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Desjardins P, Berthiaume R, Couture C, Le-Bel G, Roy V, Gros-Louis F, Moulin VJ, Proulx S, Chemtob S, Germain L, Guérin SL. Impact of Exosomes Released by Different Corneal Cell Types on the Wound Healing Properties of Human Corneal Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12201. [PMID: 36293057 PMCID: PMC9602716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Corneal wound healing involves communication between the different cell types that constitute the three cellular layers of the cornea (epithelium, stroma and endothelium), a process ensured in part by a category of extracellular vesicles called exosomes. In the present study, we isolated exosomes released by primary cultured human corneal epithelial cells (hCECs), corneal fibroblasts (hCFs) and corneal endothelial cells (hCEnCs) and determined whether they have wound healing characteristics of their own and to which point they modify the genetic and proteomic pattern of these cell types. Exosomes released by all three cell types significantly accelerated wound closure of scratch-wounded hCECs in vitro compared to controls (without exosomes). Profiling of activated kinases revealed that exosomes from human corneal cells caused the activation of signal transduction mediators that belong to the HSP27, STAT, β-catenin, GSK-3β and p38 pathways. Most of all, data from gene profiling analyses indicated that exosomes, irrespective of their cellular origin, alter a restricted subset of genes that are completely different between each targeted cell type (hCECs, hCFS, hCEnCs). Analysis of the genes specifically differentially regulated for a given cell-type in the microarray data using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software revealed that the mean gene expression profile of hCECs cultured in the presence of exosomes would likely promote cell proliferation and migration whereas it would reduce differentiation when compared to control cells. Collectively, our findings represent a conceptual advance in understanding the mechanisms of corneal wound repair that may ultimately open new avenues for the development of novel therapeutic approaches to improve closure of corneal wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Desjardins
- Regenerative Medicine Division of the Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre Universitaire d’Ophtalmologie (CUO)-Recherche, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, 1050 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, 1401 18e Rue, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Rébecca Berthiaume
- Regenerative Medicine Division of the Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre Universitaire d’Ophtalmologie (CUO)-Recherche, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, 1050 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, 1401 18e Rue, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Camille Couture
- Regenerative Medicine Division of the Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre Universitaire d’Ophtalmologie (CUO)-Recherche, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, 1050 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, 1401 18e Rue, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Gaëtan Le-Bel
- Regenerative Medicine Division of the Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre Universitaire d’Ophtalmologie (CUO)-Recherche, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, 1050 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, 1401 18e Rue, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Vincent Roy
- Regenerative Medicine Division of the Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, 1401 18e Rue, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - François Gros-Louis
- Regenerative Medicine Division of the Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, 1401 18e Rue, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Véronique J. Moulin
- Regenerative Medicine Division of the Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, 1401 18e Rue, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Proulx
- Regenerative Medicine Division of the Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre Universitaire d’Ophtalmologie (CUO)-Recherche, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, 1050 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, 1401 18e Rue, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Lucie Germain
- Regenerative Medicine Division of the Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, 1401 18e Rue, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Sylvain L. Guérin
- Regenerative Medicine Division of the Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre Universitaire d’Ophtalmologie (CUO)-Recherche, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, 1050 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Hôpital Enfant-Jésus, 1401 18e Rue, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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Yu FSX, Lee PSY, Yang L, Gao N, Zhang Y, Ljubimov AV, Yang E, Zhou Q, Xie L. The impact of sensory neuropathy and inflammation on epithelial wound healing in diabetic corneas. Prog Retin Eye Res 2022; 89:101039. [PMID: 34991965 PMCID: PMC9250553 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.101039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is the most common complication of diabetes, with several underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, some of which are still uncertain. The cornea is an avascular tissue and sensitive to hyperglycemia, resulting in several diabetic corneal complications including delayed epithelial wound healing, recurrent erosions, neuropathy, loss of sensitivity, and tear film changes. The manifestation of DPN in the cornea is referred to as diabetic neurotrophic keratopathy (DNK). Recent studies have revealed that disturbed epithelial-neural-immune cell interactions are a major cause of DNK. The epithelium is supplied by a dense network of sensory nerve endings and dendritic cell processes, and it secretes growth/neurotrophic factors and cytokines to nourish these neighboring cells. In turn, sensory nerve endings release neuropeptides to suppress inflammation and promote epithelial wound healing, while resident immune cells provide neurotrophic and growth factors to support neuronal and epithelial cells, respectively. Diabetes greatly perturbs these interdependencies, resulting in suppressed epithelial proliferation, sensory neuropathy, and a decreased density of dendritic cells. Clinically, this results in a markedly delayed wound healing and impaired sensory nerve regeneration in response to insult and injury. Current treatments for DPN and DNK largely focus on managing the severe complications of the disease. Cell-based therapies hold promise for providing more effective treatment for diabetic keratopathy and corneal ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Shin X Yu
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Patrick S Y Lee
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Lingling Yang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Nan Gao
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Yangyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Alexander V Ljubimov
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ellen Yang
- Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Qingjun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Lixin Xie
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China.
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3
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Corneal stromal repair and regeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2022; 91:101090. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Sarvari R, Keyhanvar P, Agbolaghi S, Roshangar L, Bahremani E, Keyhanvar N, Haghdoost M, Keshel SH, Taghikhani A, Firouzi N, Valizadeh A, Hamedi E, Nouri M. A comprehensive review on methods for promotion of mechanical features and biodegradation rate in amniotic membrane scaffolds. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2022; 33:32. [PMID: 35267104 PMCID: PMC8913518 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-021-06570-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Amniotic membrane (AM) is a biological tissue that surrounds the fetus in the mother's womb. It has pluripotent cells, immune modulators, collagen, cytokines with anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory effect, matrix proteins, and growth factors. In spite of the biological characteristics, some results have been released in preventing the adhesion on traumatized surfaces. Application of the AM as a scaffold is limited due to its low biomechanical resistance and rapid biodegradation. Therefore, for using the AM during surgery, its modification by different methods such as cross-linking of the membrane collagen is necessary, because the cross-linking is an effective way to reduce the rate of biodegradation of the biological materials. In addition, their cross-linking is likely an efficient way to increase the tensile properties of the material, so that they can be easily handled or sutured. In this regard, various methods related to cross-linking of the AM subsuming the composite materials, physical cross-linking, and chemical cross-linking with the glutraldehyde, carbodiimide, genipin, aluminum sulfate, etc. are reviewed along with its advantages and disadvantages in the current work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raana Sarvari
- Stem Cell And Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Peyman Keyhanvar
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Convergence of Knowledge, Technology and Society Network (CKTSN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tabriz, Iran.
- ARTAN1100 Startup Accelerator, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Samira Agbolaghi
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, P.O. BOX: 5375171379, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leila Roshangar
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Erfan Bahremani
- Alavi Ophthalmological Treatment and Educational Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Neda Keyhanvar
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Gene Yakhteh Keyhan (Genik) Company (Ltd), Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Incubator, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Haghdoost
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Heidari Keshel
- Medical Nanotechnology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Taghikhani
- Department of Chemistry, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nima Firouzi
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Faculty, Sahand University of Technology, P.O.BOX:51335-1996, Tabriz, Iran
- Phil and Penny Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Amir Valizadeh
- Stem Cell And Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elham Hamedi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Science, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Stem Cell And Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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MicroRNAs Associated with Chronic Mucus Hypersecretion in COPD Are Involved in Fibroblast-Epithelium Crosstalk. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030526. [PMID: 35159335 PMCID: PMC8833971 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently identified microRNAs (miRNAs) associated with chronic mucus hypersecretion (CMH) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which were expressed in both airway epithelial cells and fibroblasts. We hypothesized that these miRNAs are involved in communication between fibroblasts and epithelium, contributing to airway remodeling and CMH in COPD. Primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBECs) differentiated at the air–liquid interface, and airway fibroblasts (PAFs) from severe COPD patients with CMH were cultured alone or together. RNA was isolated and miRNA expression assessed. miRNAs differentially expressed after co-culturing were studied functionally using overexpression with mimics in mucus-expressing human lung A549 epithelial cells or normal human lung fibroblasts. In PBECs, we observed higher miR-708-5pexpression upon co-culture with fibroblasts, and miR-708-5p expression decreased upon mucociliary differentiation. In PAFs, let-7a-5p, miR-31-5p and miR-146a-5p expression was significantly increased upon co-culture. miR-708-5p overexpression suppressed mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) secretion in A549, while let-7a-5poverexpression suppressed its target gene COL4A1 in lung fibroblasts. Our findings suggest that let-7a-5p, miR-31-5p and miR-146a-5p may be involved in CMH via fibroblasts–epithelium crosstalk, including extracellular matrix gene regulation, while airway epithelial expression of miR-708-5p may be involved directly, regulating mucin production. These findings shed light on miRNA-mediated mechanisms underlying CMH, an important symptom in COPD.
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Loureiro RR, Cristovam PC, da Rosa LR, Nova L, Gasparetto G, Gil CD, Gomes JÁP. Analysis of different conditioned media secreted by limbal progenitor cells in the modulation of corneal healing. Exp Eye Res 2021; 215:108907. [PMID: 34954203 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ex vivo cultivation and transplantation of limbal epithelial cells has been reported as an alternative source for ocular surface reconstruction. However, until now, the functional improvement of these patients is limited due to the low survival rate of the transplanted cells. Consequently, the clinical benefits of this therapeutic strategy are only temporary and can assign them to paracrine effects associated with the transplanted cells. With this background in mind, we aimed to analyze the effect of different conditioned media containing growth factors secreted by limbal progenitor cells on corneal epithelial healing, both in vitro and in vivo. Limbal tissue was used to obtain different conditioned media (CM). For the in vitro assay, corneal epithelial cells were treated with CM and the epithelial migration was analyzed. Growth factors in the CM were identified with ELISA and multiplex. For the in vivo assay in rats, total limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) was induced with an abrasive injury to the ocular surface, and the animals were treated with different CM. Clinical and histological analyses were performed. In the in vitro assay, treatment with limbal fibroblast (LF CM) was more effective compared to the other CM, and analysis revealed high concentrations of keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). In the in vivo assay, animals treated with LF CM showed epithelial defect improvement, maintenance of thickness, and decreased opacity and neovascularization. This treatment also allowed better ocular surface tissue organization when compared to the other treatments. The in vitro and in vivo experiments showed better outcomes in the corneal wound healing for the LF CM treatment. The high concentrations of KGF and HGF, linked to epithelial cell migration and proliferation, may correlate to the best results found in this treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Ruoco Loureiro
- Advanced Center of Ocular Surface (CASO), Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Priscila Cardoso Cristovam
- Advanced Center of Ocular Surface (CASO), Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa Rigobeli da Rosa
- Advanced Center of Ocular Surface (CASO), Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucimeire Nova
- Advanced Center of Ocular Surface (CASO), Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Gasparetto
- Advanced Center of Ocular Surface (CASO), Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Damas Gil
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Álvaro Pereira Gomes
- Advanced Center of Ocular Surface (CASO), Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Corneal Epithelial Stem Cells-Physiology, Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Options. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092302. [PMID: 34571952 PMCID: PMC8465583 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the human cornea, regeneration of the epithelium is regulated by the stem cell reservoir of the limbus, which is the marginal region of the cornea representing the anatomical and functional border between the corneal and conjunctival epithelium. In support of this concept, extensive limbal damage, e.g., by chemical or thermal injury, inflammation, or surgery, may induce limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) leading to vascularization and opacification of the cornea and eventually vision loss. These acquired forms of limbal stem cell deficiency may occur uni- or bilaterally, which is important for the choice of treatment. Moreover, a variety of inherited diseases, such as congenital aniridia or dyskeratosis congenita, are characterized by LSCD typically occurring bilaterally. Several techniques of autologous and allogenic stem cell transplantation have been established. The limbus can be restored by transplantation of whole limbal grafts, small limbal biopsies or by ex vivo-expanded limbal cells. In this review, the physiology of the corneal epithelium, the pathophysiology of LSCD, and the therapeutic options will be presented.
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Miao W, Zheng S, Zhou J, Zhang B, Fang R, Hao D, Sun L, Wang D, Zhu Z, Jin X, Tian Y, Jiang L. Microchannel and Nanofiber Array Morphology Enhanced Rapid Superspreading on Animals' Corneas. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2007152. [PMID: 33891341 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic spreading phenomenon of liquids is vital for both understanding wetting mechanisms and visual reaction time-related applications. However, how to control and accelerate the spreading process is still an enormous challenge. Here, a unique microchannel and nanofiber array morphology enhanced rapid superspreading (RSS) effect on animals' corneas with a superspreading time (ST) of 830 ms is found, and the respective roles of the nanofiber array and the microchannel in the RSS effect are explicitly demonstrated. Specifically, the superspreading is induced by in-/out-of-plane nanocapillary forces among the nanofiber array; the microchannel is responsible for tremendously speeding up the superspreading process. Inspired by the RSS strategy, not only is an RSS surface fabricated with an ST of only 450 ms, which is, respectively, more than 26 and 1.8 times faster than conventional superamphiphilic surfaces and animal's corneas and can be applied as RSS surfaces on video monitors to record clear videos, but also it is demonstrated that the RSS effect has tremendous potential as advanced ophthalmic material surfaces to enhance its biocompatibility for clear vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weining Miao
- Key Laboratory of Bioinspired Smart Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shuang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioinspired Smart Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jiajia Zhou
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-Functional Composite Materials and Structures, Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ruochen Fang
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Dezhao Hao
- Key Laboratory of Bioinspired Smart Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Li Sun
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Dianyu Wang
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhongpeng Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xu Jin
- Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Key Laboratory of Bioinspired Smart Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bioinspired Smart Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
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Guo ZH, Jia YYS, Zeng YM, Li ZF, Lin JS. Transcriptome analysis identifies the differentially expressed genes related to the stemness of limbal stem cells in mice. Gene 2021; 775:145447. [PMID: 33482278 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Limbal stem cells (LSCs) reside in the basal layer of limbal epithelial cells (LECs). They are crucial for maintenance of corneal epithelium homeostasis and corneal wound healing. Their stemness is determined by their gene expression pattern. Despite of several positive identifiers have been reported, the unique biomarker for LSCs still remain elusive. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between stem cells and differentiated cells affect the fate of stem cells via specific signaling pathway. In order to understand the DEGs in the LSCs, RNA-seq was firstly conducted using a mouse model. A total of 1907 up-regulated DEGs and 395 down-regulated DEGs were identified in the limbus (L) compared to central cornea (CC) and conjunctiva (Cj). Reliability of the expression of genes from RNA-seq analysis was evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunofluorescence staining. The expression pattern of putative biomarkers was considered to be age-related. In up-regulated DEGs GO analysis, 570 gene ontology (GO) terms were significantly enriched. Five groups of genes related with biological processes from these significantly enriched GO terms comprised ionic transport, regulation of tissue development, muscle contraction, visual perception, and cell adhesion, which were clustered as a weighted similar network. Whereas, in down-regulated DEGs GO analysis, 61 GO terms were significantly enriched and only one group of ATP biosynthesis and metabolic process were clustered. Furthermore, we identified 55 signaling pathways by the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database based on up-regulated genes and 14 KEGG pathways based on down-regulated genes. In this study, we provide a landscape of the expression of putative LSCs biomarkers and stemness-related signaling pathways in a mouse model. Our findings could aid in the identification of LSC niche factors that may be related to the stemness of the LSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Hou Guo
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362021, China; Stem Cell Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, China
| | | | - Yi Ming Zeng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Zhao Fa Li
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362021, China
| | - Jun Sheng Lin
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362021, China.
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10
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de Oliveira RC, Tye G, Sampaio LP, Shiju TM, DeDreu J, Menko AS, Santhiago MR, Wilson SE. TGFβ1 and TGFβ2 proteins in corneas with and without stromal fibrosis: Delayed regeneration of apical epithelial growth factor barrier and the epithelial basement membrane in corneas with stromal fibrosis. Exp Eye Res 2021; 202:108325. [PMID: 33263285 PMCID: PMC7856119 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression and localization of transforming growth factor (TGF) β1 and TGFβ2 in rabbit corneas that healed with and without stromal fibrosis, and to further study defective perlecan incorporation in the epithelial basement membrane (EBM) in corneas with scarring fibrosis. A total of 120 female rabbits had no surgery, -4.5D PRK, or -9D PRK. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed at time points from unwounded to eight weeks after surgery, with four corneas at each time point in each group. Multiplex IHC was performed for TGFβ1 or TGFβ2, with Image-J quantitation, and keratocan, vimentin, alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA), perlecan, laminin-alpha 5, nidogen-1 or CD11b. Corneas at the four-week peak for myofibroblast and fibrosis development were evaluated using Imaris 3D analysis. Delayed regeneration of both an apical epithelial growth factor barrier and EBM barrier function, including defective EBM perlecan incorporation, was greater in high injury -9D PRK corneas compared to -4.5D PRK corneas without fibrosis. Defective apical epithelial growth factor barrier and EBM allowed epithelial and tear TGFβ1 and tear TGFβ2 to enter the corneal stroma to drive myofibroblast generation in the anterior stroma from vimentin-positive corneal fibroblasts, and likely fibrocytes. Vimentin-positive cells and unidentified vimentin-negative, CD11b-negative cells also produce TGFβ1 and/or TGFβ2 in the stroma in some corneas. TGFβ1 and TGFβ2 were at higher levels in the anterior stroma in the weeks preceding myofibroblast development in the -9D group. All -9D corneas (beginning two to three weeks after surgery), and four -4.5D PRK corneas developed significant SMA + myofibroblasts and stromal fibrosis. Both the apical epithelial growth factor barrier and/or EBM barrier functions tended to regenerate weeks earlier in -4.5D PRK corneas without fibrosis, compared to -4.5D or -9D PRK corneas with fibrosis. SMA-positive myofibroblasts were markedly reduced in most corneas by eight weeks after surgery. The apical epithelial growth factor barrier and EBM barrier limit TGFβ1 and TGFβ2 entry into the corneal stroma to modulate corneal fibroblast and myofibroblast development associated with scarring stromal fibrosis. Delayed regeneration of these barriers in corneas with more severe injuries promotes myofibroblast development, prolongs myofibroblast viability and triggers stromal scarring fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George Tye
- The Cole Eye Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | | - JodiRae DeDreu
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A Sue Menko
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marcony R Santhiago
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil and, University of Southern California Roski Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steven E Wilson
- The Cole Eye Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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11
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Messmer EM. [Wound healing following amniotic membrane, limbal stem cell and corneal transplantation]. Ophthalmologe 2020; 117:1163-1170. [PMID: 32833114 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-020-01211-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of wound healing processes involved in amniotic membrane, limbal stem cell and corneal transplantation enables an assessment of clinical findings and a targeted treatment. The amniotic membrane serves as a basal membrane substrate or temporary transplant in corneal epithelial wound healing. It has an anti-inflammatory effect, supports corneal wound healing and counteracts scar formation. Amniotic membranes are integrated intraepithelially, subepithelially, or intrastromally in the course of healing. Limbal epithelial stem cells express multiple genes necessary for corneal wound healing. The rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y‑27632 can improve the proliferation of limbal epithelial cells and therefore represents a new therapeutic option for limbal stem cell deficiency. Wound healing following penetrating keratoplasty involves fibroblasts, type III and IV collagens, proteoglycans, and chondroitin-6-sulfate. A certain inflammatory reaction seems to be necessary for final corneal wound closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Messmer
- Augenklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Mathildenstr. 8, 80336, München, Deutschland.
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12
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Hernáez-Moya R, González S, Urkaregi A, Pijoan JI, Deng SX, Andollo N. Expansion of Human Limbal Epithelial Stem/Progenitor Cells Using Different Human Sera: A Multivariate Statistical Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176132. [PMID: 32854428 PMCID: PMC7503296 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of human cultured limbal epithelial stem/progenitor cells (LESCs) has demonstrated to restore the integrity and functionality of the corneal surface in about 76% of patients with limbal stem cell deficiency. However, there are different protocols for the expansion of LESCs, and many of them use xenogeneic products, being a risk for the patients’ health. We compared the culture of limbal explants on the denuded amniotic membrane in the culture medium—supplemental hormone epithelial medium (SHEM)—supplemented with FBS or two differently produced human sera. Cell morphology, cell size, cell growth rate, and the expression level of differentiation and putative stem cell markers were examined. Several bioactive molecules were quantified in the human sera. In a novel approach, we performed a multivariate statistical analysis of data to investigate the culture factors, such as differently expressed molecules of human sera that specifically influence the cell phenotype. Our results showed that limbal cells cultured with human sera grew faster and contained similar amounts of small-sized cells, higher expression of the protein p63α, and lower of cytokeratin K12 than FBS cultures, thus, maintaining the stem/progenitor phenotype of LESCs. Furthermore, the multivariate analysis provided much data to better understand the obtaining of different cell phenotypes as a consequence of the use of different culture methodologies or different culture components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Hernáez-Moya
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Nursing, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain;
| | - Sheyla González
- Cornea Division, Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (S.G.); (S.X.D.)
| | - Arantza Urkaregi
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics and Operational Research, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain;
| | - Jose Ignacio Pijoan
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Cruces University Hospital, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain;
| | - Sophie X. Deng
- Cornea Division, Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (S.G.); (S.X.D.)
| | - Noelia Andollo
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Nursing, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-94-601-3295
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13
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Pflugfelder SC, Stern ME. Biological functions of tear film. Exp Eye Res 2020; 197:108115. [PMID: 32561483 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tears have a vital function to protect and lubricate the ocular surface. Tear production, distribution and clearance is tightly regulated by the lacrimal functional unit (LFU) to meet ocular surface demands. The tear film consists of an aqueous-mucin layer, containing fluid and soluble factors produced by the lacrimal glands and mucin secreted by the goblet cells, that is covered by a lipid layer. The array of proteins, glycoproteins and lipids in tears function to maintain a stable, well-lubricated and smooth optical surface. Tear factors also promote wound healing, suppress inflammation, scavenge free radicals, and defend against microbial infection. Disease and dysfunction of the LFU leads to tear instability, increased evaporation, inflammation, and blurred and fluctuating vision. The function of tear components and the consequences of tear deficiency on the ocular surface are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Pflugfelder
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Michael E Stern
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; ImmunEyez, Mission Viejo, CA, United States.
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14
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Hsueh YJ, Meir YJJ, Lai JY, Chen HC, Ma DHK, Huang CC, Lu TT, Cheng CM, Wu WC. Lysophosphatidic acid improves corneal endothelial density in tissue culture by stimulating stromal secretion of interleukin-1β. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:6596-6608. [PMID: 32333497 PMCID: PMC7299697 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The short supply of donor corneas is exacerbated by the unsuitability of donors with insufficient endothelial cell density. Few studies have investigated promoting corneal endothelial cell proliferation to increase the endothelial cell density. We hypothesize that pre‐transplantation treatment of proliferative tissue‐cultivated corneas may increase corneal endothelial cell density. We observed that the airlift cultures were superior to immersion cultures with respect to both transparency and thickness. In this tissue culture system, we observed that lysophosphatidic acid increased the rabbit corneal endothelial cell density, number of BrdU‐positive cells and improve wound healing. We also observed an indirect effect of lysophosphatidic acid on corneal endothelial cell proliferation mediated by the stimulation of interleukin‐1β secretion from stromal cells. Human corneal tissues treated with lysophosphatidic acid or interleukin‐1β contained significantly more Ki‐67‐positive cells than untreated group. The lysophosphatidic acid‐ or interleukin‐1β‐treated cultured tissue remained hexagon‐shaped, with ZO‐1 expression and no evidence of the endothelial‐mesenchymal transition. Our novel protocol of tissue culture may be applicable for eye banks to optimize corneal grafting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jen Hsueh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan.,Center for Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Yaa-Jyuhn James Meir
- Center for Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Yang Lai
- Institute of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan.,Center for Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - David Hui-Kang Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan.,Center for Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan.,Department of Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Cheng Huang
- Center for Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Te Lu
- Center for Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Min Cheng
- Center for Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chi Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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15
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Guo ZH, Zeng YM, Lin JS. Dynamic spatiotemporal expression pattern of limbal stem cell putative biomarkers during mouse development. Exp Eye Res 2020; 192:107915. [PMID: 31911164 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.107915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Limbal stem cells (LSCs), a subpopulation of limbal epithelial basal cells, are crucial to the homeostasis and wound healing of corneal epithelium. The identification and isolation of LSCs remains a challenge due to lack of specific LSCs biomarkers. In this study, Haematoxylin-eosin (HE), 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), and immunohistochemistry (IHC) stains were performed on the pre- and post-natal limbus tissues of mice which has the advantage of more controllable in term of sampling age relative to human origin. By morphological analysis, we supported that there is an absence of the Palisades of Vogt (POV) in the mouse. The development of prenatal and neonatal cornea was dominated by its stroma, whereas after eyelids opened at P14, the corneal epithelial cells (CECs) quickly go stratification in response to the liquid-air interface. Based on IHC staining, we found that the expression of LSCs putative biomarkers in limbal epithelial basal cells appeared in chronological order as follows: Vim = p63 > CK14 > CK15 (where = represents same time; > represents earlier), and in corneal epithelial basal cells were weakened in chronological order as follows: Vim > p63 > CK15 > CK14, which might also represent the stemness degree. Furthermore, the dynamic spatial expression of the examined LSCs putative biomarkers during mouse development also implied a temporal restriction. The expression of Vim in epithelial cells of mouse ocular surface occurred during E12-E19 only. The expression of CK15 was completely undetectable in CECs after P14, whereas the others putative molecular markers of LSCs, such as p63 and CK14, still remained weak expression, suggesting that CK15 was suitable to serve as the mouse LSCs biomarkers after P14. In this study, our data demonstrated the dynamic spatiotemporal expression pattern of LSCs putative biomarkers in mouse was age-related and revealed the time spectrum of the expression of LSCs in mouse, which adds in our knowledge by understanding the dynamic expression pattern of biomarkers of stem cells relate to maintenance of their stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Hou Guo
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, 362021, Fujian, China; Stem Cell Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, China.
| | - Yi Ming Zeng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, China.
| | - Jun Sheng Lin
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, 362021, Fujian, China.
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16
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Utheim OA, Pasovic L, Raeder S, Eidet JR, Fostad IG, Sehic A, Roald B, de la Paz MF, Lyberg T, Dartt DA, Utheim TP. Effects of explant size on epithelial outgrowth, thickness, stratification, ultrastructure and phenotype of cultured limbal epithelial cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212524. [PMID: 30861002 PMCID: PMC6413940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Transplantation of limbal stem cells is a promising therapy for limbal stem cell deficiency. Limbal cells can be harvested from either a healthy part of the patient’s eye or the eye of a donor. Small explants are less likely to inflict injury to the donor site. We investigated the effects of limbal explant size on multiple characteristics known to be important for transplant function. Methods Human limbal epithelial cells were expanded from large versus small explants (3 versus 1 mm of the corneal circumference) for 3 weeks and characterized by light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and transmission electron microscopy. Epithelial thickness, stratification, outgrowth, ultrastructure and phenotype were assessed. Results Epithelial thickness and stratification were similar between the groups. Outgrowth size correlated positively with explant size (r = 0.37; P = 0.01), whereas fold growth correlated negatively with explant size (r = –0.55; P < 0.0001). Percentage of cells expressing the limbal epithelial cell marker K19 was higher in cells derived from large explants (99.1±1.2%) compared to cells derived from small explants (93.2±13.6%, P = 0.024). The percentage of cells expressing ABCG2, integrin β1, p63, and p63α that are markers suggestive of an immature phenotype; Keratin 3, Connexin 43, and E-Cadherin that are markers of differentiation; and Ki67 and PCNA that indicate cell proliferation were equal in both groups. Desmosome and hemidesmosome densities were equal between the groups. Conclusion For donor- and culture conditions used in the present study, large explants are preferable to small in terms of outgrowth area. As regards limbal epithelial cell thickness, stratification, mechanical strength, and the attainment of a predominantly immature phenotype, both large and small explants are sufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. A. Utheim
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Dry Eye Clinic, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - L. Pasovic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - S. Raeder
- Norwegian Dry Eye Clinic, Oslo, Norway
| | - J. R. Eidet
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - I. G. Fostad
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - A. Sehic
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Maxillofacial surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - B. Roald
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - M. F. de la Paz
- Institut Universitari Barraquer, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - T. Lyberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - D. A. Dartt
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - T. P. Utheim
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Dry Eye Clinic, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Maxillofacial surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soerlandet Hospital Arendal, Arendal, Norway
- Department of Ophthalmology, Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway
- National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of Southeast Norway, Kongsberg, Norway
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17
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Bandeira F, Yusoff NZ, Yam GHF, Mehta JS. Corneal re-innervation following refractive surgery treatments. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:557-565. [PMID: 30632489 PMCID: PMC6352585 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.247421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Laser refractive surgery is one of the most performed surgical procedures in the world. Although regarded safe and efficient, it has side effects. All of the laser based refractive surgical procedures invoke corneal nerve injury to some degree. The impact of this denervation can range from mild discomfort to neurotrophic corneas. Currently, three techniques are widely used for laser vision correction: small incision lenticule extraction, laser-assisted keratomileusis in situ and photorefractive keratotomy. Each of these techniques affects corneal innervation differently and has a different pattern of nerve regeneration. The purpose of this review is to summarize the different underlying mechanisms for corneal nerve injury and compare the different patterns of corneal reinnervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Bandeira
- Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore; Federal University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo; São Gonçalo Eye Hospital, São Gonçalo, Brazil
| | - Nur Zahira Yusoff
- Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Gary Hin-Fai Yam
- Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute; Eye-ACP, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Jodhbir Singh Mehta
- Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute; Eye-ACP, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School; Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Singapore National Eye Centre; School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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18
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Villalón ML, Leal MDLÁ, Chávez JR, Santillán EM, Lares-Asseff I, Loera V, Valencia L, Camacho B, Alvarado B, Cervantes V, Patrón L, Almanza H. Recurrent epibulbar dermoid cyst treated with amniotic membrane implant a case report. BMC Surg 2018; 18:98. [PMID: 30428870 PMCID: PMC6236942 DOI: 10.1186/s12893-018-0426-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dermoid cyst considered a cystic teratoma derived from embryonic germinal epithelium is a slow-growing benign tumour. Dermoid cysts may occur in the orbital and periorbital region in paediatric patients and are often recurrent. The surgical approach depends upon the site of the lesion, superficial or deep. To our knowledge, this is the first described case of a patient with resection of dermoid cyst treated with human amniotic membrane implant and topical application of 0.02% mitomycin C. CASE PRESENTATION We present a case of a 12-year-old male with a tumour in the superotemporal region of the right eye (RE). Symptoms included decreased visual acuity (VA), burning eye, foreign body sensation, and photophobia of the affected eye. A physical examination detected blepharospasm. Ophthalmic examination of his RE, fingers count from a 1-2 m distance, showed no improvement with pinhole. Visual acuity was 20/20 on the left eye (LE). The bio-microscopic examination confirmed the presence of a tumour mass (15 mm × 12 mm) on the surface of the RE, invading the superotemporal sector. The tumour had a lobulated appearance, a shiny and vascularized surface covered by conjunctiva, a pearlescent-pink colour, a medium consistency, was renitent and painless. An ultrasound scan revealed atrophy of the pigmented retinal epithelium with scleral indentation of the RE. A computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a recurrent lesion consistent with an epibulbar dermoid cyst. Surgical excision of the lesion was performed and a human amniotic membrane (HAM) graft and topical 0.02% mitomycin C (MMC) were applied. Histopathological analysis confirmed the diagnosis of recurrent dermoid cyst. CONCLUSION In this case report, we describe a case of recurrent epibulbar dermoid cyst treated with complete resection; topical MMC and HAM implant with good clinical outcome of the lesion and implant adhesion. Resection of a cyst of the ocular surface is not recommended when a large epibulbar dermoid tissue needs to be resected and no HAM graft is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Luisa Villalón
- The Californias' Children Hospital Ophthalmology Service, Av. Alejandro Von Humboldt 11431, Garita de Otay, 22509, Tijuana, BC, Mexico
| | - Ma De Los Ángeles Leal
- School of Health Sciences, Valle de Las Palmas, Autonomous University of Baja California, Blvd Universitario 1000, Valle de Las Palmas, 22260, Tijuana, BC, Mexico
| | - José R Chávez
- School of Health Sciences, Valle de Las Palmas, Autonomous University of Baja California, Blvd Universitario 1000, Valle de Las Palmas, 22260, Tijuana, BC, Mexico
| | - Eduardo M Santillán
- Fray Junípero Serra Hospital, Security and Social Services Institute for State Workers, Tijuana, Avenida De Las Palmas 1 Col Las Palmas, 22106, Tijuana, BC, Mexico
| | - Ismael Lares-Asseff
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for the Comprehensive Regional Development, Durango Module, Durango, Mexico.,National Polytechnic Institute, Sigma Street #119, Fracc. 20 de Noviembre II, C.P. 34220. Año 2009-2010, Durango Dgo., Mexico
| | - Verónica Loera
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for the Comprehensive Regional Development, Durango Module, Durango, Mexico.,National Polytechnic Institute, Sigma Street #119, Fracc. 20 de Noviembre II, C.P. 34220. Año 2009-2010, Durango Dgo., Mexico
| | - Laura Valencia
- Department of Cellular Biology and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Autonomous University of Baja California, Av. Universidad no 14418, Parque Industrial Internacional Tijuana, CP. 22390, Tijuana, BC, Mexico
| | - Blanca Camacho
- Department of Cellular Biology and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Autonomous University of Baja California, Av. Universidad no 14418, Parque Industrial Internacional Tijuana, CP. 22390, Tijuana, BC, Mexico
| | - Brenda Alvarado
- Department of Cellular Biology and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Autonomous University of Baja California, Av. Universidad no 14418, Parque Industrial Internacional Tijuana, CP. 22390, Tijuana, BC, Mexico
| | - Vilma Cervantes
- Department of Cellular Biology and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Autonomous University of Baja California, Av. Universidad no 14418, Parque Industrial Internacional Tijuana, CP. 22390, Tijuana, BC, Mexico
| | - Leslie Patrón
- Department of Cellular Biology and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Autonomous University of Baja California, Av. Universidad no 14418, Parque Industrial Internacional Tijuana, CP. 22390, Tijuana, BC, Mexico
| | - Horacio Almanza
- Department of Cellular Biology and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Autonomous University of Baja California, Av. Universidad no 14418, Parque Industrial Internacional Tijuana, CP. 22390, Tijuana, BC, Mexico.
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19
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Pei M, Liu X, Zhao C, Gao F, Tao Y, Zhang M. Chemokine and Adhesion Molecule Profiles in Aqueous Humor of Clinically Quiescent Uveitic Cataracts. Curr Eye Res 2018; 44:194-199. [PMID: 30288998 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2018.1532012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the chemokine and adhesion molecule profiles in aqueous humor (AH) of eyes with inactive uveitis and their correlations with inflammation relapse after cataract surgery. METHODS Patients with inactive uveitis who underwent cataract surgery between July 2014 and January 2016 at our center were included. Undiluted AH samples (100-120 µl) were obtained through lateral corneal incisions during surgery, and concentrations of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1/CCL2), macrophage inflammatory protein 1 (MIP-1), interleukin 8 (IL-8), regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES/CCL5), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule (sVCAM) and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM) were measured by cytometric bead array (BD Bioscience, San Jose, CA). AH levels of these inflammatory factors were compared between different uveitis entities and non-inflammatory control. Risk factors for postoperative inflammation relapse were also analysed in uveitic eyes. RESULTS As compared with the control group, the panuveitis group had significantly higher aqueous concentrations of MCP-1, IL-8, sVCAM, sICAM; the anterior uveitis group had significantly higher concentrations of MCP-1, MIP-1, sVCAM. Uveitic cataracts with postoperative inflammation relapse had significantly higher levels of MCP-1 and IL-8 in AH than those without. And multivariate cox regression analysis revealed that high AH levels of MCP-1 was an independent predictor for postoperative inflammation relapse. CONCLUSIONS Clinically quiescent uveitic eyes have elevated levels of chemokines and soluble adhesion molecules in AH, of which MCP-1 is associate with inflammation relapses after cataract surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghang Pei
- a Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
| | - Xinshu Liu
- b Department of Ophthalmology , The Fourth People's Hospital of Shenyang , Shenyang , Liaoning , China
| | - Chan Zhao
- a Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
| | - Fei Gao
- a Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
| | - Yong Tao
- c Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Meifen Zhang
- a Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
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20
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Exosomes from normal and diabetic human corneolimbal keratocytes differentially regulate migration, proliferation and marker expression of limbal epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15173. [PMID: 30310159 PMCID: PMC6182003 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33169-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Limbal epithelial stem cells (LESC) maintenance requires communication between stem cells and neighboring stromal keratocytes. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important for intercellular communication in various stem cell niches. We explored the regulatory roles of limbal stromal cell (LSC)-derived exosomes (Exos), an EV sub-population, in limbal epithelial cells (LEC) in normal and diabetic limbal niche and determined differences in Exo cargos from normal and diabetic LSC. Wound healing and proliferation rates in primary normal LEC were significantly enhanced upon treatment by normal Exos (N-Exos), but not by diabetic Exos (DM-Exos). Western analysis showed increased Akt phosphorylation in wounded LECs and organ-cultured corneas treated with N-Exos, compared to untreated wounded cells and DM-Exos treated fellow corneas, respectively. N-Exos treated organ-cultured corneas showed upregulation of putative LESC markers, keratin 15 (K15) and Frizzled-7, compared to the DM-Exos treated fellow corneas. By next generation sequencing, we identified differentially expressed small RNAs including microRNAs in DM-Exos vs. N-Exos. Overall, N-Exos have greater effect on LEC proliferation and wound healing than DM-Exos, likely by activating Akt signaling. The small RNA differences in Exos from diabetic vs. normal LSC could contribute to the disease state. Our study suggests that exosomes may serve as novel therapeutic tools for diabetic cornea.
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21
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Tasena H, Faiz A, Timens W, Noordhoek J, Hylkema MN, Gosens R, Hiemstra PS, Spira A, Postma DS, Tew GW, Grimbaldeston MA, van den Berge M, Heijink IH, Brandsma CA. microRNA-mRNA regulatory networks underlying chronic mucus hypersecretion in COPD. Eur Respir J 2018; 52:13993003.01556-2017. [PMID: 30072506 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01556-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Chronic mucus hypersecretion (CMH) is a common feature in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and is associated with worse prognosis and quality of life. This study aimed to identify microRNA (miRNA)-mRNA regulatory networks underlying CMH.The expression profiles of miRNA and mRNA in bronchial biopsies from 63 COPD patients were associated with CMH using linear regression. Potential mRNA targets of each CMH-associated miRNA were identified using Pearson correlations. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and STRING (search tool for the retrieval of interacting genes/proteins) analysis were used to identify key genes and pathways.20 miRNAs and 539 mRNAs were differentially expressed with CMH in COPD. The expression of 10 miRNAs was significantly correlated with the expression of one or more mRNAs. Of these, miR-134-5p, miR-146a-5p and the let-7 family had the highest representation of CMH-associated mRNAs among their negatively correlated predicted targets. KRAS and EDN1 were identified as key regulators of CMH and were negatively correlated predicted targets of miR-134-5p and let-7a-5p, let-7d-5p, and let-7f-5p, respectively. GSEA suggested involvement of MUC5AC-related genes and several other relevant gene sets in CMH. The lower expression of miR-134-5p was confirmed in primary airway fibroblasts from COPD patients with CMH.We identified miR-134-5p, miR-146a-5p and let-7 family, along with their potential target genes including KRAS and EDN1, as potential key miRNA-mRNA networks regulating CMH in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hataitip Tasena
- Dept of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alen Faiz
- Dept of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Dept of Pulmonary Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Timens
- Dept of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacobien Noordhoek
- Dept of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Dept of Pulmonary Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Machteld N Hylkema
- Dept of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Reinoud Gosens
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Dept of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter S Hiemstra
- Dept of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Avrum Spira
- Dept of Medicine, Division of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University Medical Centre, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dirkje S Postma
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Dept of Pulmonary Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gaik W Tew
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Maarten van den Berge
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Dept of Pulmonary Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Irene H Heijink
- Dept of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Dept of Pulmonary Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Corry-Anke Brandsma
- Dept of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,These authors contributed equally
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22
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Guo ZH, Zhang W, Jia YYS, Liu QX, Li ZF, Lin JS. An Insight into the Difficulties in the Discovery of Specific Biomarkers of Limbal Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071982. [PMID: 29986467 PMCID: PMC6073450 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Keeping the integrity and transparency of the cornea is the most important issue to ensure normal vision. There are more than 10 million patients going blind due to the cornea diseases worldwide. One of the effective ways to cure corneal diseases is corneal transplantation. Currently, donations are the main source of corneas for transplantation, but immune rejection and a shortage of donor corneas are still serious problems. Graft rejection could cause transplanted cornea opacity to fail. Therefore, bioengineer-based corneas become a new source for corneal transplantation. Limbal stem cells (LSCs) are located at the basal layer in the epithelial palisades of Vogt, which serve a homeostatic function for the cornea epithelium and repair the damaged cornea. LSC-based transplantation is one of the hot topics currently. Clinical data showed that the ratio of LSCs to total candidate cells for a transplantation has a significant impact on the effectiveness of the transplantation. It indicates that it is very important to accurately identify the LSCs. To date, several putative biomarkers of LSCs have been widely reported, whereas their specificity is controversial. As reported, the identification of LSCs is based on the characteristics of stem cells, such as a nuclear-to-cytoplasm ratio (N/C) ≥ 0.7, label-retaining, and side population (SP) phenotype. Here, we review recently published data to provide an insight into the circumstances in the study of LSC biomarkers. The particularities of limbus anatomy and histochemistry, the limits of the current technology level for LSC isolation, the heterogeneity of LSCs and the influence of enzyme digestion are discussed. Practical approaches are proposed in order to overcome the difficulties in basic and applied research for LSC-specific biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Hou Guo
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China.
| | | | - Qing Xiu Liu
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China.
| | - Zhao Fa Li
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China.
| | - Jun Sheng Lin
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China.
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23
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Utheim TP, Aass Utheim Ø, Salvanos P, Jackson CJ, Schrader S, Geerling G, Sehic A. Concise Review: Altered Versus Unaltered Amniotic Membrane as a Substrate for Limbal Epithelial Cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2018; 7:415-427. [PMID: 29573222 PMCID: PMC5905228 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.17-0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) can result from a variety of corneal disorders, including chemical and thermal burns, infections, and autoimmune diseases. The symptoms of LSCD may include irritation, epiphora, blepharospasms, photophobia, pain, and decreased vision. There are a number of treatment options, ranging from nonsurgical treatments for mild LSCD to various forms of surgery that involve different cell types cultured on various substrates. Ex vivo expansion of limbal epithelial cells (LEC) involves the culture of LEC harvested either from the patient, a living relative, or a cadaver on a substrate in the laboratory. Following the transfer of the cultured cell sheet onto the cornea of patients suffering from LSCD, a successful outcome can be expected in approximately three out of four patients. The phenotype of the cultured cells has proven to be a key predictor of success. The choice of culture substrate is known to affect the phenotype. Several studies have shown that amniotic membrane (AM) can be used as a substrate for expansion of LEC for subsequent transplantation in the treatment of LSCD. There is currently a debate over whether AM should be denuded (i.e., de-epithelialized) prior to LEC culture, or whether this substrate should remain intact. In addition, crosslinking of the AM has been used to increase the thermal and mechanical stability, optical transparency, and resistance to collagenase digestion of AM. In the present review, we discuss the rationale for using altered versus unaltered AM as a culture substrate for LEC. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2018;7:415-427.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tor Paaske Utheim
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University HospitalNorway
- Department of OphthalmologyDrammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital TrustNorway
- Department of OphthalmologyStavanger University HospitalNorway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of BergenNorway
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of DentistryUniversity of OsloNorway
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryOslo University HospitalNorway
| | | | - Panagiotis Salvanos
- Department of OphthalmologyDrammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital TrustNorway
| | - Catherine J. Jackson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University HospitalNorway
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of DentistryUniversity of OsloNorway
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryOslo University HospitalNorway
| | | | - Gerd Geerling
- Department of OphthalmologyUniversity of DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Amer Sehic
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of DentistryUniversity of OsloNorway
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24
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Laforge M, Silvestre R, Rodrigues V, Garibal J, Campillo-Gimenez L, Mouhamad S, Monceaux V, Cumont MC, Rabezanahary H, Pruvost A, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Hurtrel B, Silvestri G, Senik A, Estaquier J. The anti-caspase inhibitor Q-VD-OPH prevents AIDS disease progression in SIV-infected rhesus macaques. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:1627-1640. [PMID: 29553486 DOI: 10.1172/jci95127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis has been proposed as a key mechanism responsible for CD4+ T cell depletion and immune dysfunction during HIV infection. We demonstrated that Q-VD-OPH, a caspase inhibitor, inhibits spontaneous and activation-induced death of T cells from SIV-infected rhesus macaques (RMs). When administered during the acute phase of infection, Q-VD-OPH was associated with (a) reduced levels of T cell death, (b) preservation of CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio in lymphoid organs and in the gut, (c) maintenance of memory CD4+ T cells, and (d) increased specific CD4+ T cell response associated with the expression of cytotoxic molecules. Although therapy was limited to the acute phase of infection, Q-VD-OPH-treated RMs showed lower levels of both viral load and cell-associated SIV DNA as compared with control SIV-infected RMs throughout the chronic phase of infection, and prevented the development of AIDS. Overall, our data demonstrate that Q-VD-OPH injection in SIV-infected RMs may represent an adjunctive therapeutic agent to control HIV infection and delaying disease progression to AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo Silvestre
- CNRS FR 3636, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Microbiology and Infection Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Vasco Rodrigues
- CNRS FR 3636, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Julie Garibal
- CNRS FR 3636, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Valérie Monceaux
- Unité de Physiopathologie des Infections Lentivirales, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Alain Pruvost
- CEA, iBiTecS, SPI, Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Anabela Cordeiro-da-Silva
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Hurtrel
- Unité de Physiopathologie des Infections Lentivirales, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Anna Senik
- CNRS FR 3636, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Estaquier
- CNRS FR 3636, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Université Laval, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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25
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Miyagi H, Thomasy SM, Russell P, Murphy CJ. The role of hepatocyte growth factor in corneal wound healing. Exp Eye Res 2018; 166:49-55. [PMID: 29024692 PMCID: PMC5831200 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a glycoprotein produced by mesenchymal cells and operates as a key molecule for tissue generation and renewal. During corneal injury, HGF is primarily secreted by stromal fibroblasts and promotes epithelial wound healing in a paracrine manner. While this mesenchymal-epithelial interaction is well characterized in various organs and the cornea, the role of HGF in corneal stromal and endothelial wound healing is understudied. In addition, HGF has been shown to play an anti-fibrotic role by inhibiting myofibroblast generation and subsequent production of a disorganized extracellular matrix and tissue fibrosis. Therefore, HGF represents a potential therapeutic tool in numerous organs in which myofibroblasts are responsible for tissue scarring. Corneal fibrosis can be a devastating sequela of injury and can result in corneal opacification and retrocorneal membrane formation leading to severe vision loss. In this article, we concisely review the available literature regarding the role of HGF in corneal wound healing. We highlight the influence of HGF on cellular behaviors in each corneal layer. Additionally, we suggest the possibility that HGF may represent a therapeutic tool for interrupting dysregulated corneal repair processes to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Miyagi
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami-ku, Kasumi 1-2-3, Hiroshima, 7348551, Japan.
| | - Sara M Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, UC Davis Medical Center, 2315 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
| | - Paul Russell
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Christopher J Murphy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, UC Davis Medical Center, 2315 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
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26
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Hua X, Chi W, Su L, Li J, Zhang Z, Yuan X. ROS-induced Oxidative Injury involved in Pathogenesis of Fungal Keratitis via p38 MAPK Activation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10421. [PMID: 28874754 PMCID: PMC5585305 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09636-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was to explore the mechanism by which reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced oxidative stress involved in the pathogenesis of fungal keratitis using an in vivo experimental keratitis mouse model and an in vitro culture model of human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs). Compared to normal control mice and HCECs, ROS production was markedly increased in fungal corneas and HCECs exposed to Candida albicans, accompanied by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) activation. Increased products of oxidative markers, malondialdehyde (MDA), 4–hydroxynonenal (HNE), mitochondria DNA 8-OHdG and aconitase-2 were observed in fungal infected corneas and HCECs. Fungal infection also increased the mRNA expression and protein production of heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), with suppressed levels of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1), glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx1) and peroxiredoxin-4 (PRDX4). Interestingly, the levels of ROS, oxidative markers and oxygenases were significantly reduced by co-cultured p38 inhibitor SB203580. Furthermore, SB203580 restored the levels of antioxidant enzymes suppressed by fungus. Our findings demonstrated for the first time that ROS-induced oxidative injury is involved in pathogenesis of fungal keratitis via p38 MAPK pathway, suggesting the novel therapeutic targets for the potential treatment of fungal keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Hua
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Orbit Research Institute, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Long Su
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Orbit Research Institute, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jin Li
- Zhejiang Eye Hospital, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zongduan Zhang
- Zhejiang Eye Hospital, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyong Yuan
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
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27
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Diabetic complications in the cornea. Vision Res 2017; 139:138-152. [PMID: 28404521 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic corneal alterations, such as delayed epithelial wound healing, edema, recurrent erosions, neuropathy/loss of sensitivity, and tear film changes are frequent but underdiagnosed complications of both type 1 (insulin-dependent) and type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. The disease affects corneal epithelium, corneal nerves, tear film, and to a lesser extent, endothelium, and also conjunctiva. These abnormalities may appear or become exacerbated following trauma, as well as various surgeries including retinal, cataract or refractive. The focus of the review is on mechanisms of diabetic corneal abnormalities, available animal, tissue and organ culture models, and emerging treatments. Changes of basement membrane structure and wound healing rates, the role of various proteinases, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), abnormal growth and motility factors (including opioid, epidermal, and hepatocyte growth factors) are analyzed. Experimental therapeutics under development, including topical naltrexone, insulin, inhibitors of aldose reductase, and AGEs, as well as emerging gene and cell therapies are discussed in detail.
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28
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Gallego-Muñoz P, Ibares-Frías L, Valsero-Blanco MC, Cantalapiedra-Rodriguez R, Merayo-Lloves J, Martínez-García MC. Effects of TGFβ1, PDGF-BB, and bFGF, on human corneal fibroblasts proliferation and differentiation during stromal repair. Cytokine 2017; 96:94-101. [PMID: 28390267 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to improve the regenerative nature of corneal repair, this study reports the use of an in vitro human corneal fibroblasts (HCFs) wound model after treatment with three of the main growth factors (GFs) involved in corneal healing: transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1), platelet-derived growth factor BB-isoform (PDGF-BB), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in order to delve in cell proliferation and differentiation processes. HCFs were mechanically wounded. The individual effect of TGFβ1, PDGF-BB, and bFGF on cell proliferation and differentiation during the repair process was studied at different time points until wound closure. Wound dimensions and morphological changes were evaluated by microscopy. Cell proliferation and myofibroblast differentiation were analyzed by immunofluorescence cytochemistry. Changes in cell morphology were apparent at Day 4. PDGF-BB- and bFGF-treated cells had fibroblast-like morphology. TGFβ1 stimulated proliferation in the wound edge and surrounding area, induced myofibroblast differentiation and inhibited cellular migration. PDGF-BB induced rapid wound closure due to proliferation, high motility, and late myofibroblast differentiation. The time course of closure induced by bFGF was similar to that for PDGF-BB, but was mostly due to proliferation in the wound area, and inhibited myofibroblast differentiation. Each of the GFs induced increases in responses promoting stromal repair differently. This study provides insight regarding how to optimize the outcome of stromal repair following corneal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Gallego-Muñoz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Histología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Grupo de Investigación Reconocido: Técnicas Ópticas para el Diagnóstico, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Lucía Ibares-Frías
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Histología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Grupo de Investigación Reconocido: Técnicas Ópticas para el Diagnóstico, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Roberto Cantalapiedra-Rodriguez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Histología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Grupo de Investigación Reconocido: Técnicas Ópticas para el Diagnóstico, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jesús Merayo-Lloves
- Instituto Oftalmológico Fernández-Vega, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - M Carmen Martínez-García
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Histología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Grupo de Investigación Reconocido: Técnicas Ópticas para el Diagnóstico, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
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Chung JK, Park SA, Hwang HS, Kim KS, Cho YJ, You YS, Kim YS, Jang JW, Lee SJ. Effects of exogenous recombinant human bone morphogenic protein-7 on the corneal epithelial mesenchymal transition and fibrosis. Int J Ophthalmol 2017; 10:329-335. [PMID: 28393020 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2017.03.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the effect of exogenous recombinant human bone morphogenic protein-7 (rhBMP-7) on transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-induced epithelial mesenchymal cell transition (EMT) and assessed its antifibrotic effect via topical application. METHODS The cytotoxic effect of rhBMP-7 was evaluated and the EMT of human corneal epithelial cells (HECEs) was induced by TGF-β. HECEs were then cultured in the presence of rhBMP-7 and/or hyaluronic acid (HA). EMT markers, fibronectin, E-cadherin, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and matrix metaloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), were evaluated. The level of corneal fibrosis and the reepithelization rate were evaluated using a rabbit keratectomy model. Expression of α-SMA in keratocytes were quantified following treatment with different concentrations of rhBMP-7. RESULTS Treatment with rhBMP-7 attenuated TGF-β-induced EMT in HECEs. It significantly attenuated fibronectin secretion (31.6%; P<0.05), the α-SMA protein level (72.2%; P<0.01), and MMP-9 expression (23.6%, P<0.05) in HECEs compared with cells grown in the presence of TGF-β alone. E-cadherin expression was significantly enhanced (289.7%; P<0.01) in the presence of rhBMP-7. Topical application of rhBMP-7 combined with 0.1% HA significantly reduced the amount of α-SMA+ cells by 43.18% (P<0.05) at a concentration of 2.5 µg/mL and by 47.73% (P<0.05) at 25 µg/mL, compared with the control group, without disturbing corneal reepithelization. CONCLUSION rhBMP-7 attenuates TGF-β-induced EMT in vitro, and topical application of rhBMP-7 reduces keratocyte myodifferentiation during the early wound healing stages in vivo without hindering reepithelization. Topical rhBMP-7 application as biological eye drops seems to be feasible in diseases involving TGF-β-related corneal fibrosis with corneal reepithelization disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Kwon Chung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul 04401, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sung Jin Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul 04401, Korea
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Chi W, Hua X, Chen X, Bian F, Yuan X, Zhang L, Wang X, Chen D, Deng R, Li Z, Liu Y, de Paiva CS, Pflugfelder SC, Li DQ. Mitochondrial DNA oxidation induces imbalanced activity of NLRP3/NLRP6 inflammasomes by activation of caspase-8 and BRCC36 in dry eye. J Autoimmun 2017; 80:65-76. [PMID: 28238526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The concept of innate immunity has been expanded to recognize environmental pathogens other than microbial components. However, whether and how the innate immunity is initiated by epithelium in response to environmental physical challenges such as low humidity and high osmolarity in an autoimmune disease, dry eye, is still largely unknown. Using two experimental dry eye models, primary human corneal epithelial cultures exposed to hyperosmolarity and mouse ocular surface facing desiccating stress, we uncovered novel innate immunity pathway by ocular surface epithelium, where oxidized mitochondrial DNA induces imbalanced activation of NLRP3/NLRP6 inflammasomes via stimulation of caspase-8 and BRCC36 in response to environmental stress. Activated NLRP3 with suppressed NLRP6 stimulates caspase-1 activation that leads to IL-1β and IL-18 maturation and secretion. NLRP3-independent caspase-8 noncanonically activates caspase-1 via reciprocal regulation of NLRP3/NLRP6-mediated inflammasomes. Reactive oxygen species-induced mitochondrial DNA oxidative damage and BRCC36 deubiquitinating activity provide a missing link and mechanism by which innate immunity responds to environmental stress via caspase-8-involved NLRP3/NLRP6 inflammasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Xia Hua
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xin Chen
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Fang Bian
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Xiaoyong Yuan
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Lili Zhang
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaoran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Ding Chen
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Ruzhi Deng
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Zhijie Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Yizhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Cintia S de Paiva
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Stephen C Pflugfelder
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - De-Quan Li
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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Neuronal Changes in the Diabetic Cornea: Perspectives for Neuroprotection. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:5140823. [PMID: 28044131 PMCID: PMC5156788 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5140823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy is associated with neurotrophic ulcerations of the skin and cornea. Decreased corneal sensitivity and impaired innervation lead to weakened epithelial wound healing predisposing patients to ocular complications such as corneal infections, stromal opacification, and surface irregularity. This review presents recent findings on impaired corneal innervation in diabetic individuals, and the findings suggest that corneal neuropathy might be an early indicator of diabetic neuropathy. Additionally, the recent findings for neuroprotective and regenerative therapy for diabetic keratopathy are presented.
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Expression of TSLP and Downstream Molecules IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 on the Eye Surface of Patients with Various Types of Allergic Conjunctivitis. J Ophthalmol 2016; 2016:5072781. [PMID: 27504196 PMCID: PMC4967703 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5072781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. The pathogenesis of allergic conjunctivitis has not been clearly established. Moreover, previous studies fail to consider human models of allergic conjunctivitis. This study investigated the expression of thymic stromal lymphopoiet in TSLP and its downstream molecules in conjunctival scrappings and tear. Methods. This cross-sectional study compares patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC), seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC), and perennial allergic conjunctivitis (PAC) with normal controls. There are 80 people recorded in Shanxi Eye Hospital. Increasingly, 20 are with VKC, 20 are with SAC, 20 are with PAC, and the remaining 20 are normal controls. Conjunctiva were harvested for total RNA extraction and gene expression by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Epithelial cells were collected to make pathological sections for immunohistochemical staining. Human tears were evaluated by Luminex microbead assay. A P value less than 0.05 from Dunnett's post hoc test in SPSS means a statistical significant distinction. Results. Positive expression in conjunctival cells of patients with allergic conjunctivitis. The expression of TSLP and IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 mRNA shows a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). TSLP and IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 concentrations show a statistically significant difference (P < 0.01). Conclusions. This study suggests that TSLP and downstream molecules are expressed in patients with various types of allergic conjunctivitis.
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Laser Scanning In Vivo Confocal Microscopy of Clear Grafts after Penetrating Keratoplasty. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:5159746. [PMID: 27034940 PMCID: PMC4789369 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5159746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the changes of keratocytes and dendritic cells in the central clear graft by laser scanning in vivo confocal microscopy after penetrating keratoplasty (PK). METHODS Thirty adult subjects receiving PK at Shandong Eye Institute and with clear grafts and no sign of immune rejection after surgery were recruited into this study, and 10 healthy adults were controls. The keratocytes and dendritic cells in the central graft were evaluated by laser scanning confocal microscopy, as well as epithelium cells, keratocytes, corneal endothelium cells, and corneal nerves (especially subepithelial plexus nerves). RESULTS Median density of subepithelial plexus nerves, keratocyte density in each layer of the stroma, and density of corneal endothelium cells were all lower in clear grafts than in controls. The dendritic cells of five (16.7%) patients were active in Bowman's membrane and stromal membrane of the graft after PK. CONCLUSIONS Activated dendritic cells and Langerhans cells could be detected in some of the clear grafts, which indicated that the subclinical stress of immune reaction took part in the chronic injury of the clear graft after PK, even when there was no clinical rejection episode.
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Expression of HGF and c-Met Proteins in Human Keratoconus Corneas. J Ophthalmol 2015; 2015:852986. [PMID: 26697215 PMCID: PMC4677219 DOI: 10.1155/2015/852986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratoconus (KC) is a progressive degenerative inflammatory-related disease of the human cornea leading to decreased visual function. The pathogenesis of KC remains to be understood. Recent genetic studies indicate that gene variants of an inflammation-related molecule, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), are associated with an increased susceptibility for developing KC. However HGF protein expression in KC has not been explored. In this initial study, we investigated late-stage KC and control corneas for the expression of HGF and its receptor mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (c-Met/Met). KC buttons (~8 mm diameter) (n = 10) and whole control corneas (n = 6) were fixed in 10% formalin or 2% paraformaldehyde, paraffin embedded and sectioned. Sections were immunolabelled with HGF and c-Met antibodies, visualised using immunofluorescence, and examined with scanning laser confocal microscopy. Semiquantitative grading was used to compare HGF and c-Met immunostaining in KC and control corneas. Overall, KC corneas showed increased HGF and c-Met immunostaining compared to controls. KC corneal epithelium displayed heterogeneous moderate-to-strong immunoreactivity for HGF and c-Met, particularly in the basal epithelium adjacent to the cone area. Taken together with the recent genetic studies, our results further support a possible role for HGF/c-Met in the pathogenesis of KC.
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Hua X, Deng R, Li J, Chi W, Su Z, Lin J, Pflugfelder SC, Li DQ. Protective Effects of L-Carnitine Against Oxidative Injury by Hyperosmolarity in Human Corneal Epithelial Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:5503-11. [PMID: 26284556 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-16247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE L-carnitine suppresses inflammatory responses in human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) exposed to hyperosmotic stress. In this study, we determined if L-carnitine induces this protective effect through suppression of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced oxidative damage in HCECs. METHODS Primary HCECs were established from donor limbal explants. A hyperosmolarity dry-eye model was used in which HCECs are cultured in 450 mOsM medium with or without L-carnitine for up to 48 hours. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidative damage markers, oxygenases and antioxidative enzymes were analyzed by 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) kit, semiquantitative PCR, immunofluorescence, and/or Western blotting. RESULTS Reactive oxygen species production increased in HCECs upon substitution of the isotonic medium with the hypertonic medium. L-carnitine supplementation partially suppressed this response. Hyperosmolarity increased cytotoxic membrane lipid peroxidation levels; namely, malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydroxynonenal (HNE), as well as mitochondria DNA release along with an increase in 8-OHdG and aconitase-2. Interestingly, these oxidative markers were significantly decreased by coculture with L-carnitine. Hyperosmotic stress also increased the mRNA expression and/or protein production of heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), but inhibited the levels of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1), glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPX1), and peroxiredoxin-4 (PRDX4). However, L-carnitine partially reversed this altered imbalance between oxygenases and antioxidant enzymes induced by hyperosmolarity. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate for the first time that L-carnitine protects HCECs from oxidative stress by lessening the declines in antioxidant enzymes and suppressing ROS production. Such suppression reduces membrane lipid oxidative damage markers and mitochondrial DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Hua
- Ocular Surface Center Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States 2Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medic
| | - Ruzhi Deng
- Ocular Surface Center Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States 3School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jin Li
- Ocular Surface Center Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States 3School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wei Chi
- Ocular Surface Center Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States 4Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhitao Su
- Ocular Surface Center Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Jing Lin
- Ocular Surface Center Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Stephen C Pflugfelder
- Ocular Surface Center Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - De-Quan Li
- Ocular Surface Center Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
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Abstract
Corneal wound healing is a complex process involving cell death, migration, proliferation, differentiation, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Many similarities are observed in the healing processes of corneal epithelial, stromal and endothelial cells, as well as cell-specific differences. Corneal epithelial healing largely depends on limbal stem cells and remodeling of the basement membrane. During stromal healing, keratocytes get transformed to motile and contractile myofibroblasts largely due to activation of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) system. Endothelial cells heal mostly by migration and spreading, with cell proliferation playing a secondary role. In the last decade, many aspects of wound healing process in different parts of the cornea have been elucidated, and some new therapeutic approaches have emerged. The concept of limbal stem cells received rigorous experimental corroboration, with new markers uncovered and new treatment options including gene and microRNA therapy tested in experimental systems. Transplantation of limbal stem cell-enriched cultures for efficient re-epithelialization in stem cell deficiency and corneal injuries has become reality in clinical setting. Mediators and course of events during stromal healing have been detailed, and new treatment regimens including gene (decorin) and stem cell therapy for excessive healing have been designed. This is a very important advance given the popularity of various refractive surgeries entailing stromal wound healing. Successful surgical ways of replacing the diseased endothelium have been clinically tested, and new approaches to accelerate endothelial healing and suppress endothelial-mesenchymal transformation have been proposed including Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor eye drops and gene therapy to activate TGF-β inhibitor SMAD7. Promising new technologies with potential for corneal wound healing manipulation including microRNA, induced pluripotent stem cells to generate corneal epithelium, and nanocarriers for corneal drug delivery are discussed. Attention is also paid to problems in wound healing understanding and treatment, such as lack of specific epithelial stem cell markers, reliable identification of stem cells, efficient prevention of haze and stromal scar formation, lack of data on wound regulating microRNAs in keratocytes and endothelial cells, as well as virtual lack of targeted systems for drug and gene delivery to select corneal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Ljubimov
- Eye Program, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Mehrnoosh Saghizadeh
- Eye Program, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Hua X, Yuan X, Li Z, Coursey TG, Pflugfelder SC, Li DQ. A Novel Innate Response of Human Corneal Epithelium to Heat-killed Candida albicans by Producing Peptidoglycan Recognition Proteins. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128039. [PMID: 26039076 PMCID: PMC4454663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections of the cornea can be sight-threatening and have a worse prognosis than other types of microbial corneal infections. Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGLYRP), which are expressed on the ocular surface, play an important role in the immune response against bacterial corneal infections by activating toll-like receptors (TLRs) or increasing phagocytosis. However, the role of PGLYRPs in innate immune response to fungal pathogens has not been investigated. In this study, we observed a significant induction of three PGLYRPs 2–4 in primary human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) exposed to live or heat-killed Candida albicans (HKCA). The C-type lectin receptor dectin-1 plays a critical role in controlling Candida albicans infections by promoting phagocytic activity and cytokine production in macrophages and dendritic cells. Here, we demonstrate that dectin-1 is expressed by normal human corneal tissue and primary HCECs. HKCA exposure increased expression of dectin-1 on HCECs at mRNA and protein levels. Interestingly, dectin-1 neutralizing antibody, IκB-α inhibitor BAY11-7082, and NF-κB activation inhibitor quinazoline blocked NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation, as well as the induction of the PGLYRPs by HKCA in HCECs. Furthermore, rhPGLYRP-2 was found to suppress colony-forming units of Candida albicans in vitro. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that dectin-1 is expressed by human corneal epithelial cells, and dectin-1/NF-κB signaling pathway plays an important role in regulating Candida albicans/HKCA-induced PGLYRP secretion by HCECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Hua
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Xiaoyong Yuan
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XYY); (DQL)
| | - Zhijie Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Terry G. Coursey
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Stephen C. Pflugfelder
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - De-Quan Li
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XYY); (DQL)
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Oxidative stress markers induced by hyperosmolarity in primary human corneal epithelial cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126561. [PMID: 26024535 PMCID: PMC4449087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been known to be involved in pathogenesis of dry eye disease. However, few studies have comprehensively investigated the relationship between hyperosmolarity and oxidative damage in human ocular surface. This study was to explore whether and how hyperosmolarity induces oxidative stress markers in primary human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs). Primary HCECs were established from donor limbal explants. The hyperosmolarity model was made in HCECs cultured in isosmolar (312 mOsM) or hyperosmotic (350, 400, 450 mOsM) media. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidative damage markers, oxygenases and anti-oxidative enzymes were analyzed by DCFDA kit, RT-qPCR, immunofluorescent and immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting. Compared to isosmolar medium, ROS production significantly increased at time- and osmolarity-dependent manner in HCECs exposed to media with increasing osmolarities (350–450 mOsM). Hyperosmolarity significantly induced oxidative damage markers in cell membrane with increased toxic products of lipid peroxidation, 4–hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and in nuclear and mitochondria DNA with increased aconitase-2 and 8-OHdG. Hyperosmotic stress also increased the mRNA expression and protein production of heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), but reduced the levels of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1), and glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPX1). In conclusion, our comprehensive findings demonstrate that hyperosmolarity induces oxidative stress in HCECs by stimulating ROS production and disrupting the balance of oxygenases and antioxidant enzymes, which in turn cause cell damage with increased oxidative markers in membrane lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial DNA damage.
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Kobayashi T, Shiraishi A, Hara Y, Kadota Y, Yang L, Inoue T, Shirakata Y, Ohashi Y. Stromal-epithelial interaction study: The effect of corneal epithelial cells on growth factor expression in stromal cells using organotypic culture model. Exp Eye Res 2015; 135:109-17. [PMID: 25682729 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between stromal and epithelial cells play important roles in the development, homeostasis, and pathological conditions of the cornea. Soluble cytokines are critical factors in stromal-epithelial interactions, and growth factors secreted from corneal stromal cells contribute to the regulation of proliferation and differentiation of corneal epithelial cells (CECs). However, the manner in which the expression of growth factors is regulated in stromal cells has not been completely determined. To study stromal-epithelial cell interactions, we used an organotypic culture model. Human or rabbit CECs (HCECs or RCECs) were cultured on amniotic membranes placed on human corneal fibroblasts (HCFs) embedded in a collagen gel. The properties of the organotypic culture were examined by hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunofluorescence. In the organotypic culture, HCECs or RCECs were stratified into two-three layers after five days and five-seven layers after nine days. However, stratification was not observed when the HCECs were seeded on a collagen gel without fibroblasts. K3/K12 were expressed on day 9. The HCF-embedded collagen gels were collected on days 3, 5, or 9 after seeding the RCECs, and mRNA expression of growth factors FGF7, HGF, NGF, EGF, TGF-α, SCF, TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3 were quantified by real-time PCR. mRNA expression of the growth factors in HCFs cultured with RCECs were compared with those cultured without RCECs, as well as in monolayer cultures. mRNA expression of TGF-α was markedly increased in HCFs cultured with RCECs. However, mRNA expression of the TGF-β family was suppressed in HCFs cultured with RCECs. Principal component analysis revealed that mRNA expression of the growth factors in HCFs were generally similar when they were cultured with RCECs. In organotypic cultures, the morphological changes in the CECs and the expression patterns of the growth factors in the stromal cells clearly demonstrated stromal-epithelial cell interactions, and the results suggest that stromal cells and epithelial cells may act in concert in the cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kobayashi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Regenerative Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan; Department of Stem Cell Biology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shiraishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan; Department of Stem Cell Biology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Yuko Hara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Yuko Kadota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Lujun Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Inoue
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Yuji Shirakata
- Department of Dermatology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ohashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan; Department of Infectious Diseases, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
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Remodeling of epithelial cells and basement membranes in a corneal deficiency model with long-term follow-up. J Transl Med 2015; 95:168-79. [PMID: 25531563 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The ocular surface consists of the cornea, conjunctiva, and the limbus that is located in the transitional zone between the cornea and conjunctiva. The corneal epithelial cells are generated through the mitosis of corneal epithelial stem cells in the limbus. This study investigated a rabbit corneal deficiency model prepared by the surgical removal of the corneal and limbal epithelia, which express cytokeratin 12 (K12). After the surgery, K13-expressing conjunctival epithelium migrated onto the corneal surface and completely covered the surface, leading to neovascularization and corneal opacification. However, at 24 and 48 weeks after the surgery, K12-expressing cornea-like cells reappeared on the model ocular surface. These cells formed an island surrounded by invaded conjunctiva and were isolated from the limbus. Interestingly, in the 24-week model surface, α1(IV) and α2(IV) collagen chains, which are normally found in the basement membrane of the native limbus and conjunctiva, and not in the cornea, were continuously deposited throughout the entire basement membrane, including the basement membrane under cornea-like cells. By contrast, in the 48-week model surface, α1(IV) and α2(IV) collagen chains were absent from the basement membrane beneath the central part of cornea-like cells and were localized below the invaded conjunctiva and the transitional zone between cornea-like cells and the invaded conjunctiva, which had similar distribution to the native ocular basement membrane. Moreover, K12, K14, p63, vimentin, and α1(IV) and α2(IV) collagen chains, which are colocalized in the native limbus, were all present at the transitional zone of the 48-week model surface. Therefore, a limbus-like structure appeared to be reconstructed on the surface of the 48-week model as a stem cell niche. This study should aid in the understanding of human corneal deficiency, the correlation between the epithelial cell phenotype and the composition of the basement membrane, and the epithelial stem cell niche.
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The use of an IL-1 receptor antagonist peptide to control inflammation in the treatment of corneal limbal epithelial stem cell deficiency. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:516318. [PMID: 25705668 PMCID: PMC4330955 DOI: 10.1155/2015/516318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Corneal limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) may be treated using ex vivo limbal epithelial stem cells (LESCs) derived from cadaveric donor tissue. However, continuing challenges exist around tissue availability, inflammation, and transplant rejection. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or recombinant human IL-1β stimulated primary human keratocyte and LESC models were used to investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of a short chain, IL-1 receptor antagonist peptide for use in LESC sheet growth to control inflammation. The peptide was characterized using mass spectroscopy and high performance liquid chromatography. Peptide cytotoxicity, patterns of cell cytokine expression in response to LPS or IL-1β stimulation, and peptide suppression of this response were investigated by MTS/LDH assays, ELISA, and q-PCR. Cell differences in LPS stimulated toll-like receptor 4 expression were investigated using immunocytochemistry. A significant reduction in rIL-1β stimulated inflammatory cytokine production occurred following LESC and keratocyte incubation with anti-inflammatory peptide and in LPS stimulated IL-6 and IL-8 production following keratocyte incubation with peptide (1 mg/mL) (P < 0.05). LESCs produced no cytokine response to LPS stimulation and showed no TLR4 expression. The peptide supported LESC growth when adhered to a silicone hydrogel contact lens indicating potential use in improved LESC grafting through suppression of inflammation.
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Zhang J, Upadhya D, Lu L, Reneker LW. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) is required for corneal epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation during embryonic development. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117089. [PMID: 25615698 PMCID: PMC4304804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) play important roles in many aspects of embryonic development. During eye development, the lens and corneal epithelium are derived from the same surface ectodermal tissue. FGF receptor (FGFR)-signaling is essential for lens cell differentiation and survival, but its role in corneal development has not been fully investigated. In this study, we examined the corneal defects in Fgfr2 conditional knockout mice in which Cre expression is activated at lens induction stage by Pax6 P0 promoter. The cornea in LeCre, Fgfr2loxP/loxP mice (referred as Fgfr2CKO) was analyzed to assess changes in cell proliferation, differentiation and survival. We found that Fgfr2CKO cornea was much thinner in epithelial and stromal layer when compared to WT cornea. At embryonic day 12.5–13.5 (E12.5–13.5) shortly after the lens vesicle detaches from the overlying surface ectoderm, cell proliferation (judged by labeling indices of Ki-67, BrdU and phospho-histone H3) was significantly reduced in corneal epithelium in Fgfr2CKO mice. At later stage, cell differentiation markers for corneal epithelium and underlying stromal mesenchyme, keratin-12 and keratocan respectively, were not expressed in Fgfr2CKO cornea. Furthermore, Pax6, a transcription factor essential for eye development, was not present in the Fgfr2CKO mutant corneal epithelial at E16.5 but was expressed normally at E12.5, suggesting that FGFR2-signaling is required for maintaining Pax6 expression in this tissue. Interestingly, the role of FGFR2 in corneal epithelial development is independent of ERK1/2-signaling. In contrast to the lens, FGFR2 is not required for cell survival in cornea. This study demonstrates for the first time that FGFR2 plays an essential role in controlling cell proliferation and differentiation, and maintaining Pax6 levels in corneal epithelium via ERK-independent pathways during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dinesh Upadhya
- Dept. of Ophthalmology, Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Lin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lixing W. Reneker
- Dept. of Ophthalmology, Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Nakatsu MN, González S, Mei H, Deng SX. Human limbal mesenchymal cells support the growth of human corneal epithelial stem/progenitor cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:6953-9. [PMID: 25277234 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-14999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We tested the viability of human limbal mesenchymal cells (LMCs) to support the expansion of human corneal epithelial stem/progenitor cells (LSCs). METHODS Human LMCs were isolated from sclerocorneal tissue using collagenase A. Primary limbal epithelial cells (LECs) in the form of single cell suspension or cell clusters were cocultured on a monolayer of either 3T3 cells (control) or LMCs (SC-LMC culture). The LEC clusters also were grown directly on LMCs (CC-LMC culture) and in an optimized 3-dimensional culture method (3D CC-LMC culture). Colony-forming efficiency (CFE) and LEC proliferation were analyzed. The phenotype of the cultured LECs was assessed by their expression level of putative stem cell markers and a differentiation marker by qRT-PCR and immunocytochemistry. RESULTS The LECs in the SC-LMC culture had a very limited growth and the stem/progenitor phenotype was lost compared to the control. Growth and cell morphology improved using the CC-LMC culture. The 3D CC-LMC culture method was the best to support the growth of the LSC population. Expression of ATP-binding cassette family G2 and ΔNp63 at the mRNA level was maintained or increased in CC-LMCs and 3D CC-LMC cultures compared to the control. The percentage of the K14(+) and K12(+) cells was comparable in these three cultures. There was no significant difference in the percentage of p63α high expressing cells in the control (21%) and 3D CC-LMC culture (17%, P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Human LMCs can substitute 3T3 cells in the expansion of LSCs using the 3-dimensional culture system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin N Nakatsu
- Cornea Division, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Sheyla González
- Cornea Division, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Hua Mei
- Cornea Division, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Sophie X Deng
- Cornea Division, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States
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Scafetta G, Tricoli E, Siciliano C, Napoletano C, Puca R, Vingolo EM, Cavallaro G, Polistena A, Frati G, De Falco E. Suitability of human Tenon's fibroblasts as feeder cells for culturing human limbal epithelial stem cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2014; 9:847-57. [PMID: 23832306 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-013-9451-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Corneal epithelial regeneration through ex vivo expansion of limbal stem cells (LSCs) on 3T3-J2 fibroblasts has revealed some limitations mainly due to the corneal microenvironment not being properly replicated, thus affecting long term results. Insights into the feeder cells that are used to expand LSCs and the mechanisms underlying the effects of human feeder cells have yet to be fully elucidated. We recently developed a standardized methodology to expand human Tenon's fibroblasts (TFs). Here we aimed to investigate whether TFs can be employed as feeder cells for LSCs, characterizing the phenotype of the co-cultures and assessing what human soluble factors are secreted. The hypothesis that TFs could be employed as alternative human feeder layer has not been explored yet. LSCs were isolated from superior limbus biopsies, co-cultured on TFs, 3T3-J2 or dermal fibroblasts (DFs), then analyzed by immunofluorescence (p63α), colony-forming efficiency (CFE) assay and qPCR for a panel of putative stem cell and epithelial corneal differentiation markers (KRT3). Co-cultures supernatants were screened for a set of soluble factors. Results showed that the percentage of p63α(+)LSCs co-cultured onto TFs was significantly higher than those on DFs (p = 0.032) and 3T3-J2 (p = 0.047). Interestingly, LSCs co-cultures on TFs exhibited both significantly higher CFE and mRNA expression levels of ΔNp63α than on 3T3-J2 and DFs (p < 0.0001), showing also significantly greater levels of soluble factors (IL-6, HGF, b-FGF, G-CSF, TGF-β3) than LSCs on DFs. Therefore, TFs could represent an alternative feeder layer to both 3T3-J2 and DFs, potentially providing a suitable microenvironment for LSCs culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Scafetta
- Department of Medical-Surgical Science and Biotechnologies, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Rome "Sapienza", C.so della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy
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Jiang X, McClellan SA, Barrett R, Foldenauer M, Hazlett LD. HGF signaling impacts severity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:2180-90. [PMID: 24618323 PMCID: PMC3985408 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-13743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether rapamycin altered corneal growth factor levels to impact severity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis. METHODS BALB/c mice were injected intraperitoneally with rapamycin or PBS and infected with P. aeruginosa. Corneas were harvested and mRNA levels of growth factors (EGF, HGF, FGF-7/KGF), receptors (EGFR, c-met, FGFR-2), and signaling molecules (PI3K, Akt, S6K1, and IGF-1R) tested. ELISA determined HGF/c-met, IGF-1, and Substance P (SP) protein levels. Corneal application of recombinant (r)HGF was assessed by clinical score, photography with a slit lamp, real-time RT-PCR (mRNA for mT0R, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, PI3KCα, Akt), and ELISA (total and phosphorylated [p]c-met); rIGF-1 effects also were tested by ELISA. In vitro, RAW cells and peritoneal macrophages were stimulated with LPS ± rHGF ± c-met inhibitor (CI) and mTOR mRNA levels tested. RESULTS Rapamycin disparately regulated infected corneal mRNA levels of EGF/EGFR and FGF-7/FGFR-2, but HGF/c-met mRNA levels both increased. ELISA confirmed elevated HGF protein. Rapamycin did not change PI3KCα or Akt signaling molecule expression, downregulated S6K1, but upregulated IGF-1R mRNA levels; IGF-1 and SP proteins also were upregulated. After infection, topical rHGF versus PBS increased mRNA levels of IL-12p40, IL-18, PI3KCα, and Akt; mTOR and IL-10 mRNA were downregulated; rIGF-1 increased HGF protein. In vitro, rHGF and LPS lowered RAW cell and macrophage mTOR levels; CI addition restored them. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data provide evidence that enhanced corneal HGF levels increase signaling through the c-met receptor, decrease mTOR levels, and enhance proinflammatory cytokines, while decreasing anti-inflammatory cytokines, and that HGF signaling is central to disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Jiang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
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Hua X, Yuan X, Tang X, Li Z, Pflugfelder SC, Li DQ. Human corneal epithelial cells produce antimicrobial peptides LL-37 and β-defensins in response to heat-killed Candida albicans. Ophthalmic Res 2014; 51:179-86. [PMID: 24662332 DOI: 10.1159/000357977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To explore the innate response of human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) exposed to fungus by producing antimicrobial peptides LL-37 and β-defensins. METHODS Primary HCECs were treated with heat-killed Candida albicans (HKCA) at different doses (10(3)-10(6) cells/ml) for 2-48 h. The cells were subjected to total RNA extraction, reverse transcription and quantitative real-time PCR for mRNA expression. Cells treated for 48 h were used for immunofluorescent staining and ELISA. RESULTS Human LL-37 and β-defensins (hBDs) 1-4 were detected in normal HCECs. The mRNA expression of LL-37, hBD2, and hBD3 was dose-dependently induced by HKCA with their peak levels at 4 h. HKCA (10(6) cells/ml) stimulated the mRNA of LL-37, hBD2, and hBD3 4.33 ± 1.81, 3.75 ± 1.31, and 4.91 ± 1.09 fold, respectively, in HCECs. The stimulated production of LL-37, hBD2, and hBD3 by HKCA was confirmed at protein levels by immunofluorescent staining and ELISA. The protein production of LL-37, hBD2, and hBD3 significantly increased to 109.1 ± 18.2 pg/ml, 4.33 ± 1.67 ng/ml, and 296.9 ± 81.8 pg/ml, respectively, in culture medium of HCECs exposed to HKCA (10(6) cells/ml) compared to untreated HCECs. CONCLUSIONS HCECs produce antimicrobial peptides, LL-37, hBD2 and hBD3, in response to stimulation of HKCA, which suggests a novel innate immune mechanism of the ocular surface in defense against fungal invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Hua
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Pellegrini G, Rama P, Di Rocco A, Panaras A, De Luca M. Concise Review: Hurdles in a Successful Example of Limbal Stem Cell-based Regenerative Medicine. Stem Cells 2014; 32:26-34. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Graziella Pellegrini
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine “Stefano Ferrari”; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
| | - Paolo Rama
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Ophthalmology Department; Milano Italy
| | - Antonio Di Rocco
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine “Stefano Ferrari”; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
| | - Athanasios Panaras
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine “Stefano Ferrari”; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
| | - Michele De Luca
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine “Stefano Ferrari”; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
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Miyashita H, Yokoo S, Yoshida S, Kawakita T, Yamagami S, Tsubota K, Shimmura S. Long-term maintenance of limbal epithelial progenitor cells using rho kinase inhibitor and keratinocyte growth factor. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 2:758-65. [PMID: 23981725 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2012-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Corneal epithelial stem cells are located in the limbus, the junction between the cornea and the conjunctiva. A limbal epithelium model in vitro would be useful for the study of epithelial stem cells, as well as improving the quality of cultivated epithelial sheets for the treatment of limbal stem cell deficiency. In this study, we succeeded in constructing a limbal epithelium-like structure that could be maintained for at least 5 months in vitro. We modified conventional medium by replacing epidermal growth factor with keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) and adding Y-27632, a rho kinase inhibitor. Using this medium, epithelial cells freshly isolated from human limbus were cocultured with human mesenchymal stem cell-derived feeder cells. Cells formed a stratified layer without air exposure, and both basal and suprabasal layers maintained their unique morphologies for up to 5 months. Basal layers expressed the progenitor marker p63 uniformly and K15 heterogeneously. Expressions of PAX6, K3, and K12 indicated that cell sheets underwent normal differentiation in the corneal epithelium lineage. Although medium was changed daily after day 7, cell debris was observed every day, suggesting that cell sheets underwent turnover. Furthermore, secondary colonies were observed from cells dissociated from 1-month and 3-month cultured sheets. In conclusion, human limbal epithelial cell sheet cultures with KGF and Y-27632 maintained stratification, high expression of both stem/progenitor markers and differentiation markers, and colony-forming cells long-term. This protocol may be useful as an in vitro limbal epithelial model for basic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Miyashita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Nieto-Miguel T, Galindo S, Reinoso R, Corell A, Martino M, Pérez-Simón JA, Calonge M. In vitro simulation of corneal epithelium microenvironment induces a corneal epithelial-like cell phenotype from human adipose tissue mesenchymal stem cells. Curr Eye Res 2013; 38:933-44. [PMID: 23767776 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2013.802809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transplantation of autologous corneal stem cells in not possible in cases of bilateral limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD). To restore the ocular surface in these patients, an autologous extraocular source of stem cells is desirable to avoid dependence on deceased donor tissue and host immunosuppression of allogenic transplants. While bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can acquire certain characteristics of corneal epithelial cells, subcutaneous adipose tissue (AT) is more readily available and accessible. The aim of this study was to determine if extraocular human AT-derived MSCs (hAT-MSCs) can acquire in vitro some features of corneal epithelial-like cells. METHODS hAT-MSCs were isolated from human lipoaspirates and expanded up to 3-4 passages. We studied the immunophenotype of MSCs and demonstrated its multipotent capacity to differentiate toward osteoblasts, adipocytes and chondrocytes. To test the capacity of differentiation of hAT-MSCs toward corneal epithelial-like cells, hAT-MSCs were cultured on substrata of plastic or collagen IV. We used basal culture medium (BM), BM conditioned with human corneal epithelial cells (HCEcBM) and BM conditioned with limbal fibroblasts (LFcBM). RESULTS The hAT-MSCs incubated for 15 days with HCEcBM acquired more polygonal and complex morphology as evaluated by phase-contrast microscopy and flow cytometry. Additionally, the expression of transforming growth factor-β receptor CD105 and corneal epithelial marker CK12 got increased as evaluated by flow cytometry, real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, western blot and immunostaining. These changes were absent in hAT-MSCs incubated with unconditioned BM or with LFcBM. CONCLUSIONS Corneal epithelial-like cells can be induced from extraocular hAT-MSCs by subjecting them to an in vitro microenvironment containing conditioning signals derived from differentiated human corneal epithelial cells. Our results suggest that hAT-MSCs could provide a novel source of stem cells that hold the potential to restore sight lost in patients suffering from bilateral ocular surface failure due to LSCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Nieto-Miguel
- Ocular Surface Group, IOBA-Institute for Applied Ophthalmobiology, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.
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Zhang L, Che C, Lin J, Liu K, Li DQ, Zhao G. TLR-mediated induction of proinflammatory cytokine IL-32 in corneal epithelium. Curr Eye Res 2013; 38:630-8. [PMID: 23534905 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2012.763102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE IL-32, a newly discovered cytokine, has been associated with a variety of inflammatory diseases. The role of innate immunity in regulation of IL-32 expression has not been elucidated. This study was to explore TLR-mediated induction of IL-32 and the inflammatory effects of IL-32 in corneal epithelium. METHODS Human corneal tissues and primary human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) were treated with a variety of viral or bacterial components, as well as IL-32 without or with different TLR pathway inhibitors. The mRNA expression was determined by reverse transcription and real time PCR, and the protein levels were measured by ELISA and immunostaining. RESULTS IL-32 mRNA and protein were largely induced by specific microbial components, including polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (polyI:C) and flagellin, the ligands to TLR3 and TLR5 respectively, in human corneal epithelium ex vivo and in vitro cultures. The polyI:C-induced IL-32 production was blocked by TLR3 antibody or TRIF inhibitory peptide, while flagellin-stimulated IL-32 was blocked by TLR5 antibody or MyD88 inhibitory peptide. Interestingly, IκB-α inhibitor (BAY11-7082) or nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) inhibitor (quinazoline) blocked NF-κB p65 protein nuclear translocation, and also suppressed IL-32 production induced by polyI:C or flagellin. When HCECs were treated with IL-32, we observed its stimulatory affects on inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-8, at both mRNA and protein levels. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that IL-32 is induced by microbial ligands through TLR-mediated innate signaling pathways, suggesting an important role of corneal epithelium in inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
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