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Pishel I, Yankova T, Dubiley T, Shytikov D. Reciprocal blood exchange in heterochronic parabionts has a deleterious effect on the lifespan of young animals without a positive effect for old animals. Rejuvenation Res 2022; 25:191-199. [PMID: 35747947 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2022.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study showed that the exchange of blood between heterochronic parabionts for 3 months did not rejuvenate the immune system of the old partners. Moreover, the young immune system became more aged and began to function according to the "old" principle. Does this "forced aging" affect all organism's systems in this model? We checked the levels of corticosterone, testosterone, IGF-1, insulin, thyroxine in the blood of heterochronic parabionts but did not find significant changes compared to the age-related controls. Since numerous data support the possibility of rejuvenation of the brain, muscles, and other tissues using the model of heterochronic parabiosis, as well as opposite data, we planned to assess the overall effect of this long-term blood exchange on the rate of organism aging. We measured the lifespan of animals that exchanged with blood for 3 months and then were disconnected. Median and maximum life expectancy decreased in young heterochronic parabionts compared with the isochronic control. Old heterochronic parabionts showed only a small trend towards an increase in the median lifespan but it was not statistically significant, and the maximum lifespan did not change compared to the isochronic parabionts. These data support our assumption that old blood contains factors capable of inducing aging in young animals. Finding and selective suppression of aging factor production in the organism could be the key research field for life extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Pishel
- Institute of Gerontology NAMS of Ukraine, Pathophysiology and Immunology , 67 Vyshgorodska St, Kyiv, Ukraine, 04114.,Institute of Gerontology NAMS of Ukraine, Pathophysiology and Immunology, 67 Vyshgorodska St, Kyiv, Ukraine, 04114;
| | | | - Tatiana Dubiley
- D F Chebotarev State Institute of Gerontology NAMS of Ukraine, 119156, Kyiv, Ukraine;
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Brewer KD, Shi SM, Wyss-Coray T. Unraveling protein dynamics to understand the brain - the next molecular frontier. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:45. [PMID: 35717317 PMCID: PMC9206758 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00546-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The technological revolution to measure global gene expression at the single-cell level is currently transforming our knowledge of the brain and neurological diseases, leading from a basic understanding of genetic regulators and risk factors to one of more complex gene interactions and biological pathways. Looking ahead, our next challenge will be the reliable measurement and understanding of proteins. We describe in this review how to apply new, powerful methods of protein labeling, tracking, and detection. Recent developments of these methods now enable researchers to uncover protein mechanisms in vivo that may previously have only been hypothesized. These methods are also useful for discovering new biology because how proteins regulate systemic interactions is not well understood in most cases, such as how they travel through the bloodstream to distal targets or cross the blood–brain barrier. Genetic sequencing of DNA and RNA have enabled many great discoveries in the past 20 years, and now, the protein methods described here are creating a more complete picture of how cells to whole organisms function. It is likely that these developments will generate another transformation in biomedical research and our understanding of the brain and will ultimately allow for patient-specific medicine on a protein level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Brewer
- ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sophia M Shi
- ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Phil and Penny Knight Initiative for Brain Resilience, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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3
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Yuan T, Han X, Liu H, Zhang J, Fan S. Mouse parabiosis model promotes recovery of lymphocytes in irradiated mice. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 97:1589-1596. [PMID: 34399659 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1969464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Total body irradiation (TBI) -induced hematopoietic system injury is mainly due to the failure of self-renewal and to the differentiation ability of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) after radiation exposure. The mouse parabiosis model is mainly used in the field of aging research to explore whether circulating factors in peripheral blood can improve the functions of aged tissues and organs. In this study, we generated a mouse model to verify whether non-irradiated peripheral circulation can improve the circulatory environment in irradiated mice and ameliorate TBI-induced hematopoietic system injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six- to eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were adjoined by a surgical operation. Four weeks later, one mouse in the pair was exposed to 8 Gy or 6 Gy X-ray, and B and T cells in the peripheral blood, bone marrow, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes and thymus were then detected by flow cytometry. Hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in bone marrow cells and their levels of ROS and apoptosis were also detected in this study. RESULTS The results showed decreased percentages of B and T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, bone marrow (BM), spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) in the isotype irradiated mice. The proportions of CD4-positive, CD8-positive, and CD4 and CD8 double-negative cells were also increased, while the proportion of CD4 and CD8 double-positive cells in the irradiated thymus was decreased. Thus, all of the above lymphocyte injuries in the parabiosis model were improved to nearly the levels of the control. We further detected radiation-induced HSC and HPC injury; however, the reduced HSC and HPC numbers, ROS levels and apoptosis percentages were not ameliorated in the parabiotic irradiated mice. CONCLUSIONS Above all, our results showed that non-irradiated peripheral circulation can promote the recovery of TBI-induced lymphocyte injury, further indicating that the recovery of immune cells may play a very important role in the repair of TBI-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Yuan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaodan Han
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Tianjin, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huijun Liu
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Emergency Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Junling Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Saijun Fan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Tianjin, China
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4
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Improved Bone Quality and Bone Healing of Dystrophic Mice by Parabiosis. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11040247. [PMID: 33923553 PMCID: PMC8073674 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11040247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a degenerative muscle disorder characterized by a lack of dystrophin expression in the sarcolemma of muscle fibers. DMD patients acquire bone abnormalities including osteopenia, fragility fractures, and scoliosis indicating a deficiency in skeletal homeostasis. The dKO (dystrophin/Utrophin double knockout) is a more severe mouse model of DMD than the mdx mouse (dystrophin deficient), and display numerous clinically-relevant manifestations, including a spectrum of degenerative changes outside skeletal muscle including bone, articular cartilage, and intervertebral discs. To examine the influence of systemic factors on the bone abnormalities and healing in DMD, parabiotic pairing between dKO mice and mdx mice was established. Notably, heterochronic parabiosis with young mdx mice significantly increased bone mass and improved bone micro-structure in old dKO-hetero mice, which showed progressive bone deterioration. Furthermore, heterochronic parabiosis with WT C56/10J mice significantly improved tibia bone defect healing in dKO-homo mice. These results suggest that systemic blood-borne factor(s) and/or progenitors from WT and young mdx mice can influence the bone deficiencies in dKO mice. Understanding these circulating factors or progenitor cells that are responsible to alleviate the bone abnormalities in dKO mice after heterochronic parabiosis might be useful for the management of poor bone health in DMD.
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Zhang D, Zhang S, Wang J, Li Q, Xue H, Sheng R, Xiong Q, Qi X, Wen J, Fan Y, Zhou B, Yuan Q. LepR-Expressing Stem Cells Are Essential for Alveolar Bone Regeneration. J Dent Res 2020; 99:1279-1286. [PMID: 32585118 DOI: 10.1177/0022034520932834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells play a critical role in bone regeneration. Multiple populations of skeletal stem cells have been identified in long bone, while their identity and functions in alveolar bone remain unclear. Here, we identified a quiescent leptin receptor–expressing (LepR+) cell population that contributed to intramembranous bone formation. Interestingly, these LepR+ cells became activated in response to tooth extraction and generated the majority of the newly formed bone in extraction sockets. In addition, genetic ablation of LepR+ cells attenuated extraction socket healing. The parabiosis experiments revealed that the LepR+ cells in the healing sockets were derived from resident tissue rather than peripheral blood circulation. Further studies on the mechanism suggested that these LepR+ cells were responsive to parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH/PTH1R) signaling. Collectively, we demonstrate that LepR+ cells, a postnatal skeletal stem cell population, are essential for alveolar bone regeneration of extraction sockets.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - S. Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - J. Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Periodontology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Q. Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - H. Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - R. Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Q. Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - X. Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - J. Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y. Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - B.O. Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Q. Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Li L, Wei X, Wang D, Lv Z, Geng X, Li P, Lu J, Wang K, Wang X, Sun J, Cao X, Wei L. Positive Effects of a Young Systemic Environment and High Growth Differentiation Factor 11 Levels on Chondrocyte Proliferation and Cartilage Matrix Synthesis in Old Mice. Arthritis Rheumatol 2020; 72:1123-1133. [PMID: 32067417 DOI: 10.1002/art.41230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of a young systemic environment and growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF-11) on aging cartilage. METHODS A heterochronic parabiosis model (2-month-old mouse and 12-month-old mouse [Y/O]), an isochronic parabiosis model (12-month-old mouse and 12-month-old mouse [O/O]), and 12-month-old mice alone (O) were evaluated. Knee joints and chondrocytes from old mice were examined by radiography, histology, cell proliferation assays, immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction 16 weeks after parabiosis surgery. GDF-11 was injected into 12-month-old mouse joints daily for 16 weeks. Cartilage degeneration, cell proliferation, and osteoarthritis-related gene expression were evaluated. RESULTS Osteoarthritis Research Society International scores in old mice were significantly lower in the Y/O group than in the O/O and O groups (both P < 0.05). The percentage of 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine-positive chondrocytes in old mice was significantly higher in the Y/O group than in the other groups (P < 0.05). Type II collagen (CII) and SOX9 messenger RNA levels differed in cartilage from old mice in the Y/O group compared to the O/O and O groups (both P < 0.05). RUNX-2, CX, and matrix metalloproteinase 13 levels were significantly lower in cartilage from old mice in the Y/O group compared to the O/O and O groups (both P < 0.05). Similar results were obtained for protein expression levels and after GDF-11 treatment in vitro and in vivo. Phosphorylated Smad2/3 (pSmad2/3) levels were higher in the recombinant GDF-11-treated group than in the control group. CONCLUSION A young systemic environment promotes chondrocyte proliferation and cartilage matrix synthesis in old mice. GDF-11, a "young factor," contributes to these effects through the up-regulation of pSmad2/3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaochun Wei
- The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Dongming Wang
- The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhi Lv
- The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiang Geng
- Shanxi Health Vocational College, Jinzhong, China
| | - Pengcui Li
- The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jiangong Lu
- The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Kaihang Wang
- Subsidiary High School of Taiyuan Normal University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaohu Wang
- The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jian Sun
- The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaoming Cao
- The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Lei Wei
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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7
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Gao JL, Owusu-Ansah A, Paun A, Beacht K, Yim E, Siwicki M, Yang A, Liu Q, McDermott DH, Murphy PM. Low-level Cxcr4-haploinsufficient HSC engraftment is sufficient to correct leukopenia in WHIM syndrome mice. JCI Insight 2019; 4:132140. [PMID: 31687976 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.132140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, infections, and myelokathexis (WHIM) syndrome immunodeficiency is caused by autosomal dominant gain-of-function mutations in chemokine receptor CXCR4. Patient WHIM-09 was spontaneously cured by chromothriptic deletion of 1 copy of 164 genes, including the CXCR4WHIM allele, presumably in a single hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) that repopulated HSCs and the myeloid lineage. Testing the specific contribution of CXCR4 hemizygosity to her cure, we previously demonstrated enhanced engraftment of Cxcr4+/o HSCs after transplantation in WHIM (Cxcr4+/w) model mice, but the potency was not quantitated. We now report graded-dose competitive transplantation experiments using lethally irradiated Cxcr4+/+ recipients in which mixed BM cells containing approximately 5 Cxcr4+/o HSCs and a 100-fold excess of Cxcr4+/w HSCs achieved durable 50% Cxcr4+/o myeloid and B cell chimerism in blood and approximately 20% Cxcr4+/o HSC chimerism in BM. In Cxcr4+/o/Cxcr4+/w parabiotic mice, we observed 80%-100% Cxcr4+/o myeloid and lymphoid chimerism in the blood and 15% Cxcr4+/o HSC chimerism in BM from the Cxcr4+/w parabiont, which was durable after separation from the Cxcr4+/o parabiont. Thus, CXCR4 haploinsufficiency likely significantly contributed to the selective repopulation of HSCs and the myeloid lineage from a single chromothriptic HSC in WHIM-09. Moreover, the results suggest that WHIM allele silencing of patient HSCs is a viable gene therapy strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Liang Gao
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, and
| | | | - Andrea Paun
- Intracellular Parasite Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kimberly Beacht
- Intracellular Parasite Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Erin Yim
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, and
| | - Marie Siwicki
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, and
| | - Alexander Yang
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, and
| | - Qian Liu
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, and
| | - David H McDermott
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, and
| | - Philip M Murphy
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, and
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8
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Davies JS, Thompson HL, Pulko V, Padilla Torres J, Nikolich-Žugich J. Role of Cell-Intrinsic and Environmental Age-Related Changes in Altered Maintenance of Murine T Cells in Lymphoid Organs. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2019; 73:1018-1026. [PMID: 28582491 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glx102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related changes in primary lymphoid organs are well described. Less is known about age-related changes affecting peripheral lymphoid organs, although defects in old peripheral lymph nodes (pLNs) were recently described in both steady state and during viral infection. To address whether such pLN defects were intrinsic to old T cells or extrinsic (due to aging microenvironment), we employed heterochronic parabiosis. We found no age-related intrinsic or extrinsic barriers to T cell circulation and seeding of pLN, spleen, and bone marrow. However, heterochronic parabiosis failed to improve cellularity of old pLN, suggesting an environment-based limit on pLN cellularity. Furthermore, upon parabiosis, pLN of the adult partner exhibited reduced, old-like stromal and T cell cellularity, which was restored following separation of parabionts. Decay measurement of adult and old T cell subsets following separation of heterochronic parabionts delineated both T cell-intrinsic and environmental changes in T cell maintenance. Moreover, parabiotic separation revealed differences between CD4 and CD8 T cell subset maintenance with aging, the basis of which will require further investigation. Reasons for this asymmetric and subset-specific pattern of differential maintenance are discussed in light of possible age-related changes in lymph nodes as the key sites for peripheral T cell maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Davies
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Heather L Thompson
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Vesna Pulko
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Jose Padilla Torres
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Janko Nikolich-Žugich
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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Abstract
Age is the primary risk factor for the vast majority of disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases impacting brain function. Whether the consequences of aging at the biological level can be reversed, or age-related changes prevented, to change the trajectory of such disorders is thus of extreme interest and value. Studies using young plasma, the acellular component of blood, have demonstrated that aging is malleable, with the ability to restore functions in old animals. Fascinatingly, this functional improvement is even observed in the brain, despite the blood-brain barrier, indicating that peripheral sources can effectively impact central sites leading to clinically relevant changes such as enhancement of cognitive function. A plasma-based approach is also attractive as aging is inherently complex, with an array of mechanisms dysregulated in diverse cells and organs throughout the body leading to disturbed function. Plasma, containing a natural mixture of components, has the ability to act multimodally, modulating diverse mechanisms that can converge to change the trajectory of age-related diseases. Here we review the evidence that plasma modulates aging processes in the brain and consider the therapeutic applications that derive from these observations. Plasma and plasma-derived therapeutics are an attractive translation of this concept, requiring critical consideration of benefits, risks, and ethics. Ultimately, knowledge derived from this science will drive a comprehensive molecular understanding to deliver optimized therapeutics. The potential of highly differentiated, multimodal therapeutics for treatment of age-related brain disorders provides an exciting new clinical approach to address the complex etiology of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Kheifets
- Alkahest Inc., 125 Shoreway Road, Suite D, San Carlos, CA, 94070, USA
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10
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Pei G, Yao Y, Yang Q, Wang M, Wang Y, Wu J, Wang P, Li Y, Zhu F, Yang J, Zhang Y, Yang W, Deng X, Zhao Z, Zhu H, Ge S, Han M, Zeng R, Xu G. Lymphangiogenesis in kidney and lymph node mediates renal inflammation and fibrosis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw5075. [PMID: 31249871 PMCID: PMC6594767 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw5075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis is associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and occurs following kidney transplant. Here, we demonstrate that expanding lymphatic vessels (LVs) in kidneys and corresponding renal draining lymph nodes (RDLNs) play critical roles in promoting intrarenal inflammation and fibrosis following renal injury. Our studies show that lymphangiogenesis in the kidney and RDLN is driven by proliferation of preexisting lymphatic endothelium expressing the essential C-C chemokine ligand 21 (CCL21). New injury-induced LVs also express CCL21, stimulating recruitment of more CCR7+ dendritic cells (DCs) and lymphocytes into both RDLNs and spleen, resulting in a systemic lymphocyte expansion. Injury-induced intrarenal inflammation and fibrosis could be attenuated by blocking the recruitment of CCR7+ cells into RDLN and spleen or inhibiting lymphangiogenesis. Elucidating the role of lymphangiogenesis in promoting intrarenal inflammation and fibrosis provides a key insight that can facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies to prevent progression of CKD-associated fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rui Zeng
- Corresponding author. (G.X.); (R.Z.)
| | - Gang Xu
- Corresponding author. (G.X.); (R.Z.)
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11
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Spencer CA, Leung TH. Research Techniques Made Simple: Parabiosis to Elucidate Humoral Factors in Skin Biology. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 139:1208-1213.e1. [PMID: 31126426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.03.1134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Circulating factors in the blood and lymph support critical functions of living tissues. Parabiosis refers to the condition in which two entire living animals are conjoined and share a single circulatory system. This surgically created animal model was inspired by naturally occurring pairs of conjoined twins. Parabiosis experiments testing whether humoral factors from one animal affect the other have been performed for more than 150 years and have led to advances in endocrinology, neurology, musculoskeletal biology, and dermatology. The development of high-throughput genomics and proteomics approaches permitted the identification of potential circulating factors and rekindled scientific interest in parabiosis studies. For example, this technique may be used to assess how circulating factors may affect skin homeostasis, skin differentiation, skin aging, wound healing, and, potentially, skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey A Spencer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thomas H Leung
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Corporal Michael Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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12
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Zimmerman KA, Bentley MR, Lever JM, Li Z, Crossman DK, Song CJ, Liu S, Crowley MR, George JF, Mrug M, Yoder BK. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Identifies Candidate Renal Resident Macrophage Gene Expression Signatures across Species. J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 30:767-781. [PMID: 30948627 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2018090931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resident macrophages regulate homeostatic and disease processes in multiple tissues, including the kidney. Despite having well defined markers to identify these cells in mice, technical limitations have prevented identification of a similar cell type across species. The inability to identify resident macrophage populations across species hinders the translation of data obtained from animal model to human patients. METHODS As an entry point to determine novel markers that could identify resident macrophages across species, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) analysis of all T and B cell-negative CD45+ innate immune cells in mouse, rat, pig, and human kidney tissue. RESULTS We identified genes with enriched expression in mouse renal resident macrophages that were also present in candidate resident macrophage populations across species. Using the scRNAseq data, we defined a novel set of possible cell surface markers (Cd74 and Cd81) for these candidate kidney resident macrophages. We confirmed, using parabiosis and flow cytometry, that these proteins are indeed enriched in mouse resident macrophages. Flow cytometry data also indicated the existence of a defined population of innate immune cells in rat and human kidney tissue that coexpress CD74 and CD81, suggesting the presence of renal resident macrophages in multiple species. CONCLUSIONS Based on transcriptional signatures, our data indicate that there is a conserved population of innate immune cells across multiple species that have been defined as resident macrophages in the mouse. Further, we identified potential cell surface markers to allow for future identification and characterization of this candidate resident macrophage population in mouse, rat, and pig translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zhang Li
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology
| | | | | | - Shanrun Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, and
| | | | - James F George
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Michal Mrug
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
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13
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Huang Q, Ning Y, Liu D, Zhang Y, Li D, Zhang Y, Yin Z, Fu B, Cai G, Sun X, Chen X. A Young Blood Environment Decreases Aging of Senile Mice Kidneys. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2019; 73:421-428. [PMID: 29040401 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glx183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether changes in internal body environment affect kidney aging remains unclear. Specifically, it is unknown whether transplanted kidneys from older donors recover from tissue damage after placement in younger recipients. In this study, a parabiosis animal model was established to investigate the effects of a young internal body environment on aged kidneys. The animals were divided into six groups: young (Ycon) and old control (Ocon) groups, isochronic youth-youth group (Y-IP), elderly-elderly group (O-IP), and heterochronic youth (Y-HP) and elderly (O-HP) groups. After parabiosis, tubule and interstitial tissue scores in the O-HP group were significantly lower than in the Ocon and O-IP groups. The expression of aging-related protein p16 and SA-β-gal in the O-HP group was significantly reduced compared with the Ocon and O-IP groups. Autophagy factors Atg5 and LC3BII were significantly upregulated, whereas the expression of the autophagic degradation marker (P62) was significantly downregulated in the O-HP group compared with the Ocon and O-IP groups. With the same comparison, the positive cells of TUNEL staining and the expression of IL-6 and IL-1β were significantly reduced, whereas the total/cleaved caspase-3 and total/pNF-κB were significantly increased in the O-HP group. The results demonstrated that a young blood environment significantly reduces kidney aging. These findings provide new evidence supporting an increase in the upper age limit for human kidney transplantation donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yichun Ning
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Kidney and Dialysis Institute of Shanghai, Kidney and Blood Purification Laboratory of Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Air Force General Hospital, Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Diangeng Li
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong Yin
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Fu
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyan Cai
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
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Loder SJ, Agarwal S, Chung MT, Cholok D, Hwang C, Visser N, Vasquez K, Sorkin M, Habbouche J, Sung HH, Peterson J, Fireman D, Ranganathan K, Breuler C, Priest C, Li J, Bai X, Li S, Cederna PS, Levi B. Characterizing the Circulating Cell Populations in Traumatic Heterotopic Ossification. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:2464-2473. [PMID: 30142335 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO) occurs secondary to trauma, causing pain and functional limitations. Identification of the cells that contribute to HO is critical to the development of therapies. Given that innate immune cells and mesenchymal stem cells are known contributors to HO, we sought to define the contribution of these populations to HO and to identify what, if any, contribution circulating populations have to HO. A shared circulation was obtained using a parabiosis model, established between an enhanced green fluorescent protein-positive/luciferase+ donor and a same-strain nonreporter recipient mouse. The nonreporter mouse received Achilles tendon transection and dorsal burn injury to induce HO formation. Bioluminescence imaging and immunostaining were performed to define the circulatory contribution of immune and mesenchymal cell populations. Histologic analysis showed circulating cells present throughout each stage of the developing HO anlagen. Circulating cells were present at the injury site during the inflammatory phase and proliferative period, with diminished contribution in mature HO. Immunostaining demonstrated that most early circulatory cells were from the innate immune system; only a small population of mesenchymal cells were present in the HO. We demonstrate the time course of the participation of circulatory cells in trauma-induced HO and identify populations of circulating cells present in different stages of HO. These findings further elucidate the relative contribution of local and systemic cell populations to HO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn J Loder
- Burn/Wound and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Shailesh Agarwal
- Burn/Wound and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Michael T Chung
- Burn/Wound and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - David Cholok
- Burn/Wound and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Charles Hwang
- Burn/Wound and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Noelle Visser
- Burn/Wound and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kaetlin Vasquez
- Burn/Wound and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Michael Sorkin
- Burn/Wound and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Joe Habbouche
- Burn/Wound and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Hsiao H Sung
- Burn/Wound and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Joshua Peterson
- Burn/Wound and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - David Fireman
- Burn/Wound and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kavitha Ranganathan
- Burn/Wound and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Christopher Breuler
- Burn/Wound and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Caitlin Priest
- Burn/Wound and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - John Li
- Burn/Wound and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Xue Bai
- Burn/Wound and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Shuli Li
- Burn/Wound and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Paul S Cederna
- Burn/Wound and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Benjamin Levi
- Burn/Wound and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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15
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Liu D, Lun L, Huang Q, Ning Y, Zhang Y, Wang L, Yin Z, Zhang Y, Xia L, Yin Z, Fu B, Cai G, Sun X, Chen X. Youthful systemic milieu alleviates renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in elderly mice. Kidney Int 2018; 94:268-279. [PMID: 29935950 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) is high in elderly people, and is difficult to prevent and treat. One of its major causes is renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). A young systemic environment may prevent the senescence of old organs. However, it is unknown whether a young milieu may reduce renal IRI in the elderly. To examine this question, bilateral renal IRI was induced in old (24 months) mice three weeks after parabiosis model establishment. At 24 hours after IRI, compared to old wild-type mice, the old mice with IRI had significantly damaged renal histology, decreased renal function, increased oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. However, there was no increase in autophagy. Compared to old mice with IRI, old-old parabiosis mice with IRI did not show differences in renal histological damage, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, or autophagy, but did exhibit improved renal function. Compared to the old-old parabiosis mice with IRI, the old mice with IRI in the young (12 week)-old parabiosis showed less renal histological injury and better renal function. Renal oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis were significantly decreased, and autophagy was significantly increased. Thus, a youthful systemic milieu may decrease oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, and increase autophagy in old mice with IRI. These effects ameliorated IRI injuries in old mice. Our study provides new ideas for effectively preventing and treating AKI in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China; Department of Nephrology, Air Force General Hospital, Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Lide Lun
- Department of Nephrology, Air Force General Hospital, Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yichun Ning
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China; Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Kidney and Dialysis Institute of Shanghai, Kidney and Blood Purification Laboratory of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Linna Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwei Yin
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Lihua Xia
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong Yin
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Fu
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyan Cai
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China.
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16
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Kramann R, Machado F, Wu H, Kusaba T, Hoeft K, Schneider RK, Humphreys BD. Parabiosis and single-cell RNA sequencing reveal a limited contribution of monocytes to myofibroblasts in kidney fibrosis. JCI Insight 2018; 3:99561. [PMID: 29720573 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.99561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is the common final pathway of virtually all chronic injury to the kidney. While it is well accepted that myofibroblasts are the scar-producing cells in the kidney, their cellular origin is still hotly debated. The relative contribution of proximal tubular epithelium and circulating cells, including mesenchymal stem cells, macrophages, and fibrocytes, to the myofibroblast pool remains highly controversial. Using inducible genetic fate tracing of proximal tubular epithelium, we confirm that the proximal tubule does not contribute to the myofibroblast pool. However, in parabiosis models in which one parabiont is genetically labeled and the other is unlabeled and undergoes kidney fibrosis, we demonstrate that a small fraction of genetically labeled renal myofibroblasts derive from the circulation. Single-cell RNA sequencing confirms this finding but indicates that these cells are circulating monocytes, express few extracellular matrix or other myofibroblast genes, and express many proinflammatory cytokines. We conclude that this small circulating myofibroblast progenitor population contributes to renal fibrosis by paracrine rather than direct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Kramann
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Flavia Machado
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Haojia Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tetsuro Kusaba
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Konrad Hoeft
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rebekka K Schneider
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Division of Hematology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Benjamin D Humphreys
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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17
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Li L, Wei X, Geng X, Duan Z, Wang X, Li P, Wang C, Wei L. Impairment of chondrocyte proliferation after exposure of young murine cartilage to an aged systemic environment in a heterochronic parabiosis model. Swiss Med Wkly 2018; 148:w14607. [PMID: 29694646 PMCID: PMC6100763 DOI: 10.4414/smw.2018.14607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate whether an aged systemic environment could impair young cartilage tissue in mice. METHODS: Mice differing in age were randomly divided into three groups. Group 1 was the experimental group (Y/O group) consisting of the heterochronic parabiosis model (2-month-old/12-month-old, young/old). Group 2 was the surgical control group (Y/Y group) with the isochronic parabiosis model (2-month-old/2-month-old, young/young). Group 3 consisted of the ageing control mice (2-month-old alone, Y group). Young knee cartilages collected from all three groups at 4 months after surgery were compared. Fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) was used to confirm whether the two mice in parabiosis shared a common blood circulation at 2 weeks after surgery. The knee joints of young mice were examined radiologically at 4 months after surgery. Histological scoring was assigned to grade the severity of osteoarthritis (OA). Immunohistochemistry and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction were used to evaluate OA-related protein expression and gene expression, and chondrocyte proliferation was determined with EdU staining. RESULTS: FMT imaging confirmed cross-circulation in the parabiotic pairs. The percentage of EdU-positive chondrocytes in young mice from the Y/O group was significantly lower compared with those of the Y/Y and Y groups (p <0.05 for both). There was no statistically significant difference in the mRNA expression of collagen type II (Col2), collagen type X (Col10), and matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) among the three groups (P>0.05), but expression of sex-determining region Y box 9 (Sox9) mRNA in young cartilage from the Y/O group was markedly attenuated compared to those in the Y/Y and Y groups (p <0.05 for both). In the Y/O group, mRNA expression of runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) in young cartilage was significantly increased compared to the Y/Y and Y groups (p <0.05 for both). The changes in Col2, Col10, MMP13, Runx2 and Sox9 at the protein level mimicked the alterations found at the mRNA level. Loss of cartilage proteoglycan in young mice from the Y/O group was significantly greater compared to the Y/Y and Y groups (p <0.05 for both), despite the lack of significant difference among the three groups in OARIS and osteophytosis scores. CONCLUSION: Heterochronic parabiosis exerts a negative effect on chondrocyte proliferation in the knee cartilage of young mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaochun Wei
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiang Geng
- Shanxi Medical College of Continuing Education, Jinzhong, China
| | - Zhiqing Duan
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaohu Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Pengcui Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chunfang Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Experimental Animal Model of Human Diseases, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Lei Wei
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China, and Department of Orthopedics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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18
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Parabiosis reveals leukocyte dynamics in the kidney. J Transl Med 2018; 98:391-402. [PMID: 29251733 PMCID: PMC5839939 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune cellular compartment of the kidney is involved in organ development and homeostasis, as well as in many pathological conditions. Little is known about the mechanisms that drive intrarenal immune responses in the presence of renal tubular and interstitial cell death. However, it is known that tissue-resident leukocytes have the potential to have distinct roles compared with circulating cells. We used a parabiosis model in C57BL/6 CD45 congenic and green fluorescent protein transgenic mice to better understand the dynamics of immune cells in the kidney. We found F4/80Hi intrarenal macrophages exhibit minimal exchange with the peripheral circulation in two models of parabiosis, whether mice were attached for 4 or 16 weeks. Other intrarenal inflammatory cells demonstrate near total exchange with the circulating immune cell pool in healthy kidneys, indicating that innate and adaptive immune cells extensively traffic through the kidney interstitium during normal physiology. Neutrophils, dendritic cells, F4/80Low macrophages, T cells, B cells, and NK cells are renewed from the circulating immune cell pool. However, a fraction of double-negative T (CD4- CD8-) and NKT cells are long-lived or tissue resident. This study provides direct evidence of leukocyte sub-populations that are resident in the renal tissue, cells which demonstrate minimal to no exchange with the peripheral blood. In addition, the data demonstrate continual exchange of other sub-populations through uninflamed tissue.
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19
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In vivo assessment of behavioral recovery and circulatory exchange in the peritoneal parabiosis model. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29015. [PMID: 27364522 PMCID: PMC4929497 DOI: 10.1038/srep29015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The sharing of circulation between two animals using a surgical procedure known as parabiosis has created a wealth of information towards our understanding of physiology, most recently in the neuroscience arena. The systemic milieu is a complex reservoir of tissues, immune cells, and circulating molecules that is surprisingly not well understood in terms of its communication across organ systems. While the model has been used to probe complex physiological questions for many years, critical parameters of recovery and exchange kinetics remain incompletely characterized, limiting the ability to design experiments and interpret results for complex questions. Here we provide evidence that mice joined by parabiosis gradually recover much physiology relevant to the study of brain function. Specifically, we describe the timecourse for a variety of recovery parameters, including those for general health and metabolism, motor coordination, activity, and sleep behavior. Finally, we describe the kinetics of chimerism for several lymphocyte populations as well as the uptake of small molecules into the brains of mice following parabiosis. Our characterization provides an important resource to those attempting to understand the complex interplay between the immune system and the brain as well as other organ systems.
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20
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Torres M, Rojas M, Campillo N, Cardenes N, Montserrat JM, Navajas D, Farré R. Parabiotic model for differentiating local and systemic effects of continuous and intermittent hypoxia. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 118:42-7. [PMID: 25377885 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00858.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia can be damaging either because cells are directly sensitive to low oxygen pressure in their local microenvironment and/or because they are exposed to circulating factors systemically secreted in response to hypoxia. The conventional hypoxia model, breathing hypoxic air, does not allow one to distinguish between these local and systemic effects. Here we propose and validate a model for differentially applying local and systemic hypoxic challenges in an animal. We used parabiosis, two mice sharing circulation by surgical union through the skin, and tested the hypothesis that when one of the parabionts breathes room air and the other one is subjected to hypoxic air, both mice share systemic circulation but remain normoxic and hypoxic, respectively. We tested two common hypoxic paradigms in 10 parabiotic pairs: continuous hypoxia (10% O2) mimicking chronic lung diseases, and intermittent hypoxia (40 s, 21% O2; 20 s, 5% O2) simulating sleep apnea. Arterial oxygen saturation and oxygen partial pressure at muscle tissue were measured in both parabionts. Effective cross-circulation was assessed by intraperitoneally injecting a dye in one of the parabionts and measuring blood dye concentration in both animals after 2 h. The results confirmed the hypothesis that tissues of the parabiont under room air were perfused with normally oxygenated blood and, at the same time, were exposed to all of the systemic mediators secreted by the other parabiont actually subjected to hypoxia. In conclusion, combination of parabiosis and hypoxic/normoxic air breathing is a novel approach to investigate the effects of local and systemic hypoxia in respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Torres
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Bunyola, Spain; Sleep Laboratory, Hospital Clinic, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- Dorothy P. & Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Noelia Campillo
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Bunyola, Spain; Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nayra Cardenes
- Dorothy P. & Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Josep M Montserrat
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Bunyola, Spain; Sleep Laboratory, Hospital Clinic, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - Daniel Navajas
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Bunyola, Spain; Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Farré
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Bunyola, Spain; Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; and
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21
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Shytikov D, Balva O, Debonneuil E, Glukhovskiy P, Pishel I. Aged mice repeatedly injected with plasma from young mice: a survival study. Biores Open Access 2014; 3:226-32. [PMID: 25371859 PMCID: PMC4215333 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2014.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It was reported using various biological models that the administration of blood factors from young animals to old animals could rejuvenate certain functions. To assess the anti-aging effect of young blood we tested the influence of repeated injections of plasma from young mice on the lifespan of aged mice. One group of 36 CBA/Ca female mice aged 10-12 months was treated by repeated injections of plasma from 2- to 4-month-old females (averaging 75-150 μL per injection, once intravenously and once intraperitoneally per week for 16 months). Their lifespan was compared to a control group that received saline injections. The median lifespan of mice from the control group was 27 months versus 26.4 months in plasma-treated group; the repeated injections of young plasma did not significantly impact either median or maximal lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmytro Shytikov
- D.F. Chebotarev State Institute of Gerontology NAMS , Lab Pathophysiology and Immunology, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Olexiy Balva
- D.F. Chebotarev State Institute of Gerontology NAMS , Lab Pathophysiology and Immunology, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Pavel Glukhovskiy
- National University , Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Los Angeles, California
| | - Iryna Pishel
- D.F. Chebotarev State Institute of Gerontology NAMS , Lab Pathophysiology and Immunology, Kyiv, Ukraine
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22
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Yamasaki S, Hashimoto Y, Takigami J, Terai S, Takahashi M, Wakitani S, Nakamura H. Circulating nucleated peripheral blood cells contribute to early-phase meniscal healing. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014; 11:609-617. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Yamasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine; Osaka Japan
| | - Yusuke Hashimoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine; Osaka Japan
| | - Junsei Takigami
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine; Osaka Japan
| | - Shozaburo Terai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine; Osaka Japan
| | - Masafumi Takahashi
- Division of Inflammation Research, Centre for Molecular Medicine; Jichi Medical University; Tochigi Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Wakitani
- Department of Artificial Joints and Biomaterials; Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
- Department of Health and Sports Sciences; Mukogawa Women's University; Hyogo Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine; Osaka Japan
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Heidt T, Courties G, Dutta P, Sager HB, Sebas M, Iwamoto Y, Sun Y, Da Silva N, Panizzi P, van der Laan AM, van der Lahn AM, Swirski FK, Weissleder R, Nahrendorf M. Differential contribution of monocytes to heart macrophages in steady-state and after myocardial infarction. Circ Res 2014; 115:284-95. [PMID: 24786973 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.303567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Macrophages populate the steady-state myocardium. Previously, all macrophages were thought to arise from monocytes; however, it emerged that, in several organs, tissue-resident macrophages may self-maintain through local proliferation. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to study the contribution of monocytes to cardiac-resident macrophages in steady state, after macrophage depletion in CD11b(DTR/+) mice and in myocardial infarction. METHODS AND RESULTS Using in vivo fate mapping and flow cytometry, we estimated that during steady state the heart macrophage population turns over in ≈1 month. To explore the source of cardiac-resident macrophages, we joined the circulation of mice using parabiosis. After 6 weeks, we observed blood monocyte chimerism of 35.3±3.4%, whereas heart macrophages showed a much lower chimerism of 2.7±0.5% (P<0.01). Macrophages self-renewed locally through proliferation: 2.1±0.3% incorporated bromodeoxyuridine 2 hours after a single injection, and 13.7±1.4% heart macrophages stained positive for the cell cycle marker Ki-67. The cells likely participate in defense against infection, because we found them to ingest fluorescently labeled bacteria. In ischemic myocardium, we observed that tissue-resident macrophages died locally, whereas some also migrated to hematopoietic organs. If the steady state was perturbed by coronary ligation or diphtheria toxin-induced macrophage depletion in CD11b(DTR/+) mice, blood monocytes replenished heart macrophages. However, in the chronic phase after myocardial infarction, macrophages residing in the infarct were again independent from the blood monocyte pool, returning to the steady-state situation. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we show differential contribution of monocytes to heart macrophages during steady state, after macrophage depletion or in the acute and chronic phase after myocardial infarction. We found that macrophages participate in the immunosurveillance of myocardial tissue. These data correspond with previous studies on tissue-resident macrophages and raise important questions on the fate and function of macrophages during the development of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Heidt
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (T.H., G.C., P.D., H.B.S., M.S., Y.I., Y.S., N.D.S., F.K.S., R.W., M.N.); Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, AL (P.P.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.M.v.d.L.); and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.)
| | - Gabriel Courties
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (T.H., G.C., P.D., H.B.S., M.S., Y.I., Y.S., N.D.S., F.K.S., R.W., M.N.); Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, AL (P.P.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.M.v.d.L.); and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.)
| | - Partha Dutta
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (T.H., G.C., P.D., H.B.S., M.S., Y.I., Y.S., N.D.S., F.K.S., R.W., M.N.); Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, AL (P.P.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.M.v.d.L.); and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.)
| | - Hendrik B Sager
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (T.H., G.C., P.D., H.B.S., M.S., Y.I., Y.S., N.D.S., F.K.S., R.W., M.N.); Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, AL (P.P.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.M.v.d.L.); and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.)
| | - Matt Sebas
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (T.H., G.C., P.D., H.B.S., M.S., Y.I., Y.S., N.D.S., F.K.S., R.W., M.N.); Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, AL (P.P.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.M.v.d.L.); and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.)
| | - Yoshiko Iwamoto
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (T.H., G.C., P.D., H.B.S., M.S., Y.I., Y.S., N.D.S., F.K.S., R.W., M.N.); Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, AL (P.P.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.M.v.d.L.); and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.)
| | - Yuan Sun
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (T.H., G.C., P.D., H.B.S., M.S., Y.I., Y.S., N.D.S., F.K.S., R.W., M.N.); Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, AL (P.P.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.M.v.d.L.); and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.)
| | - Nicolas Da Silva
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (T.H., G.C., P.D., H.B.S., M.S., Y.I., Y.S., N.D.S., F.K.S., R.W., M.N.); Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, AL (P.P.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.M.v.d.L.); and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.)
| | - Peter Panizzi
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (T.H., G.C., P.D., H.B.S., M.S., Y.I., Y.S., N.D.S., F.K.S., R.W., M.N.); Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, AL (P.P.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.M.v.d.L.); and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.)
| | | | - Anja M van der Lahn
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (T.H., G.C., P.D., H.B.S., M.S., Y.I., Y.S., N.D.S., F.K.S., R.W., M.N.); Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, AL (P.P.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.M.v.d.L.); and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.)
| | - Filip K Swirski
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (T.H., G.C., P.D., H.B.S., M.S., Y.I., Y.S., N.D.S., F.K.S., R.W., M.N.); Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, AL (P.P.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.M.v.d.L.); and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.)
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (T.H., G.C., P.D., H.B.S., M.S., Y.I., Y.S., N.D.S., F.K.S., R.W., M.N.); Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, AL (P.P.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.M.v.d.L.); and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.)
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- From the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (T.H., G.C., P.D., H.B.S., M.S., Y.I., Y.S., N.D.S., F.K.S., R.W., M.N.); Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, AL (P.P.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.M.v.d.L.); and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.).
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Intussusceptive angiogenesis: expansion and remodeling of microvascular networks. Angiogenesis 2014; 17:499-509. [PMID: 24668225 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-014-9428-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Intussusceptive angiogenesis is a dynamic intravascular process capable of dramatically modifying the structure of the microcirculation. The distinctive structural feature of intussusceptive angiogenesis is the intussusceptive pillar--a cylindrical microstructure that spans the lumen of small vessels and capillaries. The extension of the intussusceptive pillar appears to be a mechanism for pruning redundant or inefficient vessels, modifying the branch angle of bifurcating vessels and duplicating existing vessels. Despite the biological importance and therapeutic potential, intussusceptive angiogenesis remains a mystery, in part, because it is an intravascular process that is unseen by conventional light microscopy. Here, we review several fundamental questions in the context of our current understanding of both intussusceptive and sprouting angiogenesis. (1) What are the physiologic signals that trigger pillar formation? (2) What endothelial and blood flow conditions specify pillar location? (3) How do pillars respond to the mechanical influence of blood flow? (4) What biological influences contribute to pillar extension? The answers to these questions are likely to provide important insights into the structure and function of microvascular networks.
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25
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Probiotics and prebiotics in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: New opportunities for translational research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:35-46. [PMID: 24594006 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in premature infants has been recognized as a defined disease entity for at least four decades. Although survival has increased due to the advent of more sophisticated intensive care, incidence and long term health impacts due to NEC remain unchanged and no preventive therapy is currently available. Different probiotic strains of bacteria have been examined in their ability to prevent NEC with varied but encouraging results. Undigestable prebiotic sugars known to promote the growth of probiotic bacteria in the colon have been used in neonates with no clear benefit. The literature on NEC and probiotics is now cluttered with more reviews and meta-analyses than number of clinical trials. On the other hand, significant new information is available on microbiota and their impact on gut immunity. This review attempts to reiterate the risk factors of NEC and the pathogenesis of NEC with special reference to gut permeability. The reader is then introduced to gut microbiota, uniqueness and differences among probiotic strains, and how multiple resident flora talk to each other in the community setting in the human gut. After presenting a concise review of available clinical research results, the reader is challenged to question as to why no precise answer is available at present. Some modalities to examine the complex microflora and changes in the neonatal gut are then proposed including non-invasive methods and mathematical modeling. The review concludes by attracting the reader's attention to known immunomodulators of inflammation and injury. Justice to this review will be done only if the readers, clinical, and basic science investigators from multiple fields gather courage for a paradigm shift and embark on understanding the pathophysiology of the disease and attempt to discern the difference from equally preterm, equally vulnerable neonates that do not develop NEC. Learning about the developing microbiota in neonatal gut and its immunological impacts on the host in the face of many variables will provide a leap in our pursuit to select better, if not the best candidate probiotics, and put them to work against this stubborn disease that continues to take a toll on our precious neonates and the society.
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26
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Chamoto K, Gibney BC, Lee GS, Ackermann M, Konerding MA, Tsuda A, Mentzer SJ. Migration of CD11b+ accessory cells during murine lung regeneration. Stem Cell Res 2013; 10:267-77. [PMID: 23376466 PMCID: PMC3622126 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In many mammalian species, the removal of one lung leads to growth of the remaining lung to near-baseline levels. In studying post-pneumonectomy mice, we used morphometric measures to demonstrate neoalveolarization within 21 days of pneumonectomy. Of note, the detailed histology during this period demonstrated no significant pulmonary inflammation. To identify occult blood-borne cells, we used a parabiotic model (wild-type/GFP) of post-pneumonectomy lung growth. Flow cytometry of post-pneumonectomy lung digests demonstrated a rapid increase in the number of cells expressing the hematopoietic membrane molecule CD11b; 64.5% of the entire GFP(+) population were CD11b(+). Fluorescence microscopy demonstrated that the CD11b(+) peripheral blood cells migrated into both the interstitial tissue and alveolar airspace compartments. Pneumonectomy in mice deficient in CD11b (CD18(-/-) mutants) demonstrated near-absent leukocyte migration into the airspace compartment (p<.001) and impaired lung growth as demonstrated by lung weight (p<.05) and lung volume (p<.05). Transcriptional activity of the partitioned CD11b(+) cells demonstrated significantly increased transcription of Angpt1, Il1b, and Mmp8, Mmp9, Ncam1, Sele, Sell, Selp in the alveolar airspace and Adamts2, Ecm1, Egf, Mmp7, Npr1, Tgfb2 in the interstitial tissue (>4-fold regulation; p<.05). These data suggest that blood-borne CD11b(+) cells represent a population of accessory cells contributing to post-pneumonectomy lung growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Chamoto
- Laboratory of Adaptive and Regenerative Biology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
| | - Barry C. Gibney
- Laboratory of Adaptive and Regenerative Biology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
| | - Grace S. Lee
- Laboratory of Adaptive and Regenerative Biology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
| | - Maximilian Ackermann
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Moritz A. Konerding
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Akira Tsuda
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Steven J. Mentzer
- Laboratory of Adaptive and Regenerative Biology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
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27
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Contribution made by parabiosis to the understanding of energy balance regulation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:1449-55. [PMID: 23470554 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Parabiosis is a chronic preparation that allows exchange of whole blood between two animals. It has been used extensively to test for involvement of circulating factors in feedback regulation of physiological systems. The total blood volume of each animal exchanges approximately ten times each day, therefore, factors that are rapidly cleared from the circulation do not reach equilibrium across the parabiotic union whereas those with a long half-life achieve a uniform concentration and bioactivity in both members of a pair. Involvement of a circulating factor in the regulation of energy balance was first demonstrated when one member of a pair of parabiosed rats became hyperphagic and obese following bilateral lesioning of the ventromedial hypothalamus. The non-lesioned partner stopped eating, lost a large amount of weight and appeared to be responding to a circulating "satiety" factor released by the obese rat. These results were confirmed using different techniques to induce obesity in one member of a pair. Studies with phenotypically similar ob/ob obese and db/db diabetic mice indicated that the obese mouse lacked a circulating signal that regulated energy balance, whereas the diabetic mouse appeared insensitive to such a signal. Positional cloning studies identified leptin as the circulating factor and subsequent parabiosis studies confirmed leptin's ability to exchange effectively between parabionts. These studies also suggest the presence of additional unidentified factors that influence body composition. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Animal Models of Disease.
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28
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Chamoto K, Gibney BC, Ackermann M, Lee GS, Konerding MA, Tsuda A, Mentzer SJ. Alveolar epithelial dynamics in postpneumonectomy lung growth. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 296:495-503. [PMID: 23408540 PMCID: PMC3576046 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The intimate anatomic and functional relationship between epithelial cells and endothelial cells within the alveolus suggests the likelihood of a coordinated response during postpneumonectomy lung growth. To define the population dynamics and potential contribution of alveolar epithelial cells to alveolar angiogenesis, we studied alveolar Type II and I cells during the 21 days after pneumonectomy. Alveolar Type II cells were defined and isolated by flow cytometry using a CD45(-) , MHC class II(+) , phosphine(+) phenotype. These phenotypically defined alveolar Type II cells demonstrated an increase in cell number after pneumonectomy; the increase in cell number preceded the increase in Type I (T1α(+) ) cells. Using a parabiotic wild type/GFP pneumonectomy model, <3% of the Type II cells and 1% of the Type I cells were positive for GFP-a finding consistent with the absence of a blood-borne contribution to alveolar epithelial cells. The CD45(-) , MHC class II(+) , phosphine(+) Type II cells demonstrated the active transcription of angiogenesis-related genes both before and after pneumonectomy. When the Type II cells on Day 7 after pneumonectomy were compared to nonsurgical controls, 10 genes demonstrated significantly increased expression (P<0.05). In contrast to the normal adult Type II cells, there was notable expression of inflammation-associated genes (Ccl2, Cxcl2, Ifng) as well as genes associated with epithelial growth (Ereg, Lep). Together, the data suggest an active contribution of local alveolar Type II cells to alveolar growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Chamoto
- Laboratory of Adaptive and Regenerative Biology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
| | - Barry C. Gibney
- Laboratory of Adaptive and Regenerative Biology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
| | - Maximilian Ackermann
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Grace S. Lee
- Laboratory of Adaptive and Regenerative Biology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
| | - Moritz A. Konerding
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Akira Tsuda
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Steven J. Mentzer
- Laboratory of Adaptive and Regenerative Biology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
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Pishel I, Shytikov D, Orlova T, Peregudov A, Artyuhov I, Butenko G. Accelerated aging versus rejuvenation of the immune system in heterochronic parabiosis. Rejuvenation Res 2012; 15:239-48. [PMID: 22533440 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2012.1331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of immune disorders in aging is explained by many factors, including thymus dysfunction, decrease in the proportion and function of naïve T cells, and so forth. There are several approaches to preventing these changes, such as thymus rejuvenation, stem cells recovery, modulation of hormone production, and others. Our investigations of heterochronic parabiosis have shown that benefits of a young immune system, e.g., actively working thymus and regular migration of young hematopoietic stem cells between parabiotic partners, appeared unable to restore the immune system of the old partner. At the same time, we have established a progressive immune impairment in the young heterochronic partners. The mechanism of age changes in the immune system in this model, which may lead to reduced life expectancy, has not been fully understood. The first age-related manifestation in the young partners observed 3 weeks after the surgery was a dramatic increase of CD8(+)44(+) cells population in the spleen. A detailed analysis of further changes revealed a progressive decline of most immunological functions observable for up to 3 months after the surgery. This article reviews possible mechanisms of induction of age-related changes in the immune system of young heterochronic partners. The data obtained suggest the existence of certain factors in the old organisms that trigger aging, thus preventing the rejuvenation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Pishel
- Institute of Gerontology NAMS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.
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Is leptin the parabiotic "satiety" factor? Past and present interpretations. Appetite 2012; 61:111-8. [PMID: 22889986 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In 1959 Hervey hypothesized that a circulating feedback signal informed the hypothalamus of the size of fat stores and initiated appropriate corrections to energy balance. The hypothesis resulted from a parabiosis study in which one animal became obese following lesioning of the ventromedial hypothalamus. The partner of the lesioned rat was hypophagic and lost a large amount of body fat. Similar results came from parabiosis studies with obese Zucker rats and rats that overate due to stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus. In studies in which one parabiont was made obese by overfeeding the non-overfed partners lost substantial amounts of fat with a minimal reduction in food intake and no loss of lean tissue. The loss of fat was due to inhibition of adipose lipogenesis and other metabolic adjustments typical of food restriction. Parabiosis with genetically obese mice implied that ob/ob mice did not produce the feedback signal and subsequently the mutant ob protein, leptin, was identified. This paper provides a review and interpretation of parabiosis work that preceded the discovery of leptin, an evaluation of leptin in relation to its function as the circulating feedback signal and evidence for additional circulating factors involved in the control of adipose tissue mass.
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Chamoto K, Gibney BC, Ackermann M, Lee GS, Lin M, Konerding MA, Tsuda A, Mentzer SJ. Alveolar macrophage dynamics in murine lung regeneration. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:3208-15. [PMID: 22105735 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In most mammalian species, the removal of one lung results in dramatic compensatory growth of the remaining lung. To investigate the contribution of alveolar macrophages (AMs) to murine post-pneumonectomy lung growth, we studied bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)-derived AM on 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after left pneumonectomy. BAL demonstrated a 3.0-fold increase in AM (CD45(+), CD11b(-), CD11c(+), F4/80(+), Gr-1(-)) by 14 days after pneumonectomy. Cell cycle flow cytometry of the BAL-derived cells demonstrated an increase in S + G2 phase cells on days 3 (11.3 ± 2.7%) and 7 (12.1 ± 1.8%) after pneumonectomy. Correspondingly, AM demonstrated increased expression of VEGFR1 and MHC class II between days 3 and 14 after pneumonectomy. To investigate the potential contribution of peripheral blood cells to this AM population, parabiotic mice (wild-type/GFP) underwent left pneumonectomy. Analysis of GFP(+) cells in the post-pneumonectomy lung demonstrated that by day 14, less than 1% of the AM population were derived from the peripheral blood. Finally, AM gene transcription demonstrated a significant shift from decreased transcription of angiogenesis-related genes on day 3 to increased transcription on day 7 after pneumonectomy. The increased number of locally proliferating AM, combined with their growth-related gene transcription, suggests that AM actively participate in compensatory lung growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Chamoto
- Laboratory of Adaptive and Regenerative Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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32
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Chamoto K, Gibney BC, Lee GS, Lin M, Collings-Simpson D, Voswinckel R, Konerding MA, Tsuda A, Mentzer SJ. CD34+ progenitor to endothelial cell transition in post-pneumonectomy angiogenesis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 46:283-9. [PMID: 21921238 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0249oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In many species, pneumonectomy triggers compensatory lung growth that results in an increase not only in lung volume, but also in alveolar number. Whether the associated alveolar angiogenesis involves the contribution of blood-borne progenitor cells is unknown. To identify and characterize blood-borne progenitor cells contributing to lung growth after pneumonectomy in mice, we studied wild-type and wild-type/green fluorescence protein (GFP) parabiotic mice after left pneumonectomy. Within 21 days of pneumonectomy, a 3.2-fold increase occurred in the number of lung endothelial cells. This increase in total endothelial cells was temporally associated with a 7.3-fold increase in the number of CD34(+) endothelial cells. Seventeen percent of the CD34(+) endothelial cells were actively proliferating, compared with only 4.2% of CD34(-) endothelial cells. Using wild-type/GFP parabiotic mice, we demonstrated that 73.4% of CD34(+) cells were derived from the peripheral blood. Furthermore, lectin perfusion studies demonstrated that CD34(+) cells derived from peripheral blood were almost uniformly incorporated into the lung vasculature. Finally, CD34(+) endothelial cells demonstrated a similar profile, but had enhanced transcriptional activity relative to CD34(-) endothelial cells. We conclude that blood-borne CD34(+) endothelial progenitor cells, characterized by active cell division and an amplified transcriptional signature, transition into resident endothelial cells during compensatory lung growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Chamoto
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Room 259, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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