1
|
Lv Y, Liu X. Hemorrhagic cystitis induced by JC polyomavirus infection following COVID-19: a case report. BMC Urol 2024; 24:87. [PMID: 38627797 PMCID: PMC11020351 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-024-01464-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is a human polyomavirus that can establish lifelong persistent infection in the majority of adults. It is typically asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals. However, there is a risk of developing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in immunocompromised or immunosuppressed patients. Though JCPyV commonly resides in the kidney-urinary tract, its involvement in urinary system diseases is extremely rare. Here, we reported a case of a 60-year-old male patient with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection who developed hemorrhagic cystitis after receiving treatment with nirmatrelvir 300 mg/ritonavir 100 mg quaque die (QD). Subsequent metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) confirmed the infection to be caused by JCPyV type 2. Then, human immunoglobulin (PH4) for intravenous injection at a dose of 25 g QD was administered to the patient. Three days later, the hematuria resolved. This case illustrates that in the setting of compromised host immune function, JCPyV is not limited to causing central nervous system diseases but can also exhibit pathogenicity in the urinary system. Moreover, mNGS technology facilitates rapid diagnosis of infectious etiology by clinical practitioners, contributing to precise treatment for patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjie Lv
- Department of Infection, Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xinchang County, No.188 Shijiu Feng Road, Qixing Street, Shaoxing, 312500, China.
| | - Xiaoping Liu
- Department of Infection, Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xinchang County, No.188 Shijiu Feng Road, Qixing Street, Shaoxing, 312500, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
The risk of JC polyomavirus encephalopathy varies among biologic classes and among agents within the same class. Of currently used biologics, the highest risk is seen with natalizumab followed by rituximab. Multiple other agents have also been implicated. Drug-specific causality is difficult to establish because many patients receive multiple immunomodulatory medications concomitantly or sequentially, and have other immunocompromising factors related to their underlying disease. As use of biologic therapies continues to expand, further research is needed into pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention of JC polyomavirus encephalopathy such that risk for its development is better understood and mitigated, if not eliminated altogether.
Collapse
|
3
|
Saribas AS, Coric P, Bouaziz S, Safak M. Expression of novel proteins by polyomaviruses and recent advances in the structural and functional features of agnoprotein of JC virus, BK virus, and simian virus 40. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:8295-8315. [PMID: 30390301 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Polyomavirus family consists of a highly diverse group of small DNA viruses. The founding family member (MPyV) was first discovered in the newborn mouse in the late 1950s, which induces solid tumors in a wide variety of tissue types that are the epithelial and mesenchymal origin. Later, other family members were also isolated from a number of mammalian, avian and fish species. Some of these viruses significantly contributed to our current understanding of the fundamentals of modern biology such as transcription, replication, splicing, RNA editing, and cell transformation. After the discovery of first two human polyomaviruses (JC virus [JCV] and BK virus [BKV]) in the early 1970s, there has been a rapid expansion in the number of human polyomaviruses in recent years due to the availability of the new technologies and brought the present number to 14. Some of the human polyomaviruses cause considerably serious human diseases, including progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, polyomavirus-associated nephropathy, Merkel cell carcinoma, and trichodysplasia spinulosa. Emerging evidence suggests that the expression of the polyomavirus genome is more complex than previously thought. In addition to encoding universally expressed regulatory and structural proteins (LT-Ag, Sm t-Ag, VP1, VP2, and VP3), some polyomaviruses express additional virus-specific regulatory proteins and microRNAs. This review summarizes the recent advances in polyomavirus genome expression with respect to the new viral proteins and microRNAs other than the universally expressed ones. In addition, a special emphasis is devoted to the recent structural and functional discoveries in the field of polyomavirus agnoprotein which is expressed only by JCV, BKV, and simian virus 40 genomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Sami Saribas
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Pascale Coric
- Laboratoire de Cristallographie et RMN Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 8015 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Serge Bouaziz
- Laboratoire de Cristallographie et RMN Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 8015 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Mahmut Safak
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Prado JCM, Monezi TA, Amorim AT, Lino V, Paladino A, Boccardo E. Human polyomaviruses and cancer: an overview. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2018; 73:e558s. [PMID: 30328951 PMCID: PMC6157077 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2018/e558s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The name of the family Polyomaviridae, derives from the early observation that cells infected with murine polyomavirus induced multiple (poly) tumors (omas) in immunocompromised mice. Subsequent studies showed that many members of this family exhibit the capacity of mediating cell transformation and tumorigenesis in different experimental models. The transformation process mediated by these viruses is driven by viral pleiotropic regulatory proteins called T (tumor) antigens. Similar to other viral oncoproteins T antigens target cellular regulatory factors to favor cell proliferation, immune evasion and downregulation of apoptosis. The first two human polyomaviruses were isolated over 45 years ago. However, recent advances in the DNA sequencing technologies led to the rapid identification of additional twelve new polyomaviruses in different human samples. Many of these viruses establish chronic infections and have been associated with conditions in immunosuppressed individuals, particularly in organ transplant recipients. This has been associated to viral reactivation due to the immunosuppressant therapy applied to these patients. Four polyomaviruses namely, Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), Trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus (TSPyV), John Cunningham Polyomavirus (JCPyV) and BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) have been associated with the development of specific malignant tumors. However, present evidence only supports the role of MCPyV as a carcinogen to humans. In the present review we present a summarized discussion on the current knowledge concerning the role of MCPyV, TSPyV, JCPyV and BKPyV in human cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos Mann Prado
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Telma Alves Monezi
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Aline Teixeira Amorim
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Vanesca Lino
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Andressa Paladino
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Enrique Boccardo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Levican J, Acevedo M, León O, Gaggero A, Aguayo F. Role of BK human polyomavirus in cancer. Infect Agent Cancer 2018; 13:12. [PMID: 29632550 PMCID: PMC5887205 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-018-0182-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human polyomaviruses (HPyV), which are small DNA viruses classified into the polyomaviridae family, are widely distributed in human populations. Thirteen distinct HPyVs have been described to date. Some of these viruses have been found in human tumors, suggesting an etiological relationship with cancer. In particular, convincing evidence of an oncogenic role has emerged for a specific HPyV, the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV). This HPyV has been linked to rare skin cancer, Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). This finding may be just the tip of the iceberg, as HPyV infections are ubiquitous in humans. Many authors have conjectured that additional associations between HPyV infections and neoplastic diseases will likely be discovered. In 2012, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) evaluated the carcinogenicity of the BK virus (BKPyV), reporting that BKPyV is “possibly carcinogenic to humans.” This review explores the BKPyV infection from a historical point of view, including biological aspects related to viral entry, tropism, epidemiology and mechanisms potentially involved in BKPyV-mediated human carcinogenesis. In order to clarify the role of this virus in human cancer, more epidemiological and basic research is strongly warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Levican
- 1Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mónica Acevedo
- 1Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Oscar León
- 1Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aldo Gaggero
- 1Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Aguayo
- 2Departamento de Oncología Básico clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,3Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Panou MM, Prescott EL, Hurdiss DL, Swinscoe G, Hollinshead M, Caller LG, Morgan EL, Carlisle L, Müller M, Antoni M, Kealy D, Ranson NA, Crump CM, Macdonald A. Agnoprotein Is an Essential Egress Factor during BK Polyomavirus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19030902. [PMID: 29562663 PMCID: PMC5877763 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BK polyomavirus (BKPyV; hereafter referred to as BK) causes a lifelong chronic infection and is associated with debilitating disease in kidney transplant recipients. Despite its importance, aspects of the virus life cycle remain poorly understood. In addition to the structural proteins, the late region of the BK genome encodes for an auxiliary protein called agnoprotein. Studies on other polyomavirus agnoproteins have suggested that the protein may contribute to virion infectivity. Here, we demonstrate an essential role for agnoprotein in BK virus release. Viruses lacking agnoprotein fail to release from host cells and do not propagate to wild-type levels. Despite this, agnoprotein is not essential for virion infectivity or morphogenesis. Instead, agnoprotein expression correlates with nuclear egress of BK virions. We demonstrate that the agnoprotein binding partner α-soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive fusion (NSF) attachment protein (α-SNAP) is necessary for BK virion release, and siRNA knockdown of α-SNAP prevents nuclear release of wild-type BK virions. These data highlight a novel role for agnoprotein and begin to reveal the mechanism by which polyomaviruses leave an infected cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margarita-Maria Panou
- Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Emma L Prescott
- Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Daniel L Hurdiss
- Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Gemma Swinscoe
- Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Michael Hollinshead
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.
| | - Laura G Caller
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.
| | - Ethan L Morgan
- Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Louisa Carlisle
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.
| | - Marietta Müller
- Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Michelle Antoni
- Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - David Kealy
- Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Neil A Ranson
- Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Colin M Crump
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.
| | - Andrew Macdonald
- Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a relatively common complication of HIV disease. In this chapter changes to the epidemiology are discussed along with an update in its pathogenesis and treatment. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome is increasingly frequent in PML; accordingly management strategies and prognosis are detailed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Zhai
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bruce James Brew
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of HIV Medicine and Peter Duncan Neurosciences Unit, St. Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Delbue S, Comar M, Ferrante P. Review on the role of the human Polyomavirus JC in the development of tumors. Infect Agent Cancer 2017; 12:10. [PMID: 28174598 PMCID: PMC5292005 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-017-0122-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost one fifth of human cancers worldwide are associated with infectious agents, either bacteria or viruses, and this makes the possible association between infections and tumors a relevant research issue. We focused our attention on the human Polyomavirus JC (JCPyV), that is a small, naked DNA virus, belonging to the Polyomaviridae family. It is the recognized etiological agent of the Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML), a fatal demyelinating disease, occurring in immunosuppressed individuals. JCPyV is able to induce cell transformation in vitro when infecting non-permissive cells, that do not support viral replication and JCPyV inoculation into small animal models and non human primates drives to tumor formation. The molecular mechanisms involved in JCPyV oncogenesis have been extensively studied: the main oncogenic viral protein is the large tumor antigen (T-Ag), that is able to bind, among other cellular factors, both Retinoblastoma protein (pRb) and p53 and to dysregulate the cell cycle, but also the early proteins small tumor antigen (t-Ag) and Agnoprotein appear to cooperate in the process of cell transformation. Consequently, it is not surprising that JCPyV genomic sequences and protein expression have been detected in Central Nervous System (CNS) tumors and colon cancer and an association between this virus and several brain and non CNS-tumors has been proposed. However, the significances of these findings are under debate because there is still insufficient evidence of a casual association between JCPyV and solid cancer development. In this paper we summarized and critically analyzed the published literature, in order to describe the current knowledge on the possible role of JCPyV in the development of human tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Delbue
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, Via Pascal, 36-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Manola Comar
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.,Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Pasquale Ferrante
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, Via Pascal, 36-20133 Milan, Italy.,Istituto Clinico Città Studi, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Barth H, Solis M, Lepiller Q, Sueur C, Soulier E, Caillard S, Stoll-Keller F, Fafi-Kremer S. 45 years after the discovery of human polyomaviruses BK and JC: Time to speed up the understanding of associated diseases and treatment approaches. Crit Rev Microbiol 2016; 43:178-195. [DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2016.1189873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Barth
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Morgane Solis
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Quentin Lepiller
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Charlotte Sueur
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Eric Soulier
- INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sophie Caillard
- INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Département de Néphrologie et Transplantation, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Françoise Stoll-Keller
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Samira Fafi-Kremer
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gonzalez S, Escobar-Serna DP, Suarez O, Benavides X, Escobar-Serna JF, Lozano E. BK Virus Nephropathy in Kidney Transplantation: An Approach Proposal and Update on Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Transplant Proc 2016; 47:1777-85. [PMID: 26293050 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BK virus belongs to Polyomaviridae family; it causes 95% of nephropathy cases related to polyomavirus, with the other 5% caused by JC virus. Nephropathy jeopardizes graft function, causing a premature failure of the graft in 1%-10% of patients with kidney transplants. Nowadays, antiviral effective treatment is unknown, which is why blood and urine screening of renal transplantation patients has become the most important recommendation to guide the decrease of immunosuppression, and the only proven method to decrease poor outcomes. Different interventions, such as cidofovir, leflunomide, fluoroquinolones, and intravenous immunoglobulin, have been attempted with no improvement at all. This review aims to summarize the most relevant features of BK virus, historical issues, transmission mechanisms, risk factors, and therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Gonzalez
- Organ and Tissues Transplant Group, Surgery Department, Medical School, National University of Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - D P Escobar-Serna
- Organ and Tissues Transplant Group, Surgery Department, Medical School, National University of Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - O Suarez
- Organ and Tissues Transplant Group, Surgery Department, Medical School, National University of Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - X Benavides
- Organ and Tissues Transplant Group, Surgery Department, Medical School, National University of Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - J F Escobar-Serna
- Internal Medicine and Critical Care, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - E Lozano
- Organ and Tissues Transplant Group, Surgery Department, Medical School, National University of Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia; Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Saribas AS, Coric P, Hamazaspyan A, Davis W, Axman R, White MK, Abou-Gharbia M, Childers W, Condra JH, Bouaziz S, Safak M. Emerging From the Unknown: Structural and Functional Features of Agnoprotein of Polyomaviruses. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:2115-27. [PMID: 26831433 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Agnoprotein is an important regulatory protein of polyomaviruses, including JCV, BKV, and SV40. In the absence of its expression, these viruses are unable to sustain their productive life cycle. It is a highly basic phosphoprotein that localizes mostly to the perinuclear area of infected cells, although a small amount of the protein is also found in nucleus. Much has been learned about the structure and function of this important regulatory protein in recent years. It forms highly stable dimers/oligomers in vitro and in vivo through its Leu/Ile/Phe-rich domain. Structural NMR studies revealed that this domain adopts an alpha-helix conformation and plays a critical role in the stability of the protein. It associates with cellular proteins, including YB-1, p53, Ku70, FEZ1, HP1α, PP2A, AP-3, PCNA, and α-SNAP; and viral proteins, including small t antigen, large T antigen, HIV-1 Tat, and JCV VP1; and significantly contributes the viral transcription and replication. This review summarizes the recent advances in the structural and functional properties of this important regulatory protein. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 2115-2127, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Sami Saribas
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, MERB-757, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Pascale Coric
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Cristallographie et RMN Biologiques, 4 av. de l'Observatoire, Paris, France
| | - Anahit Hamazaspyan
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, MERB-757, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - William Davis
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, MERB-757, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rachel Axman
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, MERB-757, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Martyn K White
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, MERB-757, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Magid Abou-Gharbia
- Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Wayne Childers
- Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jon H Condra
- Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Serge Bouaziz
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Cristallographie et RMN Biologiques, 4 av. de l'Observatoire, Paris, France
| | - Mahmut Safak
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, MERB-757, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
White MK, Sariyer IK, Gordon J, Delbue S, Pietropaolo V, Berger JR, Khalili K. Diagnostic assays for polyomavirus JC and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Rev Med Virol 2015; 26:102-14. [PMID: 26663440 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a devastating and often fatal demyelinating disease of the central nervous system for which effective therapies are lacking. It is caused by the replication of polyomavirus JC (JCV) in the oligodendrocytes and astrocytes leading to their cytolytic death and loss of myelin from the subcortical white matter. While the virus is very common in human populations worldwide, the incidence of the disease is very low and confined almost exclusively to individuals with some form of immunological dysfunction. However, the number of people who constitute the at-risk population is growing larger and includes individuals with HIV-1/AIDS and patients receiving immunomodulatory therapies such as multiple sclerosis patients treated with natalizumab. Further adding to the public health significance of this disease are the difficulties encountered in the diagnosis of PML and the lack of useful biomarkers for PML progression. In this review, we examine the diagnostic assays that are available for different aspects of the JCV life cycle, their usefulness and drawbacks, and the prospects for improvements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martyn K White
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ilker K Sariyer
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jennifer Gordon
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Serena Delbue
- Department of Health Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Pietropaolo
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Joseph R Berger
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
White MK, Gordon J, Berger JR, Khalili K. Animal Models for Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:2869-74. [PMID: 26041694 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a severe demyelinating disease of the CNS caused by the human polyomavirus JC (JCV). JCV replication occurs only in human cells and investigation of PML has been severely hampered by the lack of an animal model. The common feature of PML is impairment of the immune system. The key to understanding PML is working out the complex mechanisms that underlie viral entry and replication within the CNS and the immunosurveillance that suppresses the virus or allows it to reactivate. Early models involved the simple inoculation of JCV into animals such as monkeys, hamsters, and mice. More recently, mouse models transgenic for the gene encoding the JCV early protein, T-antigen, a protein thought to be involved in the disruption of myelin seen in PML, have been employed. These animal models resulted in tumorigenesis rather than demyelination. Another approach is to use animal polyomaviruses that are closely related to JCV but able to replicate in the animal such as mouse polyomavirus and SV40. More recently, novel models have been developed that involve the engraftment of human cells into the animal. Here, we review progress that has been made to establish an animal model for PML, the advances and limitations of different models and weigh future prospects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martyn K White
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer Gordon
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph R Berger
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nainys J, Timinskas A, Schneider J, Ulrich RG, Gedvilaite A. Identification of Two Novel Members of the Tentative Genus Wukipolyomavirus in Wild Rodents. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140916. [PMID: 26474048 PMCID: PMC4608572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Two novel polyomaviruses (PyVs) were identified in kidney and chest-cavity fluid samples of wild bank voles (Myodes glareolus) and common voles (Microtus arvalis) collected in Germany. All cloned and sequenced genomes had the typical PyV genome organization, including putative open reading frames for early regulatory proteins large T antigen and small T antigen on one strand and for structural late proteins (VP1, VP2 and VP3) on the other strand. Virus-like particles (VLPs) were generated by yeast expression of the VP1 protein of both PyVs. VLP-based ELISA and large T-antigen sequence-targeted polymerase-chain reaction investigations demonstrated signs of infection of these novel PyVs in about 42% of bank voles and 18% of common voles. In most cases only viral DNA, but not VP1-specific antibodies were detected. In additional animals exclusively VP1-specific antibodies, but no viral DNA was detected, indicative for virus clearance. Phylogenetic and clustering analysis including all known PyV genomes placed novel bank vole and common vole PyVs amongst members of the tentative Wukipolymavirus genus. The other known four rodent PyVs, Murine PyV and Hamster PyV, and Murine pneumotropic virus and Mastomys PyV belong to different phylogenetic clades, tentatively named Orthopolyomavirus I and Orthopolyomavirus II, respectively. In conclusion, the finding of novel vole-borne PyVs may suggest an evolutionary origin of ancient wukipolyomaviruses in rodents and may offer the possibility to develop a vole-based animal model for human wukipolyomaviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juozas Nainys
- Department of Eukaryote Genetic Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Albertas Timinskas
- Department of Eukaryote Genetic Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Julia Schneider
- Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Rainer G. Ulrich
- Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Alma Gedvilaite
- Department of Eukaryote Genetic Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wollebo HS, Bellizzi A, Kaminski R, Hu W, White MK, Khalili K. CRISPR/Cas9 System as an Agent for Eliminating Polyomavirus JC Infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136046. [PMID: 26360417 PMCID: PMC4567079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a fatal demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by reactivation of the human polyomavirus JCV gene expression and its replication in oligodendrocytes, the myelin producing cells in the brain. Once a rare disease seen in patients with lymphotproliferative and myeloproliferative disorders, PML has been seen more frequently in HIV-1 positive/AIDS patients as well as patients undergoing immunomodulatory therapy due for autoimmune disorders including multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and others. As of now there is no cure for PML and in most cases disease progression leads to death within two years. Similar to other polyomaviruses, the JCV genome is small circular double stranded DNA that includes coding sequences for the viral early protein, T-antigen, which is critical for directing viral reactivation and lytic infection. Here, we employ a newly developed gene editing strategy, CRISPR/Cas9, to introduce mutations in the viral genome and, by inactivating the gene encoding T-antigen, inhibit viral replication. We first used bioinformatics screening and identified several potential targets within the JCV T-antigen gene that can serve as sites for the creation of guide RNAs (gRNAs) for positioning the Cas9 nuclease on the designated area of the viral genome for editing. Results from a series of integrated genetic and functional studies showed that transient or conditional expression of Cas9 and gRNAs specifically targets the DNA sequences corresponding to the N-terminal region of T-antigen, and by introducing mutation, interferes with expression and function of of the viral protein, hence suppressing viral replication in permissive cells. Results from SURVEYOR assay revealed no off-target effects of the JCV-specific CRISPR/Cas9 editing apparatus. These observations provide the first evidence for the employment of a gene editing strategy as a promising tool for the elimination of the JCV genome and a potential cure for PML.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/genetics
- Base Sequence
- CRISPR-Cas Systems
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Gene Expression
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Gene Targeting
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Genome, Viral
- Humans
- JC Virus/genetics
- Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal/therapy
- Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal/virology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA Editing
- RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems/chemistry
- RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics
- Sequence Alignment
- Virus Replication
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassen S. Wollebo
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, United States of America
| | - Anna Bellizzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, United States of America
| | - Rafal Kaminski
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, United States of America
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, United States of America
| | - Martyn K. White
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, United States of America
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gerits N, Johannessen M, Tümmler C, Walquist M, Kostenko S, Snapkov I, van Loon B, Ferrari E, Hübscher U, Moens U. Agnoprotein of polyomavirus BK interacts with proliferating cell nuclear antigen and inhibits DNA replication. Virol J 2015; 12:7. [PMID: 25638270 PMCID: PMC4318453 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-014-0220-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The human polyomavirus BK expresses a 66 amino-acid peptide referred to as agnoprotein. Though mutants lacking agnoprotein are severely reduced in producing infectious virions, the exact function of this peptide remains incompletely understood. To elucidate the function of agnoprotein, we searched for novel cellular interaction partners. Methods Yeast-two hybrid assay was performed with agnoprotein as bait against human kidney and thymus libraries. The interaction between agnoprotein and putative partners was further examined by GST pull down, co-immunoprecipitation, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer studies. Biochemical and biological studies were performed to examine the functional implication of the interaction of agnoprotein with cellular target proteins. Results Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), which acts as a processivity factor for DNA polymerase δ, was identified as an interaction partner. The interaction between agnoprotein and PCNA is direct and occurs also in human cells. Agnoprotein exerts an inhibitory effect on PCNA-dependent DNA synthesis in vitro and reduces cell proliferation when ectopically expressed. Overexpression of PCNA restores agnoprotein-mediated inhibition of cell proliferation. Conclusion Our data suggest that PCNA is a genuine interaction partner of agnoprotein and the inhibitory effect on PCNA-dependent DNA synthesis by the agnoprotein may play a role in switching off (viral) DNA replication late in the viral replication cycle when assembly of replicated genomes and synthesized viral capsid proteins occurs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-014-0220-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ugo Moens
- UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Biology, Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Tromsø NO-9037, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Andrei G, Topalis D, De Schutter T, Snoeck R. Insights into the mechanism of action of cidofovir and other acyclic nucleoside phosphonates against polyoma- and papillomaviruses and non-viral induced neoplasia. Antiviral Res 2014; 114:21-46. [PMID: 25446403 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs) are well-known for their antiviral properties, three of them being approved for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection (tenofovir), chronic hepatitis B (tenofovir and adefovir) or human cytomegalovirus retinitis (cidofovir). In addition, cidofovir is mostly used off-label for the treatment of infections caused by several DNA viruses other than cytomegalovirus, including papilloma- and polyomaviruses, which do not encode their own DNA polymerases. There is considerable interest in understanding why cidofovir is effective against these small DNA tumor viruses. Considering that papilloma- and polyomaviruses cause diseases associated either with productive infection (characterized by high production of infectious virus) or transformation (where only a limited number of viral proteins are expressed without synthesis of viral particles), it can be envisaged that cidofovir may act as antiviral and/or antiproliferative agent. The aim of this review is to discuss the advances in recent years in understanding the mode of action of ANPs as antiproliferative agents, given the fact that current data suggest that their use can be extended to the treatment of non-viral related malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Andrei
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Belgium.
| | - D Topalis
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - T De Schutter
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - R Snoeck
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shin J, Phelan PJ, Chhum P, Bashkenova N, Yim S, Parker R, Gagnon D, Gjoerup O, Archambault J, Bullock PA. Analysis of JC virus DNA replication using a quantitative and high-throughput assay. Virology 2014; 468-470:113-125. [PMID: 25155200 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) is caused by lytic replication of JC virus (JCV) in specific cells of the central nervous system. Like other polyomaviruses, JCV encodes a large T-antigen helicase needed for replication of the viral DNA. Here, we report the development of a luciferase-based, quantitative and high-throughput assay of JCV DNA replication in C33A cells, which, unlike the glial cell lines Hs 683 and U87, accumulate high levels of nuclear T-ag needed for robust replication. Using this assay, we investigated the requirement for different domains of T-ag, and for specific sequences within and flanking the viral origin, in JCV DNA replication. Beyond providing validation of the assay, these studies revealed an important stimulatory role of the transcription factor NF1 in JCV DNA replication. Finally, we show that the assay can be used for inhibitor testing, highlighting its value for the identification of antiviral drugs targeting JCV DNA replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong Shin
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Paul J Phelan
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Panharith Chhum
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Nazym Bashkenova
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Sung Yim
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Robert Parker
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - David Gagnon
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreal (IRCM), 110 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2W 1R7; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ole Gjoerup
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Jacques Archambault
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreal (IRCM), 110 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2W 1R7; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Peter A Bullock
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ellis LC, Koralnik IJ. JC virus nucleotides 376-396 are critical for VP1 capsid protein expression. J Neurovirol 2014; 21:671-8. [PMID: 25142442 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-014-0278-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
JC virus (JCV) infection of the brain can cause progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, JCV granule cell neuronopathy, and JCV encephalopathy (JCVE). JCVCPN, isolated from the brain of a patient with JCVE, is a naturally occurring strain of JCV with a 143-base pair deletion in the agnogene. Cell culture studies of JCVCPN have shown that the loss of these nucleotides in the agnogene results in impaired expression of VP1 and infectious virion production. To better understand the role of this DNA sequence in JCV replication, we generated a series of deletions in the agnogene on the backbone of a virus which has a mutated agnoprotein start codon preventing agnoprotein expression. We found that deletion of nucleotides 376-396 results in decreased levels of viral DNA replication and a lack of VP1 expression. These results indicate that these nucleotides play a crucial role in JCV replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Ellis
- Division of Neurovirology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, E/CLS-1005, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Igor J Koralnik
- Division of Neurovirology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, E/CLS-1005, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Stakaitytė G, Wood JJ, Knight LM, Abdul-Sada H, Adzahar NS, Nwogu N, Macdonald A, Whitehouse A. Merkel cell polyomavirus: molecular insights into the most recently discovered human tumour virus. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:1267-97. [PMID: 24978434 PMCID: PMC4190541 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6031267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A fifth of worldwide cancer cases have an infectious origin, with viral infection being the foremost. One such cancer is Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), a rare but aggressive skin malignancy. In 2008, Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) was discovered as the causative agent of MCC. It is found clonally integrated into the majority of MCC tumours, which require MCPyV oncoproteins to survive. Since its discovery, research has begun to reveal the molecular virology of MCPyV, as well as how it induces tumourigenesis. It is thought to be a common skin commensal, found at low levels in healthy individuals. Upon loss of immunosurveillance, MCPyV reactivates, and a heavy viral load is associated with MCC pathogenesis. Although MCPyV is in many ways similar to classical oncogenic polyomaviruses, such as SV40, subtle differences are beginning to emerge. These unique features highlight the singular position MCPyV has as the only human oncogenic polyomavirus, and open up new avenues for therapies against MCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielė Stakaitytė
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre of Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Jennifer J Wood
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre of Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Laura M Knight
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre of Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Hussein Abdul-Sada
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre of Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Noor Suhana Adzahar
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre of Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Nnenna Nwogu
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre of Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Andrew Macdonald
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre of Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Adrian Whitehouse
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre of Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ellis LC, Norton E, Dang X, Koralnik IJ. Agnogene deletion in a novel pathogenic JC virus isolate impairs VP1 expression and virion production. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80840. [PMID: 24265839 PMCID: PMC3827225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of glial cells by the human polyomavirus JC (JCV) causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). JCV Encephalopathy (JCVE) is a newly identified disease characterized by JCV infection of cortical pyramidal neurons. The virus JCVCPN associated with JCVE contains a unique 143 base pair deletion in the agnogene. Contrary to most JCV brain isolates, JCVCPN has an archetype-like regulatory region (RR) usually found in kidney strains. This provided us with the unique opportunity to determine for the first time how each of these regions contributed to the phenotype of JCVCPN. We characterized the replication of JCVCPN compared to the prototype virus JCVMad-1 in kidney, glial and neuronal cell lines. We found that JCVCPN is capable of replicating viral DNA in all cell lines tested, but is unable to establish persistent infection seen with JCVMad-1. JCVCPN does not have an increased ability to replicate in the neuronal cell line tested. To determine whether this phenotype results from the archetype-like RR or the agnogene deletion, we generated chimeric viruses between JCVCPN of JCVMad-1. We found that the deletion in the agnogene is the predominant cause of the inability of the virus to maintain a persistent infection, with the introduction of a full length agnogene, either with or without agnoprotein expression, rescues the replication of JCVCPN. Studying this naturally occurring pathogenic variant of JCV provides a valuable tool for understanding the functions of the agnogene and RR form in JCV replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura C. Ellis
- Division of Neurovirology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Norton
- Division of Neurovirology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xin Dang
- Division of Neurovirology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Igor J. Koralnik
- Division of Neurovirology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lagatie O, Tritsmans L, Stuyver LJ. The miRNA world of polyomaviruses. Virol J 2013; 10:268. [PMID: 23984639 PMCID: PMC3765807 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyomaviruses are a family of non-enveloped DNA viruses infecting several species, including humans, primates, birds, rodents, bats, horse, cattle, raccoon and sea lion. They typically cause asymptomatic infection and establish latency but can be reactivated under certain conditions causing severe diseases. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that play important roles in several cellular processes by binding to and inhibiting the translation of specific mRNA transcripts. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of microRNAs involved in polyomavirus infection. We review in detail the different viral miRNAs that have been discovered and the role they play in controlling both host and viral protein expression. We also give an overview of the current understanding on how host miRNAs may function in controlling polyomavirus replication, immune evasion and pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ole Lagatie
- Janssen Diagnostics, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse 2340, Belgium.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ehlers B, Wieland U. The novel human polyomaviruses HPyV6, 7, 9 and beyond. APMIS 2013; 121:783-95. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Ehlers
- Division 12 ‘Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Viruses Affecting Immunocompromised Patients’; Robert Koch-Institute; Berlin; Germany
| | - Ulrike Wieland
- National Reference Centre for Papilloma- and Polyomaviruses; Institute of Virology; University of Cologne; Koeln; Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Human polyomavirus reactivation: disease pathogenesis and treatment approaches. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:373579. [PMID: 23737811 PMCID: PMC3659475 DOI: 10.1155/2013/373579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
JC and BK polyomaviruses were discovered over 40 years ago and have become increasingly prevalent causes of morbidity and mortality in a variety of distinct, immunocompromised patient cohorts. The recent discoveries of eight new members of the Polyomaviridae family that are capable of infecting humans suggest that there are more to be discovered and raise the possibility that they may play a more significant role in human disease than previously understood. In spite of this, there remains a dearth of specific therapeutic options for human polyomavirus infections and an incomplete understanding of the relationship between the virus and the host immune system. This review summarises the human polyomaviruses with particular emphasis on pathogenesis in those directly implicated in disease aetiology and the therapeutic options available for treatment in the immunocompromised host.
Collapse
|
25
|
Tao Y, Shi M, Conrardy C, Kuzmin IV, Recuenco S, Agwanda B, Alvarez DA, Ellison JA, Gilbert AT, Moran D, Niezgoda M, Lindblade KA, Holmes EC, Breiman RF, Rupprecht CE, Tong S. Discovery of diverse polyomaviruses in bats and the evolutionary history of the Polyomaviridae. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:738-748. [PMID: 23239573 PMCID: PMC7346582 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.047928-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyomaviruses (PyVs) have been identified in a wide range of avian and mammalian species. However, little is known about their occurrence, genetic diversity and evolutionary history in bats, even though bats are important reservoirs for many emerging viral pathogens. This study screened 380 specimens from 35 bat species from Kenya and Guatemala for the presence of PyVs by semi-nested pan-PyV PCR assays. PyV DNA was detected in 24 of the 380 bat specimens. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the bat PyV sequences formed 12 distinct lineages. Full-genome sequences were obtained for seven representative lineages and possessed similar genomic features to known PyVs. Strikingly, this evolutionary analysis revealed that the bat PyVs were paraphyletic, suggestive of multiple species jumps between bats and other mammalian species, such that the theory of virus-host co-divergence for mammalian PyVs as a whole could be rejected. In addition, evidence was found for strong heterogeneity in evolutionary rate and potential recombination in a number of PyV complete genomes, which complicates both phylogenetic analysis and virus classification. In summary, this study revealed that bats are important reservoirs of PyVs and that these viruses have a complex evolutionary history.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tao
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Mang Shi
- Sydney Emerging Infections and Biosecurity Institute, School of
Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
2006, Australia
| | - Christina Conrardy
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Ivan V. Kuzmin
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Sergio Recuenco
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | | | - Danilo A. Alvarez
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala,
Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - James A. Ellison
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Amy T. Gilbert
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - David Moran
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala,
Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Michael Niezgoda
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Kim A. Lindblade
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Central America and
Panama, Guatemala
| | - Edward C. Holmes
- Sydney Emerging Infections and Biosecurity Institute, School of
Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
2006, Australia
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Charles E. Rupprecht
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Suxiang Tong
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Comparing effects of BK virus agnoprotein and herpes simplex-1 ICP47 on MHC-I and MHC-II expression. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:626823. [PMID: 23606871 PMCID: PMC3623393 DOI: 10.1155/2013/626823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. Among human polyomaviruses, only BK virus (BKV) and JC virus (JCV) encode an agnoprotein upstream of VP1 on the viral late transcript. BKV agnoprotein is abundantly expressed late in the viral life cycle, but specific cellular and humoral immune responses are low or absent. We hypothesized that agnoprotein might contribute to BKV immune evasion by downregulating HLA expression, similar to Herpes simplex virus-1 ICP47. Methods UTA-6 or primary human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (RPTEC) were co-transfected with plasmids constitutively expressing agnoprotein, or ICP47, and enhanced green-fluorescent protein (EGFP). EGFP-gated cells were analyzed for HLA-ABC and HLA-DR expression by flow cytometry. HLA-ABC and HLA-DR expression was also analyzed on UTA-6 bearing tetracycline-regulated agnoprotein or ICP47. Effects of agnoprotein on viral peptide-dependent T-cell killing were investigated using 51Cr release. Results. ICP47 downregulated HLA-ABC without affecting HLA-DR, whereas agnoprotein did not affect HLA-ABC or HLA-DR expression. Interferon-γ treatment increased HLA-ABC in a dose-dependent manner, which was antagonized by ICP47, but not by agnoprotein. In UTA-6 cells, agnoprotein expression did neither impair HLA-ABC or -DR expression nor peptide-specific killing impaired by HLA-matched T-cells. Conclusion. Unlike the HSV-1 ICP47, BKV agnoprotein does not contribute to viral immune evasion by down-regulating HLA-ABC, or interfere with HLA-DR expression or peptide-dependent T-cell cytotoxicity.
Collapse
|
27
|
White MK, Gordon J, Khalili K. The rapidly expanding family of human polyomaviruses: recent developments in understanding their life cycle and role in human pathology. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003206. [PMID: 23516356 PMCID: PMC3597531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery in 1971, the polyomaviruses JC (JCPyV) and BK (BKPyV), isolated from patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and polyomavirus-associated nephropathy, respectively, remained for decades as the only known members of the Polyomaviridae family of viruses of human origin. Over the past five years, the application of new genomic amplification technologies has facilitated the discovery of several novel human polyomaviruses (HPyVs), bringing the present number to 10. These HPyVs share many fundamental features in common such as genome size and organization. Infection by all HPyVs is widespread in the human population, but they show important differences in their tissue tropism and association with disease. Much remains unknown about these new viruses. In this review, we discuss the problems associated with studying HPyVs, such as the lack of culture systems for the new viruses and the gaps in our basic understanding of their biology. We summarize what is known so far about their distribution, life cycle, tissue tropism, their associated pathologies (if any), and future research directions in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martyn K. White
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Gordon
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Dalianis T, Hirsch HH. Human polyomaviruses in disease and cancer. Virology 2013; 437:63-72. [PMID: 23357733 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Today the human polyomavirus (HPyV) family consists of 10 members, BK virus (BKV) and JC virus (JCV) isolated 40 years ago and the more recently identified KI virus (KIPyV), WU virus (WUPyV), Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), HPyV6, HPyV7, trichodysplasia spinulosa virus (TSPyV), HPyV9 and MWPyV. Serological studies suggest that HPyVs subclinically infect the general population with rates ranging from 35% to 90%. However, significant disease is only observed in patients with impaired immune functions. Thus, BKV has been linked to hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and PyV-associated nephropathy (PyVAN) after kidney transplantation; JCV to progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in HIV-AIDS, hematological diseases and in autoimmune diseases treated with certain lymphocyte-specific antibodies. KIPyV and WUPyV have been found in the respiratory tract, HPyV6 and 7 in the skin, and HPyV9 in serum and skin, and MWPyV in stools and skin, but so far none of these PyVs have been linked to any disease. TSPyV, on the other hand, was identified in trichodysplasia spinulosa, a rare skin disease characterized by virus-induced lytic as well as proliferative tumor-like features that is observed in immune-suppressed transplant patients. In contrast to all the other HPyVs so far, MCPyV is unique in its association with a cancer, Merkel cell carcinoma, which is a rare skin cancer arising in the elderly and chronically immunosuppressed individuals. The discovery of the new HPyVs has revived interest in the Polyomaviridae and their association to human disease and cancer. In this review, we summarize knowledge about this expanding family of human pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tina Dalianis
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Cancer Center Karolinska R8:01, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Molecular biology, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, the JC virus-induced demyelinating disease of the human brain. Clin Microbiol Rev 2012; 25:471-506. [PMID: 22763635 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.05031-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a debilitating and frequently fatal central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating disease caused by JC virus (JCV), for which there is currently no effective treatment. Lytic infection of oligodendrocytes in the brain leads to their eventual destruction and progressive demyelination, resulting in multiple foci of lesions in the white matter of the brain. Before the mid-1980s, PML was a relatively rare disease, reported to occur primarily in those with underlying neoplastic conditions affecting immune function and, more rarely, in allograft recipients receiving immunosuppressive drugs. However, with the onset of the AIDS pandemic, the incidence of PML has increased dramatically. Approximately 3 to 5% of HIV-infected individuals will develop PML, which is classified as an AIDS-defining illness. In addition, the recent advent of humanized monoclonal antibody therapy for the treatment of autoimmune inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and Crohn's disease has also led to an increased risk of PML as a side effect of immunotherapy. Thus, the study of JCV and the elucidation of the underlying causes of PML are important and active areas of research that may lead to new insights into immune function and host antiviral defense, as well as to potential new therapies.
Collapse
|
30
|
Fagrouch Z, Sarwari R, Lavergne A, Delaval M, de Thoisy B, Lacoste V, Verschoor EJ. Novel polyomaviruses in South American bats and their relationship to other members of the family Polyomaviridae. J Gen Virol 2012; 93:2652-2657. [PMID: 22971823 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.044149-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are the natural reservoir of a variety of viruses, including a polyomavirus (PyV) from a North American brown bat. We investigated 163 spleen samples from 22 bat species from French Guiana for the presence of PyVs. In total, we detected 25 PyV-positive animals belonging to nine different bat species. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on the genomes of eight representative PyVs, and showed that the bat PyVs form three distinct lineages within the genus Orthopolyomavirus and are genetically different from the previously described North American bat virus. Interestingly, two lineages cluster with PyVs found in chimpanzees, orangutans and gorillas. In addition, one group of bat PyVs is genetically related to the human Merkel cell polyomavirus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Fagrouch
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Roya Sarwari
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Lavergne
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, 23 avenue Pasteur, BP6010, 97306 Cayenne Cedex, French Guiana
| | - Marguerite Delaval
- ONF Guyane, Service développement Sylvétude, Réserve Montabo, BP7002, 97307 Cayenne Cedex, French Guiana
| | - Benoît de Thoisy
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, 23 avenue Pasteur, BP6010, 97306 Cayenne Cedex, French Guiana
| | - Vincent Lacoste
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, 23 avenue Pasteur, BP6010, 97306 Cayenne Cedex, French Guiana
| | - Ernst J Verschoor
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
JC virus agnoprotein enhances large T antigen binding to the origin of viral DNA replication: evidence for its involvement in viral DNA replication. Virology 2012; 433:12-26. [PMID: 22840425 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Agnoprotein is required for the successful completion of the JC virus (JCV) life cycle and was previously shown to interact with JCV large T-antigen (LT-Ag). Here, we further characterized agnoprotein's involvement in viral DNA replication. Agnoprotein enhances the DNA binding activity of LT-Ag to the viral origin (Ori) without directly interacting with DNA. The predicted amphipathic α-helix of agnoprotein plays a major role in this enhancement. All three phenylalanine (Phe) residues of agnoprotein localize to this α-helix and Phe residues in general are known to play critical roles in protein-protein interaction, protein folding and stability. The functional relevance of all Phe residues was investigated by mutagenesis. When all were mutated to alanine (Ala), the mutant virus (F31AF35AF39A) replicated significantly less efficiently than each individual Phe mutant virus alone, indicating the importance of Phe residues for agnoprotein function. Collectively, these studies indicate a close involvement of agnoprotein in viral DNA replication.
Collapse
|
32
|
Merabova N, Kaminski R, Krynska B, Amini S, Khalili K, Darbinyan A. JCV agnoprotein-induced reduction in CXCL5/LIX secretion by oligodendrocytes is associated with activation of apoptotic signaling in neurons. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:3119-27. [PMID: 22034072 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.23065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An indispensable role for oligodendrocytes in the protection of axon function and promotion of neuronal survival is strongly supported by the finding of progressive neuron/axon degeneration in human neurological diseases that affect oligodendrocytes. Imaging and pathological studies of the CNS have shown the presence of neuroaxonal injury in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a demyelinating disease of the CNS, resulting from destruction of oligodendrocytes upon productive replication of the pathogenic neurotropic polyomavirus JC. Here, we examined the extracellular factors involved in communication between oligodendrocytes and neurons. Culturing cortical neurons with conditioned medium (CM) from rat CG4 oligodendrocytic cells that express the JCV agnoprotein showed that CXCL5/LIX, which is a chemokine closely related to the human CXCL5/ENA78 and CXCL6/GCP-2 chemokines, is essential for neuronal cell survival. We found that in CM from agnoprotein-producing CG-4 cells level of CXC5/LIX is decreased compared to control cells. We also demonstrated that a reduced expression of CXCL5/LIX by CG4 GFP-Agno cells triggered a cascade of signaling events in cortical neurons. Analysis of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK3) pathways showed that they are involved in mechanisms of neuronal apoptosis in response to the depletion of CXCL5/LIX signaling. These data suggest that agnoprotein-induced dysregulation of chemokine production by oligodendrocytes may contribute to neuronal/axonal injury in the pathogenesis of PML lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nana Merabova
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Agnoprotein of mammalian polyomaviruses. Virology 2012; 432:316-26. [PMID: 22726243 PMCID: PMC7111918 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Polyomaviruses are naked viruses with an icosahedral capsid that surrounds a circular double-stranded DNA molecule of about 5000 base-pairs. Their genome encodes at least five proteins: large and small tumor antigens and the capsid proteins VP1, VP2 and VP3. The tumor antigens are expressed during early stages of the viral life cycle and are implicated in the regulation of viral transcription and DNA replication, while the capsid proteins are produced later during infection. Members of the Polyomaviridae family have been isolated in birds (Avipolyomavirus) and mammals (Orthopolyomavirus and Wukipolyomavirus). Some mammalian polyomaviruses encode an additional protein, referred to as agnoprotein, which is a relatively small polypeptide that exerts multiple functions. This review discusses the structure, post-translational modifications, and functions of agnoprotein, and speculates why not all polyomaviruses express this protein.
Collapse
|
34
|
Progression from Sustained BK Viruria to Sustained BK Viremia with Immunosuppression Reduction Is Not Associated with Changes in the Noncoding Control Region of the BK Virus Genome. J Transplant 2012; 2012:761283. [PMID: 22701777 PMCID: PMC3373156 DOI: 10.1155/2012/761283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the BK virus archetypal noncoding control region (NCCR) have been associated with BK-virus-associated nephropathy (BKVAN). Whether sustained viremia, a surrogate for BKVAN, is associated with significant changes in the BK-NCCR is unknown.
We performed PCR amplification and sequencing of (1) stored urine and (2) plasma samples from the time of peak viremia from 11 patients with sustained viremia who participated in a 200-patient clinical trial. The antimetabolite was withdrawn for BK viremia and reduction of the calcineurin inhibitor for sustained BK viremia. DNA sequencing from the 11 patients with sustained viremia revealed 8 insertions, 16 transversions, 3 deletions, and 17 transitions. None were deemed significant. No patient developed clinically evident BKVAN. Our data support, at a genomic level, the effectiveness of reduction of immunosuppression for prevention of progression from viremia to BKVAN.
Collapse
|
35
|
Van Ghelue M, Khan MTH, Ehlers B, Moens U. Genome analysis of the new human polyomaviruses. Rev Med Virol 2012; 22:354-77. [PMID: 22461085 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Polyomaviridae is a growing family of naked, double-stranded DNA viruses that infect birds and mammals. The last few years, several new members infecting birds or primates have been discovered, including seven human polyomaviruses: KI, WU, Merkel cell polyomavirus, HPyV6, HPyV7, trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus, and HPyV9. In addition, DNA and antibodies against the monkey lymphotropic polyomavirus have been detected in humans, indicating that this virus can also infect man. However, little is known about the route of infection, transmission, cell tropism, and, with the exception of Merkel cell polyomavirus and trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus, the pathogenicity of these viruses. This review compares the genomes of these emerging human polyomaviruses with previously known polyomaviruses detected in man, reports mutations in different isolates, and predicts structural and functional properties of their viral proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marijke Van Ghelue
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Northern-Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Shishido-Hara Y, Ichinose S, Uchihara T. JC virus intranuclear inclusions associated with PML-NBs: analysis by electron microscopy and structured illumination microscopy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 180:1095-1106. [PMID: 22266251 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is a fatal demyelinating disorder caused by JC virus infection. JC virus was recently found to target promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML-NBs), punctuate domains in the nuclei. Thus, the virus progenies cluster in dots as intranuclear inclusions (ie, as dot-shaped inclusions). In the present study, both the viral major and minor capsid proteins were expressed from polycistronic expression vectors with a powerful promoter, and formation into virus-like particles (VLPs) was examined by electron microscopy. When the upstream regulatory sequence including the agnogene (nt 275 to 490) was present, capsid protein expression was suppressed, but numerous VLPs were efficiently formed with restricted accumulation to PML-NBs. VLPs were uniform, and the cells were severely degraded. In contrast, when the 5' terminus of the agnogene (nt 275 to 409; 135 bp) was deleted, capsid protein expression was markedly enhanced, but VLPs were more randomly produced in the nucleus outside of PML-NBs. VLPs were pleomorphic, and cell degradation was minimal. JC virus association with PML-NBs was confirmed in human brain tissues by structured illumination microscopy. PML-NBs were shaped in spherical shells, with viral capsid proteins circumscribing the surface. These findings indicate that PML-NBs are intranuclear locations for pathogenic JC virus proliferation. Either the agnogene or its product likely supports efficient progeny production at PML-NBs, leading to subsequent degeneration of host glial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shizuko Ichinose
- Research Center for Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiki Uchihara
- Laboratory of Structural Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Human polyomavirus JC small regulatory agnoprotein forms highly stable dimers and oligomers: implications for their roles in agnoprotein function. Virology 2011; 420:51-65. [PMID: 21920573 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
JC virus (JCV) encodes a small basic phosphoprotein from the late coding region called agnoprotein, which has been shown to play important regulatory roles in the viral replication cycle. In this study, we report that agnoprotein forms highly stable dimers and higher order oligomer complexes. This was confirmed by immunoblotting and mass spectrometry studies. These complexes are extremely resistant to strong denaturing agents, including urea and SDS. Central portion of the protein, amino acids spanning from 17 to 42 is important for dimer/oligomer formation. Removal of 17 to 42 aa region from the viral background severely affected the efficiency of the JCV replication. Extracts prepared from JCV-infected cells showed a double banding pattern for agnoprotein in vivo. Collectively, these findings suggest that agnoprotein forms functionally active homodimer/oligomer complexes and these may be important for its function during viral propagation and thus for the progression of PML.
Collapse
|
38
|
Johannessen M, Walquist M, Gerits N, Dragset M, Spang A, Moens U. BKV agnoprotein interacts with α-soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion attachment protein, and negatively influences transport of VSVG-EGFP. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24489. [PMID: 21931730 PMCID: PMC3171462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The human polyomavirus BK (BKV) infects humans worldwide and establishes a persistent infection in the kidney. The BK virus genome encodes three regulatory proteins, large and small tumor-antigen and the agnoprotein, as well as the capsid proteins VP1 to VP3. Agnoprotein is conserved among BKV, JC virus (JCV) and SV40, and agnoprotein-deficient mutants reveal reduced viral propagation. Studies with JCV and SV40 indicate that their agnoproteins may be involved in transcription, replication and/or nuclear and cellular release of the virus. However, the exact function(s) of agnoprotein of BK virus remains elusive. Principal Findings As a strategy of exploring the functions of BKV agnoprotein, we decided to look for cellular interaction partners for the viral protein. Several partners were identified by yeast two-hybrid assay, among them α-SNAP which is involved in disassembly of vesicles during secretion. BKV agnoprotein and α-SNAP were found to partially co-localize in cells, and a complex consisting of agnoprotein and α-SNAP could be co-immunoprecipitated from cells ectopically expressing the proteins as well as from BKV-transfected cells. The N-terminal part of the agnoprotein was sufficient for the interaction with α-SNAP. Finally, we could show that BKV agnoprotein negatively interferes with secretion of VSVG-EGFP reporter suggesting that agnoprotein may modulate exocytosis. Conclusions We have identified the first cellular interaction partner for BKV agnoprotein. The most N-terminal part of BKV agnoprotein is involved in the interaction with α-SNAP. Presence of BKV agnoprotein negatively interferes with secretion of VSVG-EGFP reporter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mona Johannessen
- Research Group of Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Moens U, Ludvigsen M, Van Ghelue M. Human polyomaviruses in skin diseases. PATHOLOGY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 2011:123491. [PMID: 21941687 PMCID: PMC3173887 DOI: 10.4061/2011/123491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Polyomaviruses are a family of small, nonenveloped viruses with a circular double-stranded DNA genome of ∼5,000 base pairs protected by an icosahedral protein structure. So far, members of this family have been identified in birds and mammals. Until 2006, BK virus (BKV), JC virus (JCV), and simian virus 40 (SV40) were the only polyomaviruses known to circulate in the human population. Their occurrence in individuals was mainly confirmed by PCR and the presence of virus-specific antibodies. Using the same methods, lymphotropic polyomavirus, originally isolated in monkeys, was recently shown to be present in healthy individuals although with much lower incidence than BKV, JCV, and SV40. The use of advanced high-throughput sequencing and improved rolling circle amplification techniques have identified the novel human polyomaviruses KI, WU, Merkel cell polyomavirus, HPyV6, HPyV7, trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus, and HPyV9. The skin tropism of human polyomaviruses and their dermatopathologic potentials are the focus of this paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Moens
- Institute of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Wellehan JF, Rivera R, Archer LL, Benham C, Muller JK, Colegrove KM, Gulland FM, St. Leger JA, Venn-Watson SK, Nollens HH. Characterization of California sea lion polyomavirus 1: Expansion of the known host range of the Polyomaviridae to Carnivora. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2011; 11:987-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
41
|
Sariyer IK, Saribas AS, White MK, Safak M. Infection by agnoprotein-negative mutants of polyomavirus JC and SV40 results in the release of virions that are mostly deficient in DNA content. Virol J 2011; 8:255. [PMID: 21609431 PMCID: PMC3127838 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human polyomavirus JC (JCV) is the etiologic agent of a brain disease, known as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). The JCV genome encodes a small multifunctional phospho-protein, agnoprotein, from the late coding region of the virus, whose regulatory functions in viral replication cycle remain elusive. In this work, the functional role of JCV and SV40 agnoproteins in virion release was investigated using a point mutant (Pt) of each virus, where the ATG codon of agnoprotein was mutated to abrogate its expression. RESULTS Analysis of both viral protein expression and replication using Pt mutant of each virus revealed that both processes were substantially down-regulated in the absence of agnoprotein compared to wild-type (WT) virus. Complementation studies in cells, which are constitutively expressing JCV agnoprotein and transfected with the JCV Pt mutant genome, showed an elevation in the level of viral DNA replication near to that observed for WT. Constitutive expression of large T antigen was found to be not sufficient to compensate the loss of agnoprotein for efficient replication of neither JCV nor SV40 in vivo. Examination of the viral release process for both JCV and SV40 Pt mutants showed that viral particles are efficiently released from the infected cells in the absence of agnoprotein but were found to be mostly deficient in viral DNA content. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study provide evidence that agnoprotein plays an important role in the polyomavirus JC and SV40 life cycle. Infection by agnoprotein-negative mutants of both viruses results in the release of virions that are mostly deficient in DNA content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilker K Sariyer
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N, Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Over 50 years of polyomavirus research has produced a wealth of insights into not only general biologic processes in mammalian cells, but also, how conditions can be altered and signaling systems tweaked to produce transformation phenotypes. In the past few years three new members (KIV, WUV, and MCV) have joined two previously known (JCV and BKV) human polyomaviruses. In this review, we present updated information on general virologic features of these polyomaviruses in their natural host, concentrating on the association of MCV with human Merkel cell carcinoma. We further present a discussion on advances made in SV40 as the prototypic model, which has and will continue to inform our understanding about viruses and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ole Gjoerup
- Cancer Virology Program, Hillman Cancer Research Pavilion, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Suzuki T, Orba Y, Okada Y, Sunden Y, Kimura T, Tanaka S, Nagashima K, Hall WW, Sawa H. The human polyoma JC virus agnoprotein acts as a viroporin. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000801. [PMID: 20300659 PMCID: PMC2837404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infections can result in a range of cellular injuries and commonly this involves both the plasma and intracellular membranes, resulting in enhanced permeability. Viroporins are a group of proteins that interact with plasma membranes modifying permeability and can promote the release of viral particles. While these proteins are not essential for virus replication, their activity certainly promotes virus growth. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a fatal demyelinating disease resulting from lytic infection of oligodendrocytes by the polyomavirus JC virus (JCV). The genome of JCV encodes six major proteins including a small auxiliary protein known as agnoprotein. Studies on other polyomavirus agnoproteins have suggested that the protein may contribute to viral propagation at various stages in the replication cycle, including transcription, translation, processing of late viral proteins, assembly of virions, and viral propagation. Previous studies from our and other laboratories have indicated that JCV agnoprotein plays an important, although as yet incompletely understood role in the propagation of JCV. Here, we demonstrate that agnoprotein possesses properties commonly associated with viroporins. Our findings demonstrate that: (i) A deletion mutant of agnoprotein is defective in virion release and viral propagation; (ii) Agnoprotein localizes to the ER early in infection, but is also found at the plasma membrane late in infection; (iii) Agnoprotein is an integral membrane protein and forms homo-oligomers; (iv) Agnoprotein enhances permeability of cells to the translation inhibitor hygromycin B; (v) Agnoprotein induces the influx of extracellular Ca(2+); (vi) The basic residues at amino acid positions 8 and 9 of agnoprotein key are determinants of the viroporin activity. The viroporin-like properties of agnoprotein result in increased membrane permeability and alterations in intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis leading to membrane dysfunction and enhancement of virus release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuko Orba
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
- Global COE Program for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuki Okada
- Career-Path Promotion Unit for Young Life Scientists, ICDO, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Sunden
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Hokkaido University School of Veterinary Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kimura
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shinya Tanaka
- Laboratory of Cancer Research, Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Nagashima
- Laboratory of Cancer Research, Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - William W. Hall
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
- Global COE Program for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Clinical polyomavirus BK variants with agnogene deletion are non-functional but rescued by trans-complementation. Virology 2010; 398:12-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
45
|
Johnson EM. Structural evaluation of new human polyomaviruses provides clues to pathobiology. Trends Microbiol 2010; 18:215-23. [PMID: 20176487 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Revised: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the past three years, remarkable discoveries have added three new human polyomaviruses (KI virus (KIV), WU virus (WUV) and Merkel cell virus (MCV)) to a class that previously had only two disease-causing members (BK virus (BKV) and JC virus (JCV)) identified. Two monkey polyomaviruses, simian virus (SV)40 and B-cell lymphotropic polyomavirus (LPV) are also present in humans. KIV and WUV lack the agnoprotein coding sequence and regulatory micro (mi)RNA clusters of BKV, JCV and SV40. MCV lacks the agnoprotein sequence but generates miRNAs. KIV, WUV and MCV are all widespread in humans. Although they have distinctive tissue tropisms, all these viruses are probably acquired in childhood. Of these viruses, only MCV has thus far been strongly linked to cancer. Marshalled evidence from diverse sources implicates MCV as an etiological agent of Merkel cell carcinoma. This review compares the structural features of the new and previously known polyomaviruses, with the aim of identifying approaches to molecular pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward M Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Groenewoud MJ, Fagrouch Z, van Gessel S, Niphuis H, Bulavaite A, Warren KS, Heeney JL, Verschoor EJ. Characterization of novel polyomaviruses from Bornean and Sumatran orang-utans. J Gen Virol 2009; 91:653-8. [PMID: 19923267 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.017673-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Serological screening of sera from orang-utans demonstrated a high percentage of sera that cross-reacted with antigens of the polyomavirus (PyV) simian virus 40. Analysis of archival DNA samples from 71 Bornean and eight Sumatran orang-utans with a broad-spectrum PCR assay resulted in the detection of PyV infections in 11 animals from both species. Sequence analysis of the amplicons revealed considerable differences between the PyVs from Bornean and Sumatran orang-utans. The genome from two PyVs, one from each species, was therefore amplified and sequenced. Both viral genomes revealed a characteristic PyV architecture, but lacked an obvious agnogene. Neighbour-joining analysis positioned the viruses in a large cluster together with viruses from bats, bovines, rodents and several primate PyVs from chimpanzees, African green monkeys, squirrel monkeys and the human Merkel cell PyV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marlous J Groenewoud
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Polyomaviruses are a growing family of small DNA viruses with a narrow tropism for both the host species and the cell type in which they productively replicate. Species host range may be constrained by requirements for precise molecular interactions between the viral T antigen, host replication proteins, including DNA polymerase, and the viral origin of replication, which are required for viral DNA replication. Cell type specificity involves, at least in part, transcription factors that are necessary for viral gene expression and restricted in their tissue distribution. In the case of the human polyomaviruses, BK virus (BKV) replication occurs in the tubular epithelial cells of the kidney, causing nephropathy in kidney allograft recipients, while JC virus (JCV) replication occurs in the glial cells of the central nervous system, where it causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Three new human polyomaviruses have recently been discovered: MCV was found in Merkel cell carcinoma samples, while Karolinska Institute Virus and Washington University Virus were isolated from the respiratory tract. We discuss control mechanisms for gene expression in primate polyomaviruses, including simian vacuolating virus 40, BKV, and JCV. These mechanisms include not only modulation of promoter activities by transcription factor binding but also enhancer rearrangements, restriction of DNA methylation, alternate early mRNA splicing, cis-acting elements in the late mRNA leader sequence, and the production of viral microRNA.
Collapse
|
48
|
Sariyer IK, Safak M, Gordon J, Khalili K. Generation and characterization of JCV permissive hybrid cell lines. J Virol Methods 2009; 159:122-6. [PMID: 19442856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Revised: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
JC virus (JCV) is a human neurotropic polyomavirus whose replication in the central nervous system induces the fatal demyelinating disease, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). JCV particles have been detected primarily in oligodendrocytes and astrocytes of the brains of patients with PML and in the laboratory its propagation is limited to primary cultures of human fetal glial cells. In this short communication, the development of a new cell culture system is described through the fusion of primary human fetal astrocytes with the human glioblastoma cell line, U-87MG. The new hybrid cell line obtained from this fusion has the capacity to support efficiently expression of JCV and replication of viral DNA in vitro up to 16 passages. This cell line can serve as a reliable culture system to study the biology of JCV host-cell interaction, determine the mechanisms involved in cell type specific replication of JCV, and provide a convenient cell culture system for high throughput screening of anti-viral agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilker K Sariyer
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Temple University School of Medicine, 1900 North 12th Street, 015-96, Room 203, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Perez-Liz G, Del Valle L, Gentilella A, Croul S, Khalili K. Detection of JC virus DNA fragments but not proteins in normal brain tissue. Ann Neurol 2008; 64:379-87. [PMID: 18688812 DOI: 10.1002/ana.21443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a fatal demyelinating disease of the white matter affecting immunocompromised patients that results from the cytolytic destruction of glial cells by the human neurotropic JC virus (JCV). According to one model, during the course of immunosuppression, JCV departs from its latent state in the kidney and after entering the brain, productively infects and destroys oligodendrocytes. The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that JCV may reside in a latent state in a specific region of the brains of immunocompetent (non-PML) individuals without any neurological conditions. METHODS Gene amplification was performed together with immunohistochemistry to examine the presence of JCV DNA sequences and expression of its genome in five distinct regions of the brain from seven immunocompetent non-PML individuals. RESULTS Although no viral proteins were expressed in any of these cases, fragments of the viral DNA were present in various regions of normal brain. Laser-capture microdissection showed the presence of JCV DNA in oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, but not in neurons. INTERPRETATION The detection of fragments of viral DNA in non-PML brain suggests that JCV has full access to all regions of the brain in immunocompetent individuals. Thus, should the immune system become impaired, the passing and/or the resident virus may gain the opportunity to express its genome and initiate its lytic cycle in oligodendrocytes. The brain as a site of JCV latency is a possibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Perez-Liz
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Del Valle L, White MK, Khalili K. Potential mechanisms of the human polyomavirus JC in neural oncogenesis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2008; 67:729-40. [PMID: 18648329 PMCID: PMC2771681 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e318180e631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The human polyomavirus JC (JCV) is a small DNA tumor virus and the etiologic agent of the progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. In progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, active JCV replication causes the lytic destruction of oligodendrocytes. The normal immune system prevents JCV replication and suppresses the virus into a state of latency so that expression of viral proteins cannot be detected. In a cellular context that is nonpermissive for viral replication, JCV can affect oncogenic transformation. For example, JCV is highly tumorigenic when inoculated into experimental animals, including rodents and monkeys. In these animal tumors, there is expression of early T-antigen but not of late capsid proteins, nor is there viral replication. Moreover, mice transgenic for JCV T-antigen alone develop tumors of neural tube origin. Detection of JCV genomic sequences and expression of viral T-antigen and agnoprotein suggest a possible association of this virus with a variety of human brain and non-CNS tumors. Here, we discuss the mechanisms involved in JCV oncogenesis, briefly review studies that do and do not support a causative role for this virus in human CNS tumors, and identify key issues for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Del Valle
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|