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Kim DJ, Kim H, Kim K, Kim MJ, Jeon HJ. Association between anxiety and skin conductance according to the intensity of shaking of virtual reality images. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1196767. [PMID: 37854448 PMCID: PMC10579564 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1196767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Despite the advantages of virtual reality (VR), cyber sickness makes it difficult to apply VR to those who are already anxious and in distress. Skin conductance (SC) is widely used as a bio-signal reflecting anxiety. It is positively correlated with anxiety. The objective of this study was to determine the association between SC and anxiety in VR. Methods Healthy volunteers with moderate-to-high stress defined as a Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10) score ≥20 were enrolled. STAI-X-1 was used to measure anxiety, and galvanic skin response was used to measure SC. This study used an open, randomized, crossover design. In this study, 360° videos consisted of two types, namely, less dizzying video (G1) and more dizzying video (G2). We randomized subjects into two groups according to video exposure order: G1 after watching G2 (Order 1) and G2 after watching G1 (Order 2). Of 81 subjects, the average age (±SD) was 39.98 ± 10.94 years for the Order 1 group and 36.54 ± 12.44 years for the Order 2 group. Results Anxiety was significantly decreased in the Order 2 group (p < 0.035) after watching videos, whereas there was no significant change in anxiety in the Order 1 group. In both groups, SC was significantly increased after exposure to a dizzying video. Mean difference (SD) between the second VR video and baseline SC was 1.61 (1.07) (p < 0.0001) in the Order 1 group and 0.92 (0.90) (p < 0.0001) in the Order 2 group, showing a significant difference between the two groups (p < 0.003). However, there was no significant difference between the two groups (p < 0.077) after baseline correction. Conclusion Anxiety was decreased significantly in the Order 2 group. The Order 1 group showed a high rate of change in skin conductivity. It is possible to reduce SC and anxiety by viewing a less dizzying VR video first and then viewing a more dizzying video later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Jun Kim
- Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Meditrix Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewon Kim
- Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiwon Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ji Kim
- Biomedical Statistics Center, Samsung Medical Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Jin Jeon
- Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Meditrix Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Medical Device Management and Research, Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Obukhov A, Krasnyanskiy M, Volkov A, Nazarova A, Teselkin D, Patutin K, Zajceva D. Method for Assessing the Influence of Phobic Stimuli in Virtual Simulators. J Imaging 2023; 9:195. [PMID: 37888302 PMCID: PMC10607658 DOI: 10.3390/jimaging9100195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the organizing of professional training, the assessment of the trainee's reaction and state in stressful situations is of great importance. Phobic reactions are a specific type of stress reaction that, however, is rarely taken into account when developing virtual simulators, and are a risk factor in the workplace. A method for evaluating the impact of various phobic stimuli on the quality of training is considered, which takes into account the time, accuracy, and speed of performing professional tasks, as well as the characteristics of electroencephalograms (the amplitude, power, coherence, Hurst exponent, and degree of interhemispheric asymmetry). To evaluate the impact of phobias during experimental research, participants in the experimental group performed exercises in different environments: under normal conditions and under the influence of acrophobic and arachnophobic stimuli. The participants were divided into subgroups using clustering algorithms and an expert neurologist. After that, a comparison of the subgroup metrics was carried out. The research conducted makes it possible to partially confirm our hypotheses about the negative impact of phobic effects on some participants in the experimental group. The relationship between the reaction to a phobia and the characteristics of brain activity was revealed, and the characteristics of the electroencephalogram signal were considered as the metrics for detecting a phobic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Obukhov
- The Laboratory of Medical VR Simulator Systems for Training, Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Tambov State Technical University, Tambov 392000, Russia; (M.K.); (A.V.); (A.N.); (D.T.); (K.P.); (D.Z.)
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Shehu HA, Oxner M, Browne WN, Eisenbarth H. Prediction of moment-by-moment heart rate and skin conductance changes in the context of varying emotional arousal. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14303. [PMID: 37052214 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Autonomic nervous system (ANS) responses such as heart rate (HR) and galvanic skin responses (GSR) have been linked with cerebral activity in the context of emotion. Although much work has focused on the summative effect of emotions on ANS responses, their interaction in a continuously changing context is less clear. Here, we used a multimodal data set of human affective states, which includes electroencephalogram (EEG) and peripheral physiological signals of participants' moment-by-moment reactions to emotional provoking video clips and modeled HR and GSR changes using machine learning techniques, specifically, long short-term memory (LSTM), decision tree (DT), and linear regression (LR). We found that LSTM achieved a significantly lower error rate compared with DT and LR due to its inherent ability to handle sequential data. Importantly, the prediction error was significantly reduced for DT and LR when used together with particle swarm optimization to select relevant/important features for these algorithms. Unlike summative analysis, and contrary to expectations, we found a significantly lower error rate when the prediction was made across different participants than within a participant. Moreover, the predictive selected features suggest that the patterns predictive of HR and GSR were substantially different across electrode sites and frequency bands. Overall, these results indicate that specific patterns of cerebral activity track autonomic body responses. Although individual cerebral differences are important, they might not be the only factors influencing the moment-by-moment changes in ANS responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harisu Abdullahi Shehu
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Matt Oxner
- Institute of Psychology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Will N Browne
- School of Electrical Engineering and Robotics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hedwig Eisenbarth
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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Suseno B, Hastjarjo TD. The effect of simulated natural environments in virtual reality and 2D video to reduce stress. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1016652. [PMID: 37251017 PMCID: PMC10214952 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1016652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress is a common problem associated with poor physical and psychological health. Exposure to the natural environment is one method for reducing stress. The real and simulated natural environments have a restorative effect on stress reduction. In contrast to the real environment, simulated natural environments, such as virtual reality and 2D video, provide safer and more controllable exposure. Several studies on the restorative effects of the natural environment in virtual reality and 2D video have been conducted. However, the difference between the two in reducing stress must be clarified. This study was conducted to determine the effect of the simulated natural environments in virtual reality and 2D video and their differences in reducing stress. This study hypothesizes that both simulated natural environments in virtual reality and 2D video can reduce stress, but there is a difference between them in reducing stress. Fifty-three subjects were divided into two experimental groups: 2D video (n = 28) and virtual reality (n = 25). The results indicated that simulated natural environments in virtual reality and 2D video reduced stress. However, there was no difference between the two groups regarding stress reduction.
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Figueroa C, Ayala A, Trejo LA, Ramos B, Briz CL, Noriega I, Chávez A. Measuring the Effectiveness of a Multicomponent Program to Manage Academic Stress through a Resilience to Stress Index. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2650. [PMID: 36904856 PMCID: PMC10007324 DOI: 10.3390/s23052650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we evaluate the effectiveness of a multicomponent program that includes psychoeducation in academic stress, mindfulness training, and biofeedback-assisted mindfulness, while enhancing the Resilience to Stress Index (RSI) of students through the control of autonomic recovery from psychological stress. Participants are university students enrolled in a program of excellence and are granted an academic scholarship. The dataset consists of an intentional sample of 38 undergraduate students with high academic performance, 71% (27) women, 29% (11) men, and 0% (0) non-binary, with an average age of 20 years. The group belongs to the "Leaders of Tomorrow" scholarship program from Tecnológico de Monterrey University, in Mexico. The program is structured in 16 individual sessions during an eight-week period, divided into three phases: pre-test evaluation, training program, and post-test evaluation. During the evaluation test, an assessment of the psychophysiological stress profile is performed while the participants undergo a stress test; it includes simultaneous recording of skin conductance, breathing rate, blood volume pulse, heart rate, and heart rate variability. Based on the pre-test and post-test psychophysiological variables, an RSI is computed under the assumption that changes in physiological signals due to stress can be compared against a calibration stage. The results show that approximately 66% of the participants improved their academic stress management after the multicomponent intervention program. A Welch's t-test showed a difference in mean RSI scores (t = -2.30, p = 0.025) between the pre-test and post-test phases. Our findings show that the multicomponent program promoted positive changes in the RSI and in the management of the psychophysiological responses to academic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Figueroa
- School of Health, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Ciudad de México 14380, Mexico
| | - Andrés Ayala
- Vicerrectoría de Innovación Educativa y Normatividad Académica, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Luis A. Trejo
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Atizapán 52926, Mexico
| | - Bertha Ramos
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 09230, Mexico
| | - Clara L. Briz
- Psychology Department, University of Los Andes, Bogotá 11605, Colombia
| | - Isabella Noriega
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Chávez
- School of Health, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Ciudad de México 14380, Mexico
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Sarlon J, Brühl AB, Lang UE, Kordon A. Electrophysiological correlates of mindfulness in patients with major depressive disorder. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:971958. [PMID: 36312017 PMCID: PMC9606782 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.971958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Mindfulness-based interventions (MBI) can reduce both stress and depressive symptoms. However, the impact of mindfulness on stress level in depressed subjects remains unclear. This study aims to assess electrophysiological correlates of mindfulness in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) at baseline, under stress exposure, and in relaxation following stress exposure. Methods Perceived mindfulness was assessed with the Freiburger Mindfulness Inventory (FMI) in 89 inpatients (mean age 51) with MDD [mean Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) 30]. Electrophysiological parameters [resting heart rate (RHR), heart rate variability (HRV), respiration rate, skin conductance, and skin temperature] were recorded at 5-min baseline, 1-min stress exposure, and 5-min self-induced relaxation. Results Freiburger Mindfulness Inventory was strongly inversely correlated with symptom severity measured by BDI (r = –0.53, p < 0.001). No correlations between FM score and electrophysiological parameters in any of the three conditions (baseline, stress exposure, relaxed state) could be found. The factor openness was associated with higher VLF (very low frequency of HRV) in the baseline condition. However, this correlation was no more significant after regression analysis when corrected for respiratory rate, age, and sex. Conclusion Autonomous nervous reactivity in depression was not associated with perceived mindfulness as measured by FMI score and presented electrophysiological parameters, despite the strong inverse correlation between state mindfulness and symptom severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Sarlon
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, University of Basel, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Basel, Switzerland
- Oberbergklinik Hornberg, Hornberg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jan Sarlon,
| | - Annette B. Brühl
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, University of Basel, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Undine E. Lang
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, University of Basel, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Basel, Switzerland
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Afif IY, Manik AR, Munthe K, Maula MI, Ammarullah MI, Jamari J, Winarni TI. Physiological Effect of Deep Pressure in Reducing Anxiety of Children with ASD during Traveling: A Public Transportation Setting. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9040157. [PMID: 35447717 PMCID: PMC9030047 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9040157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Traveling with children with autism can be very challenging for parents due to their reactions to sensory stimuli resulting in behavioral problems, which lead to self-injury and danger for themselves and others. Deep pressure was reported to have a calming effect on people with autism. This study was designed to investigate the physiological effect of deep pressure, which is an autism hug machine portable seat (AHMPS) in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in public transportation settings. The study was conducted with 20 children with ASD (16 boys and 4 girls) at the Semarang Public Special School with an age ranging from 4 to 13 years (mean 10.9 ± 2.26 years), who were randomly assigned into two groups. The experiment consisted of group I who used the AHMPS inflatable wraps model and group II who used the AHMPS manual pull model. Heart rate (HR) and skin conductance (SC) were analyzed to measure the physiological calming effect using pulse oximeter oximetry and a galvanic skin response (GSR) sensor. Heart rate was significantly decreased during the treatment compared to the baseline (pre-test) session in group I (inflating wrap model) with p = 0.019, while no change of heart rate variability (HRV) was found in group II (manual pull model) with p = 0.111. There was no remaining effect of deep pressure using the HRV indicator after the treatment in both groups (group I with p = 0.159 and group II with p = 0.566). GSR captured the significant decrease in skin conductance during the treatment with p < 0.0001 in group I, but no significant decrease was recorded in group II with p = 0.062. A skin conductance indicator captured the remaining effect of deep pressure (after the treatment); it was better in group I (p = 0.003) than in group II (p = 0.773). In conclusion, the deep pressure of the AHMPS inflating wrap decreases physiological arousal in children with ASD during traveling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilham Yustar Afif
- Undip Biomechanics Engineering & Research Centre (UBM-ERC), Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Central Java, Indonesia; (I.Y.A.); (M.I.M.); (M.I.A.); (J.J.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Central Java, Indonesia; (A.R.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Aloysius Raynaldo Manik
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Central Java, Indonesia; (A.R.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Kristian Munthe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Central Java, Indonesia; (A.R.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Mohamad Izzur Maula
- Undip Biomechanics Engineering & Research Centre (UBM-ERC), Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Central Java, Indonesia; (I.Y.A.); (M.I.M.); (M.I.A.); (J.J.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Central Java, Indonesia; (A.R.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Muhammad Imam Ammarullah
- Undip Biomechanics Engineering & Research Centre (UBM-ERC), Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Central Java, Indonesia; (I.Y.A.); (M.I.M.); (M.I.A.); (J.J.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Central Java, Indonesia; (A.R.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Jamari Jamari
- Undip Biomechanics Engineering & Research Centre (UBM-ERC), Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Central Java, Indonesia; (I.Y.A.); (M.I.M.); (M.I.A.); (J.J.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Central Java, Indonesia; (A.R.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Tri Indah Winarni
- Undip Biomechanics Engineering & Research Centre (UBM-ERC), Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Central Java, Indonesia; (I.Y.A.); (M.I.M.); (M.I.A.); (J.J.)
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Central Java, Indonesia
- Center for Biomedical Research (CEBIOR), Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Central Java, Indonesia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +62-24-7692-8010
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Ahmadi N, Sasangohar F, Nisar T, Danesh V, Larsen E, Sultana I, Bosetti R. Quantifying Occupational Stress in Intensive Care Unit Nurses: An Applied Naturalistic Study of Correlations Among Stress, Heart Rate, Electrodermal Activity, and Skin Temperature. HUMAN FACTORS 2022; 64:159-172. [PMID: 34478340 DOI: 10.1177/00187208211040889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify physiological correlates to stress in intensive care unit nurses. BACKGROUND Most research on stress correlates are done in laboratory environments; naturalistic investigation of stress remains a general gap. METHOD Electrodermal activity, heart rate, and skin temperatures were recorded continuously for 12-hr nursing shifts (23 participants) using a wrist-worn wearable technology (Empatica E4). RESULTS Positive correlations included stress and heart rate (ρ = .35, p < .001), stress and skin temperature (ρ = .49, p < .05), and heart rate and skin temperatures (ρ = .54, p = .0008). DISCUSSION The presence and direction of some correlations found in this study differ from those anticipated from prior literature, illustrating the importance of complementing laboratory research with naturalistic studies. Further work is warranted to recognize nursing activities associated with a high level of stress and the underlying reasons associated with changes in physiological responses. APPLICATION Heart rate and skin temperature may be used for real-time detection of stress, but more work is needed to validate such surrogate measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Ahmadi
- 23534 Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas, USA
| | - Farzan Sasangohar
- 23534 Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas, USA
- 2655 Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - Tariq Nisar
- 23534 Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas, USA
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Diaz-Ramos RE, Gomez-Cravioto DA, Trejo LA, López CF, Medina-Pérez MA. Towards a Resilience to Stress Index Based on Physiological Response: A Machine Learning Approach. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21248293. [PMID: 34960385 PMCID: PMC8705801 DOI: 10.3390/s21248293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study proposes a new index to measure the resilience of an individual to stress, based on the changes of specific physiological variables. These variables include electromyography, which is the muscle response, blood volume pulse, breathing rate, peripheral temperature, and skin conductance. We measured the data with a biofeedback device from 71 individuals subjected to a 10-min psychophysiological stress test. The data exploration revealed that features' variability among test phases could be observed in a two-dimensional space with Principal Components Analysis (PCA). In this work, we demonstrate that the values of each feature within a phase are well organized in clusters. The new index we propose, Resilience to Stress Index (RSI), is based on this observation. To compute the index, we used non-supervised machine learning methods to calculate the inter-cluster distances, specifically using the following four methods: Euclidean Distance of PCA, Mahalanobis Distance, Cluster Validity Index Distance, and Euclidean Distance of Kernel PCA. While there was no statistically significant difference (p>0.01) among the methods, we recommend using Mahalanobis, since this method provides higher monotonic association with the Resilience in Mexicans (RESI-M) scale. Results are encouraging since we demonstrated that the computation of a reliable RSI is possible. To validate the new index, we undertook two tasks: a comparison of the RSI against the RESI-M, and a Spearman correlation between phases one and five to determine if the behavior is resilient or not. The computation of the RSI of an individual has a broader scope in mind, and it is to understand and to support mental health. The benefits of having a metric that measures resilience to stress are multiple; for instance, to the extent that individuals can track their resilience to stress, they can improve their everyday life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon E. Diaz-Ramos
- Department of Computer Science, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (R.E.D.-R.); (D.A.G.-C.)
| | - Daniela A. Gomez-Cravioto
- Department of Computer Science, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (R.E.D.-R.); (D.A.G.-C.)
| | - Luis A. Trejo
- Department of Computer Science, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Estado de México, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Atizapán 52926, Mexico;
- Correspondence:
| | - Carlos Figueroa López
- Department of Psychology, School of Health, Campus Ciudad de México, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Ciudad de México 14380, Mexico;
| | - Miguel Angel Medina-Pérez
- Department of Computer Science, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Estado de México, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Atizapán 52926, Mexico;
- Altair Management Consultants, Calle de José Ortega y Gasset 22-24, 5th Floor, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Hsieh CH, Chen CM, Yang JY, Lin YJ, Liao ML, Chueh KH. The effects of immersive garden experience on the health care to elderly residents with mild-to-moderate cognitive impairment living in nursing homes after the COVID-19 pandemic. LANDSCAPE AND ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [PMCID: PMC8493949 DOI: 10.1007/s11355-021-00480-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Heng Hsieh
- Department of Landscape Architecture, College of Art, Fu Jen Catholic University, No. 510, Zhongzheng Rd., Xinzhuang Dist., New Taipei City, 24205 Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Min Chen
- Bachelor Degree Program of Art and Culture Creation, Fu Jen Catholic University, No. 510, Zhongzheng Rd., Xinzhuang Dist., New Taipei City, 24205 Taiwan
| | - Ju-Yuan Yang
- Department of Landscape Architecture, College of Art, Fu Jen Catholic University, No. 510, Zhongzheng Rd., Xinzhuang Dist., New Taipei City, 24205 Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ju Lin
- Department of Landscape Architecture, College of Art, Fu Jen Catholic University, No. 510, Zhongzheng Rd., Xinzhuang Dist., New Taipei City, 24205 Taiwan
| | - Man-Li Liao
- Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, No. 69, Guizi Rd., Taishan New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ke-Hsin Chueh
- Graduate Institute of Landscape Architecture & Recreation Management, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, No. 510, Zhongzheng Rd., Xinzhuang Dist., New Taipei City, 24205 Taiwan
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Sarlon J, Staniloiu A, Kordon A. Heart Rate Variability Changes in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder: Related to Confounding Factors, Not to Symptom Severity? Front Neurosci 2021; 15:675624. [PMID: 34326716 PMCID: PMC8315043 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.675624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to assess the electrophysiological and other influencing factors correlating with symptom severity in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) under three different conditions: baseline, stress exposure, and relaxation following stress exposure. Methods Symptom severity was assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) in 89 inpatients (37 women; mean age 51 years) with MDD. Resting heart rate (RHR), heart rate variability (HRV), respiration rate (RR), skin conductance (SC), and skin temperature (ST) were recorded at baseline for 300 s, under stress exposure for 60 s, and under self-induced relaxation for 300 s. Age, nicotine consumption, body mass index, and blood pressure were evaluated as influencing factors. Results The BDI-II mean score was 29.7 points. Disease severity correlated positively with SC elevation under stress exposure and with a higher RR in the relaxed state, but no association was found between HRV and symptom severity. Age and higher blood pressure were both associated with lower HRV and higher RHR. Conclusion The results indicate that, in patients with MDD, changes in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) are complex; and the assessment of ANS reactivity to stressors is useful. Elevated blood pressure might be underdiagnosed, although it is already relevant in patients with MDD in their early 50s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Sarlon
- Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, Psychiatric Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Angelica Staniloiu
- Oberbergklinik Hornberg, Hornberg, Germany.,Department of Psychology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany.,Department of Psychology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreas Kordon
- Oberbergklinik Hornberg, Hornberg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Dunham CM, Burger AJ, Hileman BM, Chance EA, Hutchinson AE. Bispectral Index Alterations and Associations With Autonomic Changes During Hypnosis in Trauma Center Researchers: Formative Evaluation Study. JMIR Form Res 2021; 5:e24044. [PMID: 34037529 PMCID: PMC8190650 DOI: 10.2196/24044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous work performed by our group demonstrated that intermittent reductions in bispectral index (BIS) values were found during neurofeedback following mindfulness instructions. Hypnosis was induced to enhance reductions in BIS values. OBJECTIVE This study aims to assess physiologic relaxation and explore its associations with BIS values using autonomic monitoring. METHODS Each session consisted of reading a 4-minute baseline neutral script and playing an 18-minute hypnosis tape to 3 researchers involved in the BIS neurofeedback study. In addition to BIS monitoring, autonomic monitoring was performed, and this included measures of electromyography (EMG), skin temperature, skin conductance, respiratory rate, expired carbon dioxide, and heart rate variability. The resulting data were analyzed using two-tailed t tests, correlation analyses, and multivariate linear regression analyses. RESULTS We found that hypnosis was associated with reductions in BIS (P<.001), EMG (P<.001), respiratory rate (P<.001), skin conductance (P=.006), and very low frequency power (P=.04); it was also associated with increases in expired carbon dioxide (P<.001), skin temperature (P=.04), high frequency power (P<.001), and successive heart interbeat interval difference (P=.04) values. Decreased BIS values were associated with reduced EMG measures (R=0.76; P<.001), respiratory rate (R=0.35; P=.004), skin conductance (R=0.57; P<.001), and low frequency power (R=0.32; P=.01) and with increased high frequency power (R=-0.53; P<.001), successive heart interbeat interval difference (R=-0.32; P=.009), and heart interbeat interval SD (R=-0.26; P=.04) values. CONCLUSIONS Hypnosis appeared to induce mental and physical relaxation, enhance parasympathetic neural activation, and attenuate sympathetic nervous system activity, changes that were associated with BIS values. Findings from this preliminary formative evaluation suggest that the current hypnosis model may be useful for assessing autonomic physiological associations with changes in BIS values, thus motivating us to proceed with a larger investigation in trauma center nurses and physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda J Burger
- St Elizabeth Youngstown Hospital, Youngstown, OH, United States
| | | | - Elisha A Chance
- St Elizabeth Youngstown Hospital, Youngstown, OH, United States
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13
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Gilpin G, Gain J, Lipinska G. The physiological signature of sadness: A comparison between text, film and virtual reality. Brain Cogn 2021; 152:105734. [PMID: 34023614 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2021.105734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Studies focused on the ubiquitous emotion of sadness demonstrate substantial variability in physiological responses during sadness elicitation, with no consensus regarding the physiological pattern of sadness. Variability in findings could be attributed to (a) the use of different induction techniques across studies or (b) the existence of subtypes of sadness with distinct physiological activation patterns. Typically, studies have used text and film to elicit sadness. However, virtual reality (VR) confers advantages over more traditional methods by allowing individuals a subjective sense of "being there" or presence. We compared participants' physiological responses to the same narrative presented via VR, Film and Story (n = 20 each) and collected their subjective responses to the stimuli. Results confirmed that participants in all conditions experienced the discrete emotion of sadness. Moreover, participants in the VR condition experienced the highest degree of presence. Regarding psychophysiological responses, participants in the VR condition had the lowest degree of baseline-adjusted parasympathetic activation in comparison to participants in the Film condition. Furthermore, while participants in the VR group showed diminished baseline-adjusted respiration rate and parasympathetic activation with an increase in presence, the opposite pattern was true for participants in the other conditions. The data suggest that the VR condition may elicit an activating pattern of sadness; whereas Film and Story conditions may elicit a deactivating pattern of sadness. Our results have implications for research using the discrete model of emotion, highlighting that different emotion elicitation techniques may result in differing expressions of what is considered a unitary emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Gilpin
- Applied Cognitive Science and Experimental Neuropsychology Team (ACSENT), Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - James Gain
- Department of Computer Science, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gosia Lipinska
- Applied Cognitive Science and Experimental Neuropsychology Team (ACSENT), Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
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14
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Vavrinsky E, Stopjakova V, Kopani M, Kosnacova H. The Concept of Advanced Multi-Sensor Monitoring of Human Stress. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:3499. [PMID: 34067895 PMCID: PMC8157129 DOI: 10.3390/s21103499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Many people live under stressful conditions which has an adverse effect on their health. Human stress, especially long-term one, can lead to a serious illness. Therefore, monitoring of human stress influence can be very useful. We can monitor stress in strictly controlled laboratory conditions, but it is time-consuming and does not capture reactions, on everyday stressors or in natural environment using wearable sensors, but with limited accuracy. Therefore, we began to analyze the current state of promising wearable stress-meters and the latest advances in the record of related physiological variables. Based on these results, we present the concept of an accurate, reliable and easier to use telemedicine device for long-term monitoring of people in a real life. In our concept, we ratify with two synchronized devices, one on the finger and the second on the chest. The results will be obtained from several physiological variables including electrodermal activity, heart rate and respiration, body temperature, blood pressure and others. All these variables will be measured using a coherent multi-sensors device. Our goal is to show possibilities and trends towards the production of new telemedicine equipment and thus, opening the door to a widespread application of human stress-meters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Vavrinsky
- Institute of Electronics and Photonics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Ilkovicova 3, 81219 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- Institute of Medical Physics, Biophysics, Informatics and Telemedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 2, 81272 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Viera Stopjakova
- Institute of Electronics and Photonics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Ilkovicova 3, 81219 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Martin Kopani
- Institute of Medical Physics, Biophysics, Informatics and Telemedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 2, 81272 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Helena Kosnacova
- Department of Simulation and Virtual Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 81272 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
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15
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Almén N. A Cognitive Behavioral Model Proposing That Clinical Burnout May Maintain Itself. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18073446. [PMID: 33810358 PMCID: PMC8037062 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Burnout is common in many countries and is associated with several other problems such as depression, anxiety, insomnia, and memory deficits, and prospectively it predicts long-term sick-leave, cardiovascular disease, and death. Clinical burnout or its residual symptoms often last several years and a common assumption is that recovery takes a long time by nature, despite full time sick-leave and the absence of work stress. The literature suggests models that hypothetically explain the development, but not maintenance, of the syndrome. Based on cognitive and behavioral principles, stress research, and stress theories, this paper describes a theoretical model explaining how clinical burnout can develop and be maintained. While the development of clinical burnout is mainly explained by prolonged stress reactions and disturbed recovery processes due to work related stressors, maintenance of the syndrome is particularly explained by prolonged stress reactions and disturbed recovery processes due to the new context of experiencing burnout and being on sick-leave. Worry about acquired memory deficits, passivity and excessive sleep, shame, fear of stress reactions, and the perception of not being safe are examples of responses that can contribute to the maintenance. The model has important implications for research and how to intervene in clinical burnout. For example, it can offer support to professional care providers and patients in terms of focusing on, identifying, and changing current contextual factors and behaviors that maintain the individual’s clinical burnout symptoms and by that facilitate burnout recovery. Regarding research, the model provides a highly important reason for researchers to study contextual factors and behaviors that contribute to the maintenance of clinical burnout, which has been neglected in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niclas Almén
- Department of Psychology and Social Work, Mid Sweden University, 831 25 Östersund, Sweden
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16
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Pizzoli SFM, Marzorati C, Gatti D, Monzani D, Mazzocco K, Pravettoni G. A meta-analysis on heart rate variability biofeedback and depressive symptoms. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6650. [PMID: 33758260 PMCID: PMC7988005 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86149-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart rate variability biofeedback (HRVB) has been used for a number of years to treat depressive symptoms, a common mental health issue, which is often comorbid with other psychopathological and medical conditions. The aim of the present meta-analysis is to test whether and to what extent HRVB is effective in reducing depressive symptoms in adult patients. We conducted a literature search on Pubmed, ProQuest, Ovid PsycInfo, and Embase up to October 2020, and identified 721 studies. Fourteen studies were included in the meta-analysis. Three meta-regressions were also performed to further test whether publication year, the questionnaire used to assess depressive symptoms, or the interval of time between T0 and T1 moderated the effect of HRVB. Overall, we analysed 14 RCTs with a total of 794 participants. The random effect analysis yielded a medium mean effect size g = 0.38 [95% CI = 0.16, 0.60; 95% PI = - 0.19, 0.96], z = 3.44, p = 0.0006. The total heterogeneity was significant, QT = 23.49, p = 0.03, I2 = 45%, which suggested a moderate variance among the included studies. The year of publication (χ2(1) = 4.08, p = 0.04) and the questionnaire used to assess symptoms (χ2(4) = 12.65, p = 0.01) significantly moderated the effect of the interventions and reduced heterogeneity. Overall, results showed that HRVB improves depressive symptoms in several psychophysiological conditions in adult samples and should be considered as a valid technique to increase psychological well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia F M Pizzoli
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122, Milan, Italy.
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology IEO, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
| | - Chiara Marzorati
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology IEO, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Gatti
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Dario Monzani
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology IEO, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Ketti Mazzocco
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology IEO, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Pravettoni
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology IEO, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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17
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Lee S, Kim H, Park MJ, Jeon HJ. Current Advances in Wearable Devices and Their Sensors in Patients With Depression. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:672347. [PMID: 34220580 PMCID: PMC8245757 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.672347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a literature survey was conducted of research into the development and use of wearable devices and sensors in patients with depression. We collected 18 studies that had investigated wearable devices for assessment, monitoring, or prediction of depression. In this report, we examine the sensors of the various types of wearable devices (e.g., actigraphy units, wristbands, fitness trackers, and smartwatches) and parameters measured through sensors in people with depression. In addition, we discuss future trends, referring to research in other areas employing wearable devices, and suggest the challenges of using wearable devices in the field of depression. Real-time objective monitoring of symptoms and novel approaches for diagnosis and treatment using wearable devices will lead to changes in management of patients with depression. During the process, it is necessary to overcome several issues, including limited types of collected data, reliability, user adherence, and privacy concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunggyu Lee
- School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyewon Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Hanyang University Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mi Jin Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Depression Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hong Jin Jeon
- School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Depression Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Department of Medical Device Management and Research, Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
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18
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Combining Biofeedback with Stress Management Interventions: A Systematic Review of Physiological and Psychological Effects. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2020; 44:71-82. [PMID: 30604099 DOI: 10.1007/s10484-018-09427-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Current mental healthcare systems experience difficulties meeting the challenges of a growing population with elevated stress symptoms. Outpatient stress management interventions have already proven to be effective in routine care and recent technological advances now allow to expand such interventions, for example by adding a physiological component like biofeedback. Adding biofeedback to stress management interventions appears promising, but there is a lack of insight into the general conceptualization and evaluation of the resulting interventions, both in relation to psychological and physiological stress indicators. A comprehensive literature search was performed to investigate stress management interventions with a biofeedback component. This systematic review provides an overview of these interventions and explores to what extent they can improve both physiological and psychological indicators of stress. Fourteen RCTs were included. A large diversity was observed in intervention design and effectiveness. Nevertheless, there is preliminary evidence that the use of biofeedback can improve both physiological and psychological indicators of stress. Biofeedback could provide an accessible and low-cost addition to stress interventions. Further research into the effectiveness of different components of biofeedback interventions is needed.
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19
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Zhang Z, Xue H, Dong Y, Hu J, Jiang T, Shi L, Du J. Inhibition of GKN2 Attenuates Acute Gastric Lesions Through the NLRP3 Inflammasome. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2020; 9:219-232. [PMID: 32226647 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2019.0957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Acute gastric lesions are commonly seen in critically ill patients in the intensive care unit and can result in significant upper gastrointestinal bleeding. However, the signaling mechanisms that regulate this severe disease are still unclear. In this study, we explored the involvement of gastrokine 2 (GKN2) in the development of acute gastric lesions in mice. Approach: We measured the degree of injury using the water immersion restraint stress mouse model. Inflammatory cells and factors were analyzed after gastric lesion induction. The luciferase reporter assay was used to detect the transcription activity of nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1 (NR3C1) in regulation of GKN2. We also detected the downstream pathway of GKN2 in gastric lesions. Results: The results showed that GKN2 could aggravate stress-induced gastric lesions and gastric mucosal cell death. Moreover, the gastric lesion promoted by GKN2 was gastric acid independent. GKN2 could recruit neutrophils and promote the release of inflammatory factors to contribute to inflammation. NR3C1, activated by cortisol under stress, could act as a transcription factor to upregulate the expression of GKN2. Innovation: This study elucidates the process of gastric lesion at a molecular level and explores the possible contender biomarkers for diagnosis and drug targets in wound healing of gastric lesions. Conclusion: In conclusion, GKN2, which was upregulated by cortisol, aggravated the gastric lesion through activation of the inflammasome and inflammatory reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital North, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hongyuan Xue
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yuanqiang Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jian Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Liubin Shi
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jianjun Du
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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20
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Čolić J, Bassett TR, Latysheva A, Imboden C, Bader K, Hatzinger M, Mikoteit T, Lieb R, Gloster AT, Hoyer J. Depersonalization and derealization in embarrassing social interactions: an experience sampling study in social phobia, major depression and controls. J Anxiety Disord 2020; 70:102189. [PMID: 32070861 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study explored the duration and frequency of depersonalization (DP) and derealization (DR) in embarrassing social interactions in the everyday life of individuals with social phobia (SP), major depressive disorder (MDD) and controls. METHODS Experience sampling was used (seven days, five surveys per day). A total of N = 165 patients (n = 47 SP, n = 118 MDD) and n = 119 controls were included. DP/DR were assessed whenever an interaction has been indicated as embarrassing. RESULTS Individuals with SP and MDD experienced more embarrassing social interactions than controls and, accordingly, more DP/DR. The frequency of DP in embarrassing social interactions was, compared to controls, only significantly higher in MDD (no difference between SP and MDD). Regarding DR, there were no between-group differences. The groups also did not differ regarding duration of DP/DR. CONCLUSIONS The study is the first to demonstrate in an ecologically valid manner that DP/DR regularly occur in relation to feelings of embarrassment in controls and in individuals suffering from SP or MDD. DP and DR might be responses to strong emotions, like embarrassment, or might be attempts at coping. The higher emergence of embarrassment itself might be viewed as an indicator of maladaptation. Treatment interventions correcting for these misinterpretations might reduce DP/DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Čolić
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Tyler R Bassett
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna Latysheva
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Imboden
- Psychiatric Services Solothurn, Solothurn Hospital Group, Solothurn, Switzerland; Private Clinic Wyss, Münchenbuchsee, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Bader
- Center for Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Hatzinger
- Psychiatric Services Solothurn, Solothurn Hospital Group, Solothurn, Switzerland; Medical Faculty, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Mikoteit
- Psychiatric Services Solothurn, Solothurn Hospital Group, Solothurn, Switzerland; Medical Faculty, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roselind Lieb
- Division of Clinical Psychology & Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrew T Gloster
- Division of Clinical Psychology & Intervention Science, Department of Psychology, University Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Hoyer
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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21
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Wickramasuriya DS, Amin MR, Faghih RT. Skin Conductance as a Viable Alternative for Closing the Deep Brain Stimulation Loop in Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:780. [PMID: 31447627 PMCID: PMC6692489 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Markers from local field potentials, neurochemicals, skin conductance, and hormone concentrations have been proposed as a means of closing the loop in Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) therapy for treating neuropsychiatric and movement disorders. Developing a closed-loop DBS controller based on peripheral signals would require: (i) the recovery of a biomarker from the source neural stimuli underlying the peripheral signal variations; (ii) the estimation of an unobserved brain or central nervous system related state variable from the biomarker. The state variable is application-specific. It is emotion-related in the case of depression or post-traumatic stress disorder, and movement-related for Parkinson's or essential tremor. We present a method for closing the DBS loop in neuropsychiatric disorders based on the estimation of sympathetic arousal from skin conductance measurements. We deconvolve skin conductance via an optimization formulation utilizing sparse recovery and obtain neural impulses from sympathetic nerve fibers stimulating the sweat glands. We perform this deconvolution via a two-step coordinate descent procedure that recovers the sparse neural stimuli and estimates physiological system parameters simultaneously. We next relate an unobserved sympathetic arousal state to the probability that these neural impulses occur and use Bayesian filtering within an Expectation-Maximization framework for estimation. We evaluate our method on a publicly available data-set examining the effect of different types of stress on peripheral signal changes including body temperature, skin conductance and heart rate. A high degree of arousal is estimated during cognitive tasks, as are much lower levels during relaxation. The results demonstrate the ability to decode psychological arousal from neural activity underlying skin conductance signal variations. The complete pipeline from recovering neural stimuli to decoding an emotion-related brain state using skin conductance presents a promising methodology for the ultimate realization of a closed-loop DBS controller. Closed-loop DBS treatment would additionally help reduce unnecessary power consumption and improve therapeutic gains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rose T. Faghih
- Computational Medicine Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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22
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Lozupone M, La Montagna M, D'Urso F, Daniele A, Greco A, Seripa D, Logroscino G, Bellomo A, Panza F. The Role of Biomarkers in Psychiatry. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1118:135-162. [PMID: 30747421 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-05542-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric illnesses are cognitive and behavioral disorders of the brain. At present, psychiatric diagnosis is based on DSM-5 criteria. Even if endophenotype specificity for psychiatric disorders is discussed, it is difficult to study and identify psychiatric biomarkers to support diagnosis, prognosis, or clinical response to treatment. This chapter investigates the innovative biomarkers of psychiatric diseases for diagnosis and personalized treatment, in particular post-genomic data and proteomic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madia Lozupone
- Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Maddalena La Montagna
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Francesca D'Urso
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonio Daniele
- Institute of Neurology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Greco
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Foggia, Italy
| | - Davide Seripa
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Logroscino
- Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.,Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Lecce, Italy
| | - Antonello Bellomo
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Francesco Panza
- Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy. .,Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Foggia, Italy. .,Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Lecce, Italy.
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23
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Ye J, Cai S, Cheung WM, Tsang HWH. An East Meets West Approach to the Understanding of Emotion Dysregulation in Depression: From Perspective to Scientific Evidence. Front Psychol 2019; 10:574. [PMID: 30984060 PMCID: PMC6447656 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression, an emotion regulation disorder, is a prevalent mental illness in the world. Meanwhile, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been increasingly regarded as a promising and effective alternative therapy approach for patients with depression. Despite many years of research on depression, the current understanding of the pathological mechanism of depression based on TCM theories is still in its infancy. Due to the lack of scientific evidence in the past, TCM is not fully recognized by researchers around the world. This review firstly summarizes the pathogenesis and etiology of depression in terms of both Eastern and Western medical systems. Secondly, it adopts an integrated Eastern and Western approach to propose some plausible neurophysiological pathways linking the liver, spleen, and heart functions explicated in TCM theory. The aim of this theoretical review is to bridge the knowledge gap between Eastern and Western medicine, which may better explain the pathology of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Ye
- Department of Rehabilitation Assessment, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Subsidiary Rehabilitation Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuhe Cai
- Department of Orthopaedic Rehabilitation, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Subsidiary Rehabilitation Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wai Ming Cheung
- Faculty of Education, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hector W. H. Tsang
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
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24
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Wiederhold MD, Crisci M, Patel V, Nonaka M, Wiederhold BK. Physiological Monitoring During Augmented Reality Exercise Confirms Advantages to Health and Well-Being. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2019; 22:122-126. [DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2018.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan Crisci
- Interactive Media Institute, San Diego, California
| | | | - Makoto Nonaka
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California
| | - Brenda K. Wiederhold
- Virtual Reality Medical Center, San Diego, California
- Interactive Media Institute, San Diego, California
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Oh DJ, Lee DH, Kim EY, Kim WJ, Baik MJ. Altered autonomic reactivity in Korean military soldiers with adjustment disorder. Psychiatry Res 2018; 261:428-435. [PMID: 29353770 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Only few studies addressing the biological background of adjustment disorder (AD) exist. We examined the psychophysiological correlates indicative of autonomic regulation in AD. Heart rate variability (HRV), skin conductance, skin temperature, electromyography, and respiration were measured during serial stress tasks in 33 soldiers with AD and 60 healthy controls (HC). Patients with AD displayed lower relative power of high frequency (rHF) HRV and higher relative power of very low frequency (rVLF) HRV compared with HC at baseline. Inversely, the rHF of patients with AD remained higher and their rVLF remained lower compared with HC parameters after the single stress task, which suggests a reversed sympathovagal balance in AD. Mean heart rate and skin conductance increased during stress tasks in patients, although to a lesser extent than in HC. Skin temperature remained unchanged in all tasks in patients with AD. The tension of the frontalis muscle was higher in patients compared with HC from the second stress task onward. Thoracic breathing was more prevalent in patients with AD. Our study suggests altered autonomic reactivity in AD, which leads to a lack of sympathetic response to stress. We conclude that the distinctive biological mechanisms underlying AD are different from normal stress reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Jong Oh
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry, Naval Pohang Hospital, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hyeong Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Armed Forces Capital Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Kim
- Department of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Jung Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Myongji Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Jae Baik
- Department of Psychiatry, Armed Forces Capital Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
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El Haouij N, Poggi JM, Ghozi R, Sevestre-Ghalila S, Jaïdane M. Random forest-based approach for physiological functional variable selection for driver’s stress level classification. STAT METHOD APPL-GER 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10260-018-0423-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sarlon J, Plaszczyk S, Engel S, Oertel-Knöchel V. Electrophysiological parameters as biomarkers for psychiatry: Intra-individual variability and influencing factors. Int J Psychophysiol 2017; 123:42-47. [PMID: 29155050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Sarlon
- Laboratory for Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Str. 10, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Psychiatric Hospital, Oberbergkliniken, Oberberg 1, 78132 Hornberg, Germany.
| | - Simone Plaszczyk
- Laboratory for Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Str. 10, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sinah Engel
- Laboratory for Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Str. 10, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Viola Oertel-Knöchel
- Laboratory for Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Str. 10, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Bourla A, Ferreri F, Ogorzelec L, Guinchard C, Mouchabac S. [Assessment of mood disorders by passive data gathering: The concept of digital phenotype versus psychiatrist's professional culture]. Encephale 2017; 44:168-175. [PMID: 29096909 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The search for objective clinical signs is a constant practitioners' and researchers' concern in psychiatry. New technologies (embedded sensors, artificial intelligence) give an easier access to untapped information such as passive data (i.e. that do not require patient intervention). The concept of "digital phenotype" is emerging in psychiatry: a psychomotor alteration translated by accelerometer's modifications contrasting with the usual functioning of the subject, or the graphorrhea of patients presenting a manic episode which is replaced by an increase of SMS sent. Our main objective is to highlight the digital phenotype of mood disorders by means of a selective review of the literature. METHOD We conducted a selective review of the literature by querying the PubMed database until February 2017 with the terms [Computer] [Computerized] [Machine] [Automatic] [Automated] [Heart rate variability] [HRV] [actigraphy] [actimetry] [digital] [motion] [temperature] [Mood] [Bipolar] [Depression] [Depressive]. Eight hundred and forty-nine articles were submitted for evaluation, 37 articles were included. RESULTS For unipolar disorders, smartphones can diagnose depression with excellent accuracy by combining GPS and call log data. Actigraphic measurements showing daytime alteration in basal function while ECG sensors assessing variation in heart rate variability (HRV) and body temperature appear to be useful tools to diagnose a depressive episode. For bipolar disorders, systems which combine several sensors are described: MONARCA, PRIORI, SIMBA and PSYCHE. All these systems combine passive and active data on smartphones. From a synthesis of these data, a digital phenotype of the disorders is proposed based on the accelerometer and the GPS, the ECG, the body temperature, the use of the smartphone and the voice. This digital phenotype thus brings into question certain clinical paradigms in which psychiatrists evolve. CONCLUSION All these systems can be used to computerize the clinical characteristics of the various mental states studied, sometimes with greater precision than a clinician could do. Most authors recommend the use of passive data rather than active data in the context of bipolar disorders because automatically generated data reduce biases and limit the feeling of intrusion that self-questionnaires may cause. The impact of these technologies questions the psychiatrist's professional culture, defined as a specific language and a set of common values. We address issues related to these changes. Impact on psychiatrists could be important because their unity seems to be questioned due to technologies that profoundly modify the collect and process of clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bourla
- UPMC, service de psychiatrie et de psychologie médicale des adultes, hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, 184, rue du Faubourg-Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France.
| | - F Ferreri
- UPMC, service de psychiatrie et de psychologie médicale des adultes, hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, 184, rue du Faubourg-Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France
| | - L Ogorzelec
- LaSA-UBFC EA3189, laboratoire de sociologie et d'anthropologie, université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - C Guinchard
- LaSA-UBFC EA3189, laboratoire de sociologie et d'anthropologie, université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - S Mouchabac
- UPMC, service de psychiatrie et de psychologie médicale des adultes, hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, 184, rue du Faubourg-Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France
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Zhang Z, Zhu J, Dong Y, Xu H, Jiang T, Li W, Xu D, Shi L, Yu J, Zhang J, Du J. Global transcriptome‑wide analysis of the function of GDDR in acute gastric lesions. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:8673-8684. [PMID: 28990076 PMCID: PMC5779945 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute gastric lesions induced by stress are frequent occurrences in medical establishments. The gastric dramatic downrelated gene (GDDR) is a secreted protein, which is abundantly expressed in normal gastric epithelia and is significantly decreased in gastric cancer. In our previous study, it was found that GDDR aggravated stress-induced acute gastric lesions. However, the role of GDDR in acute gastric lesions remains to be fully elucidated. In the present study, RNA sequencing was performed in order to examine the gene expression profile regulated by GDDR in acute gastric lesions. The dataset comprised four stomach samples from wild-type (WT) mice and four stomach samples from GDDR-knockout mice. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed to analyze the differentially-expressed genes (DEGs). Weighted correlation network analysis was used to identify clusters of highly correlated genes. Cytoscape was used to construct a protein-protein interaction network (PPI) of the DEGs. Based on the GO analysis, the upregulated DEGs were distinctly enriched in muscle contraction and response to wounding; and the downregulated DEGs were significantly enriched in the regulation of nitrogen compound metabolic process and regulation of RNA metabolic process. The results of the KEGG pathway analysis showed that the upregulated DEGs were enriched in ECM-receptor interaction and the signaling pathway of cGMP-PKG, and the downregulated DEGs were enriched in the renin-angiotensin system and glycerolipid metabolism. The co-expression network revealed a group of genes, which were associated with increased wound healing in the WT mice. Significant pathways were identified through the PPI network, including negative regulation of the signaling pathway of glucocorticoid receptor, regulation of cellular stress response, and regulation of hormone secretion. In conclusion, the present study improves current understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying acute gastric lesions and may assist in the treatment of gastric lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Yuanqiang Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Hongyuan Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Wenshuai Li
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Diannan Xu
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Liubin Shi
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Jianghong Yu
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Jianjun Du
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
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Wenzler S, Hagen M, Tarvainen MP, Hilke M, Ghirmai N, Huthmacher AC, Trettin M, van Dick R, Reif A, Oertel-Knöchel V. Intensified emotion perception in depression: Differences in physiological arousal and subjective perceptions. Psychiatry Res 2017; 253:303-310. [PMID: 28412613 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
People suffering from depression perceive themselves and their surroundings as more negative than healthy ones. An explanation might be that depressed individuals experience negative information as more stressful than non-depressed subjects and, consequently, respond in an amplified manner on a subjective and physiological level. To test this proposition, we presented 41 patients with recurrent depressive episodes and 42 controls with stimuli from the International Affective Picture System split into three valence categories while different parameters of physiological arousal (e.g., heart rate variability) and subjective perceptions of valence and arousal were assessed. Furthermore, we examined social skills and emotional competence. Results regarding physiological arousal revealed an elevated skin temperature and a more accentuated respiratory frequency in depressed subjects. Furthermore, depressed subjects rated the stimuli as more negative and arousing, which was associated with reduced social and emotional competence. Variation in antidepressant medication, menstrual cycle and other factors that have an impact on HRV are a potential bias. Our findings suggest an intensified perception of negative emotion in depressed individuals as compared to controls that manifests itself in an increased physiological arousal as well as on a subjective level. This intensified emotion perception is further associated with deficits in social and emotional competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Wenzler
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe Univ., Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
| | - Marleen Hagen
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe Univ., Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Mika P Tarvainen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marietheres Hilke
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe Univ., Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Naddy Ghirmai
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe Univ., Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Ann-Caitlin Huthmacher
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe Univ., Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Marco Trettin
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe Univ., Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Rolf van Dick
- Dept. of Social Psychology, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe Univ., Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Viola Oertel-Knöchel
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe Univ., Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Au TKF, Kwok AFP, Tong LCP, Cheng L, Tse HMY, Jun SA. The Social Costs in Communication Hiccups Between Native and Nonnative Speakers. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022116687852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It is well-established that native speakers perceive nonnative speakers with strong foreign accents, compared with those with a more nativelike accent, as less intelligent and competent, less ambitious and dependable as coworkers, and less comfortable around native speakers. But little is known about how nonnative speakers themselves are affected when communication hiccups—often due to incorrect or accented pronunciations—occur in their conversations with native speakers. In this experiment, mispronunciations of an English word were elicited from native Chinese speakers in phone conversations via the Internet with an American English speaker, who then either asked for clarification of the word or showed no confusion about the word but asked about something else. Chinese speakers’ reactions were measured using a combination of self-reports, facial affective coding, and skin-conductance responses. When the American asked for clarification—compared with when he did not—Chinese speakers were left feeling more anxious, embarrassed, and unsure of their English abilities, as well as feeling less positive about the American, finding him less attractive socially and their conversation with him less enjoyable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sun-Ah Jun
- University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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33
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Jerem P, Herborn K, McCafferty D, McKeegan D, Nager R. Thermal Imaging to Study Stress Non-invasively in Unrestrained Birds. J Vis Exp 2015:e53184. [PMID: 26575985 PMCID: PMC4692699 DOI: 10.3791/53184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress, a central concept in biology, describes a suite of emergency responses to challenges. Among other responses, stress leads to a change in blood flow that results in a net influx of blood to key organs and an increase in core temperature. This stress-induced hyperthermia is used to assess stress. However, measuring core temperature is invasive. As blood flow is redirected to the core, the periphery of the body can cool. This paper describes a protocol where peripheral body temperature is measured non-invasively in wild blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) using infrared thermography. In the field we created a set-up bringing the birds to an ideal position in front of the camera by using a baited box. The camera takes a short thermal video recording of the undisturbed bird before applying a mild stressor (closing the box and therefore capturing the bird), and the bird’s response to being trapped is recorded. The bare skin of the eye-region is the warmest area in the image. This allows an automated extraction of the maximum eye-region temperature from each image frame, followed by further steps of manual data filtering removing the most common sources of errors (motion blur, blinking). This protocol provides a time series of eye-region temperature with a fine temporal resolution that allows us to study the dynamics of the stress response non-invasively. Further work needs to demonstrate the usefulness of the method to assess stress, for instance to investigate whether eye-region temperature response is proportional to the strength of the stressor. If this can be confirmed, it will provide a valuable alternative method of stress assessment in animals and will be useful to a wide range of researchers from ecologists, conservation biologists, physiologists to animal welfare researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Jerem
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow
| | - Katherine Herborn
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow
| | - Dominic McCafferty
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow
| | - Dorothy McKeegan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow
| | - Ruedi Nager
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow;
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Herborn KA, Graves JL, Jerem P, Evans NP, Nager R, McCafferty DJ, McKeegan DEF. Skin temperature reveals the intensity of acute stress. Physiol Behav 2015; 152:225-30. [PMID: 26434785 PMCID: PMC4664114 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Acute stress triggers peripheral vasoconstriction, causing a rapid, short-term drop in skin temperature in homeotherms. We tested, for the first time, whether this response has the potential to quantify stress, by exhibiting proportionality with stressor intensity. We used established behavioural and hormonal markers: activity level and corticosterone level, to validate a mild and more severe form of an acute restraint stressor in hens (Gallus gallus domesticus). We then used infrared thermography (IRT) to non-invasively collect continuous temperature measurements following exposure to these two intensities of acute handling stress. In the comb and wattle, two skin regions with a known thermoregulatory role, stressor intensity predicted the extent of initial skin cooling, and also the occurrence of a more delayed skin warming, providing two opportunities to quantify stress. With the present, cost-effective availability of IRT technology, this non-invasive and continuous method of stress assessment in unrestrained animals has the potential to become common practice in pure and applied research. We measured skin temperature in hens following a mild or more severe acute stressor. The temperature of thermoregulatory tissues temporarily dropped under acute stress. The magnitude of this skin temperature change reflected acute stressor intensity. Infrared thermography offers a non-invasive method of stress assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Herborn
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - James L Graves
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Paul Jerem
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Neil P Evans
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ruedi Nager
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Dominic J McCafferty
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Dorothy E F McKeegan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Ryu SJ, Zhang HY. Neurilemmoma of Deep Peroneal Nerve Sensory Branch : Thermographic Findings with Compression Test. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2015; 58:286-90. [PMID: 26539275 PMCID: PMC4630363 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2015.58.3.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of neurilemmoma of deep peroneal nerve sensory branch that triggered sensory change with compression test on lower extremity. After resection of tumor, there are evoked thermal changes on pre- and post-operative infrared (IR) thermographic images. A 52-year-old female presented with low back pain, sciatica, and sensory change on the dorsal side of the right foot and big toe that has lasted for 9 months. She also presented with right tibial mass sized 1.2 cm by 1.4 cm. Ultrasonographic imaging revealed a peripheral nerve sheath tumor arising from the peroneal nerve. IR thermographic image showed hyperthermia when the neurilemoma induced sensory change with compression test on the fibular area, dorsum of foot, and big toe. After surgery, the symptoms and thermographic changes were relieved and disappeared. The clinical, surgical, radiographic, and thermographic perspectives regarding this case are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Jun Ryu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Yeol Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Health Insurance Corporation Ilsan Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
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Waxman JA, Lieshout RJ, Boyle MH, Saigal S, Schmidt LA. Linking extremely low birth weight and internalizing behaviors in adult survivors: Influences of neuroendocrine dysregulation. Dev Psychobiol 2015; 57:486-96. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.21308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordana A. Waxman
- Department of Psychology; York University; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Psychology; Neuroscience and Behaviour; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | - Ryan J.Van Lieshout
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | - Michael H. Boyle
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | - Saroj Saigal
- Department of Pediatrics; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | - Louis A. Schmidt
- Department of Psychology; Neuroscience and Behaviour; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario Canada
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Sanders W, Abaied J. Motivational systems and autonomic functioning: Overlapping and differential contributions to anhedonic depression and anxious arousal. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-015-9470-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Neuropsychological and Physiological Outcomes Pre- and Post-EMDR Therapy for a Woman With PTSD: A Case Study. JOURNAL OF EMDR PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1891/1933-3196.9.4.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This article provides a comprehensive review of the literature on the neurocognitive impact of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and reports on a quantitative single-case study, which investigated whether eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy would change the neuropsychological and physiological responses of an 18-year-old female client diagnosed with comorbid PTSD and major depressive disorder. Eleven 90-minute weekly sessions of EMDR therapy were provided. We used biofeedback equipment (ProComp5 Infiniti System) to obtain records of heart rate and conductance while the participant was in the desensitization and reprocessing phases of EMDR therapy. Results showed a heart rate decrease between baselines at the beginning and end of treatment. Neuropsychological evaluations of attention, memory, and brain executive functions showed pretreatment impairments in attentional processes, information processing speed, and working memory and posttreatment improvement of these cognitive functions, with significant differences on the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test. We found a substantial posttreatment decrease in mean scores on the Beck Depression Inventory-II and the Dissociative Experiences Scale. Furthermore, the patient showed no signs of PTSD after the intervention, based on the Posttraumatic Stress Global Scale. At 1-year follow-up, the participant reported maintenance of treatment effects. We discuss how amelioration of PTSD symptoms was associated with improved neurocognitive outcomes.
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Huang ACW, Chen HE, Wang YC, Wang LM. Internet abusers associate with a depressive state but not a depressive trait. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2014; 68:197-205. [PMID: 24313733 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM The present study investigated three issues: (i) whether Internet abusers display a depressive state without a depressive trait; (ii) which symptoms are shared between Internet abuse and depression; and (iii) which personality characteristics were shown in Internet abusers. METHODS Ninety-nine male and 58 female participants aged 18-24 years were screened with the Chen Internet Addiction Scale. After screening, subjects were separated into the high- (n = 73) and low-risk (n = 84) Internet abuser groups. Participants were respectively administered the Chinese version of the Beck Depression Inventory-II to assess a depressive state and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 to assess a depressive trait. RESULTS The present results showed that high-risk Internet abusers exhibited a stronger depressive state than low-risk Internet abusers in the Beck Depression Inventory-II. However, high-risk Internet abusers didnot show a depressive trait in the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 compared to low-risk Internet abusers. Therefore, high-risk Internet abuse participants exhibited a depressive state without a depressive trait. CONCLUSIONS In a comparison of the symptoms of depression and Internet abuse, it was found that high-risk Internet abuse participants shared some common behavioral mechanisms with depression, including the psychiatric symptoms of loss of interest, aggressive behavior, depressive mood, and guilty feelings. High-risk Internet abuse participants may be more susceptible to a temporal depressive state but not a permanent depressive trait. The present findings have clinical implications for the prevention and treatment of Internet abuse.
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Leitzke BT, Hilt LM, Pollak SD. Maltreated youth display a blunted blood pressure response to an acute interpersonal stressor. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2013; 44:305-13. [PMID: 24175880 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2013.848774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Although there is much evidence of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction among individuals who have experienced child maltreatment, dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) has received less attention. Understanding the role of the ANS in maltreated children may help clarify how these children respond to subsequent life stress. We explored ANS reactivity among 111 youth (ages 9-14), 34 of whom had experienced verified child maltreatment. ANS activity was assessed via blood pressure-a convenient, noninvasive physiological index-while youth underwent a social stress task. Blood pressure and subjective mood ratings were obtained prior to and following the task. Nonmaltreated youth experienced an increase in systolic blood pressure following the stressor, whereas maltreated youth did not. Self-reported subjective mood worsened for both groups. The current data suggest that children who experienced early stress exposure demonstrate blunted ANS reactivity. Results are discussed in terms of children's healthy adaptations to transient social stressors. In addition, we discuss the cost-effectiveness and benefits of physiological measures such as blood pressure for understanding risk for psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Leitzke
- a Department of Psychology , University of Wisconsin-Madison
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Ra JY, An S, Lee GH, Kim TU, Lee SJ, Hyun JK. Skin temperature changes in patients with unilateral lumbosacral radiculopathy. Ann Rehabil Med 2013; 37:355-63. [PMID: 23869333 PMCID: PMC3713292 DOI: 10.5535/arm.2013.37.3.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To clarify the relationship of skin temperature changes to clinical, radiologic, and electrophysiological findings in unilateral lumbosacral radiculopathy and to delineate the possible temperature-change mechanisms involved. Methods One hundred and one patients who had clinical symptoms and for whom there were physical findings suggestive or indicative of unilateral lumbosacral radiculopathy, along with 27 normal controls, were selected for the study, and the thermal-pattern results of digital infrared thermographic imaging (DITI) performed on the back and lower extremities were analyzed. Local temperatures were assessed by comparing the mean temperature differences (ΔT) in 30 regions of interest (ROIs), and abnormal thermal patterns were divided into seven regions. To aid the diagnosis of radiculopathy, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and electrophysiological tests were also carried out. Results The incidence of disc herniation on MRI was 86%; 43% of patients showed electrophysiological abnormalities. On DITI, 97% of the patients showed abnormal ΔT in at least one of the 30 ROIs, and 79% showed hypothermia on the involved side. Seventy-eight percent of the patients also showed abnormal thermal patterns in at least one of the seven regions. Patients who had motor weakness or lateral-type disc herniation showed some correlations with abnormal DITI findings. However, neither pain severity nor other physical or electrophysiological findings were related to the DITI findings. Conclusion Skin temperature change following lumbosacral radiculopathy was related to some clinical and MRI findings, suggesting muscle atrophy. DITI, despite its limitations, might be useful as a complementary tool in the diagnosis of unilateral lumbosacral radiculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Yun Ra
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
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Kim MS, Seo DH, Lim MH, Kim TU, Lee SJ, Hyun JK. Skin temperature changes following sciatic nerve injury in rats. J Neurotrauma 2012; 29:2738-47. [PMID: 22989216 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2012.2414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the clinical setting, skin temperature is both easily evaluated and useful in assessments of sympathetic dysfunction. The present study purposed to observe the serial skin temperature changes of both hindlimbs following several types of sciatic nerve injury (complete transection and ligation model [CTL], crush injury model [CRI], and chronic constriction injury model [CCI]) in Sprague-Dawley rats and, further, to delineate the possible mechanisms through various evaluation methods. The temperature differences between the intact and injured areas (ΔT) on the plantar surface and toes varied among the CTL, CRI, and CCI injury models during the acute stage (7 days post-injury). During the subacute to chronic stages (7-28 days post-injury), ΔT on the plantar area and toes of the CCI model were higher than those of the CTL and CRI models. The sciatic functional index was gradually restored in the CRI and CCI models, but was unchanged in the CTL model. The CTL model showed constant hypoesthesia; the CRI model, contrastingly, was restored to normal, and the CCI model showed gradual hyperesthesia until 28 days post-injury. The latency and amplitude of the compound muscle action potential (CMAP) in the involved plantar muscle was not found in the CTL group 4 weeks post-injury, but showed gradual restoration in the CRI and CCI models. Regression analysis revealed that the ΔT in the plantar area and toes were affected only by the CMAP amplitude in the involved plantar muscle; therefore, it can be said that the skin temperature on the injured area after sciatic nerve injury was influenced by the functional status of the involved muscle. Measurement of skin temperature can differentiate mild peripheral nerve injury from moderate-to-severe injuries, although its clinical significance might be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Seok Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
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Mathersul D, McDonald S, Rushby JA. Psychophysiological correlates of social judgement in high-functioning adults with autism spectrum disorder. Int J Psychophysiol 2012. [PMID: 23183316 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Neural structures involved in social cognition (e.g., amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex) have been implicated in judgements of trustworthiness. These regions are also functionally atypical in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Studies investigating judgements of trustworthiness in ASDs have suggested possible disruptions in the allocation of significance to social stimuli. Concurrent measures of autonomic responses provide further insight into these deficits, given their role in the direction of attention and allocation of significance. Thirty high-functioning adults with ASDs and 31 non-clinical controls viewed neutral images piloted as most "positive" and "negative." Skin conductance (SCR, SCL) and evoked cardiac deceleration (ECD) were recorded. Adults with ASDs did not differ from controls in ratings of trustworthiness. However, they displayed atypical SCRs, providing further support for a disruption in the allocation of emotional significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Mathersul
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Guo S, Gao Q, Jiao Q, Hao W, Gao X, Cao JM. Gastric mucosal damage in water immersion stress: Mechanism and prevention with GHRP-6. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:3145-55. [PMID: 22791951 PMCID: PMC3386329 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i24.3145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the mechanism of gastric mucosal demage induced by water immersion restraint stress (WRS) and its prevention by growth hormone releasing peptide-6 (GHRP-6).
METHODS: Male Wistar rats were subjected to conscious or unconscious (anesthetized) WRS, simple restraint (SR), free swimming (FS), non-water fluid immersion, immersion without water contact, or rats were placed in a cage surrounded by sand. To explore the sensitivity structures that influence the stress reaction besides skin stimuli, a group the rats had their eyes occluded. Cervical bilateral trunk vagotomy or atropine injection was performed in some rats to assess the parasympathetic role in mucosal damage. Gastric mucosal lesions, acid output and heart rate variability were measured. Plasma renin, endothelin-1 and thromboxane B2 and gastric heat shock protein 70 were also assayed. GHRP-6 was injected [intraperitoneal (IP) or intracerebroventricular (ICV)] 2 h before the onset of stress to observe its potential prevention of the mucosal lesion.
RESULTS: WRS for 6 h induced serious gastric mucosal lesion [lesion area, WRS 81.8 ± 6.4 mm2vs normal control 0.0 ± 0.0 mm2, P < 0.01], decreased the heart rate, and increased the heart rate variability and gastric acid secretion, suggesting an increase in vagal nerve-carrying stimuli. The mucosal injury was inversely correlated with water temperature (lesion area, WRS at 35 °C 56.4 ± 5.2 mm2vs WRS at 23 °C 81.8 ± 6.4 mm2, P < 0.01) and was consciousness-dependent. The injury could not be prevented by eye occlusion, but could be prevented by avoiding contact of the rat body with the water by dressing it in an impermeable plastic suit. When water was replaced by vegetable oil or liquid paraffin, there were gastric lesions in the same grade of water immersion. When rat were placed in a cage surrounded by sand, there were no gastric lesions. All these data point to a remarkable importance of cutenuous information transmitted to the high neural center that by vagal nerves reaching the gastric mucosa. FS alone also induced serious gastric injury, but SR could not induce gastric injury. Bilateral vagotomy or atropine prevented the WRS-induced mucosal lesion, indicating that increased outflow from the vagal center is a decisive factor in WRS-induced gastric injury. The mucosal lesions were prevented by prior injection of GHRP-6 via IP did, but not via ICV, suggesting that the protection is peripheral, although a sudden injection is not equivalent to a physiological release and uptake, which eventually may affect the vagal center.
CONCLUSION: From the central nervous system, vagal nerves carry the cutaneous stimuli brought about by the immersion restraint, an experimental model for inducing acute gastric erosions. GHRP-6 prevents the occurrence of these lesions.
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