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Abbas DB, Griffin M, Fahy EJ, Spielman AF, Guardino NJ, Pu A, Lintel H, Lorenz HP, Longaker MT, Wan DC. Establishing a Xenograft Model with CD-1 Nude Mice to Study Human Skin Wound Repair. Plast Reconstr Surg 2024; 153:121-128. [PMID: 36988644 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000010465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A significant gap exists in the translatability of small-animal models to human subjects. One important factor is poor laboratory models involving human tissue. Thus, the authors have created a viable postnatal human skin xenograft model using athymic mice. METHODS Discarded human foreskins were collected following circumcision. All subcutaneous tissue was removed from these samples sterilely. Host CD-1 nude mice were then anesthetized, and dorsal skin was sterilized. A 1.2-cm-diameter, full-thickness section of dorsal skin was excised. The foreskin sample was then placed into the full-thickness defect in the host mice and sutured into place. Xenografts underwent dermal wounding using a 4-mm punch biopsy after engraftment. Xenografts were monitored for 14 days after wounding and then harvested. RESULTS At 14 days postoperatively, all mice survived the procedure. Grossly, the xenograft wounds showed formation of a human scar at postoperative day 14. Hematoxylin and eosin and Masson trichome staining confirmed scar formation in the wounded human skin. Using a novel artificial intelligence algorithm using picrosirius red staining, scar formation was confirmed in human wounded skin compared with the unwounded skin. Histologically, CD31 + immunostaining confirmed vascularization of the xenograft. The xenograft exclusively showed human collagen type I, CD26 + , and human nuclear antigen in the human scar without any staining of these human markers in the murine skin. CONCLUSION The proposed model demonstrates wound healing to be a local response from tissue resident human fibroblasts and allows for reproducible evaluation of human skin wound repair in a preclinical model. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT Radiation-induced fibrosis is a widely prevalent clinical phenomenon without a well-defined treatment at this time. This study will help establish a small-animal model to better understand and develop novel therapeutics to treat irradiated human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren B Abbas
- From the Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine
| | | | - Evan J Fahy
- From the Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine
| | | | | | - Adrian Pu
- From the Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine
| | - Hendrik Lintel
- From the Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine
| | - H Peter Lorenz
- From the Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine
| | - Michael T Longaker
- From the Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Derrick C Wan
- From the Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine
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2
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Chen FZ, Tan PC, Yang Z, Li Q, Zhou SB. Identifying characteristics of dermal fibroblasts in skin homeostasis and disease. Clin Exp Dermatol 2023; 48:1317-1327. [PMID: 37566911 DOI: 10.1093/ced/llad257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous dermal fibroblasts are the main components that constitute the dermis. Distinct fibroblast subgroups show specific characteristics and functional plasticity that determine dermal structure during skin development and wound healing. Although researchers have described the roles of fibroblast subsets, this is not completely understood. We review recent evidence supporting understanding about the heterogeneity of fibroblasts. We summarize the origins and the identified profiles of fibroblast subpopulations. The characteristics of fibroblast subpopulations in both healthy and diseased states are highlighted, and the potential of subpopulations to be involved in wound healing in different ways was discussed. Additionally, we review the plasticity of subpopulations and the underlying signalling mechanisms. This review may provide greater insights into potential novel therapeutic targets and tissue regeneration strategies for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Zhou Chen
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Poh-Ching Tan
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zihan Yang
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Department of Plastic and Burn Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingfeng Li
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuang-Bai Zhou
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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3
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Reinhardt JW, Breuer CK. Fibrocytes: A Critical Review and Practical Guide. Front Immunol 2021; 12:784401. [PMID: 34975874 PMCID: PMC8718395 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.784401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrocytes are hematopoietic-derived cells that directly contribute to tissue fibrosis by producing collagen following injury, during disease, and with aging. The lack of a fibrocyte-specific marker has led to the use of multiple strategies for identifying these cells in vivo. This review will detail how past studies were performed, report their findings, and discuss their strengths and limitations. The motivation is to identify opportunities for further investigation and promote the adoption of best practices during future study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W. Reinhardt
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Christopher K. Breuer
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Surgery, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
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4
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Foster DS, Januszyk M, Yost KE, Chinta MS, Gulati GS, Nguyen AT, Burcham AR, Salhotra A, Ransom RC, Henn D, Chen K, Mascharak S, Tolentino K, Titan AL, Jones RE, da Silva O, Leavitt WT, Marshall CD, des Jardins-Park HE, Hu MS, Wan DC, Wernig G, Wagh D, Coller J, Norton JA, Gurtner GC, Newman AM, Chang HY, Longaker MT. Integrated spatial multiomics reveals fibroblast fate during tissue repair. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2110025118. [PMID: 34620713 PMCID: PMC8521719 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2110025118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the skin, tissue injury results in fibrosis in the form of scars composed of dense extracellular matrix deposited by fibroblasts. The therapeutic goal of regenerative wound healing has remained elusive, in part because principles of fibroblast programming and adaptive response to injury remain incompletely understood. Here, we present a multimodal -omics platform for the comprehensive study of cell populations in complex tissue, which has allowed us to characterize the cells involved in wound healing across both time and space. We employ a stented wound model that recapitulates human tissue repair kinetics and multiple Rainbow transgenic lines to precisely track fibroblast fate during the physiologic response to skin injury. Through integrated analysis of single cell chromatin landscapes and gene expression states, coupled with spatial transcriptomic profiling, we are able to impute fibroblast epigenomes with temporospatial resolution. This has allowed us to reveal potential mechanisms controlling fibroblast fate during migration, proliferation, and differentiation following skin injury, and thereby reexamine the canonical phases of wound healing. These findings have broad implications for the study of tissue repair in complex organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deshka S Foster
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305
| | - Michael Januszyk
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305
| | - Kathryn E Yost
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Malini S Chinta
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Gunsagar S Gulati
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Alan T Nguyen
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Austin R Burcham
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Ankit Salhotra
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - R Chase Ransom
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Dominic Henn
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Kellen Chen
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Shamik Mascharak
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Karen Tolentino
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Ashley L Titan
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305
| | - R Ellen Jones
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Oscar da Silva
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - W Tripp Leavitt
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Clement D Marshall
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305
| | - Heather E des Jardins-Park
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Michael S Hu
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Derrick C Wan
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305
| | - Gerlinde Wernig
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Dhananjay Wagh
- Stanford Functional Genomics Facility, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - John Coller
- Stanford Functional Genomics Facility, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jeffrey A Norton
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305
| | - Geoffrey C Gurtner
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305
| | - Aaron M Newman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Howard Y Chang
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305;
- HHMI, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Michael T Longaker
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305;
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
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5
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Rudnik M, Hukara A, Kocherova I, Jordan S, Schniering J, Milleret V, Ehrbar M, Klingel K, Feghali-Bostwick C, Distler O, Błyszczuk P, Kania G. Elevated Fibronectin Levels in Profibrotic CD14 + Monocytes and CD14 + Macrophages in Systemic Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:642891. [PMID: 34504485 PMCID: PMC8421541 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.642891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease characterized by overproduction of extracellular matrix (ECM) and multiorgan fibrosis. Animal studies pointed to bone marrow-derived cells as a potential source of pathological ECM-producing cells in immunofibrotic disorders. So far, involvement of monocytes and macrophages in the fibrogenesis of SSc remains poorly understood. Methods and Results Immunohistochemistry analysis showed accumulation of CD14+ monocytes in the collagen-rich areas, as well as increased amount of alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA)-positive fibroblasts, CD68+ and mannose-R+ macrophages in the heart and lungs of SSc patients. The full genome transcriptomics analyses of CD14+ blood monocytes revealed dysregulation in cytoskeleton rearrangement, ECM remodeling, including elevated FN1 (gene encoding fibronectin) expression and TGF-β signalling pathway in SSc patients. In addition, single cell RNA sequencing analysis of tissue-resident CD14+ pulmonary macrophages demonstrated activated profibrotic signature with the elevated FN1 expression in SSc patients with interstitial lung disease. Peripheral blood CD14+ monocytes obtained from either healthy subjects or SSc patients exposed to profibrotic treatment with profibrotic cytokines TGF-β, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13 increased production of type I collagen, fibronectin, and αSMA. In addition, CD14+ monocytes co-cultured with dermal fibroblasts obtained from SSc patients or healthy individuals acquired a spindle shape and further enhanced production of profibrotic markers. Pharmacological blockade of the TGF-β signalling pathway with SD208 (TGF-β receptor type I inhibitor), SIS3 (Smad3 inhibitor) or (5Z)-7-oxozeaenol (TGF-β-activated kinase 1 inhibitor) ameliorated fibronectin levels and type I collagen secretion. Conclusions Our findings identified activated profibrotic signature with elevated production of profibrotic fibronectin in CD14+ monocytes and CD14+ pulmonary macrophages in SSc and highlighted the capability of CD14+ monocytes to acquire a profibrotic phenotype. Taking together, tissue-infiltrating CD14+ monocytes/macrophages can be considered as ECM producers in SSc pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Rudnik
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Amela Hukara
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ievgeniia Kocherova
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Suzana Jordan
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Janine Schniering
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Milleret
- Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Ehrbar
- Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karin Klingel
- Department of Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Carol Feghali-Bostwick
- Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Oliver Distler
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Przemysław Błyszczuk
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Gabriela Kania
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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6
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Chen Z, Wang Z, Jin T, Shen G, Wang Y, Tan X, Gan Y, Yang F, Liu Y, Huang C, Zhang Y, Fu X, Shi C. Fibrogenic fibroblast-selective near-infrared phototherapy to control scarring. Theranostics 2019; 9:6797-6808. [PMID: 31660069 PMCID: PMC6815952 DOI: 10.7150/thno.36375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Fibroblasts, the predominant cell type responsible for tissue fibrosis, are heterogeneous, and the targeting of unique fibrogenic population of fibroblasts is highly expected. Very recently, elevated glycolysis is demonstrated to play a pivotal role in the determination of fibrogenic phenotype of fibroblasts. However, it is lack of specific strategies for targeting and elimination of such fibrogenic populations. In this study, a novel strategy to use the a near-infrared (NIR) dye IR-780 for the targeting and elimination of a fibrogenic population of glycolytic fibroblasts to control the cutaneous scarring is developed. Methods: The identification and cell properties test of fibrogenic fibroblasts with IR-780 were conducted by using fluorescence activated cell sorting, transplantation experiments, in vivo imaging, RNA sequencing in human cell experiments and mouse and rat wound models. The uptake of IR-780 in fibroblasts mediated by HIF-1α/SLCO2A1 and the metabolic properties of IR-780H fibroblasts were investigated using RNA interference or signaling inhibitors. The fibrogenic fibroblast-selective near-infrared phototherapy of IR-780 were evaluated in human cell experiments and mouse wound models. Results: IR-780 is demonstrated to recognize a unique glycolytic fibroblast lineage, which is responsible for the bulk of connective tissue deposition during cutaneous wound healing and cancer stroma formation. Further results identified that SLCO2A1 is involved in the preferential uptake of IR-780 in fibrogenic fibroblasts, which is regulated by HIF-1α. Moreover, with intrinsic dual phototherapeutic activities, IR-780 significantly diminishes cutaneous scarring through the targeted ablation of the fibrogenic population by photothermal and photodynamic effects. Conclusion: This work provides a unique strategy for the targeted control of tissue scarring by fibrogenic fibroblast-selective near-infrared phototherapy. It is proposed that IR-780 based theranostic methodology holds promise for translational medicine aimed at regulation of fibrogenic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelin Chen
- Institute of Rocket Force Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Ziwen Wang
- Institute of Rocket Force Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Taotao Jin
- Institute of Rocket Force Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Gufang Shen
- Institute of Rocket Force Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Rocket Force Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xu Tan
- Institute of Rocket Force Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yibo Gan
- Institute of Rocket Force Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Institute of Rocket Force Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yunsheng Liu
- Institute of Rocket Force Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Chunji Huang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Chunmeng Shi
- Institute of Rocket Force Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
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Bone Marrow-Derived CD44 + Cells Migrate to Tissue-Engineered Constructs via SDF-1/CXCR4-JNK Pathway and Aid Bone Repair. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:1513526. [PMID: 31428156 PMCID: PMC6681616 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1513526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Host-derived cells play crucial roles in the regeneration process of tissue-engineered constructs (TECs) during the treatment of large segmental bone defects (LSBDs). However, their identity, source, and cell recruitment mechanisms remain elusive. Methods A complex model was created using mice by combining methods of GFP+ bone marrow transplantation (GFP-BMT), parabiosis (GFP+-BMT and wild-type mice), and femoral LSBD, followed by implantation of TECs or DBM scaffolds. Postoperatively, the migration of host BM cells was detected by animal imaging and immunofluorescent staining. Bone repair was evaluated by micro-CT. Signaling pathway repressors including AMD3100 and SP600125 associated with the migration of BM CD44+ cells were further investigated. In vitro, transwell migration and western-blotting assays were performed to verify the related signaling pathway. In vivo, the importance of the SDF-1/CXCR4-JNK pathway was validated by ELISA, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), immunofluorescent staining, and RT-PCR. Results First, we found that host cells recruited to facilitate TEC-mediated bone repair were derived from bone marrow and most of them express CD44, indicating the significance of CD44 in the migration of bone marrow cells towards donor MSCs. Then, the predominant roles of SDF-1/CXCR4 and downstream JNK in the migration of BM CD44+ cells towards TECs were demonstrated. Conclusion Together, we demonstrated that during bone repair promoted by TECs, BM-derived CD44+ cells were essential and their migration towards TECs could be regulated by the SDF-1/CXCR4-JNK signaling pathway.
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8
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Single-cell analysis reveals fibroblast heterogeneity and myeloid-derived adipocyte progenitors in murine skin wounds. Nat Commun 2019; 10:650. [PMID: 30737373 PMCID: PMC6368572 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08247-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
During wound healing in adult mouse skin, hair follicles and then adipocytes regenerate. Adipocytes regenerate from myofibroblasts, a specialized contractile wound fibroblast. Here we study wound fibroblast diversity using single-cell RNA-sequencing. On analysis, wound fibroblasts group into twelve clusters. Pseudotime and RNA velocity analyses reveal that some clusters likely represent consecutive differentiation states toward a contractile phenotype, while others appear to represent distinct fibroblast lineages. One subset of fibroblasts expresses hematopoietic markers, suggesting their myeloid origin. We validate this finding using single-cell western blot and single-cell RNA-sequencing on genetically labeled myofibroblasts. Using bone marrow transplantation and Cre recombinase-based lineage tracing experiments, we rule out cell fusion events and confirm that hematopoietic lineage cells give rise to a subset of myofibroblasts and rare regenerated adipocytes. In conclusion, our study reveals that wounding induces a high degree of heterogeneity among fibroblasts and recruits highly plastic myeloid cells that contribute to adipocyte regeneration. The diversity of fibroblasts contributing to wound healing is unclear. Here, the authors use single-cell RNA-sequencing to identify heterogeneity among murine fibroblasts in the wound and find that recruited myeloid cells contribute to adipocyte regeneration during healing.
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9
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Mudaliar U, Tamgadge A, Tamgadge S, Pereira T, Dhouskar S, Rajhans S, Salunke G. Immunohistochemical Expression of Myofibroblasts Using Alpha-smooth Muscle Actin (SMA) to Assess the Aggressive Potential of Various Clinical Subtypes of Ameloblastoma. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2019; 7:130-135. [PMID: 31548924 PMCID: PMC6753696 DOI: 10.4103/jmau.jmau_10_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Ameloblastoma is a rare odontogenic neoplasm with high recurrence rates if improperly treated. If left untreated (or is treated inadequately), it can cause substantial morbidity, disfigurement, and even death. Hence, there is a need to explore the stromal cells too, which might play an important role in assessing its aggressive behavior and may help to predict the recurrence of different clinical variants of ameloblastoma. Myofibroblasts (MFs) are such cells which have been studied in various lesions. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study involved archival tissues of ameloblastoma. Among a total of 40 cases, 12 cases of SMA (solid multicystic ameloblastoma), 10 cases of unicystic ameloblastoma (UA), 8 cases of desmoplastic ameloblastoma, and 10 cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma were selected as control. Immunohistochemical staining with anti-alpha-smooth muscle actin antibody was done. Interpretation of ten examined fields was counted by three observers. Results: Significant difference in the number of MFs in SMA and UA and desmoplastic ameloblastoma and UA (P < 0.05) was found. However, there was no statistically significant difference in MFs of SMA and desmoplastic ameloblastomas (P > 0.05). In addition, there was no statistically significant difference in the staining intensity between the three variants (P > 0.05). Conclusion: A significant correlation was obtained between the number of MF in all the three clinical variants, i.e., SMA, UA, and desmoplastic ameloblastoma (P = 0.02), which is the unique feature of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Mudaliar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, D Y Patil Deemed to be University, School of Dentistry, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Avinash Tamgadge
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, D Y Patil Deemed to be University, School of Dentistry, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sandhya Tamgadge
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, D Y Patil Deemed to be University, School of Dentistry, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Treville Pereira
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, D Y Patil Deemed to be University, School of Dentistry, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Snehal Dhouskar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, D Y Patil Deemed to be University, School of Dentistry, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sonali Rajhans
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, D Y Patil Deemed to be University, School of Dentistry, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gourav Salunke
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, D Y Patil Deemed to be University, School of Dentistry, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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10
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Wulff BC, Pappa NK, Wilgus TA. Interleukin-33 encourages scar formation in murine fetal skin wounds. Wound Repair Regen 2018; 27:19-28. [PMID: 30368969 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The magnitude of the inflammatory response after skin injury is important for determining whether wounds in developing fetal skin will heal scarlessly (minimal inflammation) or with prominent scars (robust inflammation). One class of inflammatory mediators gaining attention for their role in wound inflammation is alarmins. In the current study, the alarmin interleukin-33 (IL-33) was examined in a mouse model of fetal wound healing. IL-33 expression was elevated in scar-forming embryonic day 18 wounds compared to scarless embryonic day 15 wounds. Furthermore, injection of IL-33 into embryonic day 15 wounds caused scarring when wounds were analyzed at 7 days postwounding. The introduction of IL-33 into embryonic day 15 wounds did not induce statistically significant changes in the number of neutrophils, mast cells, or macrophages in vivo. However, IL-33 treatment enhanced collagen expression in cultured fibroblasts derived from adult and fetal murine skin, suggesting that IL-33 may directly stimulate fibroblasts. In vitro studies suggested that the stimulation of collagen production by IL-33 in fibroblasts was partially dependent on NF-κB activation. Overall, the data suggest an association between IL-33 and scar formation in fetal wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Wulff
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Nicholas K Pappa
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Traci A Wilgus
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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11
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Visfatin Promotes Wound Healing through the Activation of ERK1/2 and JNK1/2 Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113642. [PMID: 30463229 PMCID: PMC6274809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Visfatin, a member of the adipokine family, plays an important role in many metabolic and stress responses. The mechanisms underlying the direct therapeutic effects of visfatin on wound healing have not been reported yet. In this study, we examined the effects of visfatin on wound healing in vitro and in vivo. Visfatin enhanced the proliferation and migration of human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) and keratinocytes the expression of wound healing-related vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in vitro and in vivo. Treatment of HDFs with visfatin induced activation of both extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases 1 and 2 (JNK1/2) in a time-dependent manner. Inhibition of ERK1/2 and JNK1/2 led to a significant decrease in visfatin-induced proliferation and migration of HDFs. Importantly, blocking VEGF with its neutralizing antibodies suppressed the visfatin-induced proliferation and migration of HDFs and human keratinocytes, indicating that visfatin induces the proliferation and migration of HDFs and human keratinocytes via increased VEGF expression. Moreover, visfatin effectively improved wound repair in vivo, which was comparable to the wound healing activity of epidermal growth factor (EGF). Taken together, we demonstrate that visfatin promotes the proliferation and migration of HDFs and human keratinocytes by inducing VEGF expression and can be used as a potential novel therapeutic agent for wound healing.
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12
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Lynch MD, Watt FM. Fibroblast heterogeneity: implications for human disease. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:26-35. [PMID: 29293096 DOI: 10.1172/jci93555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts synthesize the extracellular matrix of connective tissue and play an essential role in maintaining the structural integrity of most tissues. Researchers have long suspected that fibroblasts exhibit functional specialization according to their organ of origin, body site, and spatial location. In recent years, a number of approaches have revealed the existence of fibroblast subtypes in mice. Here, we discuss fibroblast heterogeneity with a focus on the mammalian dermis, which has proven an accessible and tractable system for the dissection of these relationships. We begin by considering differences in fibroblast identity according to anatomical site of origin. Subsequently, we discuss new results relating to the existence of multiple fibroblast subtypes within the mouse dermis. We consider the developmental origin of fibroblasts and how this influences heterogeneity and lineage restriction. We discuss the mechanisms by which fibroblast heterogeneity arises, including intrinsic specification by transcriptional regulatory networks and epigenetic factors in combination with extrinsic effects of the spatial context within tissue. Finally, we discuss how fibroblast heterogeneity may provide insights into pathological states including wound healing, fibrotic diseases, and aging. Our evolving understanding suggests that ex vivo expansion or in vivo inhibition of specific fibroblast subtypes may have important therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus D Lynch
- King's College London Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, United Kingdom.,St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona M Watt
- King's College London Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Terai S, Hashimoto Y, Orita K, Yamasaki S, Takigami J, Shinkuma T, Teraoka T, Nishida Y, Takahashi M, Nakamura H. The origin and distribution of CD68, CD163, and αSMA + cells in the early phase after meniscal resection in a parabiotic rat model. Connect Tissue Res 2017; 58:562-572. [PMID: 28165810 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2017.1284825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that circulating peripheral blood-borne cells (PBCs) contribute to early-phase meniscal reparative change. Because macrophages and myofibroblasts are important contributors of tissue regeneration, we examined their origin and distribution in the reparative meniscus. Reparative menisci were evaluated at 1, 2, and 4 weeks post-meniscectomy by immunohistochemistry to locate monocytes and macrophages (stained positive for CD68 and CD163), and myofibroblasts (stained positive for αSMA). Of the total number of cells, 13% were CD68+ at 1 week post-meniscectomy, which decreased to 1% by 4 weeks post-meniscectomy; of these, almost half of CD68+ cells (49.4%: 98.8% as PBCs) were green fluorescent protein (GFP)-positive post-meniscectomy (1, 2, and 4 weeks), indicating that the majority of CD68+ cells were derived from PBCs. Of the total cells, 6% were CD163+ at 1 week post-meniscectomy, which decreased to 1% by week 4. Of the CD163+ cells, the majority were GFP-positive (42.5%: 85.0% as PBCs) after 1 week; however, this decreased significantly over time, which indicates that the majority of CD163+ cells are derived from PBCs during the early phase of meniscal reparative change, but are derived from resident cells at later time points. Of the total cells, 38% were αSMA+ at 1 week post-meniscectomy, which decreased to 3% by 4 weeks. The proportion of GFP-positive αSMA+ cells was 2.8% after 1 week, with no significant change over time, which indicates that the majority of αSMA+ cells originated from resident cells. Here, we describe the origin and distribution of macrophages and myofibroblasts during meniscal reparative change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shozaburo Terai
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine , Osaka , Japan
| | - Yusuke Hashimoto
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine , Osaka , Japan
| | - Kumi Orita
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine , Osaka , Japan
| | - Shinya Yamasaki
- b Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Osaka City General Hospital , Osaka , Japan
| | - Junsei Takigami
- c Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Shimada Hospital , Habikino , Japan
| | - Takafumi Shinkuma
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine , Osaka , Japan
| | - Takanori Teraoka
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine , Osaka , Japan
| | - Yohei Nishida
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine , Osaka , Japan
| | - Masafumi Takahashi
- d Division of Inflammation Research, Centre for Molecular Medicine , Jichi Medical University , Shimotsuke , Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nakamura
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine , Osaka , Japan
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14
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Verma SK, Garikipati VNS, Krishnamurthy P, Schumacher SM, Grisanti LA, Cimini M, Cheng Z, Khan M, Yue Y, Benedict C, Truongcao MM, Rabinowitz JE, Goukassian DA, Tilley D, Koch WJ, Kishore R. Interleukin-10 Inhibits Bone Marrow Fibroblast Progenitor Cell-Mediated Cardiac Fibrosis in Pressure-Overloaded Myocardium. Circulation 2017; 136:940-953. [PMID: 28667100 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.027889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activated fibroblasts (myofibroblasts) play a critical role in cardiac fibrosis; however, their origin in the diseased heart remains unclear, warranting further investigation. Recent studies suggest the contribution of bone marrow fibroblast progenitor cells (BM-FPCs) in pressure overload-induced cardiac fibrosis. We have previously shown that interleukin-10 (IL10) suppresses pressure overload-induced cardiac fibrosis; however, the role of IL10 in inhibition of BM-FPC-mediated cardiac fibrosis is not known. We hypothesized that IL10 inhibits pressure overload-induced homing of BM-FPCs to the heart and their transdifferentiation to myofibroblasts and thus attenuates cardiac fibrosis. METHODS Pressure overload was induced in wild-type (WT) and IL10 knockout (IL10KO) mice by transverse aortic constriction. To determine the bone marrow origin, chimeric mice were created with enhanced green fluorescent protein WT mice marrow to the IL10KO mice. For mechanistic studies, FPCs were isolated from mouse bone marrow. RESULTS Pressure overload enhanced BM-FPC mobilization and homing in IL10KO mice compared with WT mice. Furthermore, WT bone marrow (from enhanced green fluorescent protein mice) transplantation in bone marrow-depleted IL10KO mice (IL10KO chimeric mice) reduced transverse aortic constriction-induced BM-FPC mobilization compared with IL10KO mice. Green fluorescent protein costaining with α-smooth muscle actin or collagen 1α in left ventricular tissue sections of IL10KO chimeric mice suggests that myofibroblasts were derived from bone marrow after transverse aortic constriction. Finally, WT bone marrow transplantation in IL10KO mice inhibited transverse aortic constriction-induced cardiac fibrosis and improved heart function. At the molecular level, IL10 treatment significantly inhibited transforming growth factor-β-induced transdifferentiation and fibrotic signaling in WT BM-FPCs in vitro. Furthermore, fibrosis-associated microRNA (miRNA) expression was highly upregulated in IL10KO-FPCs compared with WT-FPCs. Polymerase chain reaction-based selective miRNA analysis revealed that transforming growth factor-β-induced enhanced expression of fibrosis-associated miRNAs (miRNA-21, -145, and -208) was significantly inhibited by IL10. Restoration of miRNA-21 levels suppressed the IL10 effects on transforming growth factor-β-induced fibrotic signaling in BM-FPCs. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that IL10 inhibits BM-FPC homing and transdifferentiation to myofibroblasts in pressure-overloaded myocardium. Mechanistically, we show for the first time that IL10 suppresses Smad-miRNA-21-mediated activation of BM-FPCs and thus modulates cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh K Verma
- From Center for Translational Medicine (S.K.V., V.N.S.G., S.M.S., L.A.G., M.C., Z.C., M.K., Y.Y., C.B., M.M.T., J.E.R., D.A.G., D.T., W.J.K., R.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (D.T., W.J.K., R.K.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (P.K.)
| | - Venkata N S Garikipati
- From Center for Translational Medicine (S.K.V., V.N.S.G., S.M.S., L.A.G., M.C., Z.C., M.K., Y.Y., C.B., M.M.T., J.E.R., D.A.G., D.T., W.J.K., R.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (D.T., W.J.K., R.K.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (P.K.)
| | - Prasanna Krishnamurthy
- From Center for Translational Medicine (S.K.V., V.N.S.G., S.M.S., L.A.G., M.C., Z.C., M.K., Y.Y., C.B., M.M.T., J.E.R., D.A.G., D.T., W.J.K., R.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (D.T., W.J.K., R.K.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (P.K.)
| | - Sarah M Schumacher
- From Center for Translational Medicine (S.K.V., V.N.S.G., S.M.S., L.A.G., M.C., Z.C., M.K., Y.Y., C.B., M.M.T., J.E.R., D.A.G., D.T., W.J.K., R.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (D.T., W.J.K., R.K.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (P.K.)
| | - Laurel A Grisanti
- From Center for Translational Medicine (S.K.V., V.N.S.G., S.M.S., L.A.G., M.C., Z.C., M.K., Y.Y., C.B., M.M.T., J.E.R., D.A.G., D.T., W.J.K., R.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (D.T., W.J.K., R.K.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (P.K.)
| | - Maria Cimini
- From Center for Translational Medicine (S.K.V., V.N.S.G., S.M.S., L.A.G., M.C., Z.C., M.K., Y.Y., C.B., M.M.T., J.E.R., D.A.G., D.T., W.J.K., R.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (D.T., W.J.K., R.K.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (P.K.)
| | - Zhongjian Cheng
- From Center for Translational Medicine (S.K.V., V.N.S.G., S.M.S., L.A.G., M.C., Z.C., M.K., Y.Y., C.B., M.M.T., J.E.R., D.A.G., D.T., W.J.K., R.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (D.T., W.J.K., R.K.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (P.K.)
| | - Mohsin Khan
- From Center for Translational Medicine (S.K.V., V.N.S.G., S.M.S., L.A.G., M.C., Z.C., M.K., Y.Y., C.B., M.M.T., J.E.R., D.A.G., D.T., W.J.K., R.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (D.T., W.J.K., R.K.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (P.K.)
| | - Yujia Yue
- From Center for Translational Medicine (S.K.V., V.N.S.G., S.M.S., L.A.G., M.C., Z.C., M.K., Y.Y., C.B., M.M.T., J.E.R., D.A.G., D.T., W.J.K., R.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (D.T., W.J.K., R.K.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (P.K.)
| | - Cindy Benedict
- From Center for Translational Medicine (S.K.V., V.N.S.G., S.M.S., L.A.G., M.C., Z.C., M.K., Y.Y., C.B., M.M.T., J.E.R., D.A.G., D.T., W.J.K., R.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (D.T., W.J.K., R.K.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (P.K.)
| | - May M Truongcao
- From Center for Translational Medicine (S.K.V., V.N.S.G., S.M.S., L.A.G., M.C., Z.C., M.K., Y.Y., C.B., M.M.T., J.E.R., D.A.G., D.T., W.J.K., R.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (D.T., W.J.K., R.K.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (P.K.)
| | - Joseph E Rabinowitz
- From Center for Translational Medicine (S.K.V., V.N.S.G., S.M.S., L.A.G., M.C., Z.C., M.K., Y.Y., C.B., M.M.T., J.E.R., D.A.G., D.T., W.J.K., R.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (D.T., W.J.K., R.K.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (P.K.)
| | - David A Goukassian
- From Center for Translational Medicine (S.K.V., V.N.S.G., S.M.S., L.A.G., M.C., Z.C., M.K., Y.Y., C.B., M.M.T., J.E.R., D.A.G., D.T., W.J.K., R.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (D.T., W.J.K., R.K.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (P.K.)
| | - Douglas Tilley
- From Center for Translational Medicine (S.K.V., V.N.S.G., S.M.S., L.A.G., M.C., Z.C., M.K., Y.Y., C.B., M.M.T., J.E.R., D.A.G., D.T., W.J.K., R.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (D.T., W.J.K., R.K.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (P.K.)
| | - Walter J Koch
- From Center for Translational Medicine (S.K.V., V.N.S.G., S.M.S., L.A.G., M.C., Z.C., M.K., Y.Y., C.B., M.M.T., J.E.R., D.A.G., D.T., W.J.K., R.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (D.T., W.J.K., R.K.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (P.K.)
| | - Raj Kishore
- From Center for Translational Medicine (S.K.V., V.N.S.G., S.M.S., L.A.G., M.C., Z.C., M.K., Y.Y., C.B., M.M.T., J.E.R., D.A.G., D.T., W.J.K., R.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (D.T., W.J.K., R.K.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (P.K.).
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15
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Tumor-associated fibroblasts predominantly come from local and not circulating precursors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:7551-6. [PMID: 27317748 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1600363113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts are common cell types in cancer stroma and lay down collagen required for survival and growth of cancer cells. Although some cancer therapy strategies target tumor fibroblasts, their origin remains controversial. Multiple publications suggest circulating mesenchymal precursors as a source of tumor-associated fibroblasts. However, we show by three independent approaches that tumor fibroblasts derive primarily from local, sessile precursors. First, transplantable tumors developing in a mouse expressing green fluorescent reporter protein (EGFP) under control of the type I collagen (Col-I) promoter (COL-EGFP) had green stroma, whereas we could not find COL-EGFP(+) cells in tumors developing in the parabiotic partner lacking the fluorescent reporter. Lack of incorporation of COL-EGFP(+) cells from the circulation into tumors was confirmed in parabiotic pairs of COL-EGFP mice and transgenic mice developing autochthonous intestinal adenomas. Second, transplantable tumors developing in chimeric mice reconstituted with bone marrow cells from COL-EGFP mice very rarely showed stromal fibroblasts expressing EGFP. Finally, cancer cells injected under full-thickness COL-EGFP skin grafts transplanted in nonreporter mice developed into tumors containing green stromal cells. Using multicolor in vivo confocal microscopy, we found that Col-I-expressing fibroblasts constituted approximately one-third of the stromal mass and formed a continuous sheet wrapping the tumor vessels. In summary, tumors form their fibroblastic stroma predominantly from precursors present in the local tumor microenvironment, whereas the contribution of bone marrow-derived circulating precursors is rare.
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16
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Matthews BG, Torreggiani E, Roeder E, Matic I, Grcevic D, Kalajzic I. Osteogenic potential of alpha smooth muscle actin expressing muscle resident progenitor cells. Bone 2016; 84:69-77. [PMID: 26721734 PMCID: PMC4755912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a pathological process where bone forms in connective tissues such as skeletal muscle. Previous studies have suggested that muscle-resident non-myogenic mesenchymal progenitors are the likely source of osteoblasts and chondrocytes in HO. However, the previously identified markers of muscle-resident osteoprogenitors label up to half the osteoblasts within heterotopic lesions, suggesting other cell populations are involved. We have identified alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA) as a marker of osteoprogenitor cells in bone and periodontium, and of osteo-chondro progenitors in the periosteum during fracture healing. We therefore utilized a lineage tracing approach to evaluate whether αSMACreERT2 identifies osteoprogenitors in the muscle. We show that in the muscle, αSMACreERT2 labels both perivascular cells, and satellite cells. αSMACre-labeled cells undergo osteogenic differentiation in vitro and form osteoblasts and chondrocytes in BMP2-induced HO in vivo. In contrast, Pax7CreERT2-labeled muscle satellite cells were restricted to myogenic differentiation in vitro, and rarely contributed to HO in vivo. Our data indicate that αSMACreERT2 labels a large proportion of osteoprogenitors in skeletal muscle, and therefore represents another marker of muscle-resident cells with osteogenic potential under HO-inducing stimulus. In contrast, muscle satellite cells make minimal contribution to bone formation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brya G Matthews
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Elena Torreggiani
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Emilie Roeder
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Igor Matic
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Danka Grcevic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivo Kalajzic
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA.
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17
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Fernando MR, Giembycz MA, McKay DM. Bidirectional crosstalk via IL-6, PGE2 and PGD2 between murine myofibroblasts and alternatively activated macrophages enhances anti-inflammatory phenotype in both cells. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:899-912. [PMID: 26676587 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs) are important cells in the resolution of inflammation and tissue repair. We examined the impact of myofibroblasts, a vital cell in wound healing and tissue repair, on the development and function of AAMs. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The interaction between AAMs and myofibroblasts was tested using conditioned medium from murine dermal myofibroblasts and bone marrow-derived macrophages. AAMs were differentiated with IL-4 and IL-13. KEY RESULTS Conditioned medium from myofibroblasts enhanced the expression of AAM markers, arginase 1 and Ym1 (chitinase-3-like 3) and the spontaneous production of IL-10, while suppressing LPS-induced nitric oxide production. IL-6 from the myofibroblasts contributed to the amplification of the AAM phenotype; the selective COX-2 inhibitor, NS-398, significantly reduced the ability of myofibroblasts to promote an AAM phenotype. Pharmacological analyses indicated that myofibroblast-derived IL-6 enhanced arginase activity and spontaneous IL-10 output, while PGE2 , via the EP4 receptor, enhanced arginase expression and LPS-evoked IL-10 production. PGD2 suppressed LPS-evoked nitric oxide via the DP1 receptor. Reciprocally, conditioned medium from macrophages treated with IL-4 + IL-13 and myofibroblast conditioned medium components, but not macrophages given IL-4 + IL-13 only, reduced myofibroblast migration, the expression of COX-2, and the production of PGE2 and PGD2 . CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These findings define mechanisms by which myofibroblasts enhance an AAM phenotype, which can promote wound healing directly, and/or via feedback communication to the myofibroblast, subsequently down-regulating its capacity to promote AAM function. This is an important homeostatic regulatory pathway in wound healing that can also limit unwanted fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria R Fernando
- Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network
| | - Mark A Giembycz
- Airways Inflammation Research Group, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Derek M McKay
- Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network
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18
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Jósvay K, Winter Z, Katona RL, Pecze L, Marton A, Buhala A, Szakonyi G, Oláh Z, Vizler C. Besides neuro-imaging, the Thy1-YFP mouse could serve for visualizing experimental tumours, inflammation and wound-healing. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6776. [PMID: 25345415 PMCID: PMC4209462 DOI: 10.1038/srep06776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The B6.Cg-Tg(Thy1-YFP)16Jrs/J transgenic mouse strain, widely used to study neuronal development and regeneration, expresses the yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) in the peripheral nerves and the central nervous system under the control of regulatory sequences of the Thy1 gene. The Thy1 (CD90) cell surface glycoprotein is present on many cell types besides neurons, and is known to be involved in cell adhesion, migration and signal transduction. We hypothesized that Thy1-activating conditions could probably activate the truncated Thy1 regulatory sequences used in the Thy1-YFP construct, resulting in YFP transgene expression outside the nervous system. We demonstrated that the stroma of subcutaneous tumours induced by the injection of 4T1 or MC26 carcinoma cells into BALB/c(Thy1-YFP) mice, carrying the same construct, indeed expressed the YFP transgene. In the tumour mass, the yellow-green fluorescent stromal cells were clearly distinguishable from 4T1 carcinoma cells stably transfected with red fluorescent protein. Local inflammation induced by subcutaneous injection of complete Freund's adjuvant, as well as the experimental wound-healing milieu, also triggered YFP fluorescence in both the BALB/c(Thy1-YFP) and B6.Cg-Tg(Thy1-YFP)16Jrs/J mice, pointing to eventual overlapping pathways of wound-healing, inflammation and tumour growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Jósvay
- 1] Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary [2] Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Winter
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Róbert L Katona
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Pecze
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Annamária Marton
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Andrea Buhala
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gerda Szakonyi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Oláh
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csaba Vizler
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
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19
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Kendall RT, Feghali-Bostwick CA. Fibroblasts in fibrosis: novel roles and mediators. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:123. [PMID: 24904424 PMCID: PMC4034148 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 668] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts are the most common cell type of the connective tissues found throughout the body and the principal source of the extensive extracellular matrix (ECM) characteristic of these tissues. They are also the central mediators of the pathological fibrotic accumulation of ECM and the cellular proliferation and differentiation that occurs in response to prolonged tissue injury and chronic inflammation. The transformation of the fibroblast cell lineage involves classical developmental signaling programs and includes a surprisingly diverse range of precursor cell types—most notably, myofibroblasts that are the apex of the fibrotic phenotype. Myofibroblasts display exaggerated ECM production; constitutively secrete and are hypersensitive to chemical signals such as cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors; and are endowed with a contractile apparatus allowing them to manipulate the ECM fibers physically to close open wounds. In addition to ECM production, fibroblasts have multiple concomitant biological roles, such as in wound healing, inflammation, and angiogenesis, which are each interwoven with the process of fibrosis. We now recognize many common fibroblast-related features across various physiological and pathological protracted processes. Indeed, a new appreciation has emerged for the role of non-cancerous fibroblast interactions with tumors in cancer progression. Although the predominant current clinical treatments of fibrosis involve non-specific immunosuppressive and anti-proliferative drugs, a variety of potential therapies under investigation specifically target fibroblast biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T Kendall
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Carol A Feghali-Bostwick
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, SC, USA
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20
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Suga H, Rennert RC, Rodrigues M, Sorkin M, Glotzbach JP, Januszyk M, Fujiwara T, Longaker MT, Gurtner GC. Tracking the elusive fibrocyte: identification and characterization of collagen-producing hematopoietic lineage cells during murine wound healing. Stem Cells 2014; 32:1347-60. [PMID: 24446236 PMCID: PMC4096488 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fibrocytes are a unique population of circulating cells reported to exhibit characteristics of both hematopoietic and mesenchymal cells, and play an important role in wound healing. However, putative fibrocytes have been found to lose expression of hematopoietic surface markers such as CD45 during differentiation, making it difficult to track these cells in vivo with conventional methodologies. In this study, to distinguish hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells without surface markers, we took advantage of the gene vav 1, which is expressed solely on hematopoietic cells but not on other cell types, and established a novel transgenic mouse, in which hematopoietic cells are irreversibly labeled with green fluorescent protein and nonhematopoietic cells with red fluorescent protein. Use of single-cell transcriptional analysis in this mouse model revealed two discrete types of collagen I (Col I) expressing cells of hematopoietic lineage recruited into excisional skin wounds. We confirmed this finding on a protein level, with one subset of these Col I synthesizing cells being CD45+ and CD11b+, consistent with the traditional definition of a fibrocyte, while another was CD45- and Cd11b-, representing a previously unidentified population. Both cell types were found to initially peak, then reduce posthealing, consistent with a disappearance from the wound site and not a loss of identifying surface marker expression. Taken together, we have unambiguously identified two cells of hematopoietic origin that are recruited to the wound site and deposit collagen, definitively confirming the existence and natural time course of fibrocytes in cutaneous healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Suga
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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21
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Schuetze KB, McKinsey TA, Long CS. Targeting cardiac fibroblasts to treat fibrosis of the heart: focus on HDACs. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 70:100-7. [PMID: 24631770 PMCID: PMC4080911 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is implicated in numerous physiologic and pathologic conditions, including scar formation, heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias. However the specific cells and signaling pathways mediating this process are poorly understood. Lysine acetylation of nucleosomal histone tails is an important mechanism for the regulation of gene expression. Additionally, proteomic studies have revealed that thousands of proteins in all cellular compartments are subject to reversible lysine acetylation, and thus it is becoming clear that this post-translational modification will rival phosphorylation in terms of biological import. Acetyl groups are conjugated to lysine by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and removed from lysine by histone deacetylases (HDACs). Recent studies have shown that pharmacologic agents that alter lysine acetylation by targeting HDACs have the remarkable ability to block pathological fibrosis. Here, we review the current understanding of cardiac fibroblasts and the fibrogenic process with respect to the roles of lysine acetylation in the control of disease-related cardiac fibrosis. Potential for small molecule HDAC inhibitors as anti-fibrotic therapeutics that target cardiac fibroblasts is highlighted. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Myocyte-Fibroblast Signalling in Myocardium."
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine B Schuetze
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Denver, 12700 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045-0508, USA
| | - Timothy A McKinsey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Denver, 12700 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045-0508, USA.
| | - Carlin S Long
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Denver, 12700 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045-0508, USA.
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22
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van Solingen C, Araldi E, Chamorro-Jorganes A, Fernández-Hernando C, Suárez Y. Improved repair of dermal wounds in mice lacking microRNA-155. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:1104-12. [PMID: 24636235 PMCID: PMC4112003 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is a well-regulated but complex process that involves haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and maturation. Recent reports suggest that microRNAs (miRs) play important roles in dermal wound healing. In fact, miR deregulation has been linked with impaired wound repair. miR-155 has been shown to be induced by inflammatory mediators and plays a central regulatory role in immune responses. We have investigated the potential role of miR-155 in wound healing. By creating punch wounds in the skin of mice, we found an increased expression of miR-155 in wound tissue when compared with healthy skin. Interestingly, analysis of wounds of mice lacking the expression of miR-155 (miR-155(-/-) ) revealed an increased wound closure when compared with wild-type animals. Also, the accelerated wound closing correlated with elevated numbers of macrophages in wounded tissue. Gene expression analysis of wounds tissue and macrophages isolated from miR-155(-/-) mice that were treated with interleukin-4 demonstrated an increased expression of miR-155 targets (BCL6, RhoA and SHIP1) as well as, the finding in inflammatory zone-1 (FIZZ1) gene, when compared with WT mice. Moreover, the up-regulated levels of FIZZ1 in the wound tissue of miR-155(-/-) mice correlated with an increased deposition of type-1 collagens, a phenomenon known to be beneficial in wound closure. Our data indicate that the absence of miR-155 has beneficial effects in the wound healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coen van Solingen
- Department of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology and the Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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23
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Nakashima T, Liu T, Yu H, Ding L, Ullenbruch M, Hu B, Wu Z, Oguro H, Phan SH. Lung bone marrow-derived hematopoietic progenitor cells enhance pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 188:976-84. [PMID: 24010731 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201303-0479oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Bone marrow (BM)-derived cells have been implicated in pulmonary fibrosis. However, their precise role in pathogenesis is incompletely understood. OBJECTIVES To elucidate roles of BM-derived cells in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, and clarify their potential relationship to lung hematopoietic progenitor cells (LHPCs). METHODS GFP BM-chimera mice treated with or without bleomycin were used to assess the BM-derived cells. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS GFP(+) cells in the chimera lung were found to be comprised of two distinct phenotypes: GFP(hi) and GFP(low) cells. The GFP(hi), but not GFP(low), population was significantly increased after bleomycin treatment. Flow-cytometric analysis and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed that GFP(hi) cells exhibited phenotypic characteristics of CD11c(+) dendritic cells and macrophages. GFP(hi) cell conditioned media were chemotactic for fibroblasts obtained from fibrotic but not normal lung in vitro. Moreover, adoptive transfer of GFP(hi) cells exacerbated fibrosis in recipient mice, similar to that seen on adoptive transfer of BM-derived CD11c(+) cells from donor bleomycin-treated mice. Next, we evaluated the potential of LHPCs as the source of GFP(hi) cells. Isolation of LHPCs by flow sorting revealed enrichment in cKit(+)/Sca1(-)/Lin(-) cells, most of which were GFP(+) indicating their BM origin. The number of LHPCs increased rapidly after bleomycin treatment. Furthermore, stem cell factor induced LHPC proliferation, whereas granulocyte-macrophage-colony stimulating factor induced differentiation to GFP(hi) cells. CONCLUSIONS BM-derived LHPCs with a novel phenotype could differentiate into GFP(hi) cells, which enhanced pulmonary fibrosis. Targeting this mobilized LHPCs might represent a novel therapeutic approach in chronic fibrotic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Nakashima
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
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24
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Interest in the myofibroblast as a key player in propagation of chronic progressive fibrosis continues to elicit many publications, with focus on its cellular origins and the mechanisms underpinning their differentiation and/or transition. The objective of the review is to highlight this recent progress. RECENT FINDINGS The epithelial origin of the myofibroblast in fibrosis has been challenged by recent studies, with the pericyte suggested as a possible precursor instead. Additional signaling pathways, including Notch, Wnt, and hedgehog, are implicated in myofibroblast differentiation. The importance of NADPH oxidase 4 was highlighted recently to suggest a potential link between cellular/oxidative stress and the genesis of the myofibroblast. Recent observations on the importance of lysophosphatidic acid in fibrosis suggest that this may be due, in part, to its ability to regulate myofibroblast differentiation. Finally, there is increasing evidence for the role of epigenetic mechanisms in regulating myofibroblast differentiation, including DNA methylation and miRNA regulation of gene expression. SUMMARY These recent discoveries open up a whole new array of potential targets for novel antifibrotic therapies. This is of special importance given the current bleak outlook for chronic progressive fibrotic diseases, such as scleroderma, due to lack of effective therapies.
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25
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McGee HM, Schmidt B, Booth CJ, Yancopoulos GD, Valenzuela DM, Murphy AJ, Stevens S, Flavell RA, Horsley V. IL-22 promotes fibroblast-mediated wound repair in the skin. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:1321-9. [PMID: 23223145 PMCID: PMC3610794 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Skin wound repair requires complex and highly coordinated interactions between keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and immune cells to restore the epidermal barrier and tissue architecture after acute injury. The cytokine IL-22 mediates unidirectional signaling from immune cells to epithelial cells during injury of peripheral tissues such as the liver and colon, where IL-22 causes epithelial cells to produce antibacterial proteins, express mucins, and enhance epithelial regeneration. In this study, we used IL-22(-/-) mice to investigate the in vivo role for IL-22 in acute skin wounding. We found that IL-22(-/-) mice displayed major defects in the skin's dermal compartment after full-thickness wounding. We also found that IL-22 signaling is active in fibroblasts, using in vitro assays with primary fibroblasts, and that IL-22 directs extracellular matrix (ECM) gene expression and myofibroblast differentiation both in vitro and in vivo. These data define roles of IL-22 beyond epithelial cross talk, and suggest that IL-22 has a previously unidentified role in skin repair by mediating interactions between immune cells and fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M. McGee
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Yale University
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University
| | - Barbara Schmidt
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Yale University
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Valerie Horsley
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Yale University
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26
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Seppanen E, Roy E, Ellis R, Bou-Gharios G, Fisk NM, Khosrotehrani K. Distant mesenchymal progenitors contribute to skin wound healing and produce collagen: evidence from a murine fetal microchimerism model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62662. [PMID: 23650524 PMCID: PMC3641113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of distant and/or bone marrow-derived endogenous mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) to skin wounds is controversial. Bone marrow transplantation experiments employed to address this have been largely confounded by radiation-resistant host-derived MSC populations. Gestationally-acquired fetal MSC are known to engraft in maternal bone marrow in all pregnancies and persist for decades. These fetal cells home to damaged maternal tissues, mirroring endogenous stem cell behavior. We used fetal microchimerism as a tool to investigate the natural homing and engraftment of distant MSC to skin wounds. Post-partum wild-type mothers that had delivered transgenic pups expressing luciferase under the collagen type I-promoter were wounded. In vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI) was then used to track recruitment of fetal cells expressing this mesenchymal marker over 14 days of healing. Fetal cells were detected in 9/43 animals using BLI (Fisher exact p = 0.01 versus 1/43 controls). These collagen type I-expressing fetal cells were specifically recruited to maternal wounds in the initial phases of healing, peaking on day 1 (n = 43, p<0.01). This was confirmed by detection of Y-chromosome+ve fetal cells that displayed fibroblast-like morphology. Histological analyses of day 7 wounds revealed vimentin-expressing fetal cells in dermal tissue. Our results demonstrate the participation of distant mesenchymal cells in skin wounds. These data imply that endogenous MSC populations are likely recruited from bone marrow to wounds to participate in healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Seppanen
- The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston Campus, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Edwige Roy
- The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston Campus, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rebecca Ellis
- The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston Campus, Brisbane, Australia
| | - George Bou-Gharios
- The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston Campus, Brisbane, Australia
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas M. Fisk
- The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston Campus, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Prenatal Care, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Herston, Australia
| | - Kiarash Khosrotehrani
- The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston Campus, Brisbane, Australia
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27
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Pretheeban T, Lemos DR, Paylor B, Zhang RH, Rossi FM. Role of stem/progenitor cells in reparative disorders. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2012; 5:20. [PMID: 23270300 PMCID: PMC3541267 DOI: 10.1186/1755-1536-5-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Adult stem cells are activated to proliferate and differentiate during normal tissue homeostasis as well as in disease states and injury. This activation is a vital component in the restoration of function to damaged tissue via either complete or partial regeneration. When regeneration does not fully occur, reparative processes involving an overproduction of stromal components ensure the continuity of tissue at the expense of its normal structure and function, resulting in a “reparative disorder”. Adult stem cells from multiple organs have been identified as being involved in this process and their role in tissue repair is being investigated. Evidence for the participation of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in the tissue repair process across multiple tissues is overwhelming and their role in reparative disorders is clearly demonstrated, as is the involvement of a number of specific signaling pathways. Transforming growth factor beta, bone morphogenic protein and Wnt pathways interact to form a complex signaling network that is critical in regulating the fate choices of both stromal and tissue-specific resident stem cells (TSCs), determining whether functional regeneration or the formation of scar tissue follows an injury. A growing understanding of both TSCs, MSCs and the complex cascade of signals regulating both cell populations have, therefore, emerged as potential therapeutic targets to treat reparative disorders. This review focuses on recent advances on the role of these cells in skeletal muscle, heart and lung tissues.
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28
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Takemoto Y, Li TS, Kubo M, Ohshima M, Kurazumi H, Ueda K, Enoki T, Murata T, Hamano K. The mobilization and recruitment of c-kit+ cells contribute to wound healing after surgery. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48052. [PMID: 23155375 PMCID: PMC3498273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Delayed wound healing is a serious clinical problem in patients after surgery. A recent study has demonstrated that bone marrow-derived c-kit-positive (c-kit+) cells play important roles in repairing and regenerating various tissues and organs. To examine the hypothesis that surgical injury induces the mobilization and recruitment of c-kit+ cells to accelerate wound healing. Mice were subjected to a left pneumonectomy. The mobilization of c-kit+ cells was monitored after surgery. Using green fluorescent protein (GFP+) bone marrow-transplanted chimera mice, we investigated further whether the mobilized c-kit+ cells were recruited to effect wound healing in a skin puncture model. The group with left pneumonectomies increased the c-kit+ and CD34+ stem cells in peripheral blood 24 h after surgery. At 3 days after surgery, the skin wound size was observed to be significantly smaller, and the number of bone marrow-derived GFP+ cells and GFP+/c-kit+ cells in the wound tissue was significantly greater in mice that had received pneumonectomies, as compared with those that had received a sham operation. Furthermore, some of these GFP+ cells were positively expressed specific markers of macrophages (F4/80), endothelial cells (CD31), and myofibroblasts (αSMA). The administration of AMD3100, an antagonist of a stromal-cell derived factor (SDF)-1/CXCR4 signaling pathway, reduced the number of GFP+ cells in wound tissue and completely negated the accelerated wound healing. Surgical injury induces the mobilization and recruitment of c-kit+ cells to contribute to wound healing. Regulating c-kit+ cells may provide a new approach that accelerates wound healing after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Takemoto
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
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29
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Bonig H, Papayannopoulou T. Hematopoietic stem cell mobilization: updated conceptual renditions. Leukemia 2012; 27:24-31. [PMID: 22951944 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2012.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite its specific clinical relevance, the field of hematopoietic stem cell mobilization has received broad attention, owing mainly to the belief that pharmacologic stem cell mobilization might provide clues as to how stem cells are retained in their natural environment, the bone marrow 'niche'. Inherent to this knowledge is also the desire to optimally engineer stem cells to interact with their target niche (such as after transplantation), or to lure malignant stem cells out of their protective niches (in order to kill them), and in general to decipher the niche's structural components and its organization. Whereas, with the exception of the recent addition of CXCR4 antagonists to the armamentarium for mobilization of patients refractory to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor alone, clinical stem cell mobilization has not changed significantly over the last decade or so, much effort has been made trying to explain the complex mechanism(s) by which hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells leave the marrow. This brief review will report some of the more recent advances about mobilization, with an attempt to reconcile some of the seemingly inconsistent data in mobilization and to interject some commonalities among different mobilization regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bonig
- Department of Medicine/Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98198-7720, USA
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30
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Otranto M, Sarrazy V, Bonté F, Hinz B, Gabbiani G, Desmoulière A. The role of the myofibroblast in tumor stroma remodeling. Cell Adh Migr 2012; 6:203-19. [PMID: 22568985 PMCID: PMC3427235 DOI: 10.4161/cam.20377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its first description in wound granulation tissue, the myofibroblast has been recognized to be a key actor in the epithelial-mesenchymal cross-talk that plays a crucial role in many physiological and pathological situations, such as regulation of prostate development, ventilation-perfusion in lung alveoli or organ fibrosis. The presence of myofibroblasts in the stroma reaction to epithelial tumors is well established and many data are accumulating which suggest that the stroma compartment is an active participant in tumor onset and/or evolution. In this review we summarize the evidence in favor of this concept, the main mechanisms that regulate myofibroblast differentiation and function, as well as the biophysical and biochemical factors possibly involved in epithelial-stroma interactions, using liver carcinoma as main model, in view of achieving a better understanding of tumor progression mechanisms and of tools directed toward stroma as eventual therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Otranto
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Limoges, Limoges, France
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31
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Gibney BC, Chamoto K, Lee GS, Simpson DC, Miele LF, Tsuda A, Konerding MA, Wagers A, Mentzer SJ. Cross-circulation and cell distribution kinetics in parabiotic mice. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:821-8. [PMID: 21503883 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Blood-borne nucleated cells participate not only in inflammation, but in tissue repair and regeneration. Because progenitor and stem cell populations have a low concentration in the blood, the circulation kinetics and tissue distribution of these cells is largely unknown. An important approach to tracking cell lineage is the use of fluorescent tracers and parabiotic models of cross-circulation. Here, we investigated the cross-circulation and cell distribution kinetics of C57/B6 GFP(+)/wild-type parabionts. Flow cytometry analysis of the peripheral blood after parabiosis demonstrated no evidence for a "parabiotic barrier" based on cell size or surface characterstics; all peripheral blood cell subpopulations in this study reached equilibrium within 14 days. Whole blood fluorescence analysis indicated that the mean exchange flow rate was 16 µl/h or 0.66% of the circulating blood volume per hour. Studies of peripheral lymphoid organs indicated differential cell distribution kinetics. Some subpopulations, such as CD8(+) and CD11c(+), equilibrated in both lymph nodes and spleen indicating a residence time <28 days; in contrast, other lymphocyte subpopulations, such as B220(+) and CD4(+) cells, had not yet reached equilibrium at 28 days. We conclude that parabiosis can provide important insights into defining tissue distribution, residence times, and recirculating pools using fluorochrome markers of cell lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry C Gibney
- Laboratory of Adaptive and Regenerative Biology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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