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Liu X, Zhuang L, Gan B. Disulfidptosis: disulfide stress-induced cell death. Trends Cell Biol 2024; 34:327-337. [PMID: 37574347 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The cystine transporter solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) (also known as xCT) promotes glutathione synthesis and counters oxidative stress-induced cell death, including ferroptosis, by importing cystine. Also, SLC7A11 plays a crucial role in tumor development. However, recent studies have uncovered an unexpected role of SLC7A11 in promoting disulfidptosis, a novel form of regulated cell death induced by disulfide stress. In this review, we examine the opposing roles of SLC7A11 in regulating redox homeostasis and cell survival/death, summarize current knowledge on disulfidptosis, and explore its potential in disease treatment. A deeper understanding of disulfidptosis will offer new insights into fundamental cellular homeostasis and facilitate the development of innovative therapies for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Liu
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Li Zhuang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Boyi Gan
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA.
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Hua Y, Yang S, Zhang Y, Li J, Wang M, Yeerkenbieke P, Liao Q, Liu Q. Modulating ferroptosis sensitivity: environmental and cellular targets within the tumor microenvironment. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:19. [PMID: 38217037 PMCID: PMC10787430 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02925-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis, a novel form of cell death triggered by iron-dependent phospholipid peroxidation, presents significant therapeutic potential across diverse cancer types. Central to cellular metabolism, the metabolic pathways associated with ferroptosis are discernible in both cancerous and immune cells. This review begins by delving into the intricate reciprocal regulation of ferroptosis between cancer and immune cells. It subsequently details how factors within the tumor microenvironment (TME) such as nutrient scarcity, hypoxia, and cellular density modulate ferroptosis sensitivity. We conclude by offering a comprehensive examination of distinct immunophenotypes and environmental and metabolic targets geared towards enhancing ferroptosis responsiveness within the TME. In sum, tailoring precise ferroptosis interventions and combination strategies to suit the unique TME of specific cancers may herald improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuze Hua
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 1# Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Sen Yang
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 1# Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yalu Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 1# Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
- Department of General Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Division of Life Science and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 1# Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Mengyi Wang
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 1# Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Palashate Yeerkenbieke
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 1# Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
- Department of General Surgery, Xinjiang Yili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture Friendship Hospital, Xinjiang, 835099, China
| | - Quan Liao
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 1# Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Qiaofei Liu
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 1# Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.
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Žalytė E. Ferroptosis, Metabolic Rewiring, and Endometrial Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:75. [PMID: 38203246 PMCID: PMC10778781 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a newly discovered form of regulated cell death. The main feature of ferroptosis is excessive membrane lipid peroxidation caused by iron-mediated chemical and enzymatic reactions. In normal cells, harmful lipid peroxides are neutralized by glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). When GPX4 is inhibited, ferroptosis occurs. In mammalian cells, ferroptosis serves as a tumor suppression mechanism. Not surprisingly, in recent years, ferroptosis induction has gained attention as a potential anticancer strategy, alone or in combination with other conventional therapies. However, sensitivity to ferroptosis inducers depends on the metabolic state of the cell. Endometrial cancer (EC) is the sixth most common cancer in the world, with more than 66,000 new cases diagnosed every year. Out of all gynecological cancers, carcinogenesis of EC is mostly dependent on metabolic abnormalities. Changes in the uptake and catabolism of iron, lipids, glucose, and glutamine affect the redox capacity of EC cells and, consequently, their sensitivity to ferroptosis-inducing agents. In addition to this, in EC cells, ferroptosis-related genes are usually mutated and overexpressed, which makes ferroptosis a promising target for EC prediction, diagnosis, and therapy. However, for a successful application of ferroptosis, the connection between metabolic rewiring and ferroptosis in EC needs to be deciphered, which is the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eglė Žalytė
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
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4
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Greenwood HE, Edwards RS, Tyrrell WE, Barber AR, Baark F, Tanc M, Khalil E, Falzone A, Ward NP, DeBlasi JM, Torrente L, Pearce DR, Firth G, Smith LM, Timmermand OV, Huebner A, George ME, Swanton C, Hynds RE, DeNicola GM, Witney TH. Imaging the master regulator of the antioxidant response in non-small cell lung cancer with positron emission tomography. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.16.572007. [PMID: 38168428 PMCID: PMC10760199 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.16.572007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in the NRF2-KEAP1 pathway are common in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and confer broad-spectrum therapeutic resistance, leading to poor outcomes. The cystine/glutamate antiporter, system xc-, is one of the >200 cytoprotective proteins controlled by NRF2, which can be non-invasively imaged by (S)-4-(3-18F-fluoropropyl)-l-glutamate ([18F]FSPG) positron emission tomography (PET). Through genetic and pharmacologic manipulation, we show that [18F]FSPG provides a sensitive and specific marker of NRF2 activation in advanced preclinical models of NSCLC. We validate imaging readouts with metabolomic measurements of system xc- activity and their coupling to intracellular glutathione concentration. A redox gene signature was measured in patients from the TRACERx 421 cohort, suggesting an opportunity for patient stratification prior to imaging. Furthermore, we reveal that system xc- is a metabolic vulnerability that can be therapeutically targeted for sustained tumour growth suppression in aggressive NSCLC. Our results establish [18F]FSPG as predictive marker of therapy resistance in NSCLC and provide the basis for the clinical evaluation of both imaging and therapeutic agents that target this important antioxidant pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E. Greenwood
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Richard S. Edwards
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Will E. Tyrrell
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Abigail R. Barber
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Friedrich Baark
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Muhammet Tanc
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Eman Khalil
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Aimee Falzone
- Department of Metabolism and Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Nathan P. Ward
- Department of Metabolism and Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Janine M. DeBlasi
- Department of Metabolism and Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Laura Torrente
- Department of Metabolism and Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - David R. Pearce
- CRUK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, WC1E 6DD, UK
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - George Firth
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Lydia M. Smith
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Oskar Vilhelmsson Timmermand
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Ariana Huebner
- CRUK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, WC1E 6DD, UK
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Madeleine E. George
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Charles Swanton
- CRUK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, WC1E 6DD, UK
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Robert E. Hynds
- CRUK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, WC1E 6DD, UK
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Gina M. DeNicola
- Department of Metabolism and Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Timothy H. Witney
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
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Liu T, Ren Y, Wang Q, Wang Y, Li Z, Sun W, Fan D, Luan Y, Gao Y, Yan Z. Exploring the role of the disulfidptosis-related gene SLC7A11 in adrenocortical carcinoma: implications for prognosis, immune infiltration, and therapeutic strategies. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:259. [PMID: 37919768 PMCID: PMC10623781 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03091-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disulfidptosis and the disulfidptosis-related gene SLC7A11 have recently attracted significant attention for their role in tumorigenesis and tumour management. However, its association with adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is rarely discussed. METHODS Differential analysis, Cox regression analysis, and survival analysis were used to screen for the hub gene SLC7A11 in the TCGA and GTEx databases and disulfidptosis-related gene sets. Then, we performed an association analysis between SLC7A11 and clinically relevant factors in ACC patients. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to evaluate the prognostic value of SLC7A11 and clinically relevant factors. Weighted gene coexpression analysis was used to find genes associated with SLC7A11. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses and the LinkedOmics database were used to analyse the functions of SLC7A11-associated genes. The CIBERSORT and Xcell algorithms were used to analyse the relationship between SLC7A11 and immune cell infiltration in ACC. The TISIDB database was applied to search for the correlation between SLC7A11 expression and immune chemokines. In addition, we performed a correlation analysis for SLC7A11 expression and tumour mutational burden and immune checkpoint-related genes and assessed drug sensitivity based on SLC7A11 expression. Immunohistochemistry and RT‒qPCR were used to validate the upregulation of SLC7A11 in the ACC. RESULTS SLC7A11 is highly expressed in multiple urological tumours, including ACC. SLC7A11 expression is strongly associated with clinically relevant factors (M-stage and MYL6 expression) in ACC. SLC7A11 and the constructed nomogram can accurately predict ACC patient outcomes. The functions of SLC7A11 and its closely related genes are tightly associated with the occurrence of disulfidptosis in ACC. SLC7A11 expression was tightly associated with various immune cell infiltration disorders in the ACC tumour microenvironment (TME). It was positively correlated with the expression of immune chemokines (CXCL8, CXCL3, and CCL20) and negatively correlated with the expression of immune chemokines (CXCL17 and CCL14). SLC7A11 expression was positively associated with the expression of immune checkpoint genes (NRP1, TNFSF4, TNFRSF9, and CD276) and tumour mutation burden. The expression level of SLC7A11 in ACC patients is closely associated withcthe drug sensitivity. CONCLUSION In ACC, high expression of SLC7A11 is associated with migration, invasion, drug sensitivity, immune infiltration disorders, and poor prognosis, and its induction of disulfidptosis is a promising target for the treatment of ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonghu Liu
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yilin Ren
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qixin Wang
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Surgery of Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Surgery, Nanyang Central Hospital, 473005, Nanyang, Henan, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Tumour Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Surgery of Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Weibo Sun
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Surgery of Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Oncology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital & the People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450003, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Dandan Fan
- BGI College & Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Tumour Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Surgery of Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yongkun Luan
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
- BGI College & Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Tumour Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Surgery of Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Yukui Gao
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Surgery of Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, 241001, Wuhu, Anhui, China.
| | - Zechen Yan
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Tumour Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Surgery of Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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Colovic M, Yang H, Southcott L, Merkens H, Colpo N, Bénard F, Schaffer P. Comparative Evaluation of [ 18F]5-Fluoroaminosuberic Acid and (4 S)-4-3-[ 18F]fluoropropyl)-l-Glutamate as System xC--Targeting Radiopharmaceuticals. J Nucl Med 2023:jnumed.122.265254. [PMID: 37116917 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.122.265254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
System [Formula: see text] is an appealing biomarker for targeting oxidative stress with oncologic PET imaging and can serve as an alternative PET biomarker to other metabolic indicators. In this paper, we report a direct comparison of 2 18F-labeled amino acid radiopharmaceuticals targeting system [Formula: see text], [18F]5-fluoroaminosuberic acid ([18F]FASu) and (4S)-4-(3-[18F]fluoropropyl)-l-glutamate ([18F]FSPG), in terms of their uptake specificity and ability to image glioma and lung cancer xenografts in vivo. Methods: Both tracers were synthesized according to previously published procedures. In vitro uptake specificity assays were conducted using prostate (PC-3), glioblastoma (U-87), colorectal (HT-29), ovarian (SKOV3), breast (MDA-MB-231), and lung cancer (A549) cell lines. PET/CT imaging and biodistribution studies were conducted in immunocompromised mice bearing U-87 or A549 xenografts. Results: In vitro cell uptake assays showed that the tracers accumulated in cancer cells in a time-dependent manner and that the uptake of [18F]FASu was blocked by the system [Formula: see text] inhibitor sulfasalazine and rose bengal, but not by system L inhibitor 2-aminobicyclo-(2,2,1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid, system [Formula: see text] inhibitor L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid, or l-serine, which is a substrate for transporter systems A, ACS, B0, and B0,+ Conversely, [18F]FSPG uptake decreased significantly in the presence of an excess of L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid in 2 of 3 tested cell lines, indicating some reliance on system [Formula: see text] in these cells. In an in vivo setting, [18F]FASu and [18F]FSPG generated good-contrast PET images in U-87 and A549 tumor-bearing mice. Tracer accumulation in A549 tumors was 5.0 ± 0.8 percentage injected dose (%ID)/g ([18F]FASu, n ≥ 5) and 6.3 ± 1.3 %ID/g ([18F]FSPG, n ≥ 6, P = 0.7786), whereas U-87 xenografts demonstrated uptake of 6.1 ± 2.4 %ID/g ([18F]FASu, n ≥ 4) and 11.2 ± 4.1 %ID/g ([18F]FSPG, n ≥ 4, P = 0.0321) at 1 h after injection. Conclusion: [18F]FSPG had greater in vitro uptake than [18F]FASu in all cell lines tested; however, our results indicate that residual uptake differences exist between [18F]FSPG and [18F]FASu, suggesting alternative transporter activity in the cell lines tested. In vivo studies demonstrated the ability of both [18F]FASu and [18F]FSPG to image glioblastoma (U-87) and non-small cell lung cancer (A549) xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Colovic
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hua Yang
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lily Southcott
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Helen Merkens
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nadine Colpo
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Francois Bénard
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - Paul Schaffer
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada;
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Jin J, Byun JK, Choi YK, Park KG. Targeting glutamine metabolism as a therapeutic strategy for cancer. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:706-715. [PMID: 37009798 PMCID: PMC10167356 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-00971-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Proliferating cancer cells rely largely on glutamine for survival and proliferation. Glutamine serves as a carbon source for the synthesis of lipids and metabolites via the TCA cycle, as well as a source of nitrogen for amino acid and nucleotide synthesis. To date, many studies have explored the role of glutamine metabolism in cancer, thereby providing a scientific rationale for targeting glutamine metabolism for cancer treatment. In this review, we summarize the mechanism(s) involved at each step of glutamine metabolism, from glutamine transporters to redox homeostasis, and highlight areas that can be exploited for clinical cancer treatment. Furthermore, we discuss the mechanisms underlying cancer cell resistance to agents that target glutamine metabolism, as well as strategies for overcoming these mechanisms. Finally, we discuss the effects of glutamine blockade on the tumor microenvironment and explore strategies to maximize the utility of glutamine blockers as a cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghwa Jin
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, 41944, South Korea
| | - Jun-Kyu Byun
- BK21 FOUR Community-based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Yeon-Kyung Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, 41404, Korea.
| | - Keun-Gyu Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, 41944, South Korea.
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8
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Li S, Zeng H, Fan J, Wang F, Xu C, Li Y, Tu J, Nephew KP, Long X. Glutamine metabolism in breast cancer and possible therapeutic targets. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 210:115464. [PMID: 36849062 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is characterized by metabolic reprogramming, which is a hot topic in tumor treatment research. Cancer cells alter metabolic pathways to promote their growth, and the common purpose of these altered metabolic pathways is to adapt the metabolic state to the uncontrolled proliferation of cancer cells. Most cancer cells in a state of nonhypoxia will increase the uptake of glucose and produce lactate, called the Warburg effect. Increased glucose consumption is used as a carbon source to support cell proliferation, including nucleotide, lipid and protein synthesis. In the Warburg effect, pyruvate dehydrogenase activity decreases, thereby disrupting the TCA cycle. In addition to glucose, glutamine is also an important nutrient for the growth and proliferation of cancer cells, an important carbon bank and nitrogen bank for the growth and proliferation of cancer cells, providing ribose, nonessential amino acids, citrate, and glycerin necessary for cancer cell growth and proliferation and compensating for the reduction in oxidative phosphorylation pathways in cancer cells caused by the Warburg effect. In human plasma, glutamine is the most abundant amino acid. Normal cells produce glutamine via glutamine synthase (GLS), but the glutamine synthesized by tumor cells is insufficient to meet their high growth needs, resulting in a "glutamine-dependent phenomenon." Most cancers have an increased glutamine demand, including breast cancer. Metabolic reprogramming not only enables tumor cells to maintain the reduction-oxidation (redox) balance and commit resources to biosynthesis but also establishes heterogeneous metabolic phenotypes of tumor cells that are distinct from those of nontumor cells. Thus, targeting the metabolic differences between tumor and nontumor cells may be a promising and novel anticancer strategy. Glutamine metabolic compartments have emerged as promising candidates, especially in TNBC and drug-resistant breast cancer. In this review, the latest discoveries of breast cancer and glutamine metabolism are discussed, novel treatment methods based on amino acid transporters and glutaminase are discussed, and the relationship between glutamine metabolism and breast cancer metastasis, drug resistance, tumor immunity and ferroptosis are explained, which provides new ideas for the clinical treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Zeng
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Hangzhou Ninth People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junli Fan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fubing Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yirong Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiancheng Tu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kenneth P Nephew
- Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
| | - Xinghua Long
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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9
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Hang TD, Hung HM, Beckers P, Desmet N, Lamrani M, Massie A, Hermans E, Vanommeslaeghe K. Structural investigation of human cystine/glutamate antiporter system xc− (Sxc−) using homology modeling and molecular dynamics. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1064199. [DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1064199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The cystine/glutamate antiporter system xc− (Sxc−) belongs to the SLC7 family of plasma membrane transporters. It exports intracellular glutamate along the latter’s concentration gradient as a driving force for cellular uptake of cystine. Once imported, cystine is mainly used for the production of glutathione, a tripeptide thiol crucial in maintenance of redox homeostasis and protection of cells against oxidative stress. Overexpression of Sxc− has been found in several cancer cells, where it is thought to counteract the increased oxidative stress. In addition, Sxc− is important in the central nervous system, playing a complex role in regulating glutamatergic neurotransmission and glutamate toxicity. Accordingly, this transporter is considered a potential target for the treatment of cancer as well as neurodegenerative diseases. Till now, no specific inhibitors are available. We herein present four conformations of Sxc− along its transport pathway, obtained using multi-template homology modeling and refined by means of Molecular Dynamics. Comparison with a very recently released cryo-EM structure revealed an excellent agreement with our inward-open conformation. Intriguingly, our models contain a structured N-terminal domain that is unresolved in the experimental structures and is thought to play a gating role in the transport mechanism of other SLC7 family members. In contrast to the inward-open model, there is no direct experimental counterpart for the other three conformations we obtained, although they are in fair agreement with the other stages of the transport mechanism seen in other SLC7 transporters. Therefore, our models open the prospect for targeting alternative Sxc− conformations in structure-based drug design efforts.
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10
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Yuan H, Zhang P, Zhan H, Zhang H, Sun X, Wang Y, Zhang H. Theoretical investigation of turn off–on mechanism of a new fluorescence probe L. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.140256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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11
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Li FJ, Long HZ, Zhou ZW, Luo HY, Xu SG, Gao LC. System Xc−/GSH/GPX4 axis: An important antioxidant system for the ferroptosis in drug-resistant solid tumor therapy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:910292. [PMID: 36105219 PMCID: PMC9465090 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.910292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of ferroptosis is a new effective way to treat drug-resistant solid tumors. Ferroptosis is an iron-mediated form of cell death caused by the accumulation of lipid peroxides. The intracellular imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant due to the abnormal expression of multiple redox active enzymes will promote the produce of reactive oxygen species (ROS). So far, a few pathways and regulators have been discovered to regulate ferroptosis. In particular, the cystine/glutamate antiporter (System Xc−), glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and glutathione (GSH) (System Xc−/GSH/GPX4 axis) plays a key role in preventing lipid peroxidation-mediated ferroptosis, because of which could be inhibited by blocking System Xc−/GSH/GPX4 axis. This review aims to present the current understanding of the mechanism of ferroptosis based on the System Xc−/GSH/GPX4 axis in the treatment of drug-resistant solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Jiao Li
- School of Pharmacy, University of South China, Phase I Clinical Trial Centre, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
| | - Hui-Zhi Long
- School of Pharmacy, University of South China, Phase I Clinical Trial Centre, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
| | - Zi-Wei Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, University of South China, Phase I Clinical Trial Centre, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
| | - Hong-Yu Luo
- School of Pharmacy, University of South China, Phase I Clinical Trial Centre, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
| | - Shuo-Guo Xu
- School of Pharmacy, University of South China, Phase I Clinical Trial Centre, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
| | - Li-Chen Gao
- School of Pharmacy, University of South China, Phase I Clinical Trial Centre, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
- *Correspondence: Li-Chen Gao,
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12
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Jariyal H, Thakkar H, Kumar AS, Bhattacharyya M, Shah RP, Srivastava A. Extrinsic hyaluronic acid induction differentially modulates intracellular glutamine metabolism in breast cancer stem cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 218:679-689. [PMID: 35863662 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The effect of low and high molecular weight hyaluronic acid on glutamine metabolism in luminal and basal breast cancer and cancer stem cells is being investigated. In luminal cell lines (MCF-7), HA enhances the intracellular utilization of gln in redox metabolism and decreases its use in TCA. On the contrary, in MDAMB-231 cells, HA induces the uptake of gln to be utilized in anaplerosis rather than ROS maintenance. However, in MCF-7 CSCs, HA induces up-regulation of xCT, further, it uses gln-derived glutamate for the exchange of cystine, thus maintaining ROS levels through xCT. MDA-MB-231 CSCs reduce the secretion of glutamate in response to HA and decrease the gln flux towards reductive carboxylation. Conclusively, our study demonstrated that although the uptake of gln is enhanced by HA, it is differentially utilized intracellularly in breast cancer cells. This study could significantly influence the therapeutics involving HA and Gln in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heena Jariyal
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Harsh Thakkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Adarsh Suresh Kumar
- Department of Medical Devices, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Medha Bhattacharyya
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Ravi P Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
| | - Akshay Srivastava
- Department of Medical Devices, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
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13
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Jyotsana N, Ta KT, DelGiorno KE. The Role of Cystine/Glutamate Antiporter SLC7A11/xCT in the Pathophysiology of Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:858462. [PMID: 35280777 PMCID: PMC8904967 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.858462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
SLC7A11/xCT is an antiporter that mediates the uptake of extracellular cystine in exchange for glutamate. Cystine is reduced to cysteine, which is a rate-limiting precursor in glutathione synthesis; a process that protects cells from oxidative stress and is, therefore, critical to cell growth, proliferation, and metabolism. SLC7A11 is expressed in different tissues and plays diverse functional roles in the pathophysiology of various diseases, including cancer, by regulating the processes of redox homeostasis, metabolic flexibility/nutrient dependency, immune system function, and ferroptosis. SLC7A11 expression is associated with poor prognosis and drug resistance in cancer and, therefore, represents an important therapeutic target. In this review, we discuss the molecular functions of SLC7A11 in normal versus diseased tissues, with a special focus on how it regulates gastrointestinal cancers. Further, we summarize current therapeutic strategies targeting SLC7A11 as well as novel avenues for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Jyotsana
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Kenny T Ta
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Kathleen E DelGiorno
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.,Vanderbilt Digestive Disease Research Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.,Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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14
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Koch K, Hartmann R, Suwala AK, Rios DH, Kamp MA, Sabel M, Steiger HJ, Willbold D, Sharma A, Kahlert UD, Maciaczyk J. Overexpression of Cystine/Glutamate Antiporter xCT Correlates with Nutrient Flexibility and ZEB1 Expression in Highly Clonogenic Glioblastoma Stem-like Cells (GSCs). Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13236001. [PMID: 34885110 PMCID: PMC8672273 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13236001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive form of glioma (WHO grade IV), and mounting evidence suggests that glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs) play an important role in tumor growth and response to therapy. In the current study, we sought to understand the metabolic dependencies of GSCs using high-resolution proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR). In a defined experimental setting, we stratified in vitro GSC models into two subtypes (Gln/GluHigh, Gln/GluLow) and used diverse molecular approaches to perform comprehensive analyses in GSC neurosphere cultures and primary GBM samples. Abstract Cancer stem-like cells mediate tumor initiation, progression, and therapy resistance; however, their identification and selective eradication remain challenging. Herein, we analyze the metabolic dependencies of glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs) with high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy. We stratify our in vitro GSC models into two subtypes primarily based on their relative amount of glutamine in relationship to glutamate (Gln/Glu). Gln/GluHigh GSCs were found to be resistant to glutamine deprivation, whereas Gln/GluLow GSCs respond with significantly decreased in vitro clonogenicity and impaired cell growth. The starvation resistance appeared to be mediated by an increased expression of the glutamate/cystine antiporter SLC7A11/xCT and efficient cellular clearance of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, we were able to directly correlate xCT-dependent starvation resistance and high Gln/Glu ratios with in vitro clonogenicity, since targeted differentiation of GSCs with bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP4) impaired xCT expression, decreased the Gln/Glu ratio, and restored the sensitivity to glutamine starvation. Moreover, significantly reduced levels of the oncometabolites lactate (Lac), phosphocholine (PC), total choline (tCho), myo-inositol (Myo-I), and glycine (Gly) were observed in differentiated GSCs. Furthermore, we found a strong association between high Gln/Glu ratios and increased expression of Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) and xCT in primary GBM tumor tissues. Our analyses suggest that the inhibition of xCT represents a potential therapeutic target in glioblastoma; thus, we could further extend its importance in GSC biology and stress responses. We also propose that monitoring of the intracellular Gln/Glu ratio can be used to predict nutrient stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Koch
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (K.K.); (D.H.R.); (M.S.); (H.-J.S.); (U.D.K.)
- IUF—Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Rudolf Hartmann
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7) Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Juelich, 52425 Juelich, Germany; (R.H.); (D.W.)
| | - Abigail Kora Suwala
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Helen Diller Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA;
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dayana Herrera Rios
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (K.K.); (D.H.R.); (M.S.); (H.-J.S.); (U.D.K.)
- Skin Cancer Unit of the Dermatology Department, West German Cancer Center, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Marcel Alexander Kamp
- Department of Neurosurgery, Centre of Neuro-Oncology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany;
| | - Michael Sabel
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (K.K.); (D.H.R.); (M.S.); (H.-J.S.); (U.D.K.)
| | - Hans-Jakob Steiger
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (K.K.); (D.H.R.); (M.S.); (H.-J.S.); (U.D.K.)
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7) Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Juelich, 52425 Juelich, Germany; (R.H.); (D.W.)
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Amit Sharma
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Ulf Dietrich Kahlert
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (K.K.); (D.H.R.); (M.S.); (H.-J.S.); (U.D.K.)
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Surgery, Clinic of General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplant Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University and University Hospital Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jarek Maciaczyk
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)228-287-16531
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15
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Li T, Gao SJ. Metabolic reprogramming and metabolic sensors in KSHV-induced cancers and KSHV infection. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:176. [PMID: 34579773 PMCID: PMC8475840 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00688-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic gammaherpesvirus associated with several human cancers. KSHV infection and KSHV-induced anabolic cell proliferation and cellular transformation depend on reprogramming of cellular metabolic pathways, which provide the building blocks and energy for the growth of both the virus and the infected cells. Furthermore, KSHV dysregulates numerous metabolic sensors including mTOR, AMPK, CASTOR1 and sirtuins to maintain cellular energetic homeostasis during infection and in KSHV-induced cancers. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the understanding of KSHV hijacking of metabolic pathways and sensors, providing insights into the molecular basis of KSHV infection and KSHV-induced oncogenesis. In addition, we highlight the critical metabolic targets and sensors for developing potential new therapies against KSHV infection and KSHV-induced cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Shou-Jiang Gao
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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16
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Edwards R, Greenwood HE, McRobbie G, Khan I, Witney TH. Robust and Facile Automated Radiosynthesis of [ 18F]FSPG on the GE FASTlab. Mol Imaging Biol 2021; 23:854-864. [PMID: 34013395 PMCID: PMC8578107 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-021-01609-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Purpose (S)-4-(3-18F-Fluoropropyl)-ʟ-Glutamic Acid ([18F]FSPG) is a radiolabeled non-natural amino acid that is used for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of the glutamate/cystine antiporter, system xC-, whose expression is upregulated in many cancer types. To increase the clinical adoption of this radiotracer, reliable and facile automated procedures for [18F]FSPG production are required. Here, we report a cassette-based method to produce [18F]FSPG at high radioactivity concentrations from low amounts of starting activity. Procedures An automated synthesis and purification of [18F]FSPG was developed using the GE FASTlab. Optimization of the reaction conditions and automated manipulations were performed by measuring the isolated radiochemical yield of [18F]FSPG and by assessing radiochemical purity using radio-HPLC. Purification of [18F]FSPG was conducted by trapping and washing of the radiotracer on Oasis MCX SPE cartridges, followed by a reverse elution of [18F]FSPG in phosphate-buffered saline. Subsequently, the [18F]FSPG obtained from the optimized process was used to image an animal model of non-small cell lung cancer. Results The optimized protocol produced [18F]FSPG in 38.4 ± 2.6 % radiochemical yield and >96 % radiochemical purity with a molar activity of 11.1 ± 7.7 GBq/μmol. Small alterations, including the implementation of a reverse elution and an altered Hypercarb cartridge, led to significant improvements in radiotracer concentration from <10 MBq/ml to >100 MBq/ml. The improved radiotracer concentration allowed for the imaging of up to 20 mice, starting with just 1.5 GBq of [18F]Fluoride. Conclusions We have developed a robust and facile method for [18F]FSPG radiosynthesis in high radiotracer concentration, radiochemical yield, and radiochemical purity. This cassette-based method enabled the production of [18F]FSPG at radioactive concentrations sufficient to facilitate large-scale preclinical experiments with a single prep of starting activity. The use of a cassette-based radiosynthesis on an automated synthesis module routinely used for clinical production makes the method amenable to rapid and widespread clinical translation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11307-021-01609-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Edwards
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Hannah E Greenwood
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Graeme McRobbie
- Pharmaceutical Diagnostics, Life Sciences, GE Healthcare, Pollards Wood, Nightingales Lane, Chalfont St. Giles, Buckinghamshire, HP8 4SP, UK
| | - Imtiaz Khan
- Pharmaceutical Diagnostics, Life Sciences, GE Healthcare, Pollards Wood, Nightingales Lane, Chalfont St. Giles, Buckinghamshire, HP8 4SP, UK
| | - Timothy H Witney
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK.
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17
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Lin L, Xiang X, Su S, Liu S, Xiong Y, Ma H, Yuan G, Nie D, Tang G. Biological Evaluation of [ 18F]AlF-NOTA-NSC-GLU as a Positron Emission Tomography Tracer for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Chem 2021; 9:630452. [PMID: 33937189 PMCID: PMC8085524 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.630452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: N-(2-[18F]fluoropropionyl)-L-glutamate ([18F]FPGLU) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) imaging has been performed in our previous studies, but its radiosynthesis method and stability in vivo need to be improved. Hence, we evaluated the synthesis and biological properties of a simple [18F]-labeled glutamate analog, [18F]AlF-1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic-acid-2-S-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-l-glutamate ([18F]AlF-NOTA-NSC-GLU), for HCC imaging. Procedures: [18F]AlF-NOTA-NSC-GLU was synthesized via a one-step reaction sequence from NOTA-NSC-GLU. In order to investigate the imaging value of [18F]AlF-NOTA-NSC-GLU in HCC, we conducted positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging and competitive binding of [18F]AlF-NOTA-NSC-GLU in human Hep3B tumor-bearing mice. The transport mechanism of [18F]AlF-NOTA-NSC-GLU was determined by competitive inhibition and protein incorporation experiments in vitro. Results: [18F]AlF-NOTA-NSC-GLU was prepared with an overall radiochemical yield of 29.3 ± 5.6% (n = 10) without decay correction within 20 min. In vitro competitive inhibition experiments demonstrated that the Na+-dependent systems XAG-, B0+, ASC, and minor XC- were involved in the uptake of [18F]AlF-NOTA-NSC-GLU, with the Na+-dependent system XAG- possibly playing a more dominant role. Protein incorporation studies of the Hep3B human hepatoma cell line showed almost no protein incorporation. Micro-PET/CT imaging with [18F]AlF-NOTA-NSC-GLU showed good tumor-to-background contrast in Hep3B human hepatoma-bearing mouse models. After [18F]AlF-NOTA-NSC-GLU injection, the tumor-to-liver uptake ratio of [18F]AlF-NOTA-NSC-GLU was 2.06 ± 0.17 at 30 min post-injection. In vivo competitive binding experiments showed that the tumor-to-liver uptake ratio decreased with the addition of inhibitors to block the XAG system. Conclusions: We have successfully synthesized [18F]AlF-NOTA-NSC-GLU as a novel PET tracer with good radiochemical yield and high radiochemical purity. Our findings indicate that [18F]AlF-NOTA-NSC-GLU may be a potential candidate for HCC imaging. Also, a further biological evaluation is underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Lin
- Department of Radiology Intervention and Medical Imaging, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Medical Radiopharmaceuticals Translational Application, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianhong Xiang
- Department of Radiology Intervention and Medical Imaging, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Medical Radiopharmaceuticals Translational Application, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu Su
- Department of Radiology Intervention and Medical Imaging, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Medical Radiopharmaceuticals Translational Application, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoyu Liu
- Department of Radiology Intervention and Medical Imaging, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Medical Radiopharmaceuticals Translational Application, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Department of Radiology Intervention and Medical Imaging, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Medical Radiopharmaceuticals Translational Application, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Ma
- Department of Radiology Intervention and Medical Imaging, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Medical Radiopharmaceuticals Translational Application, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gongjun Yuan
- Department of Radiology Intervention and Medical Imaging, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Medical Radiopharmaceuticals Translational Application, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dahong Nie
- Department of Radiology Intervention and Medical Imaging, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Medical Radiopharmaceuticals Translational Application, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ganghua Tang
- Department of Radiology Intervention and Medical Imaging, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Medical Radiopharmaceuticals Translational Application, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Nanfang PET Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Li Z, Chen L, Chen C, Zhou Y, Hu D, Yang J, Chen Y, Zhuo W, Mao M, Zhang X, Xu L, Wang L, Zhou J. Targeting ferroptosis in breast cancer. Biomark Res 2020; 8:58. [PMID: 33292585 PMCID: PMC7643412 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-020-00230-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a recently discovered distinct type of regulated cell death caused by the accumulation of lipid-based ROS. Metabolism and expression of specific genes affect the occurrence of ferroptosis, making it a promising therapeutic target to manage cancer. Here, we describe the current status of ferroptosis studies in breast cancer and trace the key regulators of ferroptosis back to previous studies. We also compare ferroptosis to common regulated cell death patterns and discuss the sensitivity to ferroptosis in different subtypes of breast cancer. We propose that viewing ferroptosis-related studies from a historical angle will accelerate the development of ferroptosis-based biomarkers and therapeutic strategies in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqing Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang China
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310009 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Lini Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang China
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Cong Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang China
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Yulu Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang China
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Dengdi Hu
- Cixi People’s Hospital Medical and Health Group, 315300 Ningbo, Zhejiang China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang China
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Yongxia Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang China
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Wenying Zhuo
- Cixi People’s Hospital Medical and Health Group, 315300 Ningbo, Zhejiang China
| | - Misha Mao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang China
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Xun Zhang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang China
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Ling Xu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang China
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Linbo Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang China
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Jichun Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang China
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
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19
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Cystine transporter SLC7A11/xCT in cancer: ferroptosis, nutrient dependency, and cancer therapy. Protein Cell 2020; 12:599-620. [PMID: 33000412 PMCID: PMC8310547 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-020-00789-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 837] [Impact Index Per Article: 209.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cystine/glutamate antiporter SLC7A11 (also commonly known as xCT) functions to import cystine for glutathione biosynthesis and antioxidant defense and is overexpressed in multiple human cancers. Recent studies revealed that SLC7A11 overexpression promotes tumor growth partly through suppressing ferroptosis, a form of regulated cell death induced by excessive lipid peroxidation. However, cancer cells with high expression of SLC7A11 (SLC7A11high) also have to endure the significant cost associated with SLC7A11-mediated metabolic reprogramming, leading to glucose- and glutamine-dependency in SLC7A11high cancer cells, which presents potential metabolic vulnerabilities for therapeutic targeting in SLC7A11high cancer. In this review, we summarize diverse regulatory mechanisms of SLC7A11 in cancer, discuss ferroptosis-dependent and -independent functions of SLC7A11 in promoting tumor development, explore the mechanistic basis of SLC7A11-induced nutrient dependency in cancer cells, and conceptualize therapeutic strategies to target SLC7A11 in cancer treatment. This review will provide the foundation for further understanding SLC7A11 in ferroptosis, nutrient dependency, and tumor biology and for developing novel effective cancer therapies.
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20
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Daher B, Vučetić M, Pouysségur J. Cysteine Depletion, a Key Action to Challenge Cancer Cells to Ferroptotic Cell Death. Front Oncol 2020; 10:723. [PMID: 32457843 PMCID: PMC7221143 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are characterized as highly proliferative at the expense of enhancement of metabolic rate. Consequently, cancer cells rely on antioxidant defenses to overcome the associated increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The reliance of tumor metabolism on amino acids, especially amino acid transport systems, has been extensively studied over the past decade. Although cysteine is the least abundant amino acid in the cell, evidences described it as one of the most important amino acid for cell survival and growth. Regarding its multi-functionality as a nutrient, protein folding, and major component for redox balance due to its involvement in glutathione synthesis, disruption of cysteine homeostasis appears to be promising strategy for induction of cancer cell death. Ten years ago, ferroptosis, a new form of non-apoptotic cell death, has been described as a result of cysteine insufficiency leading to a collapse of intracellular glutathione level. In the present review, we summarized the metabolic networks involving the amino acid cysteine in cancer and ferroptosis and we focused on describing the recently discovered glutathione-independent pathway, a potential player in cancer ferroptosis resistance. Then, we discuss the implication of cysteine as key player in ferroptosis as a precursor for glutathione first, but also as metabolic precursor in glutathione-independent ferroptosis axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boutaina Daher
- Medical Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco (CSM), Monaco, Monaco
| | - Milica Vučetić
- Medical Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco (CSM), Monaco, Monaco
| | - Jacques Pouysségur
- Medical Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco (CSM), Monaco, Monaco
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging (IRCAN), CNRS, INSERM, Centre A. Lacassagne, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
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21
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Greenwood HE, McCormick PN, Gendron T, Glaser M, Pereira R, Maddocks ODK, Sander K, Zhang T, Koglin N, Lythgoe MF, Årstad E, Hochhauser D, Witney TH. Measurement of Tumor Antioxidant Capacity and Prediction of Chemotherapy Resistance in Preclinical Models of Ovarian Cancer by Positron Emission Tomography. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:2471-2482. [PMID: 30651275 PMCID: PMC6522377 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-3423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Drug resistance is a major obstacle for the effective treatment of patients with high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). Currently, there is no satisfactory way to identify patients with HGSOC that are refractive to the standard of care. Here, we propose the system xc - radiotracer (4S)-4-(3-[18F]fluoropropyl)-l-glutamate ([18F]FSPG) as a non-invasive method to measure upregulated antioxidant pathways present in drug-resistant HGSOC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Using matched chemotherapy sensitive and resistant ovarian cancer cell lines, we assessed their antioxidant capacity and its relation to [18F]FSPG uptake, both in cells and in animal models of human ovarian cancer. We identified the mechanisms driving differential [18F]FSPG cell accumulation and evaluated [18F]FSPG tumor uptake as predictive marker of treatment response in drug-resistant tumors. RESULTS High intracellular glutathione (GSH) and low reactive oxygen species corresponded to decreased [18F]FSPG cell accumulation in drug-resistant versus drug-sensitive cells. Decreased [18F]FSPG uptake in drug-resistant cells was a consequence of changes in intracellular cystine, a key precursor in GSH biosynthesis. In vivo, [18F]FSPG uptake was decreased nearly 80% in chemotherapy-resistant A2780 tumors compared with parental drug-sensitive tumors, with nonresponding tumors displaying high levels of oxidized-to-reduced GSH. Treatment of drug-resistant A2780 tumors with doxorubicin resulted in no detectable change in tumor volume, GSH, or [18F]FSPG uptake. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the ability of [18F]FSPG to detect upregulated antioxidant pathways present in drug-resistant cancer. [18F]FSPG may therefore enable the identification of patients with HGSOC that are refractory to standard of care, allowing the transferal of drug-resistant patients to alternative therapies, thereby improving outcomes in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Greenwood
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick N McCormick
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thibault Gendron
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Glaser
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Raul Pereira
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver D K Maddocks
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kerstin Sander
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tong Zhang
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mark F Lythgoe
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Erik Årstad
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Hochhauser
- Cancer Research UK Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy H Witney
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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22
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Katzenmaier EM, Fuchs V, Warnken U, Schnölzer M, Gebert J, Kopitz J. Deciphering the galectin-12 protein interactome reveals a major impact of galectin-12 on glutamine anaplerosis in colon cancer cells. Exp Cell Res 2019; 379:129-139. [PMID: 30935948 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Galectins are β-galactoside binding proteins which possess a variety of functions including modulation of apoptosis, growth and differentiation. Hence, alterations in the expression profile have been associated with loss of cellular homeostasis contributing to tumor growth and progression. Though galectin-12 is significantly downregulated in several tumor entities, including colon cancer, its impact on cellular homeostasis as well as galectin-12 specific binding partners have not been identified so far. We therefore established an experimental strategy which is based on reversible cross-link immunoprecipitation to capture the galectin-12 protein interactome in colon cancer cells. By applying this approach, we identified 10 novel candidates of galectin-12 interacting proteins including the neutral amino acid exchanger SLC1A5. Remarkably, we uncovered that binding of galectin-12 to SLC1A5 significantly reduced glutamine uptake in our model cell line. Consequently, utilization of glutamine carbon for biomass synthesis was profoundly affected, suggesting galectin-12 as a novel inhibitor of glutamine anaplerosis in colon cancer cells. More detailed analysis revealed that colon cancer cells can counteract galectin-12 mediated glutamine deprivation by induction of compensatory mechanisms which facilitate adaption to low-glutamine conditions and thus survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Katzenmaier
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vera Fuchs
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe Warnken
- Functional Proteome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina Schnölzer
- Functional Proteome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Gebert
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kopitz
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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23
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McCormick PN, Greenwood HE, Glaser M, Maddocks ODK, Gendron T, Sander K, Gowrishankar G, Hoehne A, Zhang T, Shuhendler AJ, Lewis DY, Berndt M, Koglin N, Lythgoe MF, Gambhir SS, Årstad E, Witney TH. Assessment of Tumor Redox Status through ( S)-4-(3-[ 18F]fluoropropyl)-L-Glutamic Acid PET Imaging of System x c - Activity. Cancer Res 2019; 79:853-863. [PMID: 30401715 PMCID: PMC6379064 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The cell's endogenous antioxidant system is vital to maintenance of redox homeostasis. Despite its central role in normal and pathophysiology, no noninvasive tools exist to measure this system in patients. The cystine/glutamate antiporter system xc - maintains the balance between intracellular reactive oxygen species and antioxidant production through the provision of cystine, a key precursor in glutathione biosynthesis. Here, we show that tumor cell retention of a system xc --specific PET radiotracer, (S)-4-(3-[18F]fluoropropyl)-L-glutamic acid ([18F]FSPG), decreases in proportion to levels of oxidative stress following treatment with a range of redox-active compounds. The decrease in [18F]FSPG retention correlated with a depletion of intracellular cystine resulting from increased de novo glutathione biosynthesis, shown through [U-13C6, U-15N2]cystine isotopic tracing. In vivo, treatment with the chemotherapeutic doxorubicin decreased [18F]FSPG tumor uptake in a mouse model of ovarian cancer, coinciding with markers of oxidative stress but preceding tumor shrinkage and decreased glucose utilization. Having already been used in pilot clinical trials, [18F]FSPG PET could be rapidly translated to the clinic as an early redox indicator of tumor response to treatment. SIGNIFICANCE: [18F]FSPG PET imaging provides a sensitive noninvasive measure of tumor redox status and provides an early marker of tumor response to therapy.See related commentary by Lee et al., p. 701.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick N McCormick
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah E Greenwood
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Glaser
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver D K Maddocks
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Thibault Gendron
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kerstin Sander
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gayatri Gowrishankar
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Stanford, California
| | - Aileen Hoehne
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Stanford, California
| | - Tong Zhang
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Adam J Shuhendler
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Stanford, California
| | - David Y Lewis
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Stanford, California
| | | | | | - Mark F Lythgoe
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjiv S Gambhir
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Stanford, California
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Bio-X, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Stanford, California
| | - Erik Årstad
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy H Witney
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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24
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mTOR-dependent upregulation of xCT blocks melanin synthesis and promotes tumorigenesis. Cell Death Differ 2019; 26:2015-2028. [PMID: 30760873 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0274-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of either TSC1 or TSC2 causes tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) via activation of mTOR signaling pathway. The two prominent features of TSC are skin lesions including hypomelanic macules and benign tumors in multiple organs, whose molecular alterations are largely unknown. We report here that Xc- cystine/glutamate antiporter (xCT) was elevated in Tsc2-/- or Pten-/- cells, Tsc1 knockout mouse tissues and TSC2-deficient human kidney tumor. xCT was transcriptionally boosted by mTOR-mediated Oct1 signaling cascade. Augmented xCT led to reduction of eumelanin and elevation of pheomelanin in Tsc1 skin knockout mice through mTOR signaling pathway. Disruption of xCT suppressed the proliferation and tumorigenesis of Pten-null cells and Tsc2-null cells. mTOR hyperactive cells were more sensitive to inhibitors of mTOR or xCT. Combined inhibition of mTOR and xCT synergistically blocked the propagation and oncogenesis of mTOR hyperactive cells. Therefore, oncogenic mTOR activation of xCT is a key connection between aberrant melanin synthesis and tumorigenesis. We suggest that xCT is a novel therapeutic target for TSC and other aberrant mTOR-related diseases.
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25
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Abstract
Enhanced glutaminolysis and glycolysis are the two most remarkable biochemical features of cancer cell metabolism, reflecting increased utilization of glutamine and glucose in proliferating cells. Most solid tumors often outgrow the blood supply, resulting in a tumor microenvironment characterized by the depletion of glutamine, glucose, and oxygen. Whereas mechanisms by which cancer cells sense and metabolically adapt to hypoxia have been well characterized with a variety of cancer types, mechanisms by which different types of tumor cells respond to a dynamic change of glutamine availability and the underlying importance remains to be characterized. Here we describe the protocol, which uses cultured Hep3B cells as a model in determining glutamine-dependent proliferation, metabolite rescuing, and cellular responses to glutamine depletion. These protocols may be modified to study the metabolic roles of glutamine in other types of tumor or non-tumor cells as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Qie
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Dan He
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nianli Sang
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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26
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Cairns DM, Giordano JE, Conte S, Levin M, Kaplan DL. Ivermectin Promotes Peripheral Nerve Regeneration during Wound Healing. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:12392-12402. [PMID: 30411007 PMCID: PMC6210064 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nerves have the capacity to regenerate due to the presence of neuroprotective glia of the peripheral nervous system, Schwann cells. Upon peripheral nerve injury, Schwann cells create a permissive microenvironment for neuronal regrowth by taking up cytotoxic glutamate and secreting neurotrophic signaling molecules. Impaired peripheral nerve repair is often caused by a defective Schwann cell response after injury, and there is a critical need to develop new strategies to enhance nerve regeneration, especially in organisms with restricted regenerative potential, such as humans. One approach is to explore mechanisms in lower organisms, in which nerve repair is much more efficient. A recent study demonstrated that the antiparasitic drug, ivermectin, caused hyperinnervation of primordial eye tissue in Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Our study aimed to examine the role of ivermectin in mammalian nerve repair. We performed in vitro assays utilizing human induced neural stem cells (hiNSCs) in co-culture with human dermal fibroblasts (hDFs) and found that ivermectin-treated hDFs promote hiNSC proliferation and migration. We also characterized the effects of ivermectin on hDFs and found that ivermectin causes hDFs to uptake extracellular glutamate, secrete glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor, develop an elongated bipolar morphology, and express glial fibrillary acidic protein. Finally, in a corresponding in vivo model, we found that localized ivermectin treatment in a dermal wound site induced the upregulation of both glial and neuronal markers upon healing. Taken together, we demonstrate that ivermectin promotes peripheral nerve regeneration by inducing fibroblasts to adopt a glia-like phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M. Cairns
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Biology, Allen Discovery Center, and Tufts University
Biomedical Engineering Research Scholars Program (TUBERS), Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Jodie E. Giordano
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Biology, Allen Discovery Center, and Tufts University
Biomedical Engineering Research Scholars Program (TUBERS), Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Sylvia Conte
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Biology, Allen Discovery Center, and Tufts University
Biomedical Engineering Research Scholars Program (TUBERS), Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Michael Levin
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Biology, Allen Discovery Center, and Tufts University
Biomedical Engineering Research Scholars Program (TUBERS), Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Biology, Allen Discovery Center, and Tufts University
Biomedical Engineering Research Scholars Program (TUBERS), Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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27
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Koppula P, Zhang Y, Zhuang L, Gan B. Amino acid transporter SLC7A11/xCT at the crossroads of regulating redox homeostasis and nutrient dependency of cancer. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2018; 38:12. [PMID: 29764521 PMCID: PMC5993148 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-018-0288-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells often upregulate nutrient transporters to fulfill their increased biosynthetic and bioenergetic needs, and to maintain redox homeostasis. One nutrient transporter frequently overexpressed in human cancers is the cystine/glutamate antiporter solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11; also known as xCT). SLC7A11 promotes cystine uptake and glutathione biosynthesis, resulting in protection from oxidative stress and ferroptotic cell death. Recent studies have unexpectedly revealed that SLC7A11 also plays critical roles in glutamine metabolism and regulates the glucose and glutamine dependency of cancer cells. This review discusses the roles of SLC7A11 in regulating the antioxidant response and nutrient dependency of cancer cells, explores our current understanding of SLC7A11 regulation in cancer metabolism, and highlights key open questions for future studies in this emerging research area. A deeper understanding of SLC7A11 in cancer metabolism may identify new therapeutic opportunities to target this important amino acid transporter for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranavi Koppula
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 6767 Bertner Ave., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yilei Zhang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Li Zhuang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Boyi Gan
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 6767 Bertner Ave., Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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28
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Cysteine protects rabbit spermatozoa against reactive oxygen species-induced damages. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181110. [PMID: 28700739 PMCID: PMC5507327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of cryopreservation results in over-production of reactive oxygen species, which is extremely detrimental to spermatozoa. The aim of this study was to investigate whether addition of cysteine to freezing extender would facilitate the cryosurvival of rabbit spermatozoa, and if so, how cysteine protects spermatozoa from cryodamages. Freshly ejaculated semen was diluted with Tris-citrate-glucose extender supplemented with different concentrations of cysteine. The motility, intact acrosomes, membrane integrity, mitochondrial potentials, 8-hydroxyguanosine level and sperm-zona pellucida binding capacity were examined. Furthermore, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, glutathione content (GSH), and level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hydrogen peroxide of spermatozoa were analyzed. The values of motility, intact acrosomes, membrane integrity, mitochondrial potentials and sperm-zona pellucida binding capacity of the frozen-thawed spermatozoa in the treatment of cysteine were significantly higher than those of the control. Addition of cysteine to extenders improved the GPx activity and GSH content of spermatozoa, while lowered the ROS, DNA oxidative alterations and lipid peroxidation level, which makes spermatozoa avoid ROS to attack DNA, the plasma membrane and mitochondria. In conclusion, cysteine protects spermatozoa against ROS-induced damages during cryopreservation and post-thaw incubation. Addition of cysteine is recommended to facilitate the improvement of semen preservation for the rabbit breeding industry.
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29
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Shin CS, Mishra P, Watrous JD, Carelli V, D'Aurelio M, Jain M, Chan DC. The glutamate/cystine xCT antiporter antagonizes glutamine metabolism and reduces nutrient flexibility. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15074. [PMID: 28429737 PMCID: PMC5413954 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As noted by Warburg, many cancer cells depend on the consumption of glucose. We performed a genetic screen to identify factors responsible for glucose addiction and recovered the two subunits of the xCT antiporter (system xc−), which plays an antioxidant role by exporting glutamate for cystine. Disruption of the xCT antiporter greatly improves cell viability after glucose withdrawal, because conservation of glutamate enables cells to maintain mitochondrial respiration. In some breast cancer cells, xCT antiporter expression is upregulated through the antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2 and contributes to their requirement for glucose as a carbon source. In cells carrying patient-derived mitochondrial DNA mutations, the xCT antiporter is upregulated and its inhibition improves mitochondrial function and cell viability. Therefore, although upregulation of the xCT antiporter promotes antioxidant defence, it antagonizes glutamine metabolism and restricts nutrient flexibility. In cells with mitochondrial dysfunction, the potential utility of xCT antiporter inhibition should be further tested. The factors that limit the nutrient flexibility of cells remain largely unknown. Here, the authors identify the glutamate/cysteine antiporter xCT in a genetic screen for glucose dependency and show it determines the ability of cells to survive under conditions of low glucose by limiting the utilization of glutamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Shik Shin
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Prashant Mishra
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.,Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-8502, USA
| | - Jeramie D Watrous
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Valerio Carelli
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Via Altura 3, 40139 Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Altura 3, 40139 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marilena D'Aurelio
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, A501, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Mohit Jain
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - David C Chan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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30
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Abstract
A defining hallmark of cancer is uncontrolled cell proliferation. This is initiated once cells have accumulated alterations in signaling pathways that control metabolism and proliferation, wherein the metabolic alterations provide the energetic and anabolic demands of enhanced cell proliferation. How these metabolic requirements are satisfied depends, in part, on the tumor microenvironment, which determines the availability of nutrients and oxygen. In this Cell Science at a Glance paper and the accompanying poster, we summarize our current understanding of cancer metabolism, emphasizing pathways of nutrient utilization and metabolism that either appear or have been proven essential for cancer cells. We also review how this knowledge has contributed to the development of anticancer therapies that target cancer metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Vazquez
- Cancer Metabolism Research Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Jurre J Kamphorst
- Cancer Metabolism Research Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Elke K Markert
- Cancer Metabolism Research Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Zachary T Schug
- Cancer Metabolism Research Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Saverio Tardito
- Cancer Metabolism Research Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Eyal Gottlieb
- Cancer Metabolism Research Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
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Zhang R, Yang N, Ji C, Zheng J, Liang Z, Hou CY, Liu YY, Zuo PP. Neuroprotective effects of Aceglutamide on motor function in a rat model of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2016; 33:741-59. [PMID: 26444640 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-150509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect and underlying mechanism of Aceglutamide on motor dysfunction in rats after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 2 h transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Aceglutamide or vehicle was intraperitoneally given to rats at 24 h after reperfusion and lasted for 14 days. Subsequently functional recovery was assessed and number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons in substantia nigra (SN) was analyzed. Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 1(TRAF1), P-Akt and Bcl-2/Bax were determined in mesencephalic tissue by Western blot method. PC12 cells and primary cultured mesencephalic neurons were employed to further investigate the mechanism of Aceglutamide. RESULTS Aceglutamide treatment improved behavioral functions, reduced the infarction volume, and elevated the number of TH-positive neurons in the SN. Moreover, Aceglutamide significantly attenuated neuronal apoptosis in the SN. Meanwhile Aceglutamide treatment significantly inhibited the expression of TRAF1 and up-regulated the expression of P-Akt and Bcl-2/Bax ratio both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Aceglutamide ameliorated motor dysfunction and delayed neuronal death in the SN after ischemia, which involved the inhibition of pro-apoptotic factor TRAF1 and activation of Akt/Bcl-2 signaling pathway. These data provided experimental information for applying Aceglutamide to ischemic stroke treatment.
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32
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Tardito S, Oudin A, Ahmed SU, Fack F, Keunen O, Zheng L, Miletic H, Sakariassen PØ, Weinstock A, Wagner A, Lindsay SL, Hock AK, Barnett SC, Ruppin E, Mørkve SH, Lund-Johansen M, Chalmers AJ, Bjerkvig R, Niclou SP, Gottlieb E. Glutamine synthetase activity fuels nucleotide biosynthesis and supports growth of glutamine-restricted glioblastoma. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:1556-68. [PMID: 26595383 PMCID: PMC4663685 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
L-Glutamine (Gln) functions physiologically to balance the carbon and nitrogen requirements of tissues. It has been proposed that in cancer cells undergoing aerobic glycolysis, accelerated anabolism is sustained by Gln-derived carbons, which replenish the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (anaplerosis). However, it is shown here that in glioblastoma (GBM) cells, almost half of the Gln-derived glutamate (Glu) is secreted and does not enter the TCA cycle, and that inhibiting glutaminolysis does not affect cell proliferation. Moreover, Gln-starved cells are not rescued by TCA cycle replenishment. Instead, the conversion of Glu to Gln by glutamine synthetase (GS; cataplerosis) confers Gln prototrophy, and fuels de novo purine biosynthesis. In both orthotopic GBM models and in patients, (13)C-glucose tracing showed that GS produces Gln from TCA-cycle-derived carbons. Finally, the Gln required for the growth of GBM tumours is contributed only marginally by the circulation, and is mainly either autonomously synthesized by GS-positive glioma cells, or supplied by astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Tardito
- Cancer Metabolism Research Unit, Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
| | - Anaïs Oudin
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1526, Luxembourg
| | - Shafiq U. Ahmed
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Fred Fack
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1526, Luxembourg
| | - Olivier Keunen
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1526, Luxembourg
| | - Liang Zheng
- Cancer Metabolism Research Unit, Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
| | - Hrvoje Miletic
- Kristian Gerhard Jebsen Brain Tumour Research Center, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, N-5009, Norway
| | - Per Øystein Sakariassen
- Kristian Gerhard Jebsen Brain Tumour Research Center, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, N-5009, Norway
| | - Adam Weinstock
- The Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Allon Wagner
- The Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Susan L. Lindsay
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland, UK
| | - Andreas K. Hock
- Cancer Metabolism Research Unit, Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
| | - Susan C. Barnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland, UK
| | - Eytan Ruppin
- The Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | | | - Morten Lund-Johansen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, N-5020, Norway
| | | | - Rolf Bjerkvig
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1526, Luxembourg
- Kristian Gerhard Jebsen Brain Tumour Research Center, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, N-5009, Norway
| | - Simone P. Niclou
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1526, Luxembourg
- Kristian Gerhard Jebsen Brain Tumour Research Center, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, N-5009, Norway
| | - Eyal Gottlieb
- Cancer Metabolism Research Unit, Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
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He BR, Lu F, Zhang L, Hao DJ, Yang H. An Alternative Long-Term Culture System for Highly-Pure Mouse Spermatogonial Stem Cells. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:1365-75. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Rong He
- Department of Spine Surgery; Hong Hui Hospital; Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine; Shaanxi
| | - Fan Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; The Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Translational Medicine Center; Hong Hui Hospital; Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine; Shaanxi
| | - Ding-Jun Hao
- Department of Spine Surgery; Hong Hui Hospital; Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine; Shaanxi
| | - Hao Yang
- Translational Medicine Center; Hong Hui Hospital; Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine; Shaanxi
- State Key Laboratory of OncogenesRelated Genes; Ren ji-Med-X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center; Renji Hospital; School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
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Inhibitors of glutamate release from breast cancer cells; new targets for cancer-induced bone-pain. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8380. [PMID: 25670024 PMCID: PMC4323637 DOI: 10.1038/srep08380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is an important signaling molecule in a wide variety of tissues. Aberrant glutamatergic signaling disrupts normal tissue homeostasis and induces several disruptive pathological conditions including pain. Breast cancer cells secrete high levels of glutamate and often metastasize to bone. Exogenous glutamate can disrupt normal bone turnover and may be responsible for cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP). CIBP is a significant co-morbidity that affects quality of life for many advanced-stage breast cancer patients. Current treatment options are commonly accompanied by serious side-effects that negatively impact patient care. Identifying small molecule inhibitors of glutamate release from aggressive breast cancer cells advances a novel, mechanistic approach to targeting CIBP that could advance treatment for several pathological conditions. Using high-throughput screening, we investigated the ability of approximately 30,000 compounds from the Canadian Compound Collection to reduce glutamate release from MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. This line is known to secrete high levels of glutamate and has been demonstrated to induce CIBP by this mechanism. Positive chemical hits were based on the potency of each molecule relative to a known pharmacological inhibitor of glutamate release, sulfasalazine. Efficacy was confirmed and drug-like molecules were identified as potent inhibitors of glutamate secretion from MDA-MB-231, MCF-7 and Mat-Ly-Lu cells.
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Abstract
The objective of the article is to highlight various roles of glutamic acid like endogenic anticancer agent, conjugates to anticancer agents, and derivatives of glutamic acid as possible anticancer agents. Besides these emphases are given especially for two endogenous derivatives of glutamic acid such as glutamine and glutamate. Glutamine is a derivative of glutamic acid and is formed in the body from glutamic acid and ammonia in an energy requiring reaction catalyzed by glutamine synthase. It also possesses anticancer activity. So the transportation and metabolism of glutamine are also discussed for better understanding the role of glutamic acid. Glutamates are the carboxylate anions and salts of glutamic acid. Here the roles of various enzymes required for the metabolism of glutamates are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyajit Dutta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, IIMT College of Medical Sciences, Meerut 250001, Uttar Pradesh, India
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36
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Ishii T, Mann GE. Redox status in mammalian cells and stem cells during culture in vitro: critical roles of Nrf2 and cystine transporter activity in the maintenance of redox balance. Redox Biol 2014; 2:786-94. [PMID: 25009780 PMCID: PMC4085355 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Culturing cells and tissues in vitro has provided valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms regulating redox signaling in cells with implications for medicine. However, standard culture techniques maintain mammalian cells in vitro under an artificial physicochemical environment such as ambient air and 5% CO2. Oxidative stress is caused by the rapid oxidation of cysteine to cystine in culture media catalyzed by transition metals, leading to diminished intracellular cysteine and glutathione (GSH) pools. Some cells, such as fibroblasts and macrophages, express cystine transport activity, designated as system [Formula: see text], which enables cells to maintain these pools to counteract oxidative stress. Additionally, many cells have the ability to activate the redox sensitive transcription factor Nrf2, a master regulator of cellular defenses against oxidative stress, and to upregulate xCT, the subunit of the [Formula: see text] transport system leading to increases in cellular GSH. In contrast, some cells, including lymphoid cells, embryonic stem cells and iPS cells, express relatively low levels of xCT and cannot maintain cellular cysteine and GSH pools. Thus, fibroblasts have been used as feeder cells for the latter cell types based on their ability to supply cysteine. Other key Nrf2 regulated gene products include heme oxygenase 1, peroxiredoxin 1 and sequestosome1. In macrophages, oxidized LDL activates Nrf2 and upregulates the scavenger receptor CD36 forming a positive feedback loop to facilitate removal of the oxidant from the vascular microenvironment. This review describes cell type specific responses to oxygen derived stress, and the key roles that activation of Nrf2 and membrane transport of cystine and cysteine play in the maintenance and proliferation of mammalian cells in culture.
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Key Words
- 2-Mercaptoethanol
- 4HNE, 4-hydroxynonenal
- BCS, bathocuproine sulfonate
- CD36
- Cystine transporter
- ES cells, embryonic stem cells
- Embryonic stem cells
- Feeder cells
- Glutathione
- HO-1, heme oxygenase 1
- Keap1, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
- Lymphocytes
- MRPs, multidrug resistance-associated proteins
- Nrf2
- Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- Oxygen
- Prx1, peroxiredoxin 1
- SQSTM1, sequestosome1
- iPS cells
- iPS cells, induced pluripotent stem cells
- oxLDL, oxidized low density lipoprotein
- xCT
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Ishii
- University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Corresponding author:
| | - Giovanni E. Mann
- Cardiovascular Division, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
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Dall'asta V, Franchi-Gazzola R, Bussolati O, Sala R, Rotoli BM, Rossi PA, Uggeri J, Belletti S, Visigalli R, Gazzola GC. Emerging roles for sodium dependent amino acid transport in mesenchymal cells. Amino Acids 2013; 11:117-33. [PMID: 24178683 DOI: 10.1007/bf00813856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/1996] [Accepted: 02/20/1996] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The functional aspects of sodium dependent amino acid transport in mesenchymal cells are the subject of this contribution. In a survey of the cross-talk existing among the various transport mechanisms, particular attention is devoted to the role played by substrates shared by several transport systems, such as L-glutamine. Intracellular levels of glutamine are determined by the activity of System A, the main transducer of ion gradients built on by Na,K-ATPase into neutral amino acid gradients. Changes in the activity of the System are employed to regulate intracellular amino acid pool and, hence, cell volume. System A activity has been found increased in hypertonically shrunken cells and in proliferating cells. Under both these conditions cells have to increase their volume; therefore, System A can be employed as a convenient mechanism to increase cell volume both under hypertonic and isotonic conditions. Although less well characterized, the uptake of anionic amino acids performed by System X(-) AG may be involved in the maintenance of intracellular amino acid pool under conditions of limited availability of neutral amino acids substrates of System A.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Dall'asta
- Istituto di Patologia Generale, Università degli Studi di Parma, Via Gramsci 14, I-43100, Parma, Italy
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Timmerman LA, Holton T, Yuneva M, Louie RJ, Padró M, Daemen A, Hu M, Chan DA, Ethier SP, van 't Veer LJ, Polyak K, McCormick F, Gray JW. Glutamine sensitivity analysis identifies the xCT antiporter as a common triple-negative breast tumor therapeutic target. Cancer Cell 2013; 24:450-65. [PMID: 24094812 PMCID: PMC3931310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A handful of tumor-derived cell lines form the mainstay of cancer therapeutic development, yielding drugs with an impact typically measured as months to disease progression. To develop more effective breast cancer therapeutics and more readily understand their clinical impact, we constructed a functional metabolic portrait of 46 independently derived breast cell lines. Our analysis of glutamine uptake and dependence identified a subset of triple-negative samples that are glutamine auxotrophs. Ambient glutamine indirectly supports environmental cystine acquisition via the xCT antiporter, which is expressed on one-third of triple-negative tumors in vivo. xCT inhibition with the clinically approved anti-inflammatory sulfasalazine decreases tumor growth, revealing a therapeutic target in breast tumors of poorest prognosis and a lead compound for rapid, effective drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luika A Timmerman
- UCSF/Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA.
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Lewerenz J, Hewett SJ, Huang Y, Lambros M, Gout PW, Kalivas PW, Massie A, Smolders I, Methner A, Pergande M, Smith SB, Ganapathy V, Maher P. The cystine/glutamate antiporter system x(c)(-) in health and disease: from molecular mechanisms to novel therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:522-55. [PMID: 22667998 PMCID: PMC3545354 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 624] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The antiporter system x(c)(-) imports the amino acid cystine, the oxidized form of cysteine, into cells with a 1:1 counter-transport of glutamate. It is composed of a light chain, xCT, and a heavy chain, 4F2 heavy chain (4F2hc), and, thus, belongs to the family of heterodimeric amino acid transporters. Cysteine is the rate-limiting substrate for the important antioxidant glutathione (GSH) and, along with cystine, it also forms a key redox couple on its own. Glutamate is a major neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). By phylogenetic analysis, we show that system x(c)(-) is a rather evolutionarily new amino acid transport system. In addition, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms that regulate system x(c)(-), including the transcriptional regulation of the xCT light chain, posttranscriptional mechanisms, and pharmacological inhibitors of system x(c)(-). Moreover, the roles of system x(c)(-) in regulating GSH levels, the redox state of the extracellular cystine/cysteine redox couple, and extracellular glutamate levels are discussed. In vitro, glutamate-mediated system x(c)(-) inhibition leads to neuronal cell death, a paradigm called oxidative glutamate toxicity, which has successfully been used to identify neuroprotective compounds. In vivo, xCT has a rather restricted expression pattern with the highest levels in the CNS and parts of the immune system. System x(c)(-) is also present in the eye. Moreover, an elevated expression of xCT has been reported in cancer. We highlight the diverse roles of system x(c)(-) in the regulation of the immune response, in various aspects of cancer and in the eye and the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Lewerenz
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
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40
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Abstract
Breast cancers are the most common source of metastases to bone, of which cancer-induced bone pain is a frequent pathological feature. Cancer-induced bone pain is a unique pain state with multiple determinants that remains to be well understood and managed. Current standard treatments are limited by dose-dependent side effects that can reduce the quality of life of patients. Glutamate is a neurotransmitter and bone cell-signalling molecule that is released via the system x(c)(-) cystine/glutamate antiporter from cancer cell types that frequently metastasize to bone, including breast cancers. In cancer cells, glutamate release is understood to be a side effect of the cellular response to oxidative stress that upregulates the expression and activity of system x(c)(-) to promote the increased import of cystine. Attenuation of glutamate release from cancer cells has been demonstrated to result in reductions in associated cancer-induced bone pain in animal models. This review examines the clinical implications of attenuating cystine uptake and glutamate release in the treatment of cancer-induced bone pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Ungard
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
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41
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Doverskog M, Han L, Häggström L. Cystine/cysteine metabolism in cultured Sf9 cells: influence of cell physiology on biosynthesis, amino acid uptake and growth. Cytotechnology 2012; 26:91-102. [PMID: 22358546 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007963003607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) insect cells proliferate in a cystine-free medium, with the same growth rate, reaching the same final cell density, as in a cystine-containing medium, provided that the inoculum is taken from a pre-culture sufficiently early, at 47-53 h. With an inoculum from a 103 h culture an extended lag phase accompanied by cell death was observed during the first 50 h of cystine-free culture, even though the culture had been adapted to cystine-free conditions for 10 passages. Cystine-free cultures seeded with a 103 h inoculum had lower growth rates and reached lower final cell densities than corresponding cystine-supplied cultures. Cysteine biosynthesis occurs from methionine via the β-cystathionine pathway. More methionine was consumed by the cells in cystine-free media, and cystathionine was secreted when methionine and cystine were supplied in excess. The data suggest that cysteine biosynthesis is up-regulated in proliferating cells but down-regulated when the cells enter the stationary phase.In cultures supplied with cystine (10-100 mg 1(-1)), the specific uptake rate and total consumption of cystine, as well as the uptake of glutamate, glutamine and glucose increased with increasing cystine concentrations. These results are interpreted in view of system x (c) (-) , a concentration dependent amino acid transporter. Similarly, the consumption of amino acids transported by system L (ile, leu, val, tyr) was enhanced in cystine-containing cultures, as compared to cystine-free cultures. Uptake of cystine, methionine and system L amino acids ceases abruptly in all cultures, even before growth ceased. The specific growth rate starts to decline early during the growth phase, but this growth behaviour could not be correlated to the depletion of nutrients. We therefore propose that the observed growth pattern is a result of (auto)regulatory events that control both proliferation and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Doverskog
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, S-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
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42
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Broadhurst ER, Butler M. The inhibitory effect of glutamate on the growth of a murine hybridoma is caused by competitive inhibition of the x(-) (C) transport system required for cystine utilization. Cytotechnology 2011; 32:31-43. [PMID: 19002965 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008143716374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamic acid was found to be growth inhibitory to a murinelymphocyte hybridoma in a concentration-dependent manner from 3to 12 mM glutamate. At 12 mM glutamate there was a 70% decreasein the specific growth rate of the cells. Attempts to alleviateinhibition or adapt cells to growth in glutamate-based mediawere unsuccessful. It is proposed that elevated glutamate levelsimpair adequate uptake of cystine, a critical amino acid for thesynthesis of glutathione. Glutathione is required by cells toprevent intracellular oxidative stress. The measured rate ofuptake of U-(14)C L-cystine into the cells was found to havethe following parameters: K(m) = 0.87 mM, V(max) = 0.9nmole/mg cell protein per min. The uptake was sodiumindependent and resembled the previously described x(-) (c)transport system, with elevated glutamate levels causingextensive inhibition. Glutamate at a concentration of 1.4 mMcaused a 50% decrease in cystine uptake from the serum-freegrowth medium. Glutamate was taken up from the external medium(K(m) = 20 mM and V(max) = 12.5 nmole/mg cell protein permin) by the same transport system in a stereo specific, sodiumindependent manner. Of the amino acids examined, it was foundthat cystine and homocysteic acid were the most extensiveinhibitors of glutamate uptake and that inhibition was competitive. Metabolic profiles of the cells grown in culturescontaining enhanced glutamate levels revealed an overallincrease in net production of alanine, serine, asparagine andaspartate. A substantially increased specific consumption ofglutamate was accompanied by a decreased consumption of cystine,valine and phenylalanine.The combined kinetic and metabolic results indicate thatglutamate and cystine are taken up by the anionic transportsystem x(-) (c). The increasing levels of glutamate in themedium result in a decreased transport of cystine by this systemdue to competitive inhibition by glutamate.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Broadhurst
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2
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Zhou P, Wu YG, Wei DL, Li Q, Wang G, Zhang J, Luo MJ, Tan JH. Mouse cumulus-denuded oocytes restore developmental capacity completely when matured with optimal supplementation of cysteamine, cystine, and cumulus cells. Biol Reprod 2010; 82:759-68. [PMID: 20075397 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.109.082206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objectives were to study how cysteamine, cystine, and cumulus cells (CCs), as well as oocytes interact to increase oocyte intracellular glutathione (GSH) and thereby to establish an efficient in vitro maturation system for cumulus-denuded oocytes (DOs). Using M16 that contained no thiol as maturation medium, we showed that when supplemented alone, neither cystine nor cysteamine promoted GSH synthesis of mouse DOs, but they did when used together. Although goat CCs required either cysteamine or cystine to promote GSH synthesis, mouse CCs required both. In the presence of cystine, goat CCs produced cysteine but mouse CCs did not. Cysteamine reduced cystine to cysteine in cell-free M16. When TCM-199 that contained 83 microM cystine was used as maturation medium, supplementation with cysteamine alone had no effect, but supplementation with 100 microM cysteamine and 200 microM cystine increased blastulation of DOs matured with CC coculture to a level as high as achieved in cumulus-surrounded oocytes (COCs). Similar numbers of young were produced after two-cell embryos from mouse COCs or CC-cocultured DOs matured with optimal thiol supplementation were transferred to pseudopregnant recipients. It is concluded that 1) mouse CCs can use neither cysteamine nor cystine to promote GSH synthesis, but goat CCs can use either one; 2) goat CCs promote mouse oocyte GSH synthesis by reducing cystine to cysteine, but how they use cysteamine requires further investigation; and 3) mouse DOs can use neither cystine nor cysteamine for GSH synthesis, but they restore developmental capacity completely when matured in the presence of optimum supplementation of cysteamine, cystine, and CCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-an City, People's Republic of China
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Glutamine attenuates tubular cell apoptosis in acute kidney injury via inhibition of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation of 14-3-3*. Crit Care Med 2009; 37:2033-44. [DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181a005ba] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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45
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Metabolic requirements associated with GSH synthesis during in vitro maturation of cattle oocytes. Anim Reprod Sci 2008; 109:88-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2007.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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46
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Lo M, Wang YZ, Gout PW. The x(c)- cystine/glutamate antiporter: a potential target for therapy of cancer and other diseases. J Cell Physiol 2008; 215:593-602. [PMID: 18181196 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The x(c) (-) cystine/glutamate antiporter is a major plasma membrane transporter for the cellular uptake of cystine in exchange for intracellular glutamate. Its main functions in the body are mediation of cellular cystine uptake for synthesis of glutathione essential for cellular protection from oxidative stress and maintenance of a cystine:cysteine redox balance in the extracellular compartment. In the past decade it has become evident that the x(c) (-) transporter plays an important role in various aspects of cancer, including: (i) growth and progression of cancers that have a critical growth requirement for extracellular cystine/cysteine, (ii) glutathione-based drug resistance, (iii) excitotoxicity due to excessive release of glutamate, and (iv) uptake of herpesvirus 8, a causative agent of Kaposi's sarcoma. The x(c) (-) transporter also plays a role in certain CNS and eye diseases. This review focuses on the expression and function of the x(c) (-) transporter in cells and tissues with particular emphasis on its role in disease pathogenesis. The potential use of x(c) (-) inhibitors (e.g., sulfasalazine) for arresting tumor growth and/or sensitizing cancers is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisie Lo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Ochiai H, Higa K, Hishiyama N, Hisamatsu S, Fujise H. Characterization of several amino acid transports and glutamine metabolism in MOLT4 human T4 leukemia cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 28:399-404. [PMID: 17105494 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2257.2006.00842.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The transport system responsible for glutamine, alanine and glutamate in MOLT4 human T4 leukemia cell line were characterized. Kinetic studies of sodium-dependent glutamine and alanine transport exhibited a single saturable high-affinity carrier with a Michaelis constant of 152 +/- 26 microm and 203 +/- 36 microm and a maximal transport velocity of 960 +/- 165 and 1096 +/- 208 nmol/10(9)cells/min, respectively. Glutamate uptake was less than one-tenth of glutamine and alanine, and linearly increased with glutamate concentration which was mediated by diffusion. 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (SITS), known as anion channel blockers, inhibited the sodium-dependent glutamine and alanine transport by 40% at 10 microm. Cellular contents of these amino acids in MOLT4 cells revealed glutamate to be the highest among them despite low glutamate influx. A glutamine metabolism study using whole cells indicated this high conversion rate from glutamine to glutamate, but no conversion to another amino acid. Based on these results, the high glutamate concentration in MOLT4 was speculated to be synthesized from transported glutamine by active glutaminase.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ochiai
- Research Institute of Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229-8501, Japan.
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Gras G, Porcheray F, Samah B, Leone C. The glutamate-glutamine cycle as an inducible, protective face of macrophage activation. J Leukoc Biol 2006; 80:1067-75. [PMID: 16912070 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0306153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal damage in HIV infection results mainly from chronic activation of brain tissue and involves inflammation, oxidative stress, and glutamate-related neurotoxicity. Glutamate toxicity acts via two distinct pathways: an excitotoxic one, in which glutamate receptors are hyperactivated, and an oxidative one, in which cystine uptake is inhibited, resulting in glutathione depletion, oxidative stress, and cell degeneration. A number of studies have shown that astrocytes normally take up glutamate, keeping extracellular glutamate concentration low in the brain and preventing excitotoxicity. They, in turn, provide the trophic amino acid glutamine via their expression of glutamine synthetase. These protective and trophic actions are inhibited in HIV infection, probably as a result of the effects of inflammatory mediators and viral proteins. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that activated microglia and brain macrophages (AMM) express the transporters and enzymes of the glutamate cycle. This suggests that in addition to their recognized neurotoxic properties in HIV infection, these cells exhibit some neuroprotective properties, which may partly compensate for the inhibited astrocytic function. This hypothesis might explain the discrepancy between microglial activation, which occurs early in the disease, and neuronal apoptosis and neuronal loss, which are late events. In this review, we discuss the possible neuroprotective and neurotrophic roles of AMM and their relationships with inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Gras
- CEA, DSV, DRM, SNV, UMR E-01 Université Paris-Sud XI, Laboratoire de Neuro-Immuno-Virologie, F92265 Fontenay-aux Roses, France.
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Wu Q, Sidoryk M, Mutkus L, Zielińska M, Albrecht J, Aschner M. Acrylamide stimulates glutamine uptake in Fischer 344 rat astrocytes by a mechanism involving upregulation of the amino acid transport system N. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1053:435-43. [PMID: 16179550 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2005.tb00052.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
High demand of neoplastic tissues for glutamine (Gln) is met by its active transport across cell membranes. Chronic treatment with acrylamide in rodents is associated with an increased incidence of neoplasms, including astrocytomas. In this study, 24-h acrylamide treatment significantly increased the initial rate of l-[G-3H]glutamine uptake in astrocyte cultures derived from the acrylamide-sensitive Fischer 344 rat, and this effect could be fully inhibited by histidine, a model substrate for the amino acid transport system N. RT-PCR analysis revealed that acrylamide treatment caused a significant increase in the astrocytic expression of the mRNA coding for the major system N protein, SNAT3, which is specifically overexpressed in malignant gliomas in situ. The acrylamide-induced upregulation of astrocytic Gln transport via system N is likely to affect Gln homeostasis in these cells and may be causally related to the increased astrocytoma incidence observed in Fischer 344 rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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50
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Gras G, Chrétien F, Vallat-Decouvelaere AV, Le Pavec G, Porcheray F, Bossuet C, Léone C, Mialocq P, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Clayette P, Le Grand R, Créminon C, Dormont D, Rimaniol AC, Gray F. Regulated expression of sodium-dependent glutamate transporters and synthetase: a neuroprotective role for activated microglia and macrophages in HIV infection? Brain Pathol 2006; 13:211-22. [PMID: 12744474 PMCID: PMC8095782 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2003.tb00020.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that neuronal damage in HIV infection results mainly from microglial activation and involves apoptosis, oxidative stress and glutamate-mediated neurotoxicity. Glutamate toxicity acts via 2 distinct pathways: an excitotoxic one in which glutamate receptors are hyperactivated, and an oxidative one in which cystine uptake is inhibited, resulting in glutathione depletion and oxidative stress. A number of studies show that astrocytes normally take up glutamate, keeping extracellular glutamate concentration low in the brain and preventing excitotoxicity. This action is inhibited in HIV infection, probably due to the effects of inflammatory mediators and viral proteins. Other in vitro studies as well as in vivo experiments in rodents following mechanical stimulation, show that activated microglia and brain macrophages express high affinity glutamate transporters. These data have been confirmed in chronic inflammation of the brain, particularly in SIV infection, where activated microglia and brain macrophages also express glutamine synthetase. Recent studies in humans with HIV infection show that activated microglia and brain macrophages express the glutamate transporter EAAT-1 and that expression varies according to the disease stage. This suggests that, besides their recognized neurotoxic properties in HIV infection, these cells also have a neuroprotective function, and may partly make up for the inhibited astrocytic function, at least temporarily. This hypothesis might explain the discrepancy between microglial activation which occurs early in the disease, and neuronal apoptosis and neuronal loss which is a late event. In this review article, we discuss the possible neuroprotective and neurotrophic roles of activated microglia and macrophages that may be generated by the expression of high affinity glutamate transporters and glutamine synthetase, 2 major effectors of glial glutamate metabolism, and the implications for HIV-induced neuronal dysfunction, the underlying cause of HIV dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Gras
- CEA, Service de Neurovirologie, DSV/DRM, Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, EPHE, IPSC, 92265 Fontenay aux Roses cedex, France.
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