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Hwang ES, Morgan DJ, Sun J, Hartnett ME, Toussaint KC, Coats B. Confocal reflectance microscopy for mapping collagen fiber organization in the vitreous gel of the eye. Biomed Opt Express 2023; 14:932-944. [PMID: 36874496 PMCID: PMC9979684 DOI: 10.1364/boe.480343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Vitreous collagen structure plays an important role in ocular mechanics. However, capturing this structure with existing vitreous imaging methods is hindered by the loss of sample position and orientation, low resolution, or a small field of view. The objective of this study was to evaluate confocal reflectance microscopy as a solution to these limitations. Intrinsic reflectance avoids staining, and optical sectioning eliminates the requirement for thin sectioning, minimizing processing for optimal preservation of the natural structure. We developed a sample preparation and imaging strategy using ex vivo grossly sectioned porcine eyes. Imaging revealed a network of uniform diameter crossing fibers (1.1 ± 0.3 µm for a typical image) with generally poor alignment (alignment coefficient = 0.40 ± 0.21 for a typical image). To test the utility of our approach for detecting differences in fiber spatial distribution, we imaged eyes every 1 mm along an anterior-posterior axis originating at the limbus and quantified the number of fibers in each image. Fiber density was higher anteriorly near the vitreous base, regardless of the imaging plane. These data demonstrate that confocal reflectance microscopy addresses the previously unmet need for a robust, micron-scale technique to map features of collagen networks in situ across the vitreous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen S. Hwang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Denise J. Morgan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Jieliyue Sun
- PROBE lab, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - M. Elizabeth Hartnett
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Kimani C. Toussaint
- PROBE lab, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Brittany Coats
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, 1495 E 100 S, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Phillips JD, Hwang ES, Morgan DJ, Creveling CJ, Coats B. Structure and mechanics of the vitreoretinal interface. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 134:105399. [PMID: 35963021 PMCID: PMC9552593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Vitreoretinal mechanics plays an important role in retinal trauma and many sight-threatening diseases. In age-related pathologies, such as posterior vitreous detachment and vitreomacular traction, lingering vitreoretinal adhesions can lead to macular holes, epiretinal membranes, retinal tears and detachment. In age-related macular degeneration, vitreoretinal traction has been implicated in the acceleration of the disease due to the stimulation of vascular growth factors. Despite this strong mechanobiological influence on trauma and disease in the eye, fundamental understanding of the mechanics at the vitreoretinal interface is limited. Clarification of adhesion mechanisms and the role of vitreoretinal mechanics in healthy eyes and disease is necessary to develop innovative treatments for these pathologies. In this review, we evaluate the existing literature on the structure and function of the vitreoretinal interface to gain insight into age- and region-dependent mechanisms of vitreoretinal adhesion. We explore the role of vitreoretinal adhesion in ocular pathologies to identify knowledge gaps and future research areas. Finally, we recommend future mechanics-based studies to address the critical needs in the field, increase fundamental understanding of vitreoretinal mechanisms and disease, and inform disease treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Phillips
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Eileen S Hwang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Denise J Morgan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | | | - Brittany Coats
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.
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O'Hara LM, Nguyen MH, Calfee DP, Miller LG, Pineles L, Magder LS, Johnson JK, Morgan DJ, Rasko DA, Harris AD. Risk factors for transmission of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales to healthcare personnel gloves and gowns in the USA. J Hosp Infect 2021; 109:58-64. [PMID: 33358930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hospitals are sources for acquisition of carbapenem-resistant Entero-bacterales (CRE), and it is believed that the contamination of healthcare personnel (HCP) hands and clothing play a major role in patient-to-patient transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. AIM The aim of this study was to determine which HCP types, HCP-patient interactions, and patient characteristics are associated with greater transmission of CRE to HCP gloves and gowns in the hospital. METHODS This was a prospective observational cohort study that enrolled patients with recent surveillance or clinical cultures positive for CRE at five hospitals in four states in the USA. HCP gloves and gown were cultured after patient care. Samples were also obtained from patients' stool, perianal area, and skin of the chest and arm to assess bacterial burden. FINDINGS Among 313 CRE-colonized patients and 3070 glove and gown cultures obtained after patient care, HCP gloves and gowns were found to be contaminated with CRE 7.9% and 4.3% of the time, respectively. Contamination of either gloves or gowns occurred in 10.0% of interactions. Contamination was highest (15.3%) among respiratory therapists (odds ratio: 3.79; 95% confidence interval: 1.61-8.94) and when any HCP touched the patient (1.52; 1.10-2.12). Associations were also found between CRE transmission to HCP gloves or gown and: being in the intensive care unit, having a positive clinical culture, and increasing bacterial burden on the patient. CONCLUSION CRE transmission to HCP gloves and gown occurred frequently. These findings may inform evidence-based policies about what situations and for which patients contact precautions are most important.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M O'Hara
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M H Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - D P Calfee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - L G Miller
- LA BioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - L Pineles
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - L S Magder
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J K Johnson
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - D J Morgan
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - D A Rasko
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A D Harris
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Hicks PM, Melendez SAC, Vitale A, Self W, Hartnett ME, Bernstein P, Morgan DJ, Feehan M, Shakoor A, Kim I, Owen LA, DeAngelis MM. Genetic Epidemiologic Analysis of Hypertensive Retinopathy in an Underrepresented and Rare Federally Recognized Native American Population of the Intermountain West. J Community Med Public Health 2019; 3:152. [PMID: 31475247 PMCID: PMC6716530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding disease risk is challenging in multifactorial conditions as it can differ by environment, ethnicity and race. The Confederated Tribes of the Goshute Reservation are one of the most isolated populations in the United States. Retinal changes are a reliable indicator for systemic disease. We conducted a cross-sectional study to identify correlations between genetic data and epidemiological risk factors for blinding retinal disease in this tribe. As part of the "Supporting Prediction and Prevention Blindness Project (SPBPP)" in the Native American Population of the Intermountain West, we found that hypertensive retinopathy was the most prevalent retinal disease. We found that forty-two percent of the Goshute population was affected. Blood samples, fundus photos and intraocular pressure were obtained for all participants. In addition, a standardized questionnaire was administered. DNA and total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL, triglycerides and HbA1c were also evaluated. Our study interrogated genetic variants from the PAGE study (ARMS2 rs10490924, CFH rs800292, rs1061170) and additional studies that looked at previously associated genetic variants with retinal disease associated with cardiovascular disease. We conducted univariate and multivariate logistic regression in Stata v15.0. We found an association between hypertriglyceridemia and HTR (adjp = .05) within the Goshute population. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the prevalence of hypertensive retinopathy in a Native American population. Moreover, our study is the first to demonstrate an independently predictive relationship between hypertriglyceridemia and hypertensive retinopathy in an American Indian population. This study furthers our knowledge about prevalent blinding eye disease within the most geographically isolated federally recognized native United States American tribe, for which nothing has been published with respect to any disease. Although, this study furthers our understanding about the prevalence of genetic epidemiological risk factors within this population, it has greater implications for the screening of blinding diseases in underserved populations in general. This study can inform public health on planning and delivering of quality, accessible and relevant care to this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice M Hicks
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Albert Vitale
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - William Self
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Mary Elizabeth Hartnett
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Paul Bernstein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Denise J Morgan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Michael Feehan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Akbar Shakoor
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ivana Kim
- Retina Service, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leah A Owen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Margaret M DeAngelis
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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5
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Hwang ES, Morgan DJ, Pennington KL, Owen LA, Fingert JH, Bernstein PS, DeAngelis MM. Progressive optic nerve changes in cavitary optic disc anomaly: integration of copy number alteration and cis-expression quantitative trait loci to assess disease etiology. BMC Med Genet 2019; 20:63. [PMID: 31029096 PMCID: PMC6487068 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-019-0800-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background We performed clinical and genetic characterization of a family with cavitary optic disc anomaly (CODA), an autosomal dominant condition that causes vision loss due to adult-onset maculopathy in the majority of cases. CODA is characterized by a variably excavated optic nerve appearance such as morning glory, optic pit, atypical coloboma, and severe optic nerve cupping. Methods Four affected and fourteen unaffected family members of a multi-generation pedigree were phenotyped by visual acuity, intraocular pressure, dilated fundus examination, fundus photography, and optical coherence tomography. Genetic analysis was performed by breakpoint polymerase chain reaction (PCR), long range PCR, and direct Sanger sequencing. The functional relevance of the copy number alteration region was assessed by in silico analysis. Results We found progressive optic nerve cupping in three affected members of a family with CODA. In one individual, an optic pit developed over time from a normal optic nerve. By two independent methods, we detected a previously described intergenic triplication that segregated with disease in all adults of the family. The copy number alteration was also detected in five children with normal optic nerves. eQTL analysis demonstrated that this CNA region regulates expression of up to 4 genes in cis. Conclusions Morning glory, optic pit and atypical coloboma are currently considered congenital anomalies of the optic nerve, but our data indicate that in CODA, the excavated optic nerve appearance may develop after birth and into adulthood. In silico analysis of the CNA, may explain why vairable expressivity is observed in CODA. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12881-019-0800-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen S Hwang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Denise J Morgan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Katie L Pennington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Leah A Owen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - John H Fingert
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Paul S Bernstein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Margaret M DeAngelis
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA. .,Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. .,Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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Williams LB, Javed A, Sabri A, Morgan DJ, Huff CD, Grigg JR, Heng XT, Khng AJ, Hollink IHIM, Morrison MA, Owen LA, Anderson K, Kinard K, Greenlees R, Novacic D, Nida Sen H, Zein WM, Rodgers GM, Vitale AT, Haider NB, Hillmer AM, Ng PC, Shankaracharya, Cheng A, Zheng L, Gillies MC, van Slegtenhorst M, van Hagen PM, Missotten TOAR, Farley GL, Polo M, Malatack J, Curtin J, Martin F, Arbuckle S, Alexander SI, Chircop M, Davila S, Digre KB, Jamieson RV, DeAngelis MM. ALPK1 missense pathogenic variant in five families leads to ROSAH syndrome, an ocular multisystem autosomal dominant disorder. Genet Med 2019; 21:2103-2115. [PMID: 30967659 PMCID: PMC6752478 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-019-0476-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To identify the molecular cause in five unrelated families with a distinct autosomal dominant ocular systemic disorder we called ROSAH syndrome due to clinical features of retinal dystrophy, optic nerve edema, splenomegaly, anhidrosis, and migraine headache. Methods Independent discovery exome and genome sequencing in families 1, 2, and 3, and confirmation in families 4 and 5. Expression of wild-type messenger RNA and protein in human and mouse tissues and cell lines. Ciliary assays in fibroblasts from affected and unaffected family members. Results We found the heterozygous missense variant in the ɑ-kinase gene, ALPK1, (c.710C>T, [p.Thr237Met]), segregated with disease in all five families. All patients shared the ROSAH phenotype with additional low-grade ocular inflammation, pancytopenia, recurrent infections, and mild renal impairment in some. ALPK1 was notably expressed in retina, retinal pigment epithelium, and optic nerve, with immunofluorescence indicating localization to the basal body of the connecting cilium of the photoreceptors, and presence in the sweat glands. Immunocytofluorescence revealed expression at the centrioles and spindle poles during metaphase, and at the base of the primary cilium. Affected family member fibroblasts demonstrated defective ciliogenesis. Conclusion Heterozygosity for ALPK1, p.Thr237Met leads to ROSAH syndrome, an autosomal dominant ocular systemic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd B Williams
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Asif Javed
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Amin Sabri
- Eye Genetics Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Denise J Morgan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Chad D Huff
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Division of OVP, Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John R Grigg
- Eye Genetics Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Ophthalmology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Margaux A Morrison
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Leah A Owen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Krista Kinard
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Rebecca Greenlees
- Eye Genetics Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Danica Novacic
- National Institutes of Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, Undiagnosed Diseases Network, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - H Nida Sen
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wadih M Zein
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - George M Rodgers
- Department of Hematology, Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Albert T Vitale
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Neena B Haider
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Pauline C Ng
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shankaracharya
- Department of Epidemiology, Division of OVP, Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anson Cheng
- Eye Genetics Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Linda Zheng
- Eye Genetics Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark C Gillies
- Discipline of Ophthalmology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael Polo
- Drs. Farley, Polo and Ho, Colonial Heights, VA, USA
| | - James Malatack
- Nemours/Alfred I. DuPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Julie Curtin
- Department of Haematology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Frank Martin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Susan Arbuckle
- Department of Pathology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen I Alexander
- Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Megan Chircop
- Cell Cycle Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sonia Davila
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kathleen B Digre
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Robyn V Jamieson
- Eye Genetics Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Disciplines of Genomic Medicine, and Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Department of Clinical Genetics, Western Sydney Genetics Program, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Margaret M DeAngelis
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. .,Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. .,Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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Owen LA, Shakoor A, Morgan DJ, Hejazi AA, McEntire MW, Brown JJ, Farrer LA, Kim I, Vitale A, DeAngelis MM. The Utah Protocol for Postmortem Eye Phenotyping and Molecular Biochemical Analysis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:1204-1212. [PMID: 30924847 PMCID: PMC6440527 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Current understanding of local disease pathophysiology in AMD is limited. Analysis of the human disease-affected tissue is most informative, as gene expression, expressed quantitative trait loci, microenvironmental, and epigenetic changes can be tissue, cell type, and location specific. Development of a novel translational treatment and prevention strategies particularly for earlier forms of AMD are needed, although access to human ocular tissue analysis is challenging. We present a standardized protocol to study rapidly processed postmortem donor eyes for molecular biochemical and genomic studies. Methods We partnered with the Utah Lions Eye Bank to obtain donor human eyes, blood, and vitreous, within 6 hours postmortem. Phenotypic analysis was performed using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and color fundus photography. Macular and extramacular tissues were immediately isolated, and the neural retina and retinal pigment epithelium/choroid from each specimen were separated and preserved. Ocular disease phenotype was analyzed using clinically relevant grading criteria by a group of four ophthalmologists incorporating data from SD-OCT retinal images, fundus photographs, and medical records. Results The use of multimodal imaging leads to greater resolution of retinal pathology, allowing greater phenotypic rigor for both interobserver phenotype and known clinical diagnoses. Further, our analysis resulted in excellent quality RNA, which demonstrated appropriate tissue segregation. Conclusions The Utah protocol is a standardized methodology for analysis of disease mechanisms in AMD. It uniquely allows for simultaneous rigorous phenotypic, molecular biochemical, and genomic analysis of both systemic and local tissues. This better enables the development of disease biomarkers and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah A. Owen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Akbar Shakoor
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Denise J. Morgan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Andre A. Hejazi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | | | - Jared J. Brown
- Utah Lions Eye Bank, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Lindsay A. Farrer
- Departments of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Neurology, Ophthalmology, Epidemiology, and Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Ivana Kim
- Retina Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Albert Vitale
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Margaret M. DeAngelis
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
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Burholt V, Morgan DJ, Winter B. THE ROLE OF COMMUNITY TYPE, DISADVANTAGE & COMMUNITY EMBEDDEDNESS IN THE EXPERIENCE OF SOCIAL & EMOTIONAL LONELINESS. Innov Aging 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igy023.2357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- V Burholt
- Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - D J Morgan
- Centre for Innovative Ageing, College of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - B Winter
- Centre for Innovative Ageing, College of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
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Morgan DJ, Ho KM, Kolybaba ML, Ong YJ. Adverse outcomes after planned surgery with anticipated intensive care admission in out-of-office-hours time periods: a multicentre cohort study. Br J Anaesth 2018; 120:1420-1428. [PMID: 29793607 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2018.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing mortality for patients admitted to hospitals during the weekend is a contentious but well described phenomenon. However, it remains uncertain whether adverse outcomes, including prolonged hospital length-of-stay (LOS), may also occur after patients undergoing major planned surgery are admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) out-of-office-hours, either during weeknights (after 18:00) or on weekends. METHODS All planned surgical admissions requiring admission to one of 183 ICUs across Australia and New Zealand between 2006 and 2016 were included in this retrospective population-based cohort study. Primary outcomes were hospital LOS and hospital mortality. RESULTS Of the total 504 713 planned postoperative ICU admissions, 33.6% occurred during out-of-office-hours. After adjusting for available risk factors, out-of-office-hours ICU admissions were associated with a significant increase in hospital LOS [+2.6 days, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.5-2.6], mortality [odd ratio (OR) 1.5, 95%CI 1.4-1.6], and a reduced chance of being directly discharged home (OR 0.8, 95%CI 0.8-0.8). The strongest association for adverse outcomes occurred with weekend ICU admissions (hospital LOS: +3.0 days, 95%CI 3.2-3.6; hospital mortality: OR 1.7, 95%CI 1.6-1.8). Clustering of adverse outcomes by hospitals was not observed in the generalised estimating equation analyses. CONCLUSIONS Despite a greater clinical staff availability and higher monitoring levels, planned surgery requiring anticipated out-of-office-hours ICU admission was associated with a prolonged hospital LOS, reduced discharge directly home, and increased mortality compared with in-office-hours admissions. Our findings have potential clinical, economic and health policy implications on how complex planned surgery should be planned and managed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Morgan
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, St John of God Subiaco Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - K M Ho
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, St John of God Subiaco Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - M L Kolybaba
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, St John of God Subiaco Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Y J Ong
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, St John of God Subiaco Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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10
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DeAngelis MM, Owen LA, Morrison MA, Morgan DJ, Li M, Shakoor A, Vitale A, Iyengar S, Stambolian D, Kim IK, Farrer LA. Genetics of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:R246. [PMID: 28977452 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M DeAngelis
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.,Department of Pharmacotherapy, L.S. Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Leah A Owen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Margaux A Morrison
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Denise J Morgan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Mingyao Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Akbar Shakoor
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Albert Vitale
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Sudha Iyengar
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ivana K Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Lindsay A Farrer
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics).,Department of Neurology.,Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University Schools of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.,Department of Biostatistics.,Department of Epidemiology, Boston University Schools of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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11
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DeAngelis MM, Owen LA, Morrison MA, Morgan DJ, Li M, Shakoor A, Vitale A, Iyengar S, Stambolian D, Kim IK, Farrer LA. Genetics of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:R45-R50. [PMID: 28854576 PMCID: PMC5886461 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive blinding disease and represents the leading cause of visual impairment in the aging population. AMD affects central vision which impairs one's ability to drive, read and recognize faces. There is no cure for this disease and current treatment modalities for the exudative form of the disease require repeated intravitreal injections which may be painful, are incompletely efficacious, and represent a significant treatment burden for both the patient and physician. As such, AMD represents a significant and important clinical problem.It is anticipated that in three years' time, 196 million individuals will be affected with AMD. Over 250 billion dollars per year are spent on care for AMD patients in the US. Over half of the heritability is explained by two major loci, thus AMD is considered the most well genetically defined of the complex disorders. A recent GWAS on 43,566 subjects identified novel loci and pathways associated with AMD risk, which has provided an excellent platform for additional functional studies. Genetic variants have been investigated, particularly with respect to anti-VEGF treatment, however to date, no pharmacogenomic associations have been consistently identified across these studies. It may be that if the goal of personalized medicine is to be realized and biomarkers are to have predictive value for determining the magnitude of risk for AMD at the genetic level, one will need to examine the relationships between these pathways across disease state and relative to modifiable risk factors such as hypertension, smoking, body mass index, and hypercholesterolemia. Further studies investigating protective alleles in populations with low AMD prevalence may lead to this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M. DeAngelis
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, University of Utah, College of Pharmacy, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Leah A. Owen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Margaux A. Morrison
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Denise J. Morgan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Mingyao Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Akbar Shakoor
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Albert Vitale
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Sudha Iyengar
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ivana K. Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Lindsay A. Farrer
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics)
- Department of Neurology
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University Schools of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Biostatistics
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University Schools of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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12
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Harris AD, Morgan DJ, Pineles L, Perencevich EN, Barnes SL. Deconstructing the relative benefits of a universal glove and gown intervention on MRSA acquisition. J Hosp Infect 2017; 96:49-53. [PMID: 28410760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 20-site Benefits of Universal Glove and Gown (BUGG) study found that wearing gloves and gowns for all patient contacts in the intensive care unit (ICU) reduced acquisition rates of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The relative importance of gloves and gowns as a barrier, improved hand hygiene, and reduced healthcare worker (HCW)-patient contact rates is unknown. AIM To determine what proportion of the reduction in acquisition rates observed in the BUGG study was due to improved hand hygiene, reduced contact rates, and universal glove and gown use using agent-based simulation modelling. METHODS An existing agent-based model to simulate MRSA transmission dynamics in an ICU was modified, and the model was calibrated using site-specific data. Model validation was completed using data collected in the BUGG study. A full 2k factorial design was conducted to quantify the relative benefits of improving each of the aforementioned factors with respect to MRSA acquisition rates. FINDINGS Across 40 simulated replications for each factorial design point and intervention site, approximately 44% of the decrease in MRSA acquisition rates was due to universal glove and gown use, 38.1% of the decrease was due to improvement in hand hygiene compliance on exiting patient rooms, and 14.5% of the decrease was due to the reduction in HCW-patient contact rates. CONCLUSION Using mathematical modelling, the decrease in MRSA acquisition in the BUGG study was found to be due primarily to the barrier effects of gowns and gloves, followed by improved hand hygiene and lower HCW-patient contact rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Harris
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - D J Morgan
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Veterans Affairs Maryland Healthcare System, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics and Policy, Washington, DC, USA
| | - L Pineles
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - S L Barnes
- Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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13
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Rosenstein IJ, Morgan DJ, Sheehan M, Lamont RF, Taylor-Robinson D. Vaginal microbiological flora of pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis and its relationship to H2O2-producing strains of Lactobacillus spp. Int J STD AIDS 2016. [DOI: 10.1258/0956462971919499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I J Rosenstein
- MRC Sexually Transmitted Diseases Research Group, Imperial College School of Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Norfolk Place, Paddington, London W2 1PG
| | - D J Morgan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Northwick Park Hospital, Harrow, Middlesex HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - M Sheehan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Northwick Park Hospital, Harrow, Middlesex HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - R F Lamont
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Northwick Park Hospital, Harrow, Middlesex HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - D Taylor-Robinson
- MRC Sexually Transmitted Diseases Research Group, Imperial College School of Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Norfolk Place, Paddington, London W2 1PG
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14
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Morrison MA, Magalhaes TR, Ramke J, Smith SE, Ennis S, Simpson CL, Portas L, Murgia F, Ahn J, Dardenne C, Mayne K, Robinson R, Morgan DJ, Brian G, Lee L, Woo SJ, Zacharaki F, Tsironi EE, Miller JW, Kim IK, Park KH, Bailey-Wilson JE, Farrer LA, Stambolian D, DeAngelis MM. Ancestry of the Timorese: age-related macular degeneration associated genotype and allele sharing among human populations from throughout the world. Front Genet 2015. [PMID: 26217379 PMCID: PMC4496576 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We observed that the third leading cause of blindness in the world, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), occurs at a very low documented frequency in a population-based cohort from Timor-Leste. Thus, we determined a complete catalog of the ancestry of the Timorese by analysis of whole exome chip data and haplogroup analysis of SNP genotypes determined by sequencing the Hypervariable I and II regions of the mitochondrial genome and 17 genotyped YSTR markers obtained from 535 individuals. We genotyped 20 previously reported AMD-associated SNPs in the Timorese to examine their allele frequencies compared to and between previously documented AMD cohorts of varying ethnicities. For those without AMD (average age > 55 years), genotype and allele frequencies were similar for most SNPs with a few exceptions. The major risk allele of HTRA1 rs11200638 (10q26) was at a significantly higher frequency in the Timorese, as well as 3 of the 5 protective CFH (1q32) SNPs (rs800292, rs2284664, and rs12066959). Additionally, the most commonly associated AMD-risk SNP, CFH rs1061170 (Y402H), was also seen at a much lower frequency in the Korean and Timorese populations than in the assessed Caucasian populations (C ~7 vs. ~40%, respectively). The difference in allele frequencies between the Timorese population and the other genotyped populations, along with the haplogroup analysis, also highlight the genetic diversity of the Timorese. Specifically, the most common ancestry groupings were Oceanic (Melanesian and Papuan) and Eastern Asian (specifically Han Chinese). The low prevalence of AMD in the Timorese population (2 of 535 randomly selected participants) may be due to the enrichment of protective alleles in this population at the 1q32 locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux A Morrison
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Tiago R Magalhaes
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Dublin, Ireland ; Academic Centre on Rare Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Silvia E Smith
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sean Ennis
- Academic Centre on Rare Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland ; National Centre for Medical Genetics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Dublin, Ireland
| | - Claire L Simpson
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laura Portas
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health Baltimore, MD, USA ; Institute of Population Genetics, The National Research Council Sassari, Italy
| | - Federico Murgia
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health Baltimore, MD, USA ; Institute of Population Genetics, The National Research Council Sassari, Italy
| | - Jeeyun Ahn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul, South Korea ; Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center Seoul, South Korea
| | - Caitlin Dardenne
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Katie Mayne
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Rosann Robinson
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Denise J Morgan
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Garry Brian
- The Fred Hollows Foundation New Zealand Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lucy Lee
- The Fred Hollows Foundation New Zealand Auckland, New Zealand ; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London London, UK
| | - Se J Woo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul, South Korea ; Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital Seoungnam, South Korea
| | - Fani Zacharaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Thessaly School of Medicine Larissa, Greece
| | - Evangelia E Tsironi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Thessaly School of Medicine Larissa, Greece
| | - Joan W Miller
- Retina Service and Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ivana K Kim
- Retina Service and Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kyu H Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul, South Korea ; Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital Seoungnam, South Korea
| | - Joan E Bailey-Wilson
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lindsay A Farrer
- Departments of Medicine, Ophthalmology, Neurology, Epidemiology, and Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Margaret M DeAngelis
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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15
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Abstract
Gene expression is the first step in ascribing function between an associated gene and disease. Understanding how variation in a gene influences expression, particularly in tissues affected by the disease, may help elucidate what influences the phenotypic outcome of that disease. Previous studies of the genetics of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) have identified several risk factors, but have not yet bridged the gap between gene association and identifying a specific mechanism or function that is involved in the pathogenesis of AMD. Advances in genomic technologies, such as RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), single cell RNA-seq, bilsulfite sequencing, and/or whole genome methylation, will be powerful tools for identifying genes/pathways that are differentially expressed in those with AMD versus those without AMD. These technologies should advance the field of AMD research so that appropriate preventive and therapeutic targets can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise J Morgan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132
| | - Margaret M DeAngelis
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132
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16
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Majid A, McAninch J, Morgan DJ, El Kamary SS, Zhan M, Kapelusznik L, Talwani R. Predictors of early treatment discontinuation in a cohort of patients treated with boceprevir-based therapy for hepatitis C infection. J Viral Hepat 2014; 21:585-9. [PMID: 24224781 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this real-world cohort, 49% of patients stopped boceprevir-based hepatitis C therapy early, with only 20% stopping due to treatment futility. Having more comorbidities was significantly associated with early discontinuation. Tolerability of boceprevir-based regimens may be substantially worse than reported in clinical trials, particularly for patients with comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Majid
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; VA Maryland Healthcare System, Baltimore, MD, USA
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17
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Ratnapriya R, Zhan X, Fariss RN, Branham KE, Zipprer D, Chakarova CF, Sergeev YV, Campos MM, Othman M, Friedman JS, Maminishkis A, Waseem NH, Brooks M, Rajasimha HK, Edwards AO, Lotery A, Klein BE, Truitt BJ, Li B, Schaumberg DA, Morgan DJ, Morrison MA, Souied E, Tsironi EE, Grassmann F, Fishman GA, Silvestri G, Scholl HPN, Kim IK, Ramke J, Tuo J, Merriam JE, Merriam JC, Park KH, Olson LM, Farrer LA, Johnson MP, Peachey NS, Lathrop M, Baron RV, Igo RP, Klein R, Hagstrom SA, Kamatani Y, Martin TM, Jiang Y, Conley Y, Sahel JA, Zack DJ, Chan CC, Pericak-Vance MA, Jacobson SG, Gorin MB, Klein ML, Allikmets R, Iyengar SK, Weber BH, Haines JL, Léveillard T, Deangelis MM, Stambolian D, Weeks DE, Bhattacharya SS, Chew EY, Heckenlively JR, Abecasis GR, Swaroop A. Rare and common variants in extracellular matrix gene Fibrillin 2 (FBN2) are associated with macular degeneration. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:5827-37. [PMID: 24899048 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases affecting the macula constitute a major cause of incurable vision loss and exhibit considerable clinical and genetic heterogeneity, from early-onset monogenic disease to multifactorial late-onset age-related macular degeneration (AMD). As part of our continued efforts to define genetic causes of macular degeneration, we performed whole exome sequencing in four individuals of a two-generation family with autosomal dominant maculopathy and identified a rare variant p.Glu1144Lys in Fibrillin 2 (FBN2), a glycoprotein of the elastin-rich extracellular matrix (ECM). Sanger sequencing validated the segregation of this variant in the complete pedigree, including two additional affected and one unaffected individual. Sequencing of 192 maculopathy patients revealed additional rare variants, predicted to disrupt FBN2 function. We then undertook additional studies to explore the relationship of FBN2 to macular disease. We show that FBN2 localizes to Bruch's membrane and its expression appears to be reduced in aging and AMD eyes, prompting us to examine its relationship with AMD. We detect suggestive association of a common FBN2 non-synonymous variant, rs154001 (p.Val965Ile) with AMD in 10 337 cases and 11 174 controls (OR = 1.10; P-value = 3.79 × 10(-5)). Thus, it appears that rare and common variants in a single gene--FBN2--can contribute to Mendelian and complex forms of macular degeneration. Our studies provide genetic evidence for a key role of elastin microfibers and Bruch's membrane in maintaining blood-retina homeostasis and establish the importance of studying orphan diseases for understanding more common clinical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaowei Zhan
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics and
| | | | - Kari E Branham
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - David Zipprer
- Neurobiology Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory
| | - Christina F Chakarova
- Department of Genetics, UCL-Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | | | | | - Mohammad Othman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | | | - Naushin H Waseem
- Department of Genetics, UCL-Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | | | | | - Albert O Edwards
- Institute for Molecular Biology, University of Oregon and Oregon Retina, Eugene, OR 97401, USA
| | - Andrew Lotery
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Barbara E Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and, Public Health, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Barbara J Truitt
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Bingshan Li
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Debra A Schaumberg
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Denise J Morgan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Margaux A Morrison
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Eric Souied
- Hôpital Intercommunal de Créteil, Hôpital Henri Mondor - Université Paris Est Créteil 94000, France
| | - Evangelia E Tsironi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Thessaly School of Medicine, Larissa, Greece
| | - Felix Grassmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Gerald A Fishman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | | | - Hendrik P N Scholl
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Ivana K Kim
- Retina Service and Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jacqueline Ramke
- The Fred Hollows Foundation, Auckland, New Zealand, School of Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Kyu Hyung Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul 463-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Lana M Olson
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lindsay A Farrer
- Departments of Medicine (Section of Biomedical Genetics), Ophthalmology and Biostatistics, Neurology, Epidemiology, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Neal S Peachey
- Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Mark Lathrop
- Department of Genetics, Institut de la Vision - Inserm Université Pierre et Marie Curie UMR-S 968, Paris, France
| | | | - Robert P Igo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ronald Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and, Public Health, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | | | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Department of Genetics, Institut de la Vision - Inserm Université Pierre et Marie Curie UMR-S 968, Paris, France
| | - Tammy M Martin
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Yingda Jiang
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Yvette Conley
- Health Promotion and Development, School of Nursing, 440 Victoria Building, 3500 Victoria St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jose-Alan Sahel
- Department of Genetics, Institut de la Vision - Inserm Université Pierre et Marie Curie UMR-S 968, Paris, France
| | - Donald J Zack
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | | | - Margaret A Pericak-Vance
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33125, USA
| | - Samuel G Jacobson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael B Gorin
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael L Klein
- Macular Degeneration Center, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science, University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Rando Allikmets
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sudha K Iyengar
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Bernhard H Weber
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Jonathan L Haines
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Thierry Léveillard
- Department of Genetics, Institut de la Vision - Inserm Université Pierre et Marie Curie UMR-S 968, Paris, France
| | - Margaret M Deangelis
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- Department of Ophthalmology, and Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 9104, USA
| | - Daniel E Weeks
- Department of Human Genetics and Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Shomi S Bhattacharya
- Department of Genetics, UCL-Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Emily Y Chew
- Clinical Trials Branch, Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John R Heckenlively
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Anand Swaroop
- Neurobiology Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory,
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Owen LA, Morrison MA, Ahn J, Woo SJ, Sato H, Robinson R, Morgan DJ, Zacharaki F, Simeonova M, Uehara H, Chakravarthy U, Hogg RE, Ambati BK, Kotoula M, Baehr W, Haider NB, Silvestri G, Miller JW, Tsironi EE, Farrer LA, Kim IK, Park KH, DeAngelis MM. FLT1 genetic variation predisposes to neovascular AMD in ethnically diverse populations and alters systemic FLT1 expression. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:3543-54. [PMID: 24812550 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-14047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Current understanding of the genetic risk factors for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is not sufficiently predictive of the clinical course. The VEGF pathway is a key therapeutic target for treatment of neovascular AMD; however, risk attributable to genetic variation within pathway genes is unclear. We sought to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with AMD within the VEGF pathway. METHODS Using a tagSNP, direct sequencing and meta-analysis approach within four ethnically diverse cohorts, we identified genetic risk present in FLT1, though not within other VEGF pathway genes KDR, VEGFA, or VASH1. We used ChIP and ELISA in functional analysis. RESULTS The FLT1 SNPs rs9943922, rs9508034, rs2281827, rs7324510, and rs9513115 were significantly associated with increased risk of neovascular AMD. Each association was more significant after meta-analysis than in any one of the four cohorts. All associations were novel, within noncoding regions of FLT1 that do not tag for coding variants in linkage disequilibrium. Analysis of soluble FLT1 demonstrated higher expression in unaffected individuals homozygous for the FLT1 risk alleles rs9943922 (P = 0.0086) and rs7324510 (P = 0.0057). In silico analysis suggests that these variants change predicted splice sites and RNA secondary structure, and have been identified in other neovascular pathologies. These data were supported further by murine chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrating that FLT1 is a target of Nr2e3, a nuclear receptor gene implicated in regulating an AMD pathway. CONCLUSIONS Although exact variant functions are not known, these data demonstrate relevancy across ethnically diverse genetic backgrounds within our study and, therefore, hold potential for global efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah A Owen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Margaux A Morrison
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Jeeyun Ahn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Joon Woo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hajime Sato
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Rosann Robinson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Denise J Morgan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Fani Zacharaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Thessaly, School of Medicine, Larissa, Greece
| | - Marina Simeonova
- Retina Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Hironori Uehara
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Usha Chakravarthy
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth E Hogg
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Balamurali K Ambati
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Maria Kotoula
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Thessaly, School of Medicine, Larissa, Greece
| | - Wolfgang Baehr
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Neena B Haider
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Giuliana Silvestri
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Joan W Miller
- Retina Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Evangelia E Tsironi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Thessaly, School of Medicine, Larissa, Greece
| | - Lindsay A Farrer
- Departments of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Ophthalmology, Neurology, Epidemiology, and Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Ivana K Kim
- Retina Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Kyu Hyung Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Margaret M DeAngelis
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
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19
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Ho KM, Morgan DJ. Patient factors associated with frequent clotting of dialysers during haemodiafiltration in critically ill patients: a post hoc analysis of a randomised controlled study. Anaesth Intensive Care 2014; 42:59-64. [PMID: 24471665 DOI: 10.1177/0310057x1404200111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Continuous haemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) is the main form of renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients with severe acute kidney injury. Clotting of the dialysers during CVVHDF is frequent, because most patients with acute kidney injury have an increased risk of bleeding and cannot be systemically anticoagulated. Using data from a randomised controlled trial comparing the efficiency of CVVHDF by placing the dialysis catheter tip at the right atrium or superior vena cava, this study assessed the patient factors associated with an increased risk of frequent clotting of the dialysers-defined by >1 dialysers clotted per day of CVVHDF. Of the 94 patients included in this study, a higher body mass index, a higher platelet count and a lower International Normalized Ratio were associated with an increased risk of frequent clotting of dialysers in the univariate analyses. Use of aspirin or clopidogrel, causes of acute kidney injury and daily dose of unfractionated heparin used were not significantly associated with the risk of frequent clotting of dialysers. In the multivariate parsimony model, only a high body mass index (odds ratio 1.06 per point increment, 95% confidence interval 1.01 to 1.13; P=0.036) and a high platelet count (odds ratio 1.84 per 100x10(9)/l increment, 95% confidence interval 1.17 to 2.91; P=0.009), both in a relatively linear fashion, were independently associated with an increased risk of frequent clotting of dialysers. Optimising the position of the tip of the dialysis catheter may be particularly important for patients with a high body mass index and platelet count in order to reduce frequent clotting of dialysers during CVVHDF.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Ho
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Western Australia, Australia
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20
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Bowker M, Crouch JJ, Carley AF, Davies PR, Morgan DJ, Lalev G, Dimov S, Pham DT. Encapsulation of Au Nanoparticles on a Silicon Wafer During Thermal Oxidation. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 2013; 117:21577-21582. [PMID: 24163715 PMCID: PMC3807526 DOI: 10.1021/jp4074043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report the behavior of Au nanoparticles anchored onto a Si(111) substrate and the evolution of the combined structure with annealing and oxidation. Au nanoparticles, formed by annealing a Au film, appear to "float" upon a growing layer of SiO2 during oxidation at high temperature, yet they also tend to become partially encapsulated by the growing silica layers. It is proposed that this occurs largely because of the differential growth rates of the silica layer on the silicon substrate between the particles and below the particles due to limited access of oxygen to the latter. This in turn is due to a combination of blockage of oxygen adsorption by the Au and limited oxygen diffusion under the gold. We think that such behavior is likely to be seen for other metal-semiconductor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bowker
- Wolfson Nanoscience Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University , Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom ; Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Research Complex at Harwell (RCaH) , Harwell, Oxon OX11 0F, United Kingdom
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21
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Kett D, Morgan DJ, Pineles L, Zervos MJ, Munoz-Price LS, Harris AD, Investigators BUGG. Compliance with the implementation of an ICU cluster-randomized trial assessing the benefits and potential harms of universal glove and gowning. Crit Care 2013. [PMCID: PMC3643067 DOI: 10.1186/cc11992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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22
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Fritsche LG, Chen W, Schu M, Yaspan BL, Yu Y, Thorleifsson G, Zack DJ, Arakawa S, Cipriani V, Ripke S, Igo RP, Buitendijk GHS, Sim X, Weeks DE, Guymer RH, Merriam JE, Francis PJ, Hannum G, Agarwal A, Armbrecht AM, Audo I, Aung T, Barile GR, Benchaboune M, Bird AC, Bishop PN, Branham KE, Brooks M, Brucker AJ, Cade WH, Cain MS, Campochiaro PA, Chan CC, Cheng CY, Chew EY, Chin KA, Chowers I, Clayton DG, Cojocaru R, Conley YP, Cornes BK, Daly MJ, Dhillon B, Edwards AO, Evangelou E, Fagerness J, Ferreyra HA, Friedman JS, Geirsdottir A, George RJ, Gieger C, Gupta N, Hagstrom SA, Harding SP, Haritoglou C, Heckenlively JR, Holz FG, Hughes G, Ioannidis JPA, Ishibashi T, Joseph P, Jun G, Kamatani Y, Katsanis N, N Keilhauer C, Khan JC, Kim IK, Kiyohara Y, Klein BEK, Klein R, Kovach JL, Kozak I, Lee CJ, Lee KE, Lichtner P, Lotery AJ, Meitinger T, Mitchell P, Mohand-Saïd S, Moore AT, Morgan DJ, Morrison MA, Myers CE, Naj AC, Nakamura Y, Okada Y, Orlin A, Ortube MC, Othman MI, Pappas C, Park KH, Pauer GJT, Peachey NS, Poch O, Priya RR, Reynolds R, Richardson AJ, Ripp R, Rudolph G, Ryu E, Sahel JA, Schaumberg DA, Scholl HPN, Schwartz SG, Scott WK, Shahid H, Sigurdsson H, Silvestri G, Sivakumaran TA, Smith RT, Sobrin L, Souied EH, Stambolian DE, Stefansson H, Sturgill-Short GM, Takahashi A, Tosakulwong N, Truitt BJ, Tsironi EE, Uitterlinden AG, van Duijn CM, Vijaya L, Vingerling JR, Vithana EN, Webster AR, Wichmann HE, Winkler TW, Wong TY, Wright AF, Zelenika D, Zhang M, Zhao L, Zhang K, Klein ML, Hageman GS, Lathrop GM, Stefansson K, Allikmets R, Baird PN, Gorin MB, Wang JJ, Klaver CCW, Seddon JM, Pericak-Vance MA, Iyengar SK, Yates JRW, Swaroop A, Weber BHF, Kubo M, Deangelis MM, Léveillard T, Thorsteinsdottir U, Haines JL, Farrer LA, Heid IM, Abecasis GR. Seven new loci associated with age-related macular degeneration. Nat Genet 2013; 45:433-9, 439e1-2. [PMID: 23455636 PMCID: PMC3739472 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 573] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common cause of blindness in older individuals. To accelerate the understanding of AMD biology and help design new therapies, we executed a collaborative genome-wide association study, including >17,100 advanced AMD cases and >60,000 controls of European and Asian ancestry. We identified 19 loci associated at P < 5 × 10(-8). These loci show enrichment for genes involved in the regulation of complement activity, lipid metabolism, extracellular matrix remodeling and angiogenesis. Our results include seven loci with associations reaching P < 5 × 10(-8) for the first time, near the genes COL8A1-FILIP1L, IER3-DDR1, SLC16A8, TGFBR1, RAD51B, ADAMTS9 and B3GALTL. A genetic risk score combining SNP genotypes from all loci showed similar ability to distinguish cases and controls in all samples examined. Our findings provide new directions for biological, genetic and therapeutic studies of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars G Fritsche
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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23
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McNeil JJ, Anderson AE, Louis WJ, Morgan DJ. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic studies of labetalol in hypertensive subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012; 8 Suppl 2:157S-61S. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1979.tb04773.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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24
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Jun G, Nicolaou M, Morrison MA, Buros J, Morgan DJ, Radeke MJ, Yonekawa Y, Tsironi EE, Kotoula MG, Zacharaki F, Mollema N, Yuan Y, Miller JW, Haider NB, Hageman GS, Kim IK, Schaumberg DA, Farrer LA, DeAngelis MM. Influence of ROBO1 and RORA on risk of age-related macular degeneration reveals genetically distinct phenotypes in disease pathophysiology. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25775. [PMID: 21998696 PMCID: PMC3188561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
ROBO1 is a strong candidate gene for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) based upon its location under a linkage peak on chromosome 3p12, its expression pattern, and its purported function in a pathway that includes RORA, a gene previously associated with risk for neovascular AMD. Previously, we observed that expression of ROBO1 and RORA is down-regulated among wet AMD cases, as compared to their unaffected siblings. Thus, we hypothesized that contribution of association signals in ROBO1, and interaction between these two genes may be important for both wet and dry AMD. We evaluated association of 19 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ROBO1 with wet and dry stages of AMD in a sibling cohort and a Greek case-control cohort containing 491 wet AMD cases, 174 dry AMD cases and 411 controls. Association signals and interaction results were replicated in an independent prospective cohort (1070 controls, 164 wet AMD cases, 293 dry AMD cases). The most significantly associated ROBO1 SNPs were rs1387665 under an additive model (meta P = 0.028) for wet AMD and rs9309833 under a recessive model (meta P = 6 × 10(-4)) for dry AMD. Further analyses revealed interaction between ROBO1 rs9309833 and RORA rs8034864 for both wet and dry AMD (interaction P<0.05). These studies were further supported by whole transcriptome expression profile studies from 66 human donor eyes and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays from mouse retinas. These findings suggest that distinct ROBO1 variants may influence the risk of wet and dry AMD, and the effects of ROBO1 on AMD risk may be modulated by RORA variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyungah Jun
- Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Ophthalmology, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts United States of America
| | - Michael Nicolaou
- Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Margaux A. Morrison
- Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, Center for Translational Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline Buros
- Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Denise J. Morgan
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, Center for Translational Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Monte J. Radeke
- Center for the Study of Macular Degeneration, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Yoshihiro Yonekawa
- Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Nissa Mollema
- Genetics, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Yang Yuan
- Genetics, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Joan W. Miller
- Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Neena B. Haider
- Genetics, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Gregory S. Hageman
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, Center for Translational Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Ivana K. Kim
- Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Debra A. Schaumberg
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lindsay A. Farrer
- Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Ophthalmology, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts United States of America
- Neurology Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Epidemiology, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Margaret M. DeAngelis
- Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, Center for Translational Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
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25
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Day HR, Perencevich EN, Harris AD, Himelhoch SS, Brown CH, Gruber-Baldini AL, Dotter E, Morgan DJ. Do contact precautions cause depression? A two-year study at a tertiary care medical centre. J Hosp Infect 2011; 79:103-7. [PMID: 21664000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2011.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Contact precautions, used to reduce the transmission of infectious diseases, include the wearing of gowns and gloves for room entry. Previous small studies have shown an association between contact precautions and increased symptoms of depression and anxiety. A retrospective cohort of all patients admitted to a tertiary care centre over two years was studied to assess the relationship between contact precautions and depression or anxiety. During the two-year period, there were 70,275 admissions including 28,564 unique non-intensive-care-unit (ICU), non-psychiatric admissions. After adjusting for potential confounders, contact precautions were associated with depression [odds ratio (OR) 1.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2-1.5] but not with anxiety (OR 0.8, 95% CI 0.7-1.1) in the non-ICU population. Depression was 40% more prevalent among general inpatients on contact precautions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Day
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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26
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Haughton PN, Lyng JG, Cronin DA, Morgan DJ, Fanning S, Whyte P. Efficacy of UV light treatment for the microbiological decontamination of chicken, associated packaging, and contact surfaces. J Food Prot 2011; 74:565-72. [PMID: 21477470 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
UV light was investigated for the decontamination of raw chicken, associated packaging, and contact surfaces. The UV susceptibilities of a number of Campylobacter isolates (seven Campylobacter jejuni isolates and three Campylobacter coli isolates), Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis ATCC 10376 in liquid media were also investigated. From an initial level of 7 log CFU/ml, no viable Campylobacter cells were detected following exposure to the most intense UV dose (0.192 J/cm(2)) in liquid media (skim milk subjected to ultrahigh-temperature treatment and diluted 1:4 with maximum recovery diluent). Maximum reductions of 4.8 and 6.2 log CFU/ml were achieved for E. coli and serovar Enteritidis, respectively, in liquid media. Considerable differences in susceptibilities were found between the Campylobacter isolates examined, with variations of up to 4 log CFU/ml being observed. UV treatment of raw chicken fillet (0.192 J/cm(2)) reduced C. jejuni, E. coli, serovar Enteritidis, total viable counts, and Enterobacteriaceae by 0.76, 0.98, 1.34, 1.76, and 1.29 log CFU/g, respectively. Following UV treatment of packaging and surface materials, reductions of up to 3.97, 4.50, and 4.20 log CFU/cm(2) were obtained for C. jejuni, E. coli, and serovar Enteritidis, respectively (P < 0.05). Overall, the color of UV-treated chicken was not significantly affected (P ≥ 0.05). The findings of this study indicate that Campylobacter is susceptible to UV technology and that differences in sensitivities exist between investigated isolates. Overall, UV could be used for improving the microbiological quality of raw chicken and for decontaminating associated packaging and surface materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Haughton
- Institute of Food & Health, School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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27
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Farag KW, Lyng JG, Morgan DJ, Cronin DA. Effect of low temperatures (-18 to +5°C) on the texture of beef lean. Meat Sci 2008; 81:249-54. [PMID: 22063991 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2008.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2007] [Revised: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The textural properties of beef over the temperature range -18 to +5°C were measured using Warner Bratzler (WB) and tensile techniques. In addition, the effects of rapid radio frequency (RF) tempering and slower conventional air tempering on texture were compared. Temperature showed a significant effect (P<0.05) on WB and tensile shear force, with higher values obtained at temperatures on or below -5°C. Work to fracture values showed two peaks at -15 and -3°C. Sample thickness and muscle fibre direction were also important factors affecting shear force, with samples cut across fibres showing higher values. Tempering method showed no effect (P⩾0.05) on the textural properties measured. In light of the rapid nature of RF tempering, these findings will be of interest to the meat industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Farag
- UCD School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, Agriculture and Food Science Centre, College of Life Sciences, UCD Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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28
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Morgan DJ, Hunter DC, McCracken G, McClelland HR, Price JH, Dobbs SP. Is laparoscopically assisted radical vaginal hysterectomy for cervical carcinoma safe? A case control study with follow up. BJOG 2007; 114:537-42. [PMID: 17355358 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2007.01291.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare a new surgical approach, laparoscopically assisted radical vaginal hysterectomy (LARVH) with open radical hysterectomy in women with cervical cancer. Can selected women benefit from the minimally invasive approach without compromising safety (recurrence rate) and morbidity (complications)? DESIGN Retrospective case control study. SETTING A tertiary referral unit for gynaecological malignancies. POPULATION Thirty women undergoing LARVH were included and compared with 30 women undergoing open radical surgery. The control group was matched for age, body mass index and disease stage. METHODS Retrospective collection of data from patient files and follow up. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Recurrence rate, complication rate, hospital stay, nodal counts, blood loss, operating time. RESULTS Recurrence rates were equal (6.7%). There was one death, in the LARVH group. Follow up was mean 31 months in the LARVH group and 30.9 months in the open group. Blood loss as measured by mean drop in haemoglobin was greater in the open group (2.03 versus 3.01 g/dl, P = 0.02). Transfusions were given in 40% of women in the open group and 16.7% in the LARVH group. Hospital stay was significantly less in the LARVH group (5.9 versus 7.8 nights, P = 0.003). Mean operating time was longer in the LARVH group (131 versus 187 minutes P = 0.0001). Mean nodal counts did not differ significantly (17.4 in open vs 14.8 in LARVH, P > 0.05). There were seven perioperative complications in the open group and four in the LARVH group. There have been two recurrences in each group (6.67%) at mean follow up of 31 (LARVH) and 30.9 (open) months. CONCLUSIONS The first 30 LARVH procedures performed in this unit are comparable in terms of safety (recurrence rate and complication rate) and economic factors (shorter hospital stay mitigating longer operating time). Further development of this technique is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Morgan
- Stranmillis, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK [corrected].
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Bjorksten AR, Crankshaw DP, Morgan DJ, Prideaux PR. The effects of cardiopulmonary bypass on plasma concentrations and protein binding of methohexital and thiopental. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 2:281-9. [PMID: 17171861 DOI: 10.1016/0888-6296(88)90306-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effects of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) on plasma concentrations and protein binding of methohexital and thiopental were studied during continuous infusions in two groups of ten cardiac surgical patients. Patients were administered an infusion regimen designed to produce a stable total plasma concentration at 5 mg/L for methohexital and 10 mg/L for thiopental. Prior to the commencement of CPB the mean (+/-SD) total plasma methohexital concentration was 5.00 +/- 0.69 mg/L. This fell to 3.12 +/- 0.89 mg/L at two minutes after commencement of CPB, and rose to 4.67 +/- 1.11 mg/L by 75 minutes after commencement of CPB. The unbound fraction rose from 27.1 +/- 5.1% to 42.8 +/- 9.2% at five minutes after the start of CPB, and gradually decreased to 32.1 +/- 4.9% by 75 minutes. The unbound concentration (1.37 +/- 0.32 mg/L) was unaffected by the onset of CPB, being 1.51 +/- 0.49 mg/L at 75 minutes after the start of CPB. Thiopental followed a similar pattern to methohexital, with the total plasma thiopental concentration falling from 9.22 +/- 0.73 mg/L to 4.90 +/- 0.83 mg/L at two minutes after commencement of CPB, and rising again to 7.13 +/- 1.03 mg/L 75 minutes later. During the same period the unbound fraction of thiopental rose from 16.1 +/- 2.5% to 30.3 +/- 7.3% five minutes after the start of CPB, and fell gradually to 22.8 +/- 5.8% after 75 minutes. The unbound concentration (1.51 +/- 0.21 mg/L) was again unchanged by the onset of CPB, being 1.71 +/- 0.29 mg/L at 75 minutes. Plasma protein binding of both drugs correlated strongly with plasma albumin concentration, which decreased by 40% during CPB. It is concluded that hemodilution caused the reduction in total drug concentration and protein binding at the onset of CPB, but that the decrease in protein binding counteracted the dilution of unbound drug, resulting in a stable unbound concentration throughout CPB, and that this effect may be common for barbiturates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Bjorksten
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3050, Australia
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Morgan DJ, Taylor-Robinson D. Late miscarriage and preterm birth after treatment with clindamycin: a randomised consent design study according to Zelen. BJOG 2006; 113:1483; author reply 1484. [PMID: 17176286 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2006.01113.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Morgan DJ, Steele EK, McFaul P. 'All that ulcerates is not herpes simplex'. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2006; 26:703-4. [PMID: 17071452 DOI: 10.1080/01443610600940307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D J Morgan
- Department of Gynaecology, Belfast City Hospital, Lisburn Road, Belfast, UK.
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Guerreiro JB, Santos SB, Morgan DJ, Porto AF, Muniz AL, Ho JL, Teixeira AL, Teixeira MM, Carvalho EM. Levels of serum chemokines discriminate clinical myelopathy associated with human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) disease from HTLV-1 carrier state. Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 145:296-301. [PMID: 16879249 PMCID: PMC1809672 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03150.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 5% of people infected with human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) develop clinical myelopathy or tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) that is associated with high-levels of Th1 cytokines, interferon (IFN)-gamma and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. Chemokines are known to induce cytokine secretion and direct the trafficking of immune cells to sites of disease. The present study measured serum chemokines correlated with autonomously released IFN-gamma in cell cultures. HTLV-1 infection was defined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and confirmed by Western blot. Subjects included HTLV-1 carriers (n = 56), patients with HAM/TSP (n = 31) and healthy HTLV-1 seronegative volunteer controls (n = 20). Serum chemokines and IFN-gamma autonomously released by mononuclear cells in culture were quantified by ELISA. Compared to HTLV-1 carriers, serum chemokines in HAM/TSP patients showed significantly increased levels of CXCL9 and CXCL10, significantly diminished levels of CCL2 and similar amounts of CCL11 and CCL24. In contrast, CCL11 and CCL24 were significantly lower in serum of HAM/TSP patients than either control. IFN-gamma was positively correlated with CXCL9 and CXCL10 when HAM/TSP and HTLV-1 carriers were used as a combined group. However, despite a large proportion of HTLV-1 carriers having high IFN-gamma levels, these chemokines were not increased in carriers. This study showed that high levels of CXCL9 and CXCL10 in the systemic circulation and low serum CCL2 levels are features of HAM/TSP. HTLV-1 infection and Tax and/or additional viral encoded factor-mediated pathological processes triggering T cell activation with autogenous IFN-gamma release are probably involved in regulating chemokine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Guerreiro
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 5o andar, Rua João das Botas s/n Canela, 40110-160 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Taylor-Robinson D, Morgan DJ, Sheehan M, Rosenstein IJ, Lamont RF. Relation between Gram-stain and clinical criteria for diagnosing bacterial vaginosis with special reference to Gram grade II evaluation. Int J STD AIDS 2003; 14:6-10. [PMID: 12590785 DOI: 10.1258/095646203321043183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyse how the results of Gram-staining vaginal smears correlated with the clinical criteria for determining the existence of bacterial vaginosis (BV) and, in particular, how the category defined as 'intermediate' or Gram grade II did so and its significance. Women attending an antenatal clinic with an abnormal vaginal flora, that is those who had Gram-stains of grades II or III, the latter considered to equate with BV, were given clindamycin or a placebo intravaginally and examined again on up to three occasions. Gram-stain readings of grade III correlated with the clinical criteria for BV on 356 (91.7%) of 388 occasions. Grade II readings covered the spectrum of clinical criteria and correlated with those for BV on 35 (37.2%) of 94 occasions. Grade I, recorded 231 times and seen usually after clindamycin treatment, was associated with BV only once. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the Gram stain for the diagnosis of BV, based on a combination of grades II and III, were 99.7%, 71.6%, 81% and 99.6%, respectively; based on grade III only, the values were 99.7%, 87.7%, 91.6% and 99.6%, respectively. Women reported a malodorous vaginal discharge on 49.2% of the occasions a grade III flora was seen and 13.3% of the times grade II was recorded. It was not associated with grade I and would seem a useful adjunct to the accepted clinical criteria for diagnosing BV. Each of the clinical criteria was found in about equal proportions (87%-91%) for women whose Gram grade was III. For grade II, an increased discharge was noted most often (76.5%) and 'clue' cells least often (24.5%). A positive amine test was the most specific, being associated with <1% of grade I smears. Of women with grade III status, 91% reverted to grade I after treatment with clindamycin for three days. In contrast, of women with grade II status, 53% reverted to grade I, as did 47% of those who were given a placebo. The 'intermediate' (grade II) category is a Gram-stain diagnosis and not one that can be made clinically. It is important to recognize as a distinct entity not only because amalgamation with grade III diminishes the specificity and positive predictive value of the Gram-stain for diagnosing BV, but also because women of grade II status usually fail to respond to clindamycin treatment, whereas those of grade III do not.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Taylor-Robinson
- Division of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, St Mary' Hospital, Paddington, London W2 1NY, UK
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Blua MJ, Redak RA, Morgan DJ, Costa HS. Seasonal flight activity of two Homalodisca species (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) that spread Xylella fastidiosa in southern California. J Econ Entomol 2001; 94:1506-1510. [PMID: 11777056 DOI: 10.1603/0022-0493-94.6.1506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Homalodisca coagulata (Say) and Homalodisca lacerta (Fowler) are vectors of a new bacterial disease of oleander in California known as oleander leaf scorch, induced by the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa. H. coagulata also has been implicated in the spread of the strain of X. fastidiosa that induces Pierce's disease of grapevines in California. We monitored the flight activity of H. coagulata and H. lacerta in oleander and citrus by using yellow sticky cards at three southern California locations where outbreaks of oleander leaf scorch have been documented, and where vector compliments are different. Areas sampled included a mesic coastal area (Irvine, CA) that supports predominantly H. coagulata and few H. lacerta, a dry inland location (Palm Desert, CA) that supports predominantly H. lacerta and few H. coagulata, and an intermediate area (Riverside, CA) supporting both Homalodisca species. From November 1996 to October 1999 peak catches of both Homalodisca species occurred during the midsummer at all locations. H. coagulata was trapped in greater numbers in citrus than in oleander at both the Riverside and the Irvine sites. Likewise, H. lacerta in Riverside was more associated with citrus than oleander, yet H. lacerta in Palm Desert was trapped in greater numbers in oleander than citrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Blua
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside 92521, USA.
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Lamont RF, Morgan DJ, Logue M, Gordon H. A prospective randomised trial to compare the efficacy and safety of hemabate and syntometrine for the prevention of primary postpartum haemorrhage. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2001; 66:203-10. [PMID: 11577783 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-6980(01)00154-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In a prospective, open-label, assessor-blind, randomised parallel group study the efficacy and safety of Hemabate (Pharmacia-Upjohn Pharmaceuticals, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire) an analogue of 15-methyl-prostaglandin (PGF2alpha) analogue was compared with Syntometrine (Alliance Pharmaceuticals, Chippenham, Wilts) the standard combination of ergometrine and syntocinon used for the active management of the third stage of labour and the prevention of primary postpartum haemorrhage (PPH). The study was set in a district general hospital with approximately 4,000 deliveries annually. The study was discontinued at the time of the interim analysis because of unacceptable gastrointestinal side effects. At the time of the interim analysis, a total of 529 women had completed the study with 263 randomised to receive PGF2alpha and 266 to receive ergometrine and syntocinon. In a pre-specified subgroup analysis, women delivered vaginally were further subdivided into those considered to be at high or low risk of primary PPH. The measured blood loss and incidence of PPH was similar in both treatment groups whether delivered by caesarean section or vaginally independent of whether women were considered to be at high or low risk. Adverse gastrointestinal events were recorded more often in the Hemabate group. The most common symptom was diarrhoea which occurred in 21% of women who received Hemabate compared to only 0.8% of Syntometrine users. PGF2alpha is as effective as Syntometrine in the prophylaxis of primary PPH in all groups studied but there was a statistically significantly increased risk of diarrhoea among users of PGF2alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Lamont
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Northwick Park and St Mark's NHS Trust Harrow, Middlesex, United Kingdom.
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Lukes T, Morgan DJ, Joshua S. Calculation of periodic lattice Green functions with applications to impurity levels in semiconductors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3719/4/16/027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Morgan DJ, Vargas SL, Reyes-Mugica M, Walterspiel JN, Carver W, Gigliotti F. Identification of Pneumocystis carinii in the lungs of infants dying of sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2001; 20:306-9. [PMID: 11303835 DOI: 10.1097/00006454-200103000-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently Pneumocystis carinii has been identified in a significant number of infants diagnosed as having died from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) in South America and Europe. METHODS We examined lung sections of 79 infants who died with a diagnosis of SIDS in Rochester, NY, and Connecticut for the presence of P. carinii. RESULTS Organisms with a characteristic silver stain appearance for P. carinii were identified in 14% of the lung sections. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that a possible link between some cases of SIDS and infection with P. carinii should be further evaluated and that infection of young infants may serve as an important reservoir for human P. carinii.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Morgan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY 14642, USA
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Powers JM, Rosenblatt DS, Schmidt RE, Cross AH, Black JT, Moser AB, Moser HW, Morgan DJ. Neurological and neuropathologic heterogeneity in two brothers with cobalamin C deficiency. Ann Neurol 2001; 49:396-400. [PMID: 11261516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Two adult brothers, one documented to have methylmalonic acidemia with homocystinuria, or cobalamin C deficiency, after autopsy, displayed severe but divergent neurological presentations. One exhibited a myelopathy and the other chronic endocrine problems (Schmidt's syndrome) followed by a neuropsychiatric and dementing disorder owing to cerebral perivascular demyelination. The recognition of cobalamin C deficiency has practical implications because it is one of the few inherited diseases of central white matter that is treatable.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Powers
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Rosenthal MA, Kavar B, Hill JS, Morgan DJ, Nation RL, Stylli SS, Basser RL, Uren S, Geldard H, Green MD, Kahl SB, Kaye AH. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of photodynamic therapy for high-grade gliomas using a novel boronated porphyrin. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19:519-24. [PMID: 11208846 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2001.19.2.519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the recommended dose, toxicity profile, and pharmacokinetics of a novel boronated porphyrin (BOPP) for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of intracranial tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS BOPP was administered alone in increasing doses (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, or 8.0 mg/kg) preoperatively in patients with intracranial tumors undergoing postresection PDT until dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) was observed. RESULTS Twenty-nine assessable patients with intracranial tumors received BOPP intravenously 24 hours before surgery. The recommended dose was 4 mg/kg. Dose escalation was limited by thrombocytopenia. The most common nonhematologic toxicity was skin photosensitivity. Pharmacokinetic parameters showed increased area under the plasma concentration-time curve and maximum concentration with increased dose. Tumor BOPP concentrations also increased with increased dose. CONCLUSION BOPP at a dose of 4 mg/kg was well tolerated. DLT was thrombocytopenia, and photosensitivity was the only other toxicity of note. The efficacy of PDT using BOPP requires further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Rosenthal
- Centre for Developmental Cancer Therapeutics, Parkville, Australia.
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Abstract
After the transition from in utero to newborn life, the neonate becomes solely reliant upon its own drug clearance processes to metabolise xenobiotics. Whilst most studies of neonatal hepatic drug elimination have focussed upon in vitro expression and activities of drug-metabolising enzymes, the rapid physiological changes in the early neonatal period of life also need to be considered. There are dramatic changes in neonatal liver blood flow and hepatic oxygenation due to the loss of the umbilical blood supply, the increasing portal vein blood flow, and the gradual closure of the ductus venosus shunt during the first week of life. These changes which may well affect the capacity of neonatal hepatic drug metabolism. The hepatic expression of cytochromes P450 1A2, 2C, 2D6, 2E1 and 3A4 develop at different rates in the postnatal period, whilst 3A7 expression diminishes. Hepatic glucuronidation in the human neonate is relatively immature at birth, which contrasts with the considerably more mature neonatal hepatic sulfation activity. Limited in vivo studies show that the human neonate can significantly metabolise xenobiotics but clearance is considerably less compared with the older infant and adult. The neonatal population included in pharmacological studies is highly heterogeneous with respect to age, body weight, ductus venosus closure and disease processes, making it difficult to interpret data arising from human neonatal studies. Studies in the perfused foetal and neonatal sheep liver have demonstrated how the oxidative and conjugative hepatic elimination of drugs by the intact organ is significantly increased during the first week of life, highlighting that future studies will need to consider the profound physiological changes that may influence neonatal hepatic drug elimination shortly after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Gow
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre, Victoria, Australia
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Ng CY, Ghabrial H, Morgan DJ, Ching MS, Smallwood RA, Angus PW. Right heart failure impairs hepatic elimination of p-nitrophenol without inducing changes in content or latency of hepatic UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000; 295:830-5. [PMID: 11046125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Congestive heart failure has been shown to affect oxidative drug metabolism, however, there has been little study of its effects on drug conjugation. Using the isolated perfused livers from rats with right ventricular failure (RVF) due to pulmonary artery constriction, we studied the effects of RVF on hepatic elimination of p-nitrophenol (PNP) under controlled flow and oxygen delivery conditions. Hepatic clearance of the drug was found to be significantly impaired in RVF as compared with the sham group (0.80 +/- 0.23 versus 1.28 +/- 0.26 ml/min/g of liver). The impairment of PNP clearance in RVF occurred in parallel with significant reduction in metabolic formation clearance of p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucuronide; the major metabolite of PNP (0.51 +/- 0.12 versus 1.03 +/- 0.26 ml/min/g of liver). The intrinsic drug-glucuronidation capacity of livers was evaluated by measuring the microsomal content and activity of the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase(s) (UDP-GT) toward p-nitrophenol. There was no significant difference between sham and the RVF groups in either the content or the activity of the UDP-GT. The latency of the UDP-GT enzymes in microsomes was measured and was found to be similar between the two groups. The results of this study show that RVF impairs hepatic elimination of PNP and that this appears to be independent of changes in hepatic perfusion and oxygenation or alterations in hepatic content, activity, and latency of the UDP-GT.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Ng
- University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
T cell recognition of self-major histocompatibility complex-peptide complexes dictates the composition of the T cell receptor repertoire. Research projects in our laboratory deal with the mechanisms that regulate the composition of the repertoire specific for self-antigens and the defects that can result in autoimmunity. Two different types of disease models are under investigation: juvenile (type I) diabetes and cancer. Both of these diseases are impacted by the presence of anti-self CD8 cells, yet in opposite ways. By understanding the mechanisms of peripheral tolerance and the reasons they fail in autoimmunity, we may learn how to prevent undesirable autoimmunity and how to encourage an autoimmune response when it is needed to eliminate tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Sherman
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Ng CY, Ghabrial H, Morgan DJ, Ching MS, Smallwood RA, Angus PW. Impaired elimination of propranolol due to right heart failure: drug clearance in the isolated liver and its relationship to intrinsic metabolic capacity. Drug Metab Dispos 2000; 28:1217-21. [PMID: 10997943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
It is unclear if reduced hepatic drug elimination in congestive heart failure is primarily due to impairment of enzyme function as a result of tissue hypoxia, to the direct effects of hepatic congestion, or to changes intrinsic to the liver, such as reductions in enzyme content and activity. We therefore compared propranolol clearance in perfused rat livers from animals with right ventricular failure (RVF) with that from control animals. Despite the fact that both groups were perfused at comparable flow rates, perfusion pressures, and levels of oxygen delivery, hepatic extraction of propranolol was significantly reduced in RVF livers (0.688 +/- 0.122 versus 0.991 +/- 0.006 ml/min/g of liver in controls, P <.001). This effect was reflected in a 97% reduction in propranolol intrinsic clearance in RVF livers (5 +/- 4 versus 172 +/- 82 ml/min/g of liver in controls, P <.01). In RVF livers, total hepatic CYP expression was reduced by 19% compared with controls, whereas cytochrome P450 isoenzymes 1A1/2 and 2D1 were reduced by 41 and 26%, respectively. Despite the 97% reduction in propranolol intrinsic clearance in perfused RVF liver, intrinsic clearance in microsomal preparations from the same livers was reduced by only 48% compared with controls (P <.05). These findings suggest that impaired propranolol clearance in RVF is not primarily accounted for by reduced hepatic oxygen delivery or by changes in hepatic content and activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Ng
- University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, Austin and Repatriation Medical Center, Victoria, Australia
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Lamont RF, Morgan DJ, Wilden SD, Taylor-Robinson D. Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in women attending one of three general practices for routine cervical cytology. Int J STD AIDS 2000; 11:495-8. [PMID: 10990331 DOI: 10.1258/0956462001916371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A prospective observational study of asymptomatic women from three different general practices was set up to establish the incidence of bacterial vaginosis (BV). The study group comprised 287 women recalled to their general practitioner's surgery for routine cervical smears. The prevalence of an abnormal vaginal flora was about the same in women attending the 3 practices. Nearly 14% of women had abnormal vaginal flora and about 9% had BV on gram stain examination of vaginal secretions. This was 2-3 times more common than findings consistent with vaginal candidiasis (3.8%). Significant numbers of women with BV had received antifungal therapy suggesting a misdiagnosis. Because of its potential complications, women should be offered screening for BV in a well-women setting and, if found, should be treated if symptomatic or at risk of adverse obstetric or gynaecological sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Lamont
- Deparment of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Northwick Park Hospital, Harrow, UK
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Morgan DJ, Reitz SR, Atkinson PW, Trumble JT. The resolution of Californian populations of Liriomyza huidobrensis and Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae) using PCR. Heredity (Edinb) 2000; 85 ( Pt 1):53-61. [PMID: 10971691 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2540.2000.00731.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) and Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) are important vegetable pests in California. Populations of each species differ in their impact in central and southern regions. This difference may be explained by geographical or host plant differences in each of the regions. We used random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reactions to assess genetic differences between two laboratory populations of each species collected from central and southern California. Individual L. trifolii from the two regions could be discriminated by the presence/absence of PCR products. No such qualitative differences were apparent in PCR products amplified from L. huidobrensis individuals, but the origins of individuals could be differentiated using a bootstrap analysis of marker frequencies. Marker primers were used to compare field and laboratory individuals. No evidence was found for the existence of further populations or of hybrid populations in central and southern California. The distribution of populations of L. huidobrensis was explained completely by geographical differences. As a consequence of the absence of leafminer infestations on the same host plant varieties in both regions, factors governing L. trifolii population distribution differences were less apparent. The presence of the same host plant varieties at both sites suggests that the two L. trifolii populations differ in host plant preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Morgan
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Gow PJ, Treepongkaruna S, Ghabrial H, Shulkes A, Smallwood RA, Morgan DJ, Ching MS. Neonatal hepatic propranolol elimination: studies in the isolated perfused neonatal sheep liver. J Pharm Sci 2000; 89:586-93. [PMID: 10756324 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-6017(200005)89:5<586::aid-jps4>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Using the isolated perfused neonatal sheep liver model, we examined the disposition of propranolol (n = 8, age 0.25-10 days) and compared our findings with our previous study from the perfused near-term fetal sheep liver (Ring JA, et al. 1995. Drug Metab Dispos 23:190-196). Within 45 min of dosage, perfusate propranolol levels had fallen by three orders of magnitude to be less than the limit of detection. Perfusate disappearance curves were monoexponential in six experiments and biexponential in two experiments. The mean shunt-corrected hepatic extraction ratio was 0.92 +/- 0.09, much greater than that seen in the fetal sheep liver (0.26 +/- 0.13, P < 0.0001) but still less than values in the adult sheep (0.97). At the conclusion of the perfusion, 4-hydroxypropranolol was the major metabolite present and 5-hydroxypropranolol and N-desisopropylpropranolol were minor metabolites. We conclude that the isolated perfused neonatal sheep liver is a useful model with which to study the maturation of neonatal hepatic drug oxidation. Our study shows that propranolol is rapidly eliminated by the neonatal liver to form several metabolites at rates far greater than in the fetal liver, but rates of elimination have not yet reached that reported in the adult sheep liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Gow
- Department of Medicine, Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre, West Heidelberg, Victoria 3081, Australia
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Nugent CT, Morgan DJ, Biggs JA, Ko A, Pilip IM, Pamer EG, Sherman LA. Characterization of CD8+ T lymphocytes that persist after peripheral tolerance to a self antigen expressed in the pancreas. J Immunol 2000; 164:191-200. [PMID: 10605011 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.1.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
As a result of expression of the influenza hemagglutinin (HA) in the pancreatic islets, the repertoire of HA-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes in InsHA transgenic mice (D2 mice expressing the HA transgene under control of the rat insulin promoter) is comprised of cells that are less responsive to cognate Ag than are HA-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes from conventional mice. Previous studies of tolerance induction involving TCR transgenic T lymphocytes suggested that a variety of different mechanisms can reduce avidity for Ag, including altered cell surface expression of molecules involved in Ag recognition and a deficiency in signaling through the TCR complex. To determine which, if any, of these mechanisms pertain to CD8+ T lymphocytes within a conventional repertoire, HA-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes from B10.D2 mice and B10.D2 InsHA transgenic mice were compared with respect to expression of cell surface molecules, TCR gene utilization, binding of tetrameric KdHA complexes, lytic mechanisms, and diabetogenic potential. No evidence was found for reduced expression of TCR or CD8 by InsHA-derived CTL, nor was there evidence for a defect in triggering lytic activity. However, avidity differences between CD8+ clones correlated with their ability to bind KdHA tetramers. These results argue that most of the KdHA-specific T lymphocytes in InsHA mice are not intrinsically different from KdHA-specific T lymphocytes isolated from conventional animals. They simply express TCRs that are less avid in their binding to KdHA.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoantigens/biosynthesis
- CD3 Complex/physiology
- CD8 Antigens/biosynthesis
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Separation
- Clone Cells
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- H-2 Antigens/metabolism
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/metabolism
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Islets of Langerhans/immunology
- Islets of Langerhans/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Species Specificity
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Nugent
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Rosenstein IJ, Morgan DJ, Lamont RF, Sheehan M, Doré CJ, Hay PE, Taylor-Robinson D. Effect of intravaginal clindamycin cream on pregnancy outcome and on abnormal vaginal microbial flora of pregnant women. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2000; 8:158-65. [PMID: 10968599 PMCID: PMC1784677 DOI: 10.1155/s1064744900000211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether intravaginal clindamycin cream reduces the incidence of abnormal pregnancy outcome in women with abnormal vaginal microbial flora graded as intermediate or BV and to investigate the effect of the antibiotic on vaginal microbial flora. METHODS A prospective cohort study of pregnant women in an antenatal clinic of a district general hospital. The subjects were 268 women who had abnormal vaginal microbial flora at first clinic visit by examination of a Gram-stained vaginal smear and 34 women with a normal vaginal flora. Two hundred and thirty-seven women were evaluable. Women with abnormal Gram-stained smears (graded as II or III) on clinic recall were randomised to receive treatment (intravaginal clindamycin cream) or placebo and followed to assess outcome of pregnancy, vaginal flora, and detection of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum after treatment. RESULTS Abnormal outcomes of pregnancy were not significantly different in treated and placebo groups by Chi square (P = 0.2). However, women with grade III flora responded better to clindamycin than women with grade II flora by numbers of abnormal outcomes (P = 0.03) and return to normal vaginal flora (P = 0.01) (logistic regression analysis model). This may be due to differences in vaginal bacterial species in these grades. Women whose abnormal vaginal flora had spontaneously returned to normal on follow-up and were therefore not treated (revertants) had as many abnormal outcomes as placebos suggesting that damage by abnormal bacterial species occurred early in pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS Gram-stain screening distinguishing grade II from grade III flora may be helpful in prescribing treatment other than clindamycin for women with grade II flora. Earlier diagnosis and treatment may be more effective in preventing an abnormal outcome, possibly as soon as pregnancy is diagnosed or even offered as a pre-conception screen.
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Affiliation(s)
- I J Rosenstein
- MRC Sexually Transmitted Diseases Research Group, Department of Medical Microbiology, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
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