and metastasis spreading during BC progression. In particular, WDR5 loss reduces the metastatic properties of the cells by reverting the mesenchymal phenotype of triple negative- and luminal B-derived cells, thus inducing an epithelial trait. We also suggest that this regulation is mediated by TGFβ1, implying a prominent role of WDR5 in driving EMT through TGFβ1 activation. Moreover, such EMT reversion can be induced by drug targeting of WDR5 as well, leading to BC cell sensitization to chemotherapy and enhancement of paclitaxel-dependent effects. Conclusions We suggest that WDR5 inhibition could be a promising pharmacologic approach to reduce cell migration, revert EMT, and block metastasis formation in BC, thus overcoming resistance to standard treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Punzi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Balestrieri
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele (MI), 20090, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Rozzano (MI), 20089, Italy
| | - Carolina D'Alesio
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Present address: Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (Di.M.I), University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniela Bossi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Present address: Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Gaetano Ivan Dellino
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Gatti
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Pruneri
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathology, Biobank for Translational Medicine Unit, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Present address: Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori - Fondazione IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Carmen Criscitiello
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapy, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Lovati
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Marine Meliksetyan
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Carugo
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, UT MD Anderson Cancer Cente, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Giuseppe Curigliano
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapy, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Gioacchino Natoli
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele (MI), 20090, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Rozzano (MI), 20089, Italy
| | - Pier Giuseppe Pelicci
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luisa Lanfrancone
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
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23
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Yang S, Zhao Y, Wang L, Liu C, Lu Y, Fang Z, Shi H, Zhang W, Wu X. MicroRNA‑4712‑5p promotes proliferation of the vulvar squamous cell carcinoma cell line A431 by targeting PTEN through the AKT/cyclin D1 signaling pathways. Oncol Rep 2019; 42:1689-1698. [PMID: 31545465 PMCID: PMC6787978 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to screen differentially expressed miRNAs in vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC), observe the role of microRNA-4712-5p in VSCC and investigate its targets and regulatory mechanism. Differentially expressed miRNAs in human VSCC tissues were screened. microRNA-4712-5p was selected and its expression level was verified in clinical tissue samples and the VSCC cell line A431 by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis. The overexpression vector of microRNA-4712-5p was prepared and transfected into A431 cells; subsequently, cell invasion and metastasis were examined by Cell Counting Kit-8 and Transwell migration assays. Furthermore, the target gene of miRNA-4712-5p was predicted by bioinformatics and verified by The Dual-Luciferase® Reporter (DLR™) Assay System. The expression of phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) and its downstream proteins, such as protein kinase B (PKB; AKT), glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)3β and cyclin D1, were detected by western blot assays. The expression level of microRNA-4712-5p in VSCC tissues and the A431 cell line was found to be significantly increased, promoting proliferation and invasion of VSCC. The DLR™ assay indicated that PTEN was a target of miR-4712-5p. RT-qPCR revealed that PTEN expression was markedly lower in VSCC tissues compared with that in adjacent tissues. After A431 cells were transfected with the miRNA-4712-5p overexpression vector, phospho-AKT (p-AKT) and cyclin D1 expression were notably increased, but miRNA-4712-5p-targeted PTEN and phospho-GSK3β (p-GSK3β) protein markedly decreased. Therefore, microRNA-4712-5p can reduce the expression of PTEN, further affecting its downstream p-AKT, p-GSK3β and cyclin D1 signaling pathways, promoting the proliferation and invasion of VSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Yang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Lufang Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Union Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Ye Lu
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Zhidong Fang
- China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Hongshuang Shi
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Wenyi Zhang
- Rehabilitation Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110134, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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24
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Xu W, Wang L, An Y, Ye J. Expression of WD Repeat Domain 5 (WDR5) is Associated with Progression and Reduced Prognosis in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:3762-3770. [PMID: 31107859 PMCID: PMC6540649 DOI: 10.12659/msm.915847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The WD repeat domain 5 (WDR5) is an essential component of methyltransferase complexes. The expression of WDR5 has been reported in several types of malignancy. This study aimed to investigate the expression of the WDR5 gene and protein in a human papillary carcinoma cell line in vitro, including the use WDR5 gene silencing, and the expression of the WDR5 protein in papillary thyroid carcinoma tissue, and clinicopathological characteristics including overall survival (OS). Material/Methods The role of WDR5 in proliferation and migration of the human papillary thyroid carcinoma cell line, KTC-1, was investigated using the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and transwell assay after silencing WDR5 expression. Expression levels of WDR5 in 84 patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma were detected using immunohistochemistry. The correlation between WDR5 expression and clinicopathological features was analyzed using the chi-squared test. The prognostic role of WDR5 was evaluated by univariate analysis with the log-rank test, and by multivariate analysis with the Cox regression model. Results WDR5 expression promoted the proliferation and migration of the KTC-1 cells. In tumor tissue from patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma, low expression and high expression levels of WDR5 were found in 72.6% and 27.4%, respectively. Increased expression of WDR5 was significantly associated with lymphatic invasion and reduced survival rates. WDR5 expression was an independent negative prognostic biomarker. Conclusions Expression of WDR5 promoted cell proliferation and migration in vitro and was associated with reduced prognosis in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang City, Weifang, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Lingling Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang City, Weifang, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Ying An
- Department of Endocrinology, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang City, Weifang, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Oncology, Tong De Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
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25
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Cheng X, Wang X, Wu Z, Tan S, Zhu T, Ding K. CORO1C expression is associated with poor survival rates in gastric cancer and promotes metastasis in vitro. FEBS Open Bio 2019; 9:1097-1108. [PMID: 30974047 PMCID: PMC6551501 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronin-like actin-binding protein 1C (CORO1C) is a member of the WD repeat protein family that regulates actin-dependent processes by assembling F-actin. CORO1C was previously reported to promote metastasis in breast cancer and lung squamous cell carcinoma. Here, we investigated the role of CORO1C in gastric cancer. Higher expression levels of CORO1C were detected in gastric cancer tissues as compared with normal gastric tissues. In addition, CORO1C levels were found to be positively correlated with lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer patients. The expression levels of CORO1C were higher in stage III-IV gastric cancer patients (80.8%) than in stage I-II gastric cancer patients(57.1%). Gastric cancer patients positive for CORO1C expression showed lower relapse-free survival and overall survival rates. Knockdown of CORO1C dramatically suppressed total cell number, cell viability, cell colony formation, cell mitosis and cell metastasis, and promoted apoptosis of gastric cancer cells. Furthermore, cyclin D1 and vimentin were found to be positively regulated by CORO1C. As cyclin D1 and vimentin play an oncogenic role in gastric cancer, CORO1C may exert its tumor-promoting activity through these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhengsheng Wu
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Sheng Tan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Keshuo Ding
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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26
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Lewis R, Li YD, Hoffman L, Hashizume R, Gravohac G, Rice G, Wadhwani NR, Jie C, Pundy T, Mania-Farnell B, Mayanil CS, Soares MB, Lei T, James CD, Foreman NK, Tomita T, Xi G. Global Reduction of H3K4me3 Improves Chemotherapeutic Efficacy for Pediatric Ependymomas. Neoplasia 2019; 21:505-515. [PMID: 31005631 PMCID: PMC6477190 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ependymomas (EPNs) are the third most common brain tumor in children. These tumors are resistant to available chemotherapeutic treatments, therefore new effective targeted therapeutics must be identified. Increasing evidence shows epigenetic alterations including histone posttranslational modifications (PTMs), are associated with malignancy, chemotherapeutic resistance and prognosis for pediatric EPNs. In this study we examined histone PTMs in EPNs and identified potential targets to improve chemotherapeutic efficacy. METHODS Global histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) levels were detected in pediatric EPN tumor samples with immunohistochemistry and immunoblots. Candidate genes conferring therapeutic resistance were profiled in pediatric EPN tumor samples with micro-array. Promoter H3K4me3 was examined for two candidate genes, CCND1 and ERBB2, with chromatin-immunoprecipitation coupled with real-time PCR (ChIP-PCR). These methods and MTS assay were used to verify a relationship between H3K4me3 levels and CCND1 and ERBB2, and to investigate cell viability in response to chemotherapeutic drugs in primary cultured pediatric EPN cells. RESULTS H3K4me3 levels positively correlate with WHO grade malignancy in pediatric EPNs and are associated with progression free survival in patients with posterior fossa group A EPNs (PF-EPN-A). Reduction of H3K4me3 by silencing its methyltransferase SETD1A, in primary cultured EPN cells increased cell response to chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the development of a novel treatment that targets H3K4me3 to increase chemotherapeutic efficacy in pediatric PF-EPN-A tumors.
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Key Words
- epn, ependymoma
- ptm, posttranslational modification
- cns, central nervous system
- emem, eagle's minimum essential medium
- cimp+, cpg island methylator positive
- tss, transcription start site
- pfs, progression free survival
- vcr, vincristine
- cpl, carboplatin
- irb, institutional review board
- mts, 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2h-tetrazolium
- ffpe, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded
- chip-pcr, chromatin-immunoprecipitation coupled with real-time pcr
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Lewis
- Falk Brain Tumor Center and Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yuping D Li
- Falk Brain Tumor Center and Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lindsey Hoffman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA,Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rintaro Hashizume
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gordan Gravohac
- Falk Brain Tumor Center and Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gavin Rice
- Department of Pathology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nitin R Wadhwani
- Department of Pathology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chunfa Jie
- Department of Biochemistry, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa, USA
| | - Tatiana Pundy
- Falk Brain Tumor Center and Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Chandra S Mayanil
- Falk Brain Tumor Center and Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Development Biology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marcelo B Soares
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ting Lei
- Department of Neurological Surgery of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Charles D James
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nicolas K Foreman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA,Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Tadanori Tomita
- Falk Brain Tumor Center and Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Guifa Xi
- Falk Brain Tumor Center and Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Development Biology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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27
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Song C, Xu X, Wu Y, Ji B, Zhou X, Qin L. Study of the mechanism underlying hsa-miR338-3p downregulation to promote fibrosis of the synovial tissue in osteoarthritis patients. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 46:627-637. [PMID: 30484106 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4518-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterized by the degradation of joint cartilage, the formation of osteophyma at joint margins, and synovial changes. Whereas lesions of the joint cartilage were the key point of the research and treatment of osteoarthritis before, a recent study showed that the synovium plays a crucial role in the pathological progress of OA. The inflammatory environment in the joints of OA patients always results in the overactivation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs), which produce a multitude of inflammatory factors and media, not only leading to the degradation and injury of the cartilage tissue and promoting the development of osteoarthritis but also resulting in synovial fibrosis and joint stiffness. Therefore, the synovium has attracted increasing attention in the research of OA, and the study of the mechanism of activation of FLSs and the fibrosis of joint synovium may shed new light on OA treatment. By using high-throughput screening, we have identified that hsa-miR338-3p is significantly downregulated in the synovial tissue and joint effusion from OA patients. A functional study showed that overexpression of hsa-miR338-3p in the FLSs inhibited the TGF-β1-induced overactivation of the TGF-β/Smad fibrosis regulation pathway by suppressing TRAP-1 expression and thus reducing the TGF-β1-induced activation of the FLSs and the expression of vimentin and collagen I, two fibrosis markers. Meanwhile, a mechanism study also showed that the upregulation of hsa-miR338-3p reduced Smad2/3 phosphorylation by suppressing TRAP-1 and thus inhibited the TGF-β/Smad pathway and TIMP1, a downstream protein. The present study, for the first time, illustrates the role of hsa-miR338-3p in synovial fibrosis in OA patients and the related mechanism, which is of importance to the treatment of OA and its complications by targeting the FLSs and synovial tissue. Hsa-miR338-3p not only has the potential to be a target for the gene therapy of OA but also has the potential to be a new marker for the diagnosis of clinical progression in OA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changzhi Song
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yancheng City No. 1 People's Hospital, Yancheng, 224006, China
| | - Xiaozu Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yancheng City No. 1 People's Hospital, Yancheng, 224006, China.
| | - Ya Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yancheng City No. 1 People's Hospital, Yancheng, 224006, China
| | - Biao Ji
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yancheng City No. 1 People's Hospital, Yancheng, 224006, China
| | - Xiaoye Zhou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Yancheng City No. 1 People's Hospital, Yancheng, 224006, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yancheng City No. 1 People's Hospital, Yancheng, 224006, China
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28
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Lu K, Tao H, Si X, Chen Q. The Histone H3 Lysine 4 Presenter WDR5 as an Oncogenic Protein and Novel Epigenetic Target in Cancer. Front Oncol 2018; 8:502. [PMID: 30488017 PMCID: PMC6246693 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) presenter WDR5 forms protein complexes with H3K4 methyltransferases MLL1-MLL4 and binding partner proteins including RBBP5, ASH2L, and DPY30, and plays a key role in histone H3K4 trimethylation, chromatin remodeling, transcriptional activation of target genes, normal biology, and diseases such as MLL-rearranged leukemia. By forming protein complexes with other proteins such as Myc, WDR5 induces transcriptional activation of key oncogenes, tumor cell cycle progression, DNA replication, cell proliferation, survival, tumor initiation, progression, invasion, and metastasis of cancer of a variety of organ origins. Several small molecule MLL/WDR5 protein-protein interaction inhibitors, such as MM-401, MM-589, WDR5-0103, Piribedil, and OICR-9429, have been confirmed to reduce H3K4 trimethylation, oncogenic gene expression, cell cycle progression, cancer cell proliferation, survival and resistance to chemotherapy without general toxicity to normal cells. Derivatives of the MLL/WDR5 interaction inhibitors with improved pharmacokinetic properties and in vivo bioavailability are expected to have the potential to be trialed in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kebin Lu
- Department of Paediatrics, Shan Xian Central Hospital, Heze, China
| | - He Tao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shan Xian Haijiya Hospital, Heze, China
| | - Xiaomin Si
- Department of Medical Oncology, Xian Yang Central Hospital, Xianyang, China
| | - Qingjuan Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Xian Yang Central Hospital, Xianyang, China
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29
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Yan M, Yang X, Shen R, Wu C, Wang H, Ye Q, Yang P, Zhang L, Chen M, Wan B, Zhang Q, Xia S, Lu X, Shao G, Zhou X, Yu J, Shao Q. miR-146b promotes cell proliferation and increases chemosensitivity, but attenuates cell migration and invasion via FBXL10 in ovarian cancer. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1123. [PMID: 30409964 PMCID: PMC6224598 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1093-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy. However, the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we found that miR-146b was downregulated in EOC and its expression level was negatively correlated with the pathological staging. Follow-up functional experiments illustrated that overexpression of miR-146b significantly inhibited cell migration and invasion, and increased cell proliferation, but it also improved the response to chemotherapeutic agents. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that miR-146b exerted its function mainly through inhibiting F-box and leucine-rich repeat protein 10 (FBXL10), and upregulated the Cyclin D1, vimentin (VIM), and zona-occludens-1 (ZO-1) expression in EOC. These findings indicate that miR-146b–FBXL10 axis is an important epigenetic regulation pathway in EOC. Low miR-146b may contribute to cancer progression from primary stage to advanced stage, and may be the promising therapeutic target of EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meina Yan
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinxin Yang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rong Shen
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chengjiang Wu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing Ye
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peifang Yang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lubin Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Miao Chen
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Pathology, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bing Wan
- Department of ICU, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qinqin Zhang
- Department of Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sheng Xia
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaodong Lu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Genbao Shao
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qixiang Shao
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
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30
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Yin Y, Zhou L, Zhan R, Zhang Q, Li M. Identification of WDR12 as a novel oncogene involved in hepatocellular carcinoma propagation. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:3985-3993. [PMID: 30310320 PMCID: PMC6166768 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s176268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant cancer worldwide. Importantly, the precise mechanisms causing HCC pathogenicity are still unknown. The identification of potential oncogenes plays significant roles in finding novel therapeutic targets for human HCC. Purpose WDR12 (WD repeat protein 12), a member of WD repeats family, plays crucial roles in the ribosome biogenesis pathway. However, Whether WDR12 contributes to HCC development remains unknown. The objective of this study was to elucidate the role of WDR12 in HCC development. Methods The expression level of WDR12 in HCC tissues and adjacent non-tumor tissues were detected form Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The expression level of WDR12 in HCC cell lines were examined by RT-PCR and western blot. Kaplan-Meier analysis were used to analyze the effect of WDR12 level on overall and disease-free survival of HCC patients. To examine whether WDR12 supports development of HCC, we inhibited expression of WDR12 by using an shRNA-encoding lentivirus system. Effects of WDR12 knockdown were evaluated on cell-growth, cell-proliferation and cell-migration. The mechanisms involved in HCC cells growth, proliferation and migration were analyzed by western blot assay. Results In silico analysis of HCC data sets showed that elevated expression of WDR12 correlated with high serum AFP level, high vascular invasion, high histologic grade and high TNM stage in HCC patients. Furthermore, up-regulated expression of WDR12 significantly correlated with the short overall survival and recurrence time of HCC patients. The shRNA-mediated knockdown of WDR12 expression resulted in reduced proliferation and migration of HepG2 and Huh-7 cells. Notably, inhibition of WDR12 resulted in decreased phosphorylation of AKT, mTOR and S6K1. Conclusion Our study indicates that WDR12 contributes to HCC propagation, and indicates that suppression of WDR12 may be a potential strategy for human HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yancun Yin
- Taishan Scholar Immunology Program, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Renhui Zhan
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China,
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China,
| | - Minjing Li
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China,
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31
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Neilsen BK, Chakraborty B, McCall JL, Frodyma DE, Sleightholm RL, Fisher KW, Lewis RE. WDR5 supports colon cancer cells by promoting methylation of H3K4 and suppressing DNA damage. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:673. [PMID: 29925347 PMCID: PMC6011590 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4580-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND KMT2/MLL proteins are commonly overexpressed or mutated in cancer and have been shown to support cancer maintenance. These proteins are responsible for methylating histone 3 at lysine 4 and promoting transcription and DNA synthesis; however, they are inactive outside of a multi-protein complex that requires WDR5. WDR5 has been implicated in cancer for its role in the COMPASS complex and its interaction with Myc; however, the role of WDR5 in colon cancer has not yet been elucidated. METHODS WDR5 expression was evaluated using RT-qPCR and western blot analysis. Cell viability and colony forming assays were utilized to evaluate the effects of WDR5 depletion or inhibition in colon cancer cells. Downstream effects of WDR5 depletion and inhibition were observed by western blot. RESULTS WDR5 is overexpressed in colon tumors and colon cancer cell lines at the mRNA and protein level. WDR5 depletion reduces cell viability in HCT116, LoVo, RKO, HCT15, SW480, SW620, and T84 colon cancer cells. Inhibition of the WDR5:KMT2/MLL interaction using OICR-9429 reduces cell viability in the same panel of cell lines albeit not to the same extent as RNAi-mediated WDR5 depletion. WDR5 depletion reduced H3K4Me3 and increased phosphorylation of H2AX in HCT116, SW620, and RKO colon cancer cells; however, OICR-9429 treatment did not recapitulate these effects in all cell lines potentially explaining the reduced toxicity of OICR-9429 treatment as compared to WDR5 depletion. WDR5 depletion also sensitized colon cancer cells to radiation-induced DNA damage. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate a clear role for WDR5 in colon cancer and future studies should examine its potential to serve as a therapeutic target in cancer. Additional studies are needed to fully elucidate if the requirement for WDR5 is independent of or consistent with its role within the COMPASS complex. OICR-9429 treatment was particularly toxic to SW620 and T84 colon cancer cells, two cell lines without mutations in WDR5 and KMT2/MLL proteins suggesting COMPASS complex inhibition may be particularly effective in tumors lacking KMT2 mutations. Additionally, the ability of WDR5 depletion to amplify the toxic effects of radiation presents the possibility of targeting WDR5 to sensitize cells to DNA-damaging therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth K Neilsen
- Eppley Institute, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Binita Chakraborty
- Eppley Institute, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.,Present address: Department of Pharmacology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Jamie L McCall
- Eppley Institute, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.,Present address: Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Danielle E Frodyma
- Eppley Institute, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Richard L Sleightholm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Kurt W Fisher
- Eppley Institute, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Robert E Lewis
- Eppley Institute, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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