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Bai Y, Sun Y, Yu C, Xia Y, Wu J, Wang L, Gao Y, Tu X, Kong X. Causative role of a novel intronic indel variant in FBN1 and maternal germinal mosaicism in Marfan syndrome. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2024; 19:209. [PMID: 38773661 PMCID: PMC11110283 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-024-03139-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marfan syndrome (MFS) is an autosomal dominant connective tissue disease with wide clinical heterogeneity, and mainly caused by pathogenic variants in fibrillin-1 (FBN1). METHODS A Chinese 4-generation MFS pedigree with 16 family members was recruited and exome sequencing (ES) was performed in the proband. Transcript analysis (patient RNA and minigene assays) and in silico structural analysis were used to determine the pathogenicity of the variant. In addition, germline mosaicism in family member (Ι:1) was assessed using quantitative fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (QF-PCR) and short tandem repeat PCR (STR) analyses. RESULTS Two cis-compound benign intronic variants of FBN1 (c.3464-4 A > G and c.3464-5G > A) were identified in the proband by ES. As a compound variant, c.3464-5_3464-4delGAinsAG was found to be pathogenic and co-segregated with MFS. RNA studies indicated that aberrant transcripts were found only in patients and mutant-type clones. The variant c.3464-5_3464-4delGAinsAG caused erroneous integration of a 3 bp sequence into intron 28 and resulted in the insertion of one amino acid in the protein sequence (p.Ile1154_Asp1155insAla). Structural analyses suggested that p.Ile1154_Asp1155insAla affected the protein's secondary structure by interfering with one disulfide bond between Cys1140 and Cys1153 and causing the extension of an anti-parallel β sheet in the calcium-binding epidermal growth factor-like (cbEGF)13 domain. In addition, the asymptomatic family member Ι:1 was deduced to be a gonadal mosaic as assessed by inconsistent results of sequencing and STR analysis. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, FBN1 c.3464-5_3464-4delGAinsAG is the first identified pathogenic intronic indel variant affecting non-canonical splice sites in this gene. Our study reinforces the importance of assessing the pathogenic role of intronic variants at the mRNA level, with structural analysis, and the occurrence of mosaicism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Bai
- Genetic and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Genetic and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Chenguang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yanjie Xia
- Genetic and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Li Wang
- Genetic and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yong Gao
- BGI-Wuhan, BGI-Shenzhen, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xin Tu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Xiangdong Kong
- Genetic and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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Gehris J, Ervin C, Hawkins C, Womack S, Churillo AM, Doyle J, Sinusas AJ, Spinale FG. Fibroblast activation protein: Pivoting cancer/chemotherapeutic insight towards heart failure. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 219:115914. [PMID: 37956895 PMCID: PMC10824141 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
An important mechanism for cancer progression is degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) which is accompanied by the emergence and proliferation of an activated fibroblast, termed the cancer associated fibroblast (CAF). More specifically, an enzyme pathway identified to be amplified with local cancer progression and proliferation of the CAF, is fibroblast activation protein (FAP). The development and progression of heart failure (HF) irrespective of the etiology is associated with left ventricular (LV) remodeling and changes in ECM structure and function. As with cancer, HF progression is associated with a change in LV myocardial fibroblast growth and function, and expresses a protein signature not dissimilar to the CAF. The overall goal of this review is to put forward the postulate that scientific discoveries regarding FAP in cancer as well as the development of specific chemotherapeutics could be pivoted to target the emergence of FAP in the activated fibroblast subtype and thus hold translationally relevant diagnostic and therapeutic targets in HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Gehris
- Cell Biology and Anatomy and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of South Carolina School of Medicine and the Columbia VA Health Care System, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Charlie Ervin
- Cell Biology and Anatomy and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of South Carolina School of Medicine and the Columbia VA Health Care System, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Charlotte Hawkins
- Cell Biology and Anatomy and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of South Carolina School of Medicine and the Columbia VA Health Care System, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Sydney Womack
- Cell Biology and Anatomy and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of South Carolina School of Medicine and the Columbia VA Health Care System, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Amelia M Churillo
- Cell Biology and Anatomy and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of South Carolina School of Medicine and the Columbia VA Health Care System, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Jonathan Doyle
- Cell Biology and Anatomy and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of South Carolina School of Medicine and the Columbia VA Health Care System, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Albert J Sinusas
- Yale University Cardiovascular Imaging Center, New Haven CT, United States
| | - Francis G Spinale
- Cell Biology and Anatomy and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of South Carolina School of Medicine and the Columbia VA Health Care System, Columbia, SC, United States.
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Ruiz-Rodríguez MJ, Oller J, Martínez-Martínez S, Alarcón-Ruiz I, Toral M, Sun Y, Colmenar Á, Méndez-Olivares MJ, López-Maderuelo D, Kern CB, Nistal JF, Evangelista A, Teixido-Tura G, Campanero MR, Redondo JM. Versican accumulation drives Nos2 induction and aortic disease in Marfan syndrome via Akt activation. EMBO Mol Med 2024; 16:132-157. [PMID: 38177536 PMCID: PMC10897446 DOI: 10.1038/s44321-023-00009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection (TAAD) is a life-threatening condition associated with Marfan syndrome (MFS), a disease caused by fibrillin-1 gene mutations. While various conditions causing TAAD exhibit aortic accumulation of the proteoglycans versican (Vcan) and aggrecan (Acan), it is unclear whether these ECM proteins are involved in aortic disease. Here, we find that Vcan, but not Acan, accumulated in Fbn1C1041G/+ aortas, a mouse model of MFS. Vcan haploinsufficiency protected MFS mice against aortic dilation, and its silencing reverted aortic disease by reducing Nos2 protein expression. Our results suggest that Acan is not an essential contributor to MFS aortopathy. We further demonstrate that Vcan triggers Akt activation and that pharmacological Akt pathway inhibition rapidly regresses aortic dilation and Nos2 expression in MFS mice. Analysis of aortic tissue from MFS human patients revealed accumulation of VCAN and elevated pAKT-S473 staining. Together, these findings reveal that Vcan plays a causative role in MFS aortic disease in vivo by inducing Nos2 via Akt activation and identify Akt signaling pathway components as candidate therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Jesús Ruiz-Rodríguez
- Gene Regulation in Cardiovascular Remodeling and Inflammation Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Oller
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Vascular Pathology, Hospital IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Martínez-Martínez
- Gene Regulation in Cardiovascular Remodeling and Inflammation Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Iván Alarcón-Ruiz
- Gene Regulation in Cardiovascular Remodeling and Inflammation Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Toral
- Gene Regulation in Cardiovascular Remodeling and Inflammation Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Yilin Sun
- Cell-Cell Communication & Inflammation Unit, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Ángel Colmenar
- Gene Regulation in Cardiovascular Remodeling and Inflammation Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Méndez-Olivares
- Gene Regulation in Cardiovascular Remodeling and Inflammation Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores López-Maderuelo
- Gene Regulation in Cardiovascular Remodeling and Inflammation Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Christine B Kern
- Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - J Francisco Nistal
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Instituto de Investigación Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, 39005, Spain
| | | | - Gisela Teixido-Tura
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Miguel R Campanero
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain.
- Cell-Cell Communication & Inflammation Unit, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain.
| | - Juan Miguel Redondo
- Gene Regulation in Cardiovascular Remodeling and Inflammation Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, 28029, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain.
- Cell-Cell Communication & Inflammation Unit, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain.
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Aharon-Yariv A, Wang Y, Ahmed A, Delgado-Olguín P. Integrated small RNA, mRNA and protein omics reveal a miRNA network orchestrating metabolic maturation of the developing human heart. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:709. [PMID: 37996818 PMCID: PMC10668469 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09801-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the fetal heart develops, cardiomyocyte proliferation potential decreases while fatty acid oxidative capacity increases in a highly regulated transition known as cardiac maturation. Small noncoding RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), contribute to the establishment and control of tissue-specific transcriptional programs. However, small RNA expression dynamics and genome-wide miRNA regulatory networks controlling maturation of the human fetal heart remain poorly understood. RESULTS Transcriptome profiling of small RNAs revealed the temporal expression patterns of miRNA, piRNA, circRNA, snoRNA, snRNA and tRNA in the developing human heart between 8 and 19 weeks of gestation. Our analysis demonstrated that miRNAs were the most dynamically expressed small RNA species throughout mid-gestation. Cross-referencing differentially expressed miRNAs and mRNAs predicted 6200 mRNA targets, 2134 of which were upregulated and 4066 downregulated as gestation progressed. Moreover, we found that downregulated targets of upregulated miRNAs, including hsa-let-7b, miR-1-3p, miR-133a-3p, miR-143-3p, miR-499a-5p, and miR-30a-5p predominantly control cell cycle progression. In contrast, upregulated targets of downregulated miRNAs, including hsa-miR-1276, miR-183-5p, miR-1229-3p, miR-615-3p, miR-421, miR-200b-3p and miR-18a-3p, are linked to energy sensing and oxidative metabolism. Furthermore, integrating miRNA and mRNA profiles with proteomes and reporter metabolites revealed that proteins encoded in mRNA targets and their associated metabolites mediate fatty acid oxidation and are enriched as the heart develops. CONCLUSIONS This study presents the first comprehensive analysis of the small RNAome of the maturing human fetal heart. Our findings suggest that coordinated activation and repression of miRNA expression throughout mid-gestation is essential to establish a dynamic miRNA-mRNA-protein network that decreases cardiomyocyte proliferation potential while increasing the oxidative capacity of the maturing human fetal heart. Our results provide novel insights into the molecular control of metabolic maturation of the human fetal heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adar Aharon-Yariv
- Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yaxu Wang
- Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abdalla Ahmed
- Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Delgado-Olguín
- Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G0A4, Canada.
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Heart & Stroke, Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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5
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Revelo HA, López-Alvarez D, Palacios YA, Vergara OD, Yánez MB, Ariza MF, Molina SLC, Sanchez YO, Alvarez LÁ. Genome-wide association study reveals candidate genes for traits related to meat quality in Colombian Creole hair sheep. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:357. [PMID: 37823994 PMCID: PMC10570192 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03688-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) allow identifying genomic regions related to traits of economic importance in animals of zootechnical interest. The objective of this research was to conduct a genome-wide association study on meat quality traits using the Illumina OvineSNPs50 BeadChip array. The animals were sampled in the departments of Córdoba, Cesar, and Valle del Cauca. The genotypes obtained with the Illumina OvineSNP50 BeadChip microarray were analyzed SNP (single-nucleotide polymorphism) data to conduct a GWAS for pH and water-holding capacity (WHC) traits measured after 7 days of maturation, in the Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle, in 167 Creole hair sheep of 12 months old belonging to Pelibuey (CHSP, n = 60), Ethiopian (CHSE, n = 44), and Sudan (CHSS, n = 63) breeds. The GWAS was done using a mixed linear model (MLMA) and based on the Ovis aries v3.1 genome. The CHSE showed the lowest meat juice release and, consequently, the highest water-holding capacity (WHC = 30.6 ± 0.1), suggesting that this breed has better performance in the meat industry compared with CHSS (WHC = 41.7 ± 0.1) and CHSP (WHC = 36.8 ± 0.1), since there is a relationship between WHC and juiciness. For the character pH, it was not possible to annotate genes related to meat quality, while, for the WHC, they have obtained 11 candidate genes associated (ELOVL2, ARAP2, LOC101102527, SHOC2, AIPL1, CSRNP3, IFRD, KDM8, NANS, DAPK1, IBN2, TPM2). Particularly, ELOVL2, ARAP2, IBN2, and TPM2 genes are involved in muscle contraction and fatty acid composition in sheep. In this study, we generated a baseline for GWAS related to meat quality traits in Colombian Creole hair sheep that can be used for future genomic selection plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman Alberto Revelo
- Grupo de Investigación de Recursos Zoogenéticos, Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 763533 Palmira, Colombia
- Present Address: Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad San Martin Cali Colombia, Carrera 122 #23-395 del, Vía Cali-Puerto Tejada, 760022 Cali, Colombia
| | - Diana López-Alvarez
- Grupo de Investigación de Recursos Zoogenéticos, Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 763533 Palmira, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación en Diversidad Biológica, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 763533 Palmira, Colombia
| | - Yineth Alexandra Palacios
- Grupo de Investigación de Recursos Zoogenéticos, Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 763533 Palmira, Colombia
| | - Oscar David Vergara
- Grupo de Investigación en Producción Animal Tropical, Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Colombia
| | - Moris Bustamante Yánez
- Grupo de Investigación en Producción Animal Tropical, Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Colombia
| | - Manuel Fernando Ariza
- Department of Animal Production, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 111321 Bogotá D.C, Colombia
| | | | - Yurany Ortiz Sanchez
- Department of Animal Production, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 111321 Bogotá D.C, Colombia
| | - Luz Ángela Alvarez
- Grupo de Investigación de Recursos Zoogenéticos, Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 763533 Palmira, Colombia
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Weiss D, Rego BV, Cavinato C, Li DS, Kawamura Y, Emuna N, Humphrey JD. Effects of Age, Sex, and Extracellular Matrix Integrity on Aortic Dilatation and Rupture in a Mouse Model of Marfan Syndrome. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:e358-e372. [PMID: 37470181 PMCID: PMC10528515 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.319122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transmural failure of the aorta is responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality; it occurs when mechanical stress exceeds strength. The aortic root and ascending aorta are susceptible to dissection and rupture in Marfan syndrome, a connective tissue disorder characterized by a progressive reduction in elastic fiber integrity. Whereas competent elastic fibers endow the aorta with compliance and resilience, cross-linked collagen fibers confer stiffness and strength. We hypothesized that postnatal reductions in matrix cross-linking increase aortopathy when turnover rates are high. METHODS We combined ex vivo biaxial mechanical testing with multimodality histological examinations to quantify expected age- and sex-dependent structural vulnerability of the ascending aorta in Fbn1C1041G/+ Marfan versus wild-type mice without and with 4-week exposures to β-aminopropionitrile, an inhibitor of lysyl oxidase-mediated cross-linking of newly synthesized elastic and collagen fibers. RESULTS We found a strong β-aminopropionitrile-associated sexual dimorphism in aortic dilatation in Marfan mice and aortic rupture in wild-type mice, with dilatation correlating with compromised elastic fiber integrity and rupture correlating with compromised collagen fibril organization. A lower incidence of rupture of β-aminopropionitrile-exposed Marfan aortas associated with increased lysyl oxidase, suggesting a compensatory remodeling of collagen that slows disease progression in the otherwise compromised Fbn1C1041G/+ aorta. CONCLUSIONS Collagen fiber structure and function in the Marfan aorta are augmented, in part, by increased lysyl oxidase in female and especially male mice, which improves structural integrity, particularly via fibrils in the adventitia. Preserving or promoting collagen cross-linking may represent a therapeutic target for an otherwise vulnerable aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dar Weiss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT (D.W., B.V.R., C.C., D.S.L., Y.K., N.E., J.D.H.)
| | - Bruno V Rego
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT (D.W., B.V.R., C.C., D.S.L., Y.K., N.E., J.D.H.)
| | - Cristina Cavinato
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT (D.W., B.V.R., C.C., D.S.L., Y.K., N.E., J.D.H.)
| | - David S Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT (D.W., B.V.R., C.C., D.S.L., Y.K., N.E., J.D.H.)
| | - Yuki Kawamura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT (D.W., B.V.R., C.C., D.S.L., Y.K., N.E., J.D.H.)
| | - Nir Emuna
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT (D.W., B.V.R., C.C., D.S.L., Y.K., N.E., J.D.H.)
| | - Jay D Humphrey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT (D.W., B.V.R., C.C., D.S.L., Y.K., N.E., J.D.H.)
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (J.D.H.)
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7
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Lin PK, Davis GE. Extracellular Matrix Remodeling in Vascular Disease: Defining Its Regulators and Pathological Influence. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:1599-1616. [PMID: 37409533 PMCID: PMC10527588 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.318237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Because of structural and cellular differences (ie, degrees of matrix abundance and cross-linking, mural cell density, and adventitia), large and medium-sized vessels, in comparison to capillaries, react in a unique manner to stimuli that induce vascular disease. A stereotypical vascular injury response is ECM (extracellular matrix) remodeling that occurs particularly in larger vessels in response to injurious stimuli, such as elevated angiotensin II, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, genetic deficiencies, inflammatory cell infiltration, or exposure to proinflammatory mediators. Even with substantial and prolonged vascular damage, large- and medium-sized arteries, persist, but become modified by (1) changes in vascular wall cellularity; (2) modifications in the differentiation status of endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, or adventitial stem cells (each can become activated); (3) infiltration of the vascular wall by various leukocyte types; (4) increased exposure to critical growth factors and proinflammatory mediators; and (5) marked changes in the vascular ECM, that remodels from a homeostatic, prodifferentiation ECM environment to matrices that instead promote tissue reparative responses. This latter ECM presents previously hidden matricryptic sites that bind integrins to signal vascular cells and infiltrating leukocytes (in coordination with other mediators) to proliferate, invade, secrete ECM-degrading proteinases, and deposit injury-induced matrices (predisposing to vessel wall fibrosis). In contrast, in response to similar stimuli, capillaries can undergo regression responses (rarefaction). In summary, we have described the molecular events controlling ECM remodeling in major vascular diseases as well as the differential responses of arteries versus capillaries to key mediators inducing vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prisca K. Lin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida School of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - George E. Davis
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida School of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612
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8
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Tiedemann K, Muthu ML, Reinhardt DP, Komarova SV. Male Marfan mice are predisposed to high fat diet induced obesity, diabetes, and fatty liver. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C354-C366. [PMID: 35759435 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00062.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gene mutations in the extracellular matrix protein fibrillin-1 cause connective tissue disorders including Marfan syndrome (MFS) with clinical symptoms in the cardiovascular, skeletal, and ocular systems. MFS patients also exhibit alterations in adipose tissues, which in some individuals leads to lipodystrophy, whereas in others to obesity. We have recently demonstrated that fibrillin-1 regulates adipose tissue homeostasis. Here, we examined how fibrillin-1 abnormality affects metabolic adaptation to different diets. We used two MFS mouse models: Hypomorph Fbn1mgR/mgR mice and Fbn1C1041G/+ mice with a fibrillin-1 missense mutation. When Fbn1mgR/mgR mice were fed with high fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks, male mice were heavier than littermate controls (LC), whereas female mice gained less weight compared to LC. Female Fbn1C1041G/+ mice on a HFD for 24 weeks were similarly protected from weight gain. Male Fbn1C1041G/+ mice on HFD demonstrated higher insulin levels, insulin intolerance, circulating levels of cholesterol and high-density lipoproteins. Moreover, male HFD-fed Fbn1C1041G/+ mice showed a higher liver weight and a fatty liver phenotype, which was reduced to LC levels after orchiectomy. Phosphorylation of protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) as well as the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (Srebp1) in livers of HFD-fed male Fbn1C1041G/+ mice were elevated. In conclusion, the data demonstrate that male mice of both MFS models are susceptible to HFD-induced obesity and diabetes. Moreover, male Fbn1C1041G/+ mice develop a fatty liver phenotype, likely mediated by a baseline increased endoplasmic reticulum stress. In contrast, female MFS mice were protected from the consequence of HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Tiedemann
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.,Shriners Hospital for Children - Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Muthu L Muthu
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Dieter P Reinhardt
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Svetlana V Komarova
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.,Shriners Hospital for Children - Canada, Montréal, Canada
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Almici E, Chiappini V, López-Márquez A, Badosa C, Blázquez B, Caballero D, Montero J, Natera-de Benito D, Nascimento A, Roldán M, Lagunas A, Jiménez-Mallebrera C, Samitier J. Personalized in vitro Extracellular Matrix Models of Collagen VI-Related Muscular Dystrophies. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:851825. [PMID: 35547158 PMCID: PMC9081367 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.851825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagen VI-related dystrophies (COL6-RDs) are a group of rare congenital neuromuscular dystrophies that represent a continuum of overlapping clinical phenotypes that go from the milder Bethlem myopathy (BM) to the severe Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy, for which there is no effective treatment. Mutations in one of the three Collagen VI genes alter the incorporation of this protein into the extracellular matrix (ECM), affecting the assembly and the structural integrity of the whole fibrillar network. Clinical hallmarks of COL6-RDs are secondary to the ECM disruption and include muscle weakness, proximal joint contractures, and distal hyperlaxity. Although some traits have been identified in patients’ ECMs, a correlation between the ECM features and the clinical phenotype has not been established, mainly due to the lack of predictive and reliable models of the pathology. Herein, we engineered a new personalized pre-clinical model of COL6-RDs using cell-derived matrices (CDMs) technology to better recapitulate the complexity of the native scenario. We found that CDMs from COL6-RD patients presented alterations in ECM structure and composition, showing a significantly decreased Collagen VI secretion, especially in the more severe phenotypes, and a decrease in Fibrillin-1 inclusion. Next, we examined the Collagen VI-mediated deposition of Fibronectin in the ECM, finding a higher alignment, length, width, and straightness than in patients with COL6-RDs. Overall, these results indicate that CDMs models are promising tools to explore the alterations that arise in the composition and fibrillar architecture due to mutations in Collagen VI genes, especially in early stages of matrix organization. Ultimately, CDMs derived from COL6-RD patients may become relevant pre-clinical models, which may help identifying novel biomarkers to be employed in the clinics and to investigate novel therapeutic targets and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Almici
- Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Electronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking, Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanessa Chiappini
- Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Electronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Arístides López-Márquez
- Laboratorio de Investigación Aplicada en Enfermedades Neuromusculares, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Unidad de Patología Neuromuscular, Servicio de Neuropediatría, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Badosa
- Laboratorio de Investigación Aplicada en Enfermedades Neuromusculares, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Unidad de Patología Neuromuscular, Servicio de Neuropediatría, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Blanca Blázquez
- Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking, Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Caballero
- Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Electronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking, Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan Montero
- Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Natera-de Benito
- Laboratorio de Investigación Aplicada en Enfermedades Neuromusculares, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Unidad de Patología Neuromuscular, Servicio de Neuropediatría, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés Nascimento
- Laboratorio de Investigación Aplicada en Enfermedades Neuromusculares, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Unidad de Patología Neuromuscular, Servicio de Neuropediatría, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mònica Roldán
- Unitat de Microscòpia Confocal i Imatge Cel·lular, Servei de Medicina Genètica i Molecular, Institut Pediàtric de Malalties Rares (IPER), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Lagunas
- Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking, Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Anna Lagunas, ; Cecilia Jiménez-Mallebrera,
| | - Cecilia Jiménez-Mallebrera
- Laboratorio de Investigación Aplicada en Enfermedades Neuromusculares, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Unidad de Patología Neuromuscular, Servicio de Neuropediatría, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barselona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Anna Lagunas, ; Cecilia Jiménez-Mallebrera,
| | - Josep Samitier
- Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Electronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking, Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
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Cavinato C, Chen M, Weiss D, Ruiz-Rodríguez MJ, Schwartz MA, Humphrey JD. Progressive Microstructural Deterioration Dictates Evolving Biomechanical Dysfunction in the Marfan Aorta. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:800730. [PMID: 34977201 PMCID: PMC8716484 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.800730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Medial deterioration leading to thoracic aortic aneurysms arises from multiple causes, chief among them mutations to the gene that encodes fibrillin-1 and leads to Marfan syndrome. Fibrillin-1 microfibrils associate with elastin to form elastic fibers, which are essential structural, functional, and instructional components of the normal aortic wall. Compromised elastic fibers adversely impact overall structural integrity and alter smooth muscle cell phenotype. Despite significant progress in characterizing clinical, histopathological, and mechanical aspects of fibrillin-1 related aortopathies, a direct correlation between the progression of microstructural defects and the associated mechanical properties that dictate aortic functionality remains wanting. In this paper, age-matched wild-type, Fbn1 C1041G/+, and Fbn1 mgR/mgR mouse models were selected to represent three stages of increasing severity of the Marfan aortic phenotype. Ex vivo multiphoton imaging and biaxial mechanical testing of the ascending and descending thoracic aorta under physiological loading conditions demonstrated that elastic fiber defects, collagen fiber remodeling, and cell reorganization increase with increasing dilatation. Three-dimensional microstructural characterization further revealed radial patterns of medial degeneration that become more uniform with increasing dilatation while correlating strongly with increased circumferential material stiffness and decreased elastic energy storage, both of which comprise aortic functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cavinato
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Minghao Chen
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Dar Weiss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Maria Jesús Ruiz-Rodríguez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Martin A. Schwartz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jay D. Humphrey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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Effects of Simulated Microgravity on Wild Type and Marfan hiPSCs-Derived Embryoid Bodies. Cell Mol Bioeng 2021; 14:613-626. [PMID: 34900014 PMCID: PMC8630351 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-021-00680-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mechanical unloading in microgravity is thought to induce tissue degeneration by various mechanisms, including the inhibition of regenerative stem cell differentiation. In this work, we investigate the effects of microgravity simulation on early lineage commitment of hiPSCs from healthy and Marfan Syndrome (MFS; OMIM #154700) donors, using the embryoid bodies model of tissue differentiation and evaluating their ultra-structural conformation. MFS model involves an anomalous organization of the extracellular matrix for a deficit of fibrillin-1, an essential protein of connective tissue. Methods In vitro models require the use of embryoid bodies derived from hiPSCs. A DRPM was used to simulate microgravity conditions. Results Our data suggest an increase of the stemness of those EBs maintained in SMG condition. EBs are still capable of external migration, but are less likely to distinguish, providing a measure of the remaining progenitor or stem cell populations in the earlier stage. The microgravity response appears to vary between WT and Marfan EBs, presumably as a result of a cell structural component deficiency due to fibrillin-1 protein lack. In fact, MFS EBs show a reduced adaptive capacity to the environment of microgravity that prevented them from reacting and making rapid adjustments, while healthy EBs show stem retention, without any structural changes due to microgravity conditions. Conclusion EBs formation specifically mimics stem cell differentiation into embryonic tissues, this process has also significant similarities with adult stem cell-based tissue regeneration. The use of SMG devices for the maintenance of stem cells on regenerative medicine applications is becoming increasingly more feasible. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12195-021-00680-1.
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Halper J. Basic Components of Connective Tissues and Extracellular Matrix: Fibronectin, Fibrinogen, Laminin, Elastin, Fibrillins, Fibulins, Matrilins, Tenascins and Thrombospondins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1348:105-126. [PMID: 34807416 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-80614-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Collagens are the most abundant components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and many types of soft tissues. Elastin is another major component of certain soft tissues, such as arterial walls and ligaments. It is an insoluble polymer of the monomeric soluble precursor tropoelastin, and the main component of elastic fibers in matrix tissue where it provides elastic recoil and resilience to a variety of connective tissues, e.g., aorta and ligaments. Elastic fibers regulate activity of transforming growth factors β (TGFβ) through their association with fibrillin microfibrils. Elastin also plays a role in cell adhesion, cell migration, and has the ability to participate in cell signaling. Mutations in the elastin gene lead to cutis laxa. Many other molecules, though lower in quantity, function as essential, structural and/or functional components of the extracellular matrix in soft tissues. Some of these are reviewed in this chapter. Besides their basic structure, biochemistry and physiology, their roles in disorders of soft tissues are discussed only briefly as most chapters in this volume deal with relevant individual compounds. Fibronectin with its multidomain structure plays a role of "master organizer" in matrix assembly as it forms a bridge between cell surface receptors, e.g., integrins, and compounds such collagen, proteoglycans and other focal adhesion molecules. It also plays an essential role in the assembly of fibrillin-1 into a structured network. Though the primary role of fibrinogen is in clot formation, after conversion to fibrin by thrombin it also binds to a variety of compounds, particularly to various growth factors, and as such, fibrinogen is a player in cardiovascular and extracellular matrix physiology. Laminins contribute to the structure of the ECM and modulate cellular functions such as adhesion, differentiation, migration, stability of phenotype, and resistance towards apoptosis. Fibrillins represent the predominant core of microfibrils in elastic as well as non-elastic extracellular matrixes, and interact closely with tropoelastin and integrins. Not only do microfibrils provide structural integrity of specific organ systems, but they also provide basis for elastogenesis in elastic tissues. Fibrillin is important for the assembly of elastin into elastic fibers. Mutations in the fibrillin-1 gene are closely associated with Marfan syndrome. Latent TGFβ binding proteins (LTBPs) are included here as their structure is similar to fibrillins. Several categories of ECM components described after fibrillins are sub-classified as matricellular proteins, i.e., they are secreted into ECM, but do not provide structure. Rather they interact with cell membrane receptors, collagens, proteases, hormones and growth factors, communicating and directing cell-ECM traffic. Fibulins are tightly connected with basement membranes, elastic fibers and other components of extracellular matrix and participate in formation of elastic fibers. Matrilins have been emerging as a new group of supporting actors, and their role in connective tissue physiology and pathophysiology has not been fully characterized. Tenascins are ECM polymorphic glycoproteins found in many connective tissues in the body. Their expression is regulated by mechanical stress both during development and in adulthood. Tenascins mediate both inflammatory and fibrotic processes to enable effective tissue repair and play roles in pathogenesis of Ehlers-Danlos, heart disease, and regeneration and recovery of musculo-tendinous tissue. One of the roles of thrombospondin 1 is activation of TGFβ. Increased expression of thrombospondin and TGFβ activity was observed in fibrotic skin disorders such as keloids and scleroderma. Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) or thrombospondin-5 is primarily present in the cartilage. High levels of COMP are present in fibrotic scars and systemic sclerosis of the skin, and in tendon, especially with physical activity, loading and post-injury. It plays a role in vascular wall remodeling and has been found in atherosclerotic plaques as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslava Halper
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Department of Basic Sciences, AU/UGA Medical Partnership, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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Abstract
Marfan syndrome (MFS) is an autosomal dominant, age-related but highly penetrant condition with substantial intrafamilial and interfamilial variability. MFS is caused by pathogenetic variants in FBN1, which encodes fibrillin-1, a major structural component of the extracellular matrix that provides support to connective tissues, particularly in arteries, the pericondrium and structures in the eye. Up to 25% of individuals with MFS have de novo variants. The most prominent manifestations of MFS are asymptomatic aortic root aneurysms, aortic dissections, dislocation of the ocular lens (ectopia lentis) and skeletal abnormalities that are characterized by overgrowth of the long bones. MFS is diagnosed based on the Ghent II nosology; genetic testing confirming the presence of a FBN1 pathogenetic variant is not always required for diagnosis but can help distinguish MFS from other heritable thoracic aortic disease syndromes that can present with skeletal features similar to those in MFS. Untreated aortic root aneurysms can progress to life-threatening acute aortic dissections. Management of MFS requires medical therapy to slow the rate of growth of aneurysms and decrease the risk of dissection. Routine surveillance with imaging techniques such as transthoracic echocardiography, CT or MRI is necessary to monitor aneurysm growth and determine when to perform prophylactic repair surgery to prevent an acute aortic dissection.
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Deleeuw V, De Clercq A, De Backer J, Sips P. An Overview of Investigational and Experimental Drug Treatment Strategies for Marfan Syndrome. J Exp Pharmacol 2021; 13:755-779. [PMID: 34408505 PMCID: PMC8366784 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s265271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a heritable connective tissue disorder caused by pathogenic variants in the gene coding for the extracellular matrix protein fibrillin-1. While the disease affects multiple organ systems, the most life-threatening manifestations are aortic aneurysms leading to dissection and rupture. Other cardiovascular complications, including mitral valve prolapse, primary cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmia, also occur more frequently in patients with MFS. The standard medical care relies on cardiovascular imaging at regular intervals, along with pharmacological treatment with β-adrenergic receptor blockers aimed at reducing the aortic growth rate. When aortic dilatation reaches a threshold associated with increased risk of dissection, prophylactic surgical aortic replacement is performed. Although current clinical management has significantly improved the life expectancy of patients with MFS, no cure is available and fatal complications still occur, underscoring the need for new treatment options. In recent years, preclinical studies have identified a number of potentially promising therapeutic targets. Nevertheless, the translation of these results into clinical practice has remained challenging. In this review, we present an overview of the currently available knowledge regarding the underlying pathophysiological processes associated with MFS cardiovascular pathology. We then summarize the treatment options that have been developed based on this knowledge and are currently in different stages of preclinical or clinical development, provide a critical review of the limitations of current studies and highlight potential opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violette Deleeuw
- Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Adelbert De Clercq
- Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Julie De Backer
- Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Patrick Sips
- Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
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15
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Geng X, Ho YC, Srinivasan RS. Biochemical and mechanical signals in the lymphatic vasculature. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5903-5923. [PMID: 34240226 PMCID: PMC11072415 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03886-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic vasculature is an integral part of the cardiovascular system where it maintains interstitial fluid balance. Additionally, lymphatic vasculature regulates lipid assimilation and inflammatory response. Lymphatic vasculature is composed of lymphatic capillaries, collecting lymphatic vessels and valves that function in synergy to absorb and transport fluid against gravitational and pressure gradients. Defects in lymphatic vessels or valves leads to fluid accumulation in tissues (lymphedema), chylous ascites, chylothorax, metabolic disorders and inflammation. The past three decades of research has identified numerous molecules that are necessary for the stepwise development of lymphatic vasculature. However, approaches to treat lymphatic disorders are still limited to massages and compression bandages. Hence, better understanding of the mechanisms that regulate lymphatic vascular development and function is urgently needed to develop efficient therapies. Recent research has linked mechanical signals such as shear stress and matrix stiffness with biochemical pathways that regulate lymphatic vessel growth, patterning and maturation and valve formation. The goal of this review article is to highlight these innovative developments and speculate on unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Geng
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73013, USA
| | - Yen-Chun Ho
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73013, USA
| | - R Sathish Srinivasan
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73013, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73117, USA.
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Guilak F, Hayes AJ, Melrose J. Perlecan in Pericellular Mechanosensory Cell-Matrix Communication, Extracellular Matrix Stabilisation and Mechanoregulation of Load-Bearing Connective Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2716. [PMID: 33800241 PMCID: PMC7962540 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we review mechanoregulatory roles for perlecan in load-bearing connective tissues. Perlecan facilitates the co-acervation of tropoelastin and assembly of elastic microfibrils in translamellar cross-bridges which, together with fibrillin and elastin stabilise the extracellular matrix of the intervertebral disc annulus fibrosus. Pericellular perlecan interacts with collagen VI and XI to define and stabilize this matrix compartment which has a strategic position facilitating two-way cell-matrix communication between the cell and its wider extracellular matrix. Cues from the extracellular matrix are fed through this pericellular matrix back to the chondrocyte, allowing it to perceive and respond to subtle microenvironmental changes to regulate tissue homeostasis. Thus perlecan plays a key regulatory role in chondrocyte metabolism, and in chondrocyte differentiation. Perlecan acts as a transport proteoglycan carrying poorly soluble, lipid-modified proteins such as the Wnt or Hedgehog families facilitating the establishment of morphogen gradients that drive tissue morphogenesis. Cell surface perlecan on endothelial cells or osteocytes acts as a flow sensor in blood and the lacunar canalicular fluid providing feedback cues to smooth muscle cells regulating vascular tone and blood pressure, and the regulation of bone metabolism by osteocytes highlighting perlecan's multifaceted roles in load-bearing connective tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Guilak
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
- Shriners Hospitals for Children—St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Anthony J. Hayes
- Bioimaging Research Hub, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3AX, UK;
| | - James Melrose
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Raymond Purves Laboratory, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Northern, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
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Coelho SG, Almeida AG. Marfan syndrome revisited: From genetics to the clinic. Rev Port Cardiol 2020; 39:215-226. [PMID: 32439107 DOI: 10.1016/j.repc.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Marfan syndrome is an autosomal dominant connective tissue disease with an estimated incidence of 1 in 5000 individuals. In 90% of cases it is caused by mutations in the gene for fibrillin-1, the main constituent of extracellular microfibrils. Studies on animal models of Marfan syndrome have revealed that fibrillin-1 mutations interfere with local TGF-β signaling, in addition to impairing tissue integrity. The cardinal features involve the cardiovascular, ocular and skeletal systems. The diagnosis of Marfan syndrome is made according to the revised Ghent nosology. Early identification and appropriate management are critical for patients with Marfan syndrome, who are prone to the life-threatening cardiovascular complications of aortic aneurysms and aortic dissection. The standard treatment includes prophylactic beta-blockers in order to slow down dilation of the ascending aorta, and prophylactic aortic surgery. The success of current medical and surgical treatment of aortic disease in Marfan syndrome has substantially improved mean life expectancy, extending it above 72 years. This review aims to provide an overview of this hereditary disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana G Almeida
- Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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18
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Coelho SG, Almeida AG. Marfan syndrome revisited: From genetics to clinical practice. REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE CARDIOLOGIA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repce.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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19
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Oxidant/Antioxidant Profile in the Thoracic Aneurysm of Patients with the Loeys-Dietz Syndrome. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:5392454. [PMID: 32273946 PMCID: PMC7128053 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5392454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Patients with the Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS) have mutations in the TGF-βR1, TGF-βR2, and SMAD3 genes. However, little is known about the redox homeostasis in the thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAA) they develop. Here, we evaluate the oxidant/antioxidant profile in the TAA tissue from LDS patients and compare it with that in nondamaged aortic tissue from control (C) subjects. We evaluate the enzymatic activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) isoforms, and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR). We also analyze some antioxidants from a nonenzymatic system such as selenium (Se), glutathione (GSH), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Oxidative stress markers such as lipid peroxidation and carbonylation, as well as xanthine oxidase (ORX) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expressions, were also evaluated. TAA from LDS patients showed a decrease in GSH, Se, TAC, GPx, GST, CAT, and TrxR. The SOD activity and ORX expressions were increased, but the Nrf2 expression was decreased. The results suggest that the redox homeostasis is altered in the TAA from LDS patients, favoring ROS overproduction that contributes to the decrease in GSH and TAC and leads to LPO and carbonylation. The decrease in Se and Nrf2 alters the activity and/or expression of some antioxidant enzymes, thus favoring a positive feedback oxidative background that contributes to the TAA formation.
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Role of fibrillin-2 in the control of TGF-β activation in tumor angiogenesis and connective tissue disorders. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1873:188354. [PMID: 32119940 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fibrillins constitute a family of large extracellular glycoproteins which multimerize to form microfibrils, an important structure in the extracellular matrix. It has long been assumed that fibrillin-2 was barely present during postnatal life, but it is now clear that fibrillin-2 molecules form the structural core of microfibrils, and are masked by an outer layer of fibrillin-1. Mutations in fibrillins give rise to heritable connective tissue disorders, including Marfan syndrome and congenital contractural arachnodactyly. Fibrillins also play an important role in matrix sequestering of members of the transforming growth factor-β family, and in context of Marfan syndrome excessive TGF-β activation has been observed. TGF-β activation is highly dependent on integrin binding, including integrin αvβ8 and αvβ6, which are upregulated upon TGF-β exposure. TGF-β is also involved in tumor progression, metastasis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and tumor angiogenesis. In several highly vascularized types of cancer such as hepatocellular carcinoma, a positive correlation was found between increased TGF-β plasma concentrations and tumor vascularity. Interestingly, fibrillin-1 has a higher affinity to TGF-β and, therefore, has a higher capacity to sequester TGF-β compared to fibrillin-2. The previously reported downregulation of fibrillin-1 in tumor endothelium affects the fibrillin-1/fibrillin-2 ratio in the microfibrils, exposing the normally hidden fibrillin-2. We postulate that fibrillin-2 exposure in the tumor endothelium directly stimulates tumor angiogenesis by influencing TGF-β sequestering by microfibrils, leading to a locally higher active TGF-β concentration in the tumor microenvironment. From a therapeutic perspective, fibrillin-2 might serve as a potential target for future anti-cancer therapies.
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Del Cid JS, Reed NI, Molnar K, Liu S, Dang B, Jensen SA, DeGrado W, Handford PA, Sheppard D, Sundaram AB. A disease-associated mutation in fibrillin-1 differentially regulates integrin-mediated cell adhesion. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:18232-18243. [PMID: 31640988 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrillins serve as scaffolds for the assembly of elastic fibers that contribute to the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and regulate growth factor signaling in the extracellular space. Fibrillin-1 is a modular glycoprotein that includes 7 latent transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)-binding protein-like (TB) domains and mediates cell adhesion through integrin binding to the RGD motif in its 4th TB domain. A subset of missense mutations within TB4 cause stiff skin syndrome (SSS), a rare autosomal dominant form of scleroderma. The fibrotic phenotype is thought to be regulated by changes in the ability of fibrillin-1 to mediate integrin binding. We characterized the ability of each RGD-binding integrin to mediate cell adhesion to fibrillin-1 or a disease-causing variant. Our data show that 7 of the 8 RGD-binding integrins can mediate adhesion to fibrillin-1. A single amino acid substitution responsible for SSS (W1570C) markedly inhibited adhesion mediated by integrins α5β1, αvβ5, and αvβ6, partially inhibited adhesion mediated by αvβ1, and did not inhibit adhesion mediated by α8β1 or αIIbβ3. Adhesion mediated by integrin αvβ3 depended on the cell surface expression level. In the SSS mutant background, the presence of a cysteine residue in place of highly conserved tryptophan 1570 alters the conformation of the region containing the exposed RGD sequence within the same domain to differentially affect fibrillin's interactions with distinct RGD-binding integrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joselyn S Del Cid
- Department of Cell Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Nilgun Isik Reed
- Department of Cell Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Kathleen Molnar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94518
| | - Sean Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Bobo Dang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94518
| | - Sacha A Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - William DeGrado
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94518
| | - Penny A Handford
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Dean Sheppard
- Department of Cell Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Aparna B Sundaram
- Department of Cell Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158.
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Characterization of Two Novel Intronic Variants Affecting Splicing in FBN1-Related Disorders. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10060442. [PMID: 31185693 PMCID: PMC6627396 DOI: 10.3390/genes10060442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
FBN1 encodes fibrillin 1, a key structural component of the extracellular matrix, and its variants are associated with a wide range of hereditary connective tissues disorders, such as Marfan syndrome (MFS) and mitral valve–aorta–skeleton–skin (MASS) syndrome. Interpretations of the genomic data and possible genotype–phenotype correlations in FBN1 are complicated by the high rate of intronic variants of unknown significance. Here, we report two unrelated individuals with the FBN1 deep intronic variants c.6872-24T>A and c.7571-12T>A, clinically associated with MFS and MASS syndrome, respectively. The individual carrying the c.6872-24T>A variant is positive for aortic disease. Both individuals lacked ectopia lentis. In silico analysis and subsequent mRNA study by RT-PCR demonstrated the effect of the identified variant on the splicing process in both cases. The c.6872-24T>A and c.7571-12T>A variants generate the retention of intronic nucleotides and lead to the introduction of a premature stop codon. This study enlarges the mutation spectrum of FBN1 and points out the importance of intronic sequence analysis and the need for integrative functional studies in FBN1 diagnostics.
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New Evidence Supporting the Role of FBN1 in the Development of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2019; 44:E225-E232. [PMID: 30044367 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000002809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A genetic association study. OBJECTIVE To determine whether common variants of fibrillin-1 (FBN1) and fibrillin-2 (FBN2) are associated with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), and to further investigate to further investigate the functional role of FBN1 in the onset and progression of AIS. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Previous studies have identified several rare variants in FBN1 and FBN2 that were associated with AIS. There is, however, a lack of knowledge concerning the association between common variants of FBN1 and FBN2 and AIS. METHODS Common variants covering FBN1 and FBN2 were genotyped in 952 patients with AIS and 1499 controls. Paraspinal muscles were collected from 66 patients with AIS and 18 patients with lumbar disc herniation (LDH) during surgical interventions. The differences of genotype and allele distributions between patients and controls were calculated using Chi-square test. The Student t test was used to compare the expression of FBN1 and FBN2 between patients with AIS and LDH. One-way analysis of variance test was used to compare the gene expression among different genotypes of the significantly associated variant. The Pearson correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between FBN1 expression and the curve severity. RESULTS The common variant rs12916536 of FBN1 was significantly associated with AIS. Patients were found to have significantly lower frequency of allele A than the controls (0.397 vs. 0.450, P = 1.10 × 10) with an odds ratio of 0.81. Moreover, patients with AIS were found to have significantly lower FBN1 expression than patients with LDH (0.00033 ± 0.00015 vs. 0.00054 ± 0.00031, P = 1.70 × 10). The expression level of FBN1 was remarkably correlated with the curve severity (r = -0.352, P = 0.02). There was no significant difference of FBN1 expression among different genotypes of rs12916536. CONCLUSION Common variant of FBN1 is significantly associated with the susceptibility of AIS. Moreover, the decreased expression of FBN1 is significantly correlated with the curve severity of AIS. The functional role of FBN in AIS is worthy of further investigation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3.
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Loss of Elastic Fiber Integrity Compromises Common Carotid Artery Function: Implications for Vascular Aging. Artery Res 2016; 14:41-52. [PMID: 27570569 DOI: 10.1016/j.artres.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Competent elastic fibers endow central arteries with the compliance and resilience that are fundamental to their primary mechanical function in vertebrates. That is, by enabling elastic energy to be stored in the arterial wall during systole and then to be used to work on the blood during diastole, elastic fibers decrease ventricular workload and augment blood flow in pulsatile systems. Indeed, because elastic fibers are formed during development and stretched during somatic growth, their continual tendency to recoil contributes to the undulation of the stiffer collagen fibers, which facilitates further the overall compliance of the wall under physiologic pressures while allowing the collagen to limit over-distension during acute increases in blood pressure. In this paper, we use consistent methods of measurement and quantification to compare the biaxial material stiffness, structural stiffness, and energy storage capacity of murine common carotid arteries having graded degrees of elastic fiber integrity - normal, elastin-deficient, fibrillin-1 deficient, fibulin-5 null, and elastase-treated. The finding that the intrinsic material stiffness tends to be maintained nearly constant suggests that intramural cells seek to maintain a favorable micromechanical environment in which to function. Nevertheless, a loss of elastic energy storage capability due to the loss of elastic fiber integrity severely compromises the primary function of these central arteries.
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25
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Generation of heterozygous fibrillin-1 mutant cloned pigs from genome-edited foetal fibroblasts. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24413. [PMID: 27074716 PMCID: PMC4830947 DOI: 10.1038/srep24413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Marfan syndrome (MFS) is an autosomal dominant genetic disease caused by abnormal formation of the extracellular matrix with an incidence of 1 in 3, 000 to 5, 000. Patients with Marfan syndrome experience poor quality of life caused by skeletal disorders such as scoliosis, and they are at high risk of sudden death from cardiovascular impairment. Suitable animal models of MFS are essential for conquering this intractable disease. In particular, studies employing pig models will likely provide valuable information that can be extrapolated to humans because of the physiological and anatomical similarities between the two species. Here we describe the generation of heterozygous fibrillin-1 (FBN1) mutant cloned pigs (+/Glu433AsnfsX98) using genome editing and somatic cell nuclear transfer technologies. The FBN1 mutant pigs exhibited phenotypes resembling those of humans with MFS, such as scoliosis, pectus excavatum, delayed mineralization of the epiphysis and disrupted structure of elastic fibres of the aortic medial tissue. These findings indicate the value of FBN1 mutant pigs as a model for understanding the pathogenesis of MFS and for developing treatments.
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Perturbations of the cerebrovascular matrisome: A convergent mechanism in small vessel disease of the brain? J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:143-57. [PMID: 25853907 PMCID: PMC4758555 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The term matrisome refers to the ensemble of proteins constituting the extracellular matrix (ECM) (core matrisome) as well as the proteins associated with the ECM. Every organ has an ECM with a unique composition that not only provides the support and anchorage for cells, but also controls fundamental cellular processes as diverse as differentiation, survival, proliferation, and polarity. The current knowledge of the matrisome of small brain vessels is reviewed with a focus on the basement membrane (BM), a specialized form of ECM located at the interface between endothelial cells, contractile cells (smooth muscle cells and pericytes), and astrocyte endfeet—a very strategic location in the communication pathway between the cerebral microcirculation and astrocytes. We discuss some of the most recent genetic data and relevant findings from experimental models of nonamyloid cerebral small vessel disease (SVD). We propose the concept that perturbations of the cerebrovascular matrisome is a convergent pathologic pathway in monogenic forms of SVD, and is likely relevant to the sporadic disease.
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Tae HJ, Petrashevskaya N, Marshall S, Krawczyk M, Talan M. Cardiac remodeling in the mouse model of Marfan syndrome develops into two distinctive phenotypes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 310:H290-9. [PMID: 26566724 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00354.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a systemic disorder of connective tissue caused by mutations in fibrillin-1. Cardiac dysfunction in MFS has not been characterized halting the development of therapies of cardiac complication in MFS. We aimed to study the age-dependent cardiac remodeling in the mouse model of MFS FbnC1039G+/- mouse [Marfan heterozygous (HT) mouse] and its association with valvular regurgitation. Marfan HT mice of 2-4 mo demonstrated a mild hypertrophic cardiac remodeling with predominant decline of diastolic function and increased transforming growth factor-β canonical (p-SMAD2/3) and noncanonical (p-ERK1/2 and p-p38 MAPK) signaling and upregulation of hypertrophic markers natriuretic peptides atrium natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide. Among older HT mice (6-14 mo), cardiac remodeling was associated with two distinct phenotypes, manifesting either dilated or constricted left ventricular chamber. Dilatation of left ventricular chamber was accompanied by biochemical evidence of greater mechanical stress, including elevated ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK phosphorylation and higher brain natriuretic peptide expression. The aortic valve regurgitation was registered in 20% of the constricted group and 60% of the dilated group, whereas mitral insufficiency was observed in 40% of the constricted group and 100% of the dilated group. Cardiac dysfunction was not associated with the increase of interstitial fibrosis and nonmyocyte proliferation. In the mouse model fibrillin-1, haploinsufficiency results in the early onset of nonfibrotic hypertrophic cardiac remodeling and dysfunction, independently from valvular abnormalities. MFS heart is vulnerable to stress-induced cardiac dilatation in the face of valvular regurgitation, and stress-activated MAPK signals represent a potential target for cardiac management in MFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jin Tae
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Natalia Petrashevskaya
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Shannon Marshall
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Melissa Krawczyk
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mark Talan
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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28
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Intrinsic cardiomyopathy in Marfan syndrome: results from in-vivo and ex-vivo studies of the Fbn1C1039G/+ model and longitudinal findings in humans. Pediatr Res 2015; 78:256-63. [PMID: 26042521 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2015.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mild intrinsic cardiomyopathy in patients with Marfan syndrome (MFS) has consistently been evidenced by independent research groups. So far, little is known about the long-term evolution and pathophysiology of this finding. METHODS To gain more insights into the pathophysiology of MFS-related cardiomyopathy, we performed in-vivo and ex-vivo studies of 11 Fbn1(C1039G/+) mice and 9 wild-type (WT) littermates. Serial ultrasound findings obtained in mice were correlated to the human phenotype. We therefore reassessed left ventricular (LV) function parameters over a 6-y follow-up period in 19 previously reported MFS patients, in whom we documented mild LV dysfunction. RESULTS Fbn1(C1039G/+) mice demonstrated LV contractile dysfunction. Subsequent ex-vivo studies of the myocardium of adult mutant mice revealed upregulation of TGFβ-related pathways and consistent abnormalities of the microfibrillar network, implicating a role for microfibrils in the mechanical properties of the myocardium. Echocardiographic parameters did not indicate clinical significant deterioration of LV function during follow-up in our patient cohort. CONCLUSION In analogy with what is observed in the majority of MFS patients, the Fbn1(C1039G/+) mouse model demonstrates mild intrinsic LV dysfunction. Both extracellular matrix and molecular alterations are implicated in MFS-related cardiomyopathy. This model may now enable us to study therapeutic interventions on the myocardium in MFS.
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29
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Querques F, Cantilena B, Cozzolino C, Esposito MT, Passaro F, Parisi S, Lombardo B, Russo T, Pastore L. Angiotensin receptor I stimulates osteoprogenitor proliferation through TGFβ-mediated signaling. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:1466-74. [PMID: 25556973 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Clinical studies of large human populations and pharmacological interventions in rodent models have recently suggested that anti-hypertensive drugs that target angiotensin II (Ang II) activity may also reduce loss of bone mineral density. Here, we identified in a genetic screening the Ang II type I receptor (AT1R) as a potential determinant of osteogenic differentiation and, implicitly, bone formation. Silencing of AT1R expression by RNA interference severely impaired the maturation of a multipotent mesenchymal cell line (W20-17) along the osteoblastic lineage. The same effect was also observed after the addition of the AT1R antagonist losartan but not the AT2R inhibitor PD123,319. Additional cell culture assays traced the time of greatest losartan action to the early stages of W20-17 differentiation, namely during cell proliferation. Indeed, addition of Ang II increased proliferation of differentiating W20-17 and primary mesenchymal stem cells and this stimulation was reversed by losartan treatment. Cells treated with losartan also displayed an appreciable decrease of activated (phosphorylated)-Smad2/3 proteins. Moreover, Ang II treatment elevated endogenous transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) expression considerably and in an AT1R-dependent manner. Finally, exogenous TGFβ was able to restore high proliferative activity to W20-17 cells that were treated with both Ang II and losartan. Collectively, these results suggest a novel mechanism of Ang II action in bone metabolism that is mediated by TGFβ and targets proliferation of osteoblast progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Querques
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II,", Naples, Italy
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30
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Mecham RP, Gibson MA. The microfibril-associated glycoproteins (MAGPs) and the microfibrillar niche. Matrix Biol 2015; 47:13-33. [PMID: 25963142 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The microfibril-associated glycoproteins MAGP-1 and MAGP-2 are extracellular matrix proteins that interact with fibrillin to influence microfibril function. The two proteins are related through a 60 amino acid matrix-binding domain but their sequences differ outside of this region. A distinguishing feature of both proteins is their ability to interact with TGFβ family growth factors, Notch and Notch ligands, and multiple elastic fiber proteins. MAGP-2 can also interact with αvβ3 integrins via a RGD sequence that is not found in MAGP-1. Morpholino knockdown of MAGP-1 expression in zebrafish resulted in abnormal vessel wall architecture and altered vascular network formation. In the mouse, MAGP-1 deficiency had little effect on elastic fibers in blood vessels and lung but resulted in numerous unexpected phenotypes including bone abnormalities, hematopoietic changes, increased fat deposition, diabetes, impaired wound repair, and a bleeding diathesis. Inactivation of the gene for MAGP-2 in mice produced a neutropenia yet had minimal effects on bone or adipose homeostasis. Double knockouts had phenotypes characteristic of each individual knockout as well as several additional traits only seen when both genes are inactivated. A common mechanism underlying all of the traits associated with the knockout phenotypes is altered TGFβ signaling. This review summarizes our current understanding of the function of the MAGPs and discusses ideas related to their role in growth factor regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Mark A Gibson
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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31
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Ferruzzi J, Bersi MR, Uman S, Yanagisawa H, Humphrey JD. Decreased elastic energy storage, not increased material stiffness, characterizes central artery dysfunction in fibulin-5 deficiency independent of sex. J Biomech Eng 2015; 137:2087213. [PMID: 25532020 PMCID: PMC4321117 DOI: 10.1115/1.4029431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Central artery stiffness has emerged over the past 15 years as a clinically significant indicator of cardiovascular function and initiator of disease. Loss of elastic fiber integrity is one of the primary contributors to increased arterial stiffening in aging, hypertension, and related conditions. Elastic fibers consist of an elastin core and multiple glycoproteins; hence defects in any of these constituents can adversely affect arterial wall mechanics. In this paper, we focus on mechanical consequences of the loss of fibulin-5, an elastin-associated glycoprotein involved in elastogenesis. Specifically, we compared the biaxial mechanical properties of five central arteries-the ascending thoracic aorta, descending thoracic aorta, suprarenal abdominal aorta, infrarenal abdominal aorta, and common carotid artery-from male and female wild-type and fibulin-5 deficient mice. Results revealed that, independent of sex, all five regions in the fibulin-5 deficient mice manifested a marked increase in structural stiffness but also a marked decrease in elastic energy storage and typically an increase in energy dissipation, with all differences being most dramatic in the ascending and abdominal aortas. Given that the primary function of large arteries is to store elastic energy during systole and to use this energy during diastole to work on the blood, fibulin-5 deficiency results in a widespread diminishment of central artery function that can have significant effects on hemodynamics and cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Ferruzzi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,Malone Engineering Center,Yale University,New Haven, CT 06520
| | - M. R. Bersi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,Malone Engineering Center,Yale University,New Haven, CT 06520
| | - S. Uman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,Malone Engineering Center,Yale University,New Haven, CT 06520
| | - H. Yanagisawa
- Department of Molecular Biology,University of Texas SouthwesternMedical Center,Dallas, TX 75390
| | - J. D. Humphrey
- Fellow ASMEDepartment of Biomedical Engineering,Malone Engineering Center,Yale University,New Haven, CT 06520
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program,Yale School of Medicine,New Haven, CT 06510e-mail:
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Hanlon SD, Behzad AR, Sakai LY, Burns AR. Corneal stroma microfibrils. Exp Eye Res 2015; 132:198-207. [PMID: 25613072 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Elastic tissue was first described well over a hundred years ago and has since been identified in nearly every part of the body. In this review, we examine elastic tissue in the corneal stroma with some mention of other ocular structures which have been more thoroughly described in the past. True elastic fibers consist of an elastin core surrounded by fibrillin microfibrils. However, the presence of elastin fibers is not a requirement and some elastic tissue is comprised of non-elastin-containing bundles of microfibrils. Fibers containing a higher relative amount of elastin are associated with greater elasticity and those without elastin, with structural support. Recently it has been shown that the microfibrils, not only serve mechanical roles, but are also involved in cell signaling through force transduction and the release of TGF-β. A well characterized example of elastin-free microfibril bundles (EFMBs) is found in the ciliary zonules which suspend the crystalline lens in the eye. Through contraction of the ciliary muscle they exert enough force to reshape the lens and thereby change its focal point. It is believed that the molecules comprising these fibers do not turn-over and yet retain their tensile strength for the life of the animal. The mechanical properties of the cornea (strength, elasticity, resiliency) would suggest that EFMBs are present there as well. However, many authors have reported that, although present during embryonic and early postnatal development, EFMBs are generally not present in adults. Serial-block-face imaging with a scanning electron microscope enabled 3D reconstruction of elements in murine corneas. Among these elements were found fibers that formed an extensive network throughout the cornea. In single sections these fibers appeared as electron dense patches. Transmission electron microscopy provided additional detail of these patches and showed them to be composed of fibrils (∼10 nm diameter). Immunogold evidence clearly identified these fibrils as fibrillin EFMBs and EFMBs were also observed with TEM (without immunogold) in adult mammals of several species. Evidence of the presence of EFMBs in adult corneas will hopefully pique an interest in further studies that will ultimately improve our understanding of the cornea's biomechanical properties and its capacity to repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Hanlon
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 97204, USA.
| | - Ali R Behzad
- Imaging and Characterization Core Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lynn Y Sakai
- Shiners Hospital for Children and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Alan R Burns
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 97204, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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Kira-Tatsuoka M, Oka K, Tsuruga E, Ozaki M, Sawa Y. Immunohistochemical expression of fibrillin-1 and fibrillin-2 during tooth development. J Periodontal Res 2014; 50:714-20. [PMID: 25524144 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Oxytalan fibers are categorized as a microfibril assembly without elastin deposition, and are unique components in the periodontal ligament (PDL). However, little is known about their formation during PDL development. To clarify the mechanisms of oxytalan fiber formation in developing PDL, we performed immunohistochemical analysis to detect the direct expression of fibrillin-1 and fibrillin-2, which are major components of microfibrils. MATERIAL AND METHODS Frozen sections of lower molars from mice at several stages of growth were prepared without chemical fixation and decalcification using the film transfer method. Immunostaining was performed with anti-fibrillin-1 and -2, and anticytokeratin antibodies. RESULTS Fibrillin-1 was not expressed in the dental follicle during the crown forming stage. At postneonatal day 9, fibrillin-1 expression started with meshwork appearance between the epithelial cells from Hertwig's epithelial root sheath at the root dentin surface. Fibirillin-2 was detected much earlier than fibrillin-1 expression. Fibrillin-2 was expressed with a liner appearance, running parallel to the root axis in PDL, and was partially co-expressed with cytokeratin 14 expression in Hertwig's epithelial root sheath. Furthermore, we detected both fibrillin-1 and fibrillin-2 expression in human PDL. Fibrillin-1 was detected in fibers with a vertically oriented root axis in PDL. Fibrillin-2 was widely expressed in PDL, including around the epithelial cell rests of Malassez. Fibrillin-1 and fibrillin-2 were clearly co-expressed in thick fiber structures in human PDL. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that both fibrillin-1 and fibrillin-2 expression is required to form thick oxytalan fibers in PDL. Based on the expression patterns for fibrillin-1 and fibrillin-2, they have different functions during tooth root and PDL development. Early expression of fibrillin-2 may regulate dental epithelial cell behavior during root and PDL development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kira-Tatsuoka
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan.,Section of Functional Structure, Department of Morphological Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - K Oka
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - E Tsuruga
- Section of Functional Structure, Department of Morphological Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - M Ozaki
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Y Sawa
- Section of Functional Structure, Department of Morphological Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
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Humphrey JD, Dufresne ER, Schwartz MA. Mechanotransduction and extracellular matrix homeostasis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2014; 15:802-12. [PMID: 25355505 PMCID: PMC4513363 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1294] [Impact Index Per Article: 129.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Soft connective tissues at steady state are dynamic; resident cells continually read environmental cues and respond to them to promote homeostasis, including maintenance of the mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) that are fundamental to cellular and tissue health. The mechanosensing process involves assessment of the mechanics of the ECM by the cells through integrins and the actomyosin cytoskeleton, and is followed by a mechanoregulation process, which includes the deposition, rearrangement or removal of the ECM to maintain overall form and function. Progress towards understanding the molecular, cellular and tissue-level effects that promote mechanical homeostasis has helped to identify key questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric R Dufresne
- 1] Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yale University. [2] Department of Cell Biology, Yale University
| | - Martin A Schwartz
- 1] Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University. [2] Department of Cell Biology, Yale University. [3] Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520 USA
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Ratnapriya R, Zhan X, Fariss RN, Branham KE, Zipprer D, Chakarova CF, Sergeev YV, Campos MM, Othman M, Friedman JS, Maminishkis A, Waseem NH, Brooks M, Rajasimha HK, Edwards AO, Lotery A, Klein BE, Truitt BJ, Li B, Schaumberg DA, Morgan DJ, Morrison MA, Souied E, Tsironi EE, Grassmann F, Fishman GA, Silvestri G, Scholl HPN, Kim IK, Ramke J, Tuo J, Merriam JE, Merriam JC, Park KH, Olson LM, Farrer LA, Johnson MP, Peachey NS, Lathrop M, Baron RV, Igo RP, Klein R, Hagstrom SA, Kamatani Y, Martin TM, Jiang Y, Conley Y, Sahel JA, Zack DJ, Chan CC, Pericak-Vance MA, Jacobson SG, Gorin MB, Klein ML, Allikmets R, Iyengar SK, Weber BH, Haines JL, Léveillard T, Deangelis MM, Stambolian D, Weeks DE, Bhattacharya SS, Chew EY, Heckenlively JR, Abecasis GR, Swaroop A. Rare and common variants in extracellular matrix gene Fibrillin 2 (FBN2) are associated with macular degeneration. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:5827-37. [PMID: 24899048 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases affecting the macula constitute a major cause of incurable vision loss and exhibit considerable clinical and genetic heterogeneity, from early-onset monogenic disease to multifactorial late-onset age-related macular degeneration (AMD). As part of our continued efforts to define genetic causes of macular degeneration, we performed whole exome sequencing in four individuals of a two-generation family with autosomal dominant maculopathy and identified a rare variant p.Glu1144Lys in Fibrillin 2 (FBN2), a glycoprotein of the elastin-rich extracellular matrix (ECM). Sanger sequencing validated the segregation of this variant in the complete pedigree, including two additional affected and one unaffected individual. Sequencing of 192 maculopathy patients revealed additional rare variants, predicted to disrupt FBN2 function. We then undertook additional studies to explore the relationship of FBN2 to macular disease. We show that FBN2 localizes to Bruch's membrane and its expression appears to be reduced in aging and AMD eyes, prompting us to examine its relationship with AMD. We detect suggestive association of a common FBN2 non-synonymous variant, rs154001 (p.Val965Ile) with AMD in 10 337 cases and 11 174 controls (OR = 1.10; P-value = 3.79 × 10(-5)). Thus, it appears that rare and common variants in a single gene--FBN2--can contribute to Mendelian and complex forms of macular degeneration. Our studies provide genetic evidence for a key role of elastin microfibers and Bruch's membrane in maintaining blood-retina homeostasis and establish the importance of studying orphan diseases for understanding more common clinical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaowei Zhan
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics and
| | | | - Kari E Branham
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - David Zipprer
- Neurobiology Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory
| | - Christina F Chakarova
- Department of Genetics, UCL-Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | | | | | - Mohammad Othman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | | | - Naushin H Waseem
- Department of Genetics, UCL-Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | | | | | - Albert O Edwards
- Institute for Molecular Biology, University of Oregon and Oregon Retina, Eugene, OR 97401, USA
| | - Andrew Lotery
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Barbara E Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and, Public Health, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Barbara J Truitt
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Bingshan Li
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Debra A Schaumberg
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Denise J Morgan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Margaux A Morrison
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Eric Souied
- Hôpital Intercommunal de Créteil, Hôpital Henri Mondor - Université Paris Est Créteil 94000, France
| | - Evangelia E Tsironi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Thessaly School of Medicine, Larissa, Greece
| | - Felix Grassmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Gerald A Fishman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | | | - Hendrik P N Scholl
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Ivana K Kim
- Retina Service and Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jacqueline Ramke
- The Fred Hollows Foundation, Auckland, New Zealand, School of Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Kyu Hyung Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul 463-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Lana M Olson
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lindsay A Farrer
- Departments of Medicine (Section of Biomedical Genetics), Ophthalmology and Biostatistics, Neurology, Epidemiology, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Neal S Peachey
- Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Mark Lathrop
- Department of Genetics, Institut de la Vision - Inserm Université Pierre et Marie Curie UMR-S 968, Paris, France
| | | | - Robert P Igo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ronald Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and, Public Health, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | | | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Department of Genetics, Institut de la Vision - Inserm Université Pierre et Marie Curie UMR-S 968, Paris, France
| | - Tammy M Martin
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Yingda Jiang
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Yvette Conley
- Health Promotion and Development, School of Nursing, 440 Victoria Building, 3500 Victoria St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jose-Alan Sahel
- Department of Genetics, Institut de la Vision - Inserm Université Pierre et Marie Curie UMR-S 968, Paris, France
| | - Donald J Zack
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | | | - Margaret A Pericak-Vance
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33125, USA
| | - Samuel G Jacobson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael B Gorin
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael L Klein
- Macular Degeneration Center, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science, University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Rando Allikmets
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sudha K Iyengar
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Bernhard H Weber
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Jonathan L Haines
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Thierry Léveillard
- Department of Genetics, Institut de la Vision - Inserm Université Pierre et Marie Curie UMR-S 968, Paris, France
| | - Margaret M Deangelis
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- Department of Ophthalmology, and Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 9104, USA
| | - Daniel E Weeks
- Department of Human Genetics and Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Shomi S Bhattacharya
- Department of Genetics, UCL-Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Emily Y Chew
- Clinical Trials Branch, Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John R Heckenlively
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Anand Swaroop
- Neurobiology Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory,
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The prevalence of nine genetic disorders in a dog population from Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74811. [PMID: 24069350 PMCID: PMC3777979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to screen a dog population from Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany for the presence of mutant alleles associated with hip dysplasia (HD), degenerative myelopathy (DM), exercise-induced collapse (EIC), neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis 4A (NCL), centronuclear myopathy (HMLR), mucopolysaccharidosis VII (MPS VII), myotonia congenita (MG), gangliosidosis (GM1) and muscular dystrophy (Duchenne type) (GRMD). Blood samples (K3EDTA) were collected for genotyping with Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (n = 476). Allele and genotype frequencies were calculated in those breeds with at least 12 samples (n = 8). Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was tested. Genetic variation was identified for 4 out of 9 disorders: mutant alleles were found in 49, 15, 3 and 2 breeds for HD, DM, EIC and NCL respectively. Additionally, mutant alleles were identified in crossbreeds for both HD and EIC. For HD, DM, EIC and NCL mutant alleles were newly discovered in 43, 13, 2 and 1 breed(s), respectively. In 9, 2 and 1 breed(s) for DM, EIC and NCL respectively, the mutant allele was detected, but the respective disorder has not been reported in those breeds. For 5 disorders (HMLR, MPS VII, MG, GM1, GRMD), the mutant allele could not be identified in our population. For the other 4 disorders (HD, DM, EIC, NCL), prevalence of associated mutant alleles seems strongly breed dependent. Surprisingly, mutant alleles were found in many breeds where the disorder has not been reported to date.
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Yu M, Bushman W. Differential stage-dependent regulation of prostatic epithelial morphogenesis by Hedgehog signaling. Dev Biol 2013; 380:87-98. [PMID: 23660337 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Published studies of Hh (Hedgehog) signaling in the developing prostate have reported varying and discrepant effects on epithelial proliferation, ductal morphogenesis and growth. We report here that these differing observations accrue from stage-specific effects of Hh signaling in the developing prostate. Using in vitro organ cultures of the E16 UGS and P1 prostate, we show that ectopic Hh pathway activation stimulates epithelial proliferation prenatally, but inhibits epithelial proliferation postnatally. Extrapolating from previously published observations that Hh target gene expression is altered in the reactive stroma of prostate cancer, we examined and found discordant regulation of a subset of target genes by Hh signaling in the prenatal and postnatal prostate. Cell based studies and recombination assays show that these changes are not simply attributable to the age of the mesenchyme or the epithelium, but more likely reflect a complex regulation by the cellular microenvironment. To determine the in vivo relevance of these observations, we examined the effect of transgenic activation of Hh signaling on epithelial proliferation in the prenatal and postnatal prostate and confirmed the operation of stage-specific effects. These observations demonstrate stage-specific differences in the effect of Hh signaling on epithelial proliferation in the developing prostate and suggest that these are a product of complex interactions determined by the cellular microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yu
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Latent TGF-β binding protein 4 promotes elastic fiber assembly by interacting with fibulin-5. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:2852-7. [PMID: 23382201 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1215779110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Elastic fiber assembly requires deposition of elastin monomers onto microfibrils, the mechanism of which is incompletely understood. Here we show that latent TGF-β binding protein 4 (LTBP-4) potentiates formation of elastic fibers through interacting with fibulin-5, a tropoelastin-binding protein necessary for elastogenesis. Decreased expression of LTBP-4 in human dermal fibroblast cells by siRNA treatment abolished the linear deposition of fibulin-5 and tropoelastin on microfibrils. It is notable that the addition of recombinant LTBP-4 to cell culture medium promoted elastin deposition on microfibrils without changing the expression of elastic fiber components. This elastogenic property of LTBP-4 is independent of bound TGF-β because TGF-β-free recombinant LTBP-4 was as potent an elastogenic inducer as TGF-β-bound recombinant LTBP-4. Without LTBP-4, fibulin-5 and tropoelastin deposition was discontinuous and punctate in vitro and in vivo. These data suggest a unique function for LTBP-4 during elastic fibrogenesis, making it a potential therapeutic target for elastic fiber regeneration.
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Hayes AJ, Smith SM, Melrose J. Comparative immunolocalisation of fibrillin-1 and perlecan in the human foetal, and HS-deficient hspg2 exon 3 null mutant mouse intervertebral disc. Histochem Cell Biol 2012; 139:1-11. [PMID: 23104139 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-012-1041-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the comparative localisations of fibrillin-1 and perlecan in the foetal human, wild-type C57BL/6 and HS-deficient hspg2Δ³⁻/Δ³⁻ exon 3 null mouse intervertebral disc (IVD) using fluorescent laser scanning confocal microscopy. Fibrillin-1 fibrils were prominent components of the outer posterior and anterior annulus fibrosus (AF) of the foetal human IVD. Finer fibrillin-1 fibrils were evident in the inner AF where they displayed an arcade-type arrangement in the developing lamellae. Relatively short but distinct fibrillin-1 fibrils were evident in the central region of the IVD and presumptive cartilaginous endplate and defined the margins of the nuclear sheath in the developing nucleus pulposus (NP). Fibrillin-1 was also demonstrated in the AF of C57BL/6 wild-type mice but to a far lesser extent in the HS-deficient hspg2Δ³⁻/Δ³⁻ exon 3 null mouse. This suggested that the HS chains of perlecan may have contributed to fibrillin-1 assembly or its deposition in the IVD. The cell-matrix interconnections provided by the fibrillin fibrils visualised in this study may facilitate communication between disc cells and their local biomechanical microenvironment in mechanosensory processes which regulate tissue homeostasis. The ability of fibrillin-1 to sequester TGF-β a well-known anabolic growth factor in the IVD also suggests potential roles in disc development and/or remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Hayes
- Confocal Microscopy Unit, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3US, Wales, UK
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Jensen SA, Robertson IB, Handford PA. Dissecting the fibrillin microfibril: structural insights into organization and function. Structure 2012; 20:215-25. [PMID: 22325771 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Force-bearing tissues such as blood vessels, lungs, and ligaments depend on the properties of elasticity and flexibility. The 10 to 12 nm diameter fibrillin microfibrils play vital roles in maintaining the structural integrity of these highly dynamic tissues and in regulating extracellular growth factors. In humans, defective microfibril function results in several diseases affecting the skin, cardiovascular, skeletal, and ocular systems. Despite the discovery of fibrillin-1 having occurred more than two decades ago, the structure and organization of fibrillin monomers within the microfibrils are still controversial. Recent structural data have revealed strategies by which fibrillin is able to maintain its architecture in dynamic tissues without compromising its ability to interact with itself and other cell matrix components. This review summarizes our current knowledge of microfibril structure, from individual fibrillin domains and the calcium-dependent tuning of pairwise interdomain interactions to microfibril dynamics, and how this relates to microfibril function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha A Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
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Radonic T, de Witte P, Groenink M, de Waard V, Lutter R, van Eijk M, Jansen M, Timmermans J, Kempers M, Scholte AJ, Hilhorst-Hofstee Y, van den Berg MP, van Tintelen JP, Pals G, Baars MJH, Mulder BJM, Zwinderman AH. Inflammation aggravates disease severity in Marfan syndrome patients. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32963. [PMID: 22479353 PMCID: PMC3316543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a pleiotropic genetic disorder with major features in cardiovascular, ocular and skeletal systems, associated with large clinical variability. Numerous studies reveal an involvement of TGF-β signaling. However, the contribution of tissue inflammation is not addressed so far. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we showed that both TGF-β and inflammation are up-regulated in patients with MFS. We analyzed transcriptome-wide gene expression in 55 MFS patients using Affymetrix Human Exon 1.0 ST Array and levels of TGF-β and various cytokines in their plasma. Within our MFS population, increased plasma levels of TGF-β were found especially in MFS patients with aortic root dilatation (124 pg/ml), when compared to MFS patients with normal aorta (10 pg/ml; p = 8×10−6, 95% CI: 70–159 pg/ml). Interestingly, our microarray data show that increased expression of inflammatory genes was associated with major clinical features within the MFS patients group; namely severity of the aortic root dilatation (HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DRB5 genes; r = 0.56 for both; False Discovery Rate(FDR) = 0%), ocular lens dislocation (RAET1L, CCL19 and HLA-DQB2; Fold Change (FC) = 1.8; 1.4; 1.5, FDR = 0%) and specific skeletal features (HLA-DRB1, HLA-DRB5, GZMK; FC = 8.8, 7.1, 1.3; FDR = 0%). Patients with progressive aortic disease had higher levels of Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (M-CSF) in blood. When comparing MFS aortic root vessel wall with non-MFS aortic root, increased numbers of CD4+ T-cells were found in the media (p = 0.02) and increased number of CD8+ T-cells (p = 0.003) in the adventitia of the MFS patients. Conclusion/Significance In conclusion, our results imply a modifying role of inflammation in MFS. Inflammation might be a novel therapeutic target in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodora Radonic
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the The Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Piet de Witte
- Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the The Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Groenink
- Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the The Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vivian de Waard
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rene Lutter
- Department of Pulmonology and Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco van Eijk
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marnix Jansen
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke Timmermans
- Department of Cardiology, St. Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marlies Kempers
- Department of Clinical Genetics, St. Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur J. Scholte
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Hilhorst-Hofstee
- Department of Clinical and Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - J. Peter van Tintelen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Durrer Cardiogenetic Research Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Pals
- Department of Clinical Genetics and DNA Diagnostics, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke J. H. Baars
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara J. M. Mulder
- Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the The Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aeilko H. Zwinderman
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Durrer Cardiogenetic Research Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Saito M, Tsuji T. Extracellular matrix administration as a potential therapeutic strategy for periodontal ligament regeneration. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2012; 12:299-309. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2012.655267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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McLoughlin D, McGuinness J, Byrne J, Terzo E, Huuskonen V, McAllister H, Black A, Kearney S, Kay E, Hill ADK, Dietz HC, Redmond JM. Pravastatin reduces Marfan aortic dilation. Circulation 2011; 124:S168-73. [PMID: 21911808 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.110.012187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The sequelae of aortic root dilation are the lethal consequences of Marfan syndrome. The root dilation is attributable to an imbalance between deposition of matrix elements and metalloproteinases in the aortic medial layer as a result of excessive transforming growth factor-beta signaling. This study examined the efficacy and mechanism of statins in attenuating aortic root dilation in Marfan syndrome and compared effects to the other main proposed preventative agent, losartan. METHODS AND RESULTS Marfan mice heterozygous for a mutant allele encoding a cysteine substitution in fibrillin-1 (C1039G) were treated daily from 6 weeks old with pravastatin 0.5 g/L or losartan 0.6 g/L. The end points of aortic root diameter (n=25), aortic thickness, and architecture (n=10), elastin volume (n=5), dp/dtmax (maximal rate of change of pressure) (cardiac catheter; n=20), and ultrastructural analysis with stereology (electron microscopy; n=5) were examined. The aortic root diameters of untreated Marfan mice were significantly increased in comparison to normal mice (0.161 ± 0.001 cm vs 0.252 ± 0.004 cm; P<0.01). Pravastatin (0.22 ± 0.003 cm; P<0.01) and losartan (0.221 ± 0.004 cm; P<0.01) produced a significant reduction in aortic root dilation. Both drugs also preserved elastin volume within the medial layer (pravastatin 0.23 ± 0.02 and losartan 0.29 ± 0.03 vs untreated Marfan 0.19 ± 0.02; P=0.01; normal mice 0.27 ± 0.02). Ultrastructural analysis showed a reduction of rough endoplasmic reticulum in smooth muscle cells with pravastatin (0.022 ± 0.004) and losartan (0.013 ± 0.001) compared to untreated Marfan mice (0.035 ± 0.004; P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Statins are similar to losartan in attenuating aortic root dilation in a mouse model of Marfan syndrome. They appear to act through reducing the excessive protein manufacture by vascular smooth muscle cells, which occurs in the Marfan aorta. As a drug that is relatively well-tolerated for long-term use, it may be useful clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren McLoughlin
- Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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Saito M, Kurokawa M, Oda M, Oshima M, Tsutsui K, Kosaka K, Nakao K, Ogawa M, Manabe RI, Suda N, Ganjargal G, Hada Y, Noguchi T, Teranaka T, Sekiguchi K, Yoneda T, Tsuji T. ADAMTSL6β protein rescues fibrillin-1 microfibril disorder in a Marfan syndrome mouse model through the promotion of fibrillin-1 assembly. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:38602-38613. [PMID: 21880733 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.243451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a systemic disorder of the connective tissues caused by insufficient fibrillin-1 microfibril formation and can cause cardiac complications, emphysema, ocular lens dislocation, and severe periodontal disease. ADAMTSL6β (A disintegrin-like metalloprotease domain with thrombospondin type I motifs-like 6β) is a microfibril-associated extracellular matrix protein expressed in various connective tissues that has been implicated in fibrillin-1 microfibril assembly. We here report that ADAMTSL6β plays an essential role in the development and regeneration of connective tissues. ADAMTSL6β expression rescues microfibril disorder after periodontal ligament injury in an MFS mouse model through the promotion of fibrillin-1 microfibril assembly. In addition, improved fibrillin-1 assembly in MFS mice following the administration of ADAMTSL6β attenuates the overactivation of TGF-β signals associated with the increased release of active TGF-β from disrupted fibrillin-1 microfibrils within periodontal ligaments. Our current data thus demonstrate the essential contribution of ADAMTSL6β to fibrillin-1 microfibril formation. These findings also suggest a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of MFS through ADAMTSL6β-mediated fibrillin-1 microfibril assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Saito
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
| | - Misaki Kurokawa
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Masahito Oda
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Oshima
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Ko Tsutsui
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Kosaka
- Division of Restorative Dentistry, Department of Oral Medicine, Kanagawa Dental College, Yokosuka Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Nakao
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Miho Ogawa
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; Organ Technologies Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ri-Ichiroh Manabe
- RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Naoto Suda
- Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-0034, Japan
| | - Ganburged Ganjargal
- Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-0034, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Hada
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; Oral Implantology and Regenerative Dental Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-0034, Japan
| | - Toshihide Noguchi
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nisshin 470-0195, Japan
| | - Toshio Teranaka
- Division of Restorative Dentistry, Department of Oral Medicine, Kanagawa Dental College, Yokosuka Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan
| | - Kiyotoshi Sekiguchi
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Yoneda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takashi Tsuji
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; Organ Technologies Inc., Tokyo, Japan
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45
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Hayes AJ, Lord MS, Smith SM, Smith MM, Whitelock JM, Weiss AS, Melrose J. Colocalization in vivo and association in vitro of perlecan and elastin. Histochem Cell Biol 2011; 136:437-54. [PMID: 21874555 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-011-0854-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We have colocalized elastin and fibrillin-1 with perlecan in extracellular matrix of tensional and weight-bearing connective tissues. Elastin and fibrillin-1 were identified as prominent components of paraspinal blood vessels, and posterior longitudinal ligament in the human fetal spine and outer annulus fibrosus of the fetal intervertebral disc. We also colocalized perlecan with a synovial elastic basal lamina, where the attached synovial cells were observed to produce perlecan. Elastin, fibrillin-1 and perlecan were co-localized in the intima and media of small blood vessels in the synovium and in human fetal paraspinal blood vessels. Elastic fibers were observed at the insertion point of the anterior cruciate ligament to bone in the ovine stifle joint where they colocalized with perlecan. Elastin has not previously been reported to be spatially associated with perlecan in these tissues. Interactions between the tropoelastin and perlecan heparan sulfate chains were demonstrated using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation solid phase binding studies. Electrostatic interactions through the heparan sulfate chains of perlecan and core protein mediated the interactions with tropoelastin, and were both important in the coacervation of tropoelastin and deposition of elastin onto perlecan immobilized on the chip surface. This may help us to understand the interactions which are expected to occur in vivo between the tropoelastin and perlecan to facilitate the deposition of elastin and formation of elastic microfibrils in situ and would be consistent with the observed distributions of these components in a number of connective tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Hayes
- BioImaging Unit, Cardiff School of Biosciences, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, UK
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Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) is essential for all stages of angiogenesis. In the adult, angiogenesis begins with endothelial cell (EC) activation, degradation of vascular basement membrane, and vascular sprouting within interstitial matrix. During this sprouting phase, ECM binding to integrins provides critical signaling support for EC proliferation, survival, and migration. ECM also signals the EC cytoskeleton to initiate blood vessel morphogenesis. Dynamic remodeling of ECM, particularly by membrane-type matrix metalloproteases (MT-MMPs), coordinates formation of vascular tubes with lumens and provides guidance tunnels for pericytes that assist ECs in the assembly of vascular basement membrane. ECM also provides a binding scaffold for a variety of cytokines that exert essential signaling functions during angiogenesis. In the embryo, ECM is equally critical for angiogenesis and vessel stabilization, although there are likely important distinctions from the adult because of differences in composition and abundance of specific ECM components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R Senger
- Department of Pathology and Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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Drosophila MMP2 regulates the matrix molecule faulty attraction (Frac) to promote motor axon targeting in Drosophila. J Neurosci 2011; 31:5335-47. [PMID: 21471368 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4811-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are widely hypothesized to regulate signaling events through processing of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules. We previously demonstrated that membrane-associated Mmp2 is expressed in exit glia and contributes to motor axon targeting. To identify possible substrates, we undertook a yeast interaction screen for Mmp2-binding proteins and identified the novel ECM protein faulty attraction (Frac). Frac encodes a multidomain extracellular protein rich in epidermal growth factor (EGF) and calcium-binding EGF domains, related to the vertebrate Fibrillin and Fibulin gene families. It is expressed in mesodermal domains flanking Mmp2-positive glia. The juxtaposition of Mmp2 and Frac proteins raises the possibility that Frac is a proteolytic target of Mmp2. Consistent with this hypothesis, levels of full-length Frac are increased in Mmp2 loss-of-function (LOF) and decreased in Mmp2 gain-of-function (GOF) embryos, indicating that Frac cleavage is Mmp2 dependent. To test whether frac is necessary for axon targeting, we characterized guidance in frac LOF mutants. Motor axons in frac LOF embryos are loosely associated and project ectopically, a phenotype essentially equivalent to that of Mmp2 LOF. The phenotypic similarity between enzyme and substrate mutants argues that Mmp2 activates Frac. In addition, Mmp2 overexpression pathfinding phenotypes depend on frac activity, indicating that Mmp2 is genetically upstream of frac. Last, overexpression experiments suggest that Frac is unlikely to have intrinsic signaling activity, raising the possibility that an Mmp2-generated Frac fragment acts as a guidance cue cofactor. Indeed, we present genetic evidence that Frac regulates a non-canonical LIM kinase 1-dependent bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathway in motoneurons necessary for axon pathfinding during embryogenesis.
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48
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Cook JR, Nistala H, Ramirez F. Drug-based therapies for vascular disease in Marfan syndrome: from mouse models to human patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 77:366-73. [PMID: 20687182 DOI: 10.1002/msj.20200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Marfan syndrome is a congenital disorder of the connective tissue with a long history of clinical and basic science breakthroughs that have forged our understanding of vascular-disease pathogenesis. The biomedical importance of Marfan syndrome was recently underscored by the discovery that the underlying genetic lesion impairs both tissue integrity and transforming growth factor-beta regulation of cell behavior. This discovery has led to the successful implementation of the first pharmacological intervention in a connective-tissue disorder otherwise incurable by either gene-based or stem cell-based therapeutic strategies. More generally, information gathered from the study of Marfan syndrome pathogenesis has the potential to improve the clinical management of common acquired disorders of connective-tissue degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Cook
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Krieg T, Aumailley M. The extracellular matrix of the dermis: flexible structures with dynamic functions. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:689-95. [PMID: 21615511 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The current understanding of the role of extracellular matrix proteins is mainly based on their structural properties and their assembly into complex networks. The multiplicity of interactions between cells, cytokines and growth factors within the networks determines functional units dictating the biophysical properties of tissues. This review focuses on the understanding how alterations in the genes, modifying enzymes or biological functions of extracellular matrix molecules, lead to inborn or acquired skin disorders. Analysis of the disease mechanisms provides the basis for the emerging concept that not solely structural defects of single extracellular matrix proteins are at fault, but rather that the functional unit as a whole is not working properly, causing similar clinical symptoms although the causative genes are entirely different. The understanding of these disease-causing pathways has already led to surprising new therapeutic developments applied to rare inborn disorders. They now permit to design new concepts for the treatment of more common diseases associated with the accumulation of connective tissue and alterations of the biomechanical properties of the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Krieg
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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50
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Friedenberg SG, Zhu L, Zhang Z, Foels WVDB, Schweitzer PA, Wang W, Fisher PJ, Dykes NL, Corey E, Vernier-Singer M, Jung SW, Sheng X, Hunter LS, McDonough SP, Lust G, Bliss SP, Krotscheck U, Gunn TM, Todhunter RJ. Evaluation of a fibrillin 2 gene haplotype associated with hip dysplasia and incipient osteoarthritis in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72:530-40. [PMID: 21453155 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.4.530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether a mutation in the fibrillin 2 gene (FBN2) is associated with canine hip dysplasia (CHD) and osteoarthritis in dogs. ANIMALS 1,551 dogs. Procedures-Hip conformation was measured radiographically. The FBN2 was sequenced from genomic DNA of 21 Labrador Retrievers and 2 Greyhounds, and a haplotype in intron 30 of FBN2 was sequenced in 90 additional Labrador Retrievers and 143 dogs of 6 other breeds. Steady-state values of FBN2 mRNA and control genes were measured in hip joint tissues of fourteen 8-month-old Labrador Retriever-Greyhound crossbreeds. RESULTS The Labrador Retrievers homozygous for a 10-bp deletion haplotype in intron 30 of FBN2 had significantly worse CHD as measured via higher distraction index and extended-hip joint radiograph score and a lower Norberg angle and dorsolateral subluxation score. Among 143 dogs of 6 other breeds, those homozygous for the same deletion haplotype also had significantly worse radiographic CHD. Among the 14 crossbred dogs, as the dorsolateral subluxation score decreased, the capsular FBN2 mRNA increased significantly. Those dogs with incipient hip joint osteoarthritis had significantly increased capsular FBN2 mRNA, compared with those dogs without osteoarthritis. Dogs homozygous for the FBN2 deletion haplotype had significantly less FBN2 mRNA in their femoral head articular cartilage. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The FBN2 deletion haplotype was associated with CHD. Capsular gene expression of FBN2 was confounded by incipient secondary osteoarthritis in dysplastic hip joints. Genes influencing complex traits in dogs can be identified by genome-wide screening, fine mapping, and candidate gene screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Friedenberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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