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Zaporowska-Stachowiak I, Springer M, Stachowiak K, Oduah M, Sopata M, Wieczorowska-Tobis K, Bryl W. Interleukin-6 Family of Cytokines in Cancers. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2024; 44:45-59. [PMID: 38232478 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2023.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Nine soluble ligands [interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-11 (IL-11), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), oncostatin M (OSM), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1), cardiotrophin-like cytokine, interleukin-27 (IL-27), and interleukin-31] share the ubiquitously expressed transmembrane protein-glycoprotein-130 beta-subunit (gp130) and thus form IL-6 family cytokines. Proteins that may be important for cancerogenesis, CT-1, IL-11, IL-27, LIF, OSM, and CNTF, belong to the superfamily of IL-6. Cytokines such as IL-6, IL-11, and IL-27 are better investigated in comparison with other members of the same family of cytokines, eg, CT-1. Gp130 is one of the main receptors through which these cytokines exert their effects. The clinical implication of understanding the pathways of these cytokines in oncology is that targeted therapy to inhibit or potentiate cytokine activity may lead to remission in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Zaporowska-Stachowiak
- Department and Clinic of Palliative Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Palliative Medicine In-Patient Unit, University Hospital of Lord's Transfiguration, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Michał Springer
- Department of Internal Diseases, Metabolic Disorders and Arterial Hypertension, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Mary Oduah
- English Students' Research Association, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Maciej Sopata
- Department and Clinic of Palliative Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Palliative Medicine In-Patient Unit, University Hospital of Lord's Transfiguration, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Wieczorowska-Tobis
- Department and Clinic of Palliative Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Palliative Medicine In-Patient Unit, University Hospital of Lord's Transfiguration, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Wiesław Bryl
- Department of Internal Diseases, Metabolic Disorders and Arterial Hypertension, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Goad DW, Nesmelova AY, Yohe LR, Grdzelishvili VZ. Intertumoral heterogeneity impacts oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus efficacy in mouse pancreatic cancer cells. J Virol 2023; 97:e0100523. [PMID: 37671865 PMCID: PMC10537684 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01005-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virus (OV) therapy is a promising virus-based approach against various malignancies, including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Our previous studies demonstrated that human PDAC cell lines are highly variable in their permissiveness to OVs. Mouse PDAC cell lines, which are widely used for in vivo examination of the adaptive immune responses during OV and other cancer therapies, have never been examined systematically for the impact of intertumoral heterogeneity (the differences observed between tumors in different patients) on OV virus efficacy. Here, we examined phenotypically and genotypically three commonly used allograftable mouse PDAC cell lines (C57BL6 genetic background): Panc02 (derived from chemically induced PDAC; also known as Pan02), and two cell lines originated from PDACs developed in two different KPC (KrasG12D, Trp53R172H, and PDX-1-Cre) mouse models. Our study (i) characterized the ability of a widely used attenuated oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus VSV-ΔM51-GFP to infect, replicate in, and kill mouse PDAC cells; (ii) examined their innate antiviral responses; (iii) compared their permissiveness to a non-attenuated VSV-Mwt-GFP and chemotherapeutic drugs; and (iv) analyzed their karyotype and exome. Mouse PDAC cell lines showed high divergence in their permissiveness to VSV-ΔM51-GFP, which negatively correlated with their abilities to mount innate antiviral responses, while all three cell lines were highly permissive to VSV-Mwt-GFP. No correlation was found between resistance to VSV-ΔM51-GFP and chemotherapy. Also, mouse PDAC cell lines showed high divergence in their karyotype and exome. The exome analysis demonstrated that more VSV-ΔM51-GFP-permissive mouse PDAC cell lines harbor mutations in multiple important antiviral genes, such as TYK2, JAK2, and JAK3. IMPORTANCE Oncolytic virus (OV) therapy is a promising virus-based approach against various malignancies, including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Our previous studies using various human PDAC cell lines demonstrated that they are highly variable in their permissiveness to OVs. In this study, we examined phenotypically and genotypically three commonly used allograftable mouse PDAC cell lines, which are widely used for in vivo examination of the adaptive immune responses during cancer therapies. Mouse PDAC cell lines showed high divergence in their permissiveness to oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), which negatively correlated with their abilities to mount innate antiviral responses. Also, we discovered that more VSV-permissive mouse PDAC cell lines harbor mutations in multiple important antiviral genes, such as TYK2, JAK2, and JAK3. Our study provides essential information about three model mouse PDAC cell lines and proposes a novel platform to study OV-based therapies against different PDACs in immunocompetent mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakota W. Goad
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anna Y. Nesmelova
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Laurel R. Yohe
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Valery Z. Grdzelishvili
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
- School of Data Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
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Setiawan T, Sari IN, Wijaya YT, Julianto NM, Muhammad JA, Lee H, Chae JH, Kwon HY. Cancer cachexia: molecular mechanisms and treatment strategies. J Hematol Oncol 2023; 16:54. [PMID: 37217930 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-023-01454-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle wasting is a consequence of physiological changes or a pathology characterized by increased catabolic activity that leads to progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength. Numerous diseases, including cancer, organ failure, infection, and aging-associated diseases, are associated with muscle wasting. Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome characterized by loss of skeletal muscle mass, with or without the loss of fat mass, resulting in functional impairment and reduced quality of life. It is caused by the upregulation of systemic inflammation and catabolic stimuli, leading to inhibition of protein synthesis and enhancement of muscle catabolism. Here, we summarize the complex molecular networks that regulate muscle mass and function. Moreover, we describe complex multi-organ roles in cancer cachexia. Although cachexia is one of the main causes of cancer-related deaths, there are still no approved drugs for cancer cachexia. Thus, we compiled recent ongoing pre-clinical and clinical trials and further discussed potential therapeutic approaches for cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Setiawan
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-Si, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Ita Novita Sari
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-Si, 31151, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yoseph Toni Wijaya
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-Si, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Nadya Marcelina Julianto
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-Si, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Jabir Aliyu Muhammad
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-Si, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeok Lee
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-Si, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Heon Chae
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-Si, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyog Young Kwon
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-Si, 31151, Republic of Korea.
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-Si, 31151, Republic of Korea.
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Xiong H, Ye J, Xie K, Hu W, Xu N, Yang H. Exosomal IL-8 derived from Lung Cancer and Colon Cancer cells induced adipocyte atrophy via NF-κB signaling pathway. Lipids Health Dis 2022; 21:147. [PMID: 36581870 PMCID: PMC9798689 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-022-01755-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokines secreted in the tumor microenvironment function in cancer cachexia (CC), a common clinicopathological syndrome associated with adipocyte wasting and skeletal muscle atrophy. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by cancer cells actively engage in inter-tissue communication; EVs and enclosed cytokines are largely undefined in CC adipocytes wasting. METHODS EVs derived from Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) and colorectal cancer C26 cells were extracted and characterized. Conditioned medium and EVs from cancer cells were applied to 3 T3-L1 adipocytes. Recombinant IL-8, IL-8 neutralizing antibody, CXCR2 and NF-κB inhibitor were examined in functional assays. Lipolysis of adipocytes was monitored by Western blots, Oil red O staining and glycerol assays. Furthermore, LLC and C26 cell lines were established as cachexia model to explore the relevance of IL-8 and NF-κB signaling in CC adipose wasting. Adipose tissues were collected for histology analyses. RESULTS LLC and C26 cell-derived EVs induced lipolysis of 3 T3-L1 adipocytes. Specially, Dil-labeled EVs were effectively taken up by 3 T3-L1 adipocytes, which were motivated by the delivered IL-8 to elicit the NF-κB pathway. In comparison, special IL-8 neutralizing antibody relieved that lipolysis of 3 T3-L1 adipocytes induced by EVs together with conditioned medium of LLC and C26 cells, respectively. Consistently, both CXCR2 and NF-κB inhibitors would lessen the phenotype of lipolysis in 3 T3-L1 adipocytes. In the in vivo settings, both LLC and C26-tumor bearing mice had higher serum IL-8 levels as compared to the control groups. Two typical lipolysis markers, PGC1α and UCP1, were also up-regulated in the adipose tissues of LLC and C26-tumor mice groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS EVs secreted by LLC and C26 tumor cells would induce adipocyte wasting via extracellular IL-8-mediated NF-κB signaling. Our study pointed out the physiological and therapeutic values of exosomal IL-8 in CC lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Xiong
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaxin Ye
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China ,grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kairu Xie
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China ,grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjun Hu
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China ,grid.412679.f0000 0004 1771 3402Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ning Xu
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongmei Yang
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Yu YC, Ahmed A, Lai HC, Cheng WC, Yang JC, Chang WC, Chen LM, Shan YS, Ma WL. Review of the endocrine organ-like tumor hypothesis of cancer cachexia in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1057930. [PMID: 36465353 PMCID: PMC9713001 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1057930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most fatal types of solid tumors, associated with a high prevalence of cachexia (~80%). PDAC-derived cachexia (PDAC-CC) is a systemic disease involving the complex interplay between the tumor and multiple organs. The endocrine organ-like tumor (EOLT) hypothesis may explain the systemic crosstalk underlying the deleterious homeostatic shifts that occur in PDAC-CC. Several studies have reported a markedly heterogeneous collection of cachectic mediators, signaling mechanisms, and metabolic pathways, including exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, hormonal disturbance, pro-inflammatory cytokine storm, digestive and tumor-derived factors, and PDAC progression. The complexities of PDAC-CC necessitate a careful review of recent literature summarizing cachectic mediators, corresponding metabolic functions, and the collateral impacts on wasting organs. The EOLT hypothesis suggests that metabolites, genetic instability, and epigenetic changes (microRNAs) are involved in cachexia development. Both tumors and host tissues can secrete multiple cachectic factors (beyond only inflammatory mediators). Some regulatory molecules, metabolites, and microRNAs are tissue-specific, resulting in insufficient energy production to support tumor/cachexia development. Due to these complexities, changes in a single factor can trigger bi-directional feedback circuits that exacerbate PDAC and result in the development of irreversible cachexia. We provide an integrated review based on 267 papers and 20 clinical trials from PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov database proposed under the EOLT hypothesis that may provide a fundamental understanding of cachexia development and response to current treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chun Yu
- Department of Medical Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Gastroenterology, and Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Tumor Biology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Azaj Ahmed
- Department of Medical Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Gastroenterology, and Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Chou Lai
- Department of Medical Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Gastroenterology, and Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chung Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Tumor Biology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Juan-Chern Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Gastroenterology, and Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chun Chang
- Department of Medical Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Gastroenterology, and Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Tumor Biology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Lu-Min Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Gastroenterology, and Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Shen Shan
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chen Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Lung Ma
- Department of Medical Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Gastroenterology, and Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Tumor Biology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Hegde M, Daimary UD, Girisa S, Kumar A, Kunnumakkara AB. Tumor cell anabolism and host tissue catabolism-energetic inefficiency during cancer cachexia. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2022; 247:713-733. [PMID: 35521962 DOI: 10.1177/15353702221087962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated cachexia (CC) is a pathological condition characterized by sarcopenia, adipose tissue depletion, and progressive weight loss. CC is driven by multiple factors such as anorexia, excessive catabolism, elevated energy expenditure by growing tumor mass, and inflammatory mediators released by cancer cells and surrounding tissues. In addition, endocrine system, systemic metabolism, and central nervous system (CNS) perturbations in combination with cachexia mediators elicit exponential elevation in catabolism and reduced anabolism in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and cardiac muscle. At the molecular level, mechanisms of CC include inflammation, reduced protein synthesis, and lipogenesis, elevated proteolysis and lipolysis along with aggravated toxicity and complications of chemotherapy. Furthermore, CC is remarkably associated with intolerance to anti-neoplastic therapy, poor prognosis, and increased mortality with no established standard therapy. In this context, we discuss the spatio-temporal changes occurring in the various stages of CC and highlight the imbalance of host metabolism. We provide how multiple factors such as proteasomal pathways, inflammatory mediators, lipid and protein catabolism, glucocorticoids, and in-depth mechanisms of interplay between inflammatory molecules and CNS can trigger and amplify the cachectic processes. Finally, we highlight current diagnostic approaches and promising therapeutic interventions for CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangala Hegde
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.,DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Uzini Devi Daimary
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.,DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Sosmitha Girisa
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.,DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Aviral Kumar
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.,DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.,DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
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Shen Q, Kuang JX, Miao CX, Zhang WL, Li YW, Zhang XW, Liu X. Alantolactone ameliorates cancer cachexia-associated muscle atrophy mainly by inhibiting the STAT3 signaling pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 95:153858. [PMID: 34861585 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cachexia is a serious metabolic disorder syndrome that is responsible for the deaths of approximately 30% of patients with cancer, but effective drugs for cancer cachexia are still lacking. Inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α or IL-6 are involved in the induction of skeletal muscle atrophy and fat depletion in patients with cancer cachexia. PURPOSE In this study, we assessed the therapeutic effects of the natural compound alantolactone (AL) on cancer cachexia and tried to clarify the mechanisms by which it ameliorates muscle atrophy. METHODS The C26 tumor-bearing cancer cachexia mouse model was used to evaluate the efficacy of AL in alleviating cancer cachexia in vivo. The levels of IL-6 or TNF-α in mouse serum were detected using ELISA kits. Cultured C2C12 myotubes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with conditioned medium of C26 tumor cells, IL-6 or TNF-α were employed as in vitro cancer cachexia models to examine the effects of AL in vitro. RESULTS AL (5 or 10 mg/kg, qd, i.p.) protected mice with C26 tumors and cachexia from a loss of body weight and muscle wasting but only slightly ameliorated fat loss. The circulating level of IL-6 but not TNF-α was significantly decreased by AL. AL treatment significantly inhibited STAT3 activation in the gastrocnemius (GAS) muscle of cancer cachexia mice. AL (0.125, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 µM) dose-dependently ameliorated myotube atrophy and STAT3 activation in cultured C2C12 myotubes induced by conditioned medium from C26 tumor cells. AL also ameliorated C2C12 myotube atrophy induced by IL-6 and inhibited IL-6-mediated STAT3 activation. AL exhibited weak effects on ameliorating TNF-α-mediated myotube atrophy and NF-κB activation. Only AL at high doses of more than 5 µM ameliorated lipolysis and STAT3 activation induced in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes by conditioned medium from C26 tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS AL significantly ameliorated muscle atrophy in a cancer cachexia model mainly through the inhibition of the STAT3 pathway. AL might be a promising lead compound in the development of drug candidates for cancer cachexia therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Shen
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ji-Xia Kuang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Chun-Xiao Miao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wan-Li Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Wei Li
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiong-Wen Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xuan Liu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Decreased miR-497-5p Suppresses IL-6 Induced Atrophy in Muscle Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123527. [PMID: 34944037 PMCID: PMC8700610 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine associated with skeletal muscle wasting in cancer cachexia. The control of gene expression by microRNAs (miRNAs) in muscle wasting involves the regulation of thousands of target transcripts. However, the miRNA-target networks associated with IL6-induced muscle atrophy remain to be characterized. Here, we show that IL-6 promotes the atrophy of C2C12 myotubes and changes the expression of 20 miRNAs (5 up-regulated and 15 down-regulated). Gene Ontology analysis of predicted miRNAs targets revealed post-transcriptional regulation of genes involved in cell differentiation, apoptosis, migration, and catabolic processes. Next, we performed a meta-analysis of miRNA-published data that identified miR-497-5p, a down-regulated miRNAs induced by IL-6, also down-regulated in other muscle-wasting conditions. We used miR-497-5p mimics and inhibitors to explore the function of miR-497-5p in C2C12 myoblasts and myotubes. We found that miR-497-5p can regulate the expression of the cell cycle genes CcnD2 and CcnE1 without affecting the rate of myoblast cellular proliferation. Notably, miR-497-5p mimics induced myotube atrophy and reduced Insr expression. Treatment with miR-497-5p inhibitors did not change the diameter of the myotubes but increased the expression of its target genes Insr and Igf1r. These genes are known to regulate skeletal muscle regeneration and hypertrophy via insulin-like growth factor pathway and were up-regulated in cachectic muscle samples. Our miRNA-regulated network analysis revealed a potential role for miR-497-5p during IL6-induced muscle cell atrophy and suggests that miR-497-5p is likely involved in a compensatory mechanism of muscle atrophy in response to IL-6.
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Pancreatic cancer cachexia: three dimensions of a complex syndrome. Br J Cancer 2021; 124:1623-1636. [PMID: 33742145 PMCID: PMC8110983 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01301-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome that is characterised by a loss of skeletal muscle mass, is commonly associated with adipose tissue wasting and malaise, and responds poorly to therapeutic interventions. Although cachexia can affect patients who are severely ill with various malignant or non-malignant conditions, it is particularly common among patients with pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic cancer often leads to the development of cachexia through a combination of distinct factors, which, together, explain its high prevalence and clinical importance in this disease: systemic factors, including metabolic changes and pathogenic signals related to the tumour biology of pancreatic adenocarcinoma; factors resulting from the disruption of the digestive and endocrine functions of the pancreas; and factors related to the close anatomical and functional connection of the pancreas with the gut. In this review, we conceptualise the various insights into the mechanisms underlying pancreatic cancer cachexia according to these three dimensions to expose its particular complexity and the challenges that face clinicians in trying to devise therapeutic interventions.
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Addinsall AB, Cacciani N, Akkad H, Salah H, Tchkonia T, Kirkland JL, Larsson L. JAK/STAT inhibition augments soleus muscle function in a rat model of critical illness myopathy via regulation of complement C3/3R. J Physiol 2021; 599:2869-2886. [PMID: 33745126 DOI: 10.1113/jp281220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Critical illness myopathy (CIM) is a frequently observed negative consequence of modern critical care. Chronic Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription activation impairs muscle size and function and is prominent following mechanical ventilation. We identify pSTAT-3 activation in tibialis anterior of CIM patients, before examining the potential benefits of JAK1/2 inhibition in an experimental model of CIM, where muscle mass and function are impaired. CIM activates complement cascade and increased monocyte infiltration in the soleus muscle, which was ameliorated by JAK1/2 inhibition, leading to reduced muscle degeneration and improved muscle force. Here, we demonstrate that JAK1/2 inhibition augments CIM muscle function through regulation of the complement cascade. ABSTRACT Critical illness myopathy (CIM) is frequently observed in response to modern critical care with negative consequences for patient quality of life, morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs. Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) activation is observed in limb muscles following controlled mechanical ventilation. Chronic JAK/STAT activation promotes loss of muscle mass and function. Thus, we hypothesized that JAK1/2 inhibition would improve muscle outcomes for CIM. Following 12 days of intensive care unit conditions, pSTAT-3 levels increased in tibialis anterior muscle of CIM patients (P = 0.0489). The potential of JAK1/2 inhibition was assessed in an experimental model of CIM, where soleus muscle size and force are impaired. JAK1/2 inhibition restores soleus force (P < 0.0001). CIM activated muscle complement cascade, which was ameliorated by JAK1/2 inhibition (P < 0.05, respectively). Soleus macrophage number corresponded with complement activity, leading to reduced muscle degeneration and augmented muscle function (P < 0.05). Thus, JAK/STAT inhibition improves soleus function by modulating the complement cascade and muscle monocyte infiltration. Collectively, we demonstrate that JAK/STAT inhibition augments muscle function in CIM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex B Addinsall
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicola Cacciani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hazem Akkad
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Heba Salah
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Present address: Department of Basic-Medical Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestinian Territory
| | - Tamara Tchkonia
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - James L Kirkland
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lars Larsson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Emerging roles for the IL-6 family of cytokines in pancreatic cancer. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:2091-2115. [PMID: 32808663 PMCID: PMC7434989 DOI: 10.1042/cs20191211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has one of the poorest prognoses of all malignancies, with little improvement in clinical outcome over the past 40 years. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is responsible for the vast majority of pancreatic cancer cases, and is characterised by the presence of a dense stroma that impacts therapeutic efficacy and drives pro-tumorigenic programs. More specifically, the inflammatory nature of the tumour microenvironment is thought to underlie the loss of anti-tumour immunity and development of resistance to current treatments. Inflammatory pathways are largely mediated by the expression of, and signalling through, cytokines, chemokines, and other cellular messengers. In recent years, there has been much attention focused on dual targeting of cancer cells and the tumour microenvironment. Here we review our current understanding of the role of IL-6, and the broader IL-6 cytokine family, in pancreatic cancer, including their contribution to pancreatic inflammation and various roles in pancreatic cancer pathogenesis. We also summarise potential opportunities for therapeutic targeting of these pathways as an avenue towards combating poor patient outcomes.
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12
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Aquila G, Re Cecconi AD, Forti M, Frapolli R, Bello E, Novelli D, Russo I, Licandro SA, Staszewsky L, Martinelli GB, Talamini L, Pasetto L, Resovi A, Giavazzi R, Scanziani E, Careccia G, Vénéreau E, Masson S, Latini R, D’Incalci M, Piccirillo R. Trabectedin and Lurbinectedin Extend Survival of Mice Bearing C26 Colon Adenocarcinoma, without Affecting Tumor Growth or Cachexia. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082312. [PMID: 32824440 PMCID: PMC7463843 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Trabectedin (ET743) and lurbinectedin (PM01183) limit the production of inflammatory cytokines that are elevated during cancer cachexia. Mice carrying C26 colon adenocarcinoma display cachexia (i.e., premature death and body wasting with muscle, fat and cardiac tissue depletion), high levels of inflammatory cytokines and subsequent splenomegaly. We tested whether such drugs protected these mice from cachexia. Ten-week-old mice were inoculated with C26 cells and three days later randomized to receive intravenously vehicle or 0.05 mg/kg ET743 or 0.07 mg/kg PM01183, three times a week for three weeks. ET743 or PM01183 extended the lifespan of C26-mice by 30% or 85%, respectively, without affecting tumor growth or food intake. Within 13 days from C26 implant, both drugs did not protect fat, muscle and heart from cachexia. Since PM01183 extended the animal survival more than ET743, we analyzed PM01183 further. In tibialis anterior of C26-mice, but not in atrophying myotubes, PM01183 restrained the NF-κB/PAX7/myogenin axis, possibly reducing the pro-inflammatory milieu, and failed to limit the C/EBPβ/atrogin-1 axis. Inflammation-mediated splenomegaly of C26-mice was inhibited by PM01183 for as long as the treatment lasted, without reducing IL-6, M-CSF or IL-1β in plasma. ET743 and PM01183 extend the survival of C26-bearing mice unchanging tumor growth or cachexia but possibly restrain muscle-related inflammation and C26-induced splenomegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Aquila
- Department of Neurosciences, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (A.D.R.C.); (M.F.); (G.B.M.)
| | - Andrea David Re Cecconi
- Department of Neurosciences, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (A.D.R.C.); (M.F.); (G.B.M.)
| | - Mara Forti
- Department of Neurosciences, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (A.D.R.C.); (M.F.); (G.B.M.)
| | - Roberta Frapolli
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (R.F.); (E.B.); (S.A.L.); (R.G.); (M.D.)
| | - Ezia Bello
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (R.F.); (E.B.); (S.A.L.); (R.G.); (M.D.)
| | - Deborah Novelli
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (D.N.); (I.R.); (L.S.); (S.M.); (R.L.)
| | - Ilaria Russo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (D.N.); (I.R.); (L.S.); (S.M.); (R.L.)
| | - Simonetta Andrea Licandro
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (R.F.); (E.B.); (S.A.L.); (R.G.); (M.D.)
| | - Lidia Staszewsky
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (D.N.); (I.R.); (L.S.); (S.M.); (R.L.)
| | - Giulia Benedetta Martinelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (A.D.R.C.); (M.F.); (G.B.M.)
| | - Laura Talamini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (L.T.); (L.P.)
| | - Laura Pasetto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (L.T.); (L.P.)
| | - Andrea Resovi
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 24126 Bergamo, Italy;
| | - Raffaella Giavazzi
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (R.F.); (E.B.); (S.A.L.); (R.G.); (M.D.)
| | - Eugenio Scanziani
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;
- Mouse and Animal Pathology Lab (MAPLab), Fondazione UniMi, Università di Milano, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgia Careccia
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; (G.C.); (E.V.)
| | - Emilie Vénéreau
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; (G.C.); (E.V.)
| | - Serge Masson
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (D.N.); (I.R.); (L.S.); (S.M.); (R.L.)
| | - Roberto Latini
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (D.N.); (I.R.); (L.S.); (S.M.); (R.L.)
| | - Maurizio D’Incalci
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (R.F.); (E.B.); (S.A.L.); (R.G.); (M.D.)
| | - Rosanna Piccirillo
- Department of Neurosciences, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (G.A.); (A.D.R.C.); (M.F.); (G.B.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-39014371
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13
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da Fonseca GWP, Farkas J, Dora E, von Haehling S, Lainscak M. Cancer Cachexia and Related Metabolic Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072321. [PMID: 32230855 PMCID: PMC7177950 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a complex multifactorial syndrome marked by a continuous depletion of skeletal muscle mass associated, in some cases, with a reduction in fat mass. It is irreversible by nutritional support alone and affects up to 74% of patients with cancer-dependent on the underlying type of cancer-and is associated with physical function impairment, reduced response to cancer-related therapy, and higher mortality. Organs, like muscle, adipose tissue, and liver, play an important role in the progression of cancer cachexia by exacerbating the pro- and anti-inflammatory response initially activated by the tumor and the immune system of the host. Moreover, this metabolic dysfunction is produced by alterations in glucose, lipids, and protein metabolism that, when maintained chronically, may lead to the loss of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Although a couple of drugs have yielded positive results in increasing lean body mass with limited impact on physical function, a single therapy has not lead to effective treatment of this condition. Therefore, a multimodal intervention, including pharmacological agents, nutritional support, and physical exercise, may be a reasonable approach for future studies to better understand and prevent the wasting of body compartments in patients with cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Wesley Peixoto da Fonseca
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo SP 05403-900, Brazil or
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medicine Göttingen (UMG), DE-37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jerneja Farkas
- Research Unit, General Hospital Murska Sobota, SI-9000 Murska Sobota, Slovenia;
- National Institute of Public Health, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eva Dora
- Division of Cardiology, General Hospital Murska Sobota, SI-9000 Murska Sobota, Slovenia;
| | - Stephan von Haehling
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medicine Göttingen (UMG), DE-37075 Goettingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Goettingen, DE-37099 Goettingen, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.v.H.); (M.L.); Tel.: +49-551-3920-911 (S.v.H.); +386-251-23-733 (M.L.); Fax: +49-551-3920-918 (S.v.H.); Fax: +386-252-11-007 (M.L.)
| | - Mitja Lainscak
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Division of Cardiology, General Hospital Murska Sobota, SI-9000 Murska Sobota, Slovenia;
- Correspondence: (S.v.H.); (M.L.); Tel.: +49-551-3920-911 (S.v.H.); +386-251-23-733 (M.L.); Fax: +49-551-3920-918 (S.v.H.); Fax: +386-252-11-007 (M.L.)
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14
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Suzuki T, Von Haehling S, Springer J. Promising models for cancer-induced cachexia drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:627-637. [PMID: 32050816 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1724954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Cachexia is a frequent, multifactorial syndrome associated with cancer afflicting patients' quality of life, their ability to tolerate anti-neoplastic therapies and the therapies efficacy, as well as survival. Currently, there are no approved cancer cachexia treatments other than those for the treatment of the underlying cancer. Cancer cachexia (CC) is poorly understood and hence makes clinical trial design difficult at best. This underlines the importance of well-characterized animal models to further elucidate the pathophysiology of CC and drug discovery/development.Areas covered: This review gives an overview of the available animal models and their value and limitations in translational studies.Expert opinion: Using more than one CC model to test research questions or novel compounds/treatment strategies is strongly advisable. The main reason is that models have unique signaling modalities driving cachexia that may only relate to subgroups of cancer patients. Human xenograph CC models require the use of mice with a compromised immune system, limiting their value for translational experiments. It may prove beneficial to include standard care chemotherapy in the experimental design, as many chemotherapeutic agents can induce cachexia themselves and alter the metabolic and signaling derangements of CC and thus the response to new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Suzuki
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Germany and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Von Haehling
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Germany and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jochen Springer
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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15
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Gasparitsch M, Schieber A, Schaubeck T, Keller U, Cattaruzza M, Lange-Sperandio B. Tyrphostin AG490 reduces inflammation and fibrosis in neonatal obstructive nephropathy. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226675. [PMID: 31846485 PMCID: PMC6917291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital obstructive nephropathy is the main cause of end-stage renal disease in infants and children. Renal insufficiency is due to impaired growth and maturation in the developing kidney with obstruction. Congenital obstructive nephropathy leads to cytokine mediated inflammation and the development of interstitial fibrosis. The Janus kinase-2 (JAK-2) and Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription'-3 (STAT3) are involved in cytokine production, inflammation, and interstitial fibrosis. METHODS We studied the role of JAK2/STAT3 in a model of congenital obstructive nephropathy using unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) in neonatal mice at the second day of life. Cytokine production, inflammation, and interstitial fibrosis were analyzed in obstructed and sham operated kidneys of neonatal mice treated with or without JAK2/STAT3 inhibitor Tyrphostin AG490. To mimic obstruction and distension, proximal tubular cells were stretched in vitro. RESULTS We show that STAT3 is highly activated in the developing kidney with obstruction and in proximal tubular cells following stretch. JAK2/STAT3 activation mediates cytokine release and leukocyte recruitment into neonatal kidneys after UUO. Pharmacological blockade of JAK2/STAT3 by Tyrphostin AG490 reduced inflammation, tubular apoptosis, and interstitial fibrosis. JAK2/STAT3 blockade decreased pro-inflammatory and profibrotic mediators in tubular cells. CONCLUSION Our findings provide evidence that JAK2/STAT3 mediates inflammation and fibrosis in the developing kidney with obstruction. Blocking JAK2/STAT3 may prove beneficial in congenital obstructive nephropathy in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojca Gasparitsch
- Dr. v. Hauner Children’s Hospital, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexandra Schieber
- Dr. v. Hauner Children’s Hospital, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Teresa Schaubeck
- Dr. v. Hauner Children’s Hospital, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Ursula Keller
- Dr. v. Hauner Children’s Hospital, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Cattaruzza
- Department of Physiology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bärbel Lange-Sperandio
- Dr. v. Hauner Children’s Hospital, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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16
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Tomasin R, Martin ACBM, Cominetti MR. Metastasis and cachexia: alongside in clinics, but not so in animal models. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2019; 10:1183-1194. [PMID: 31436396 PMCID: PMC6903449 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a paraneoplastic syndrome characterized by lean mass wasting (with or without fat mass decrease), culminating in involuntary weight loss, which is the key clinical observation nowadays. There is a notable lack of studies involving animal models to mimic the clinical reality, which are mostly patients with cachexia and metastatic disease. This mismatch between the clinical reality and animal models could at least partly contribute to the poor translation observed in the field. In this paper, we retrieved and compared animal models used for cachexia research from 2017 and 10 years earlier (2007) and observed that very little has changed. Especially, clinically relevant models where cachexia is studied in an orthotopic or metastatic context were and still are very scarce. Finally, we described and supported the biological rationale behind why, despite technical challenges, these two phenomena-metastasis and cachexia-should be modelled in parallel, highlighting the overlapping pathways between them. To sum up, this review aims to contribute to rethinking and possibly switching the models currently used for cachexia research, to hopefully obtain better and more translational outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeka Tomasin
- Laboratory of Biology of Aging (LABEN), Department of Gerontology, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | | | - Márcia Regina Cominetti
- Laboratory of Biology of Aging (LABEN), Department of Gerontology, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
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17
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Moresi V, Adamo S, Berghella L. The JAK/STAT Pathway in Skeletal Muscle Pathophysiology. Front Physiol 2019; 10:500. [PMID: 31114509 PMCID: PMC6502894 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway is a key intracellular mediator of a variety of metabolically relevant hormones and cytokines, including the interleukin-6 (IL-6) family of cytokines. The JAK/STAT pathway transmits extracellular signals to the nucleus, leading to the transcription of genes involved in multiple biological activities. The JAK/STAT pathway has been reported to be required for the homeostasis of different tissues and organs. Indeed, when deregulated, it promotes the initiation and progression of pathological conditions, including cancer, obesity, diabetes, and other metabolic diseases. In skeletal muscle, activation of the JAK/STAT pathway by the IL-6 cytokines accounts for opposite effects: on the one hand, it promotes muscle hypertrophy, by increasing the proliferation of satellite cells; on the other hand, it contributes to muscle wasting. The expression of IL-6 and of key members of the JAK/STAT pathway is regulated at the epigenetic level through histone methylation and histone acetylation mechanisms. Thus, manipulation of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway by specific inhibitors and/or drugs that modulate epigenetics is a promising therapeutic intervention for the treatment of numerous diseases. We focus this review on the JAK/STAT pathway functions in striated muscle pathophysiology and the potential role of IL-6 as an effector of the cross talk between skeletal muscle and other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Moresi
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, DAHFMO, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.,Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Adamo
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, DAHFMO, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.,Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Rome, Italy
| | - Libera Berghella
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, DAHFMO, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.,Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
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18
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Freire PP, Fernandez GJ, Cury SS, de Moraes D, Oliveira JS, de Oliveira G, Dal-Pai-Silva M, Dos Reis PP, Carvalho RF. The Pathway to Cancer Cachexia: MicroRNA-Regulated Networks in Muscle Wasting Based on Integrative Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1962. [PMID: 31013615 PMCID: PMC6515458 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome that leads to significant weight loss. Cachexia affects 50%-80% of cancer patients, depending on the tumor type, and is associated with 20%-40% of cancer patient deaths. Besides the efforts to identify molecular mechanisms of skeletal muscle atrophy-a key feature in cancer cachexia-no effective therapy for the syndrome is currently available. MicroRNAs are regulators of gene expression, with therapeutic potential in several muscle wasting disorders. We performed a meta-analysis of previously published gene expression data to reveal new potential microRNA-mRNA networks associated with muscle atrophy in cancer cachexia. We retrieved 52 differentially expressed genes in nine studies of muscle tissue from patients and rodent models of cancer cachexia. Next, we predicted microRNAs targeting these differentially expressed genes. We also include global microRNA expression data surveyed in atrophying skeletal muscles from previous studies as background information. We identified deregulated genes involved in the regulation of apoptosis, muscle hypertrophy, catabolism, and acute phase response. We further predicted new microRNA-mRNA interactions, such as miR-27a/Foxo1, miR-27a/Mef2c, miR-27b/Cxcl12, miR-27b/Mef2c, miR-140/Cxcl12, miR-199a/Cav1, and miR-199a/Junb, which may contribute to muscle wasting in cancer cachexia. Finally, we found drugs targeting MSTN, CXCL12, and CAMK2B, which may be considered for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for cancer cachexia. Our study has broadened the knowledge of microRNA-regulated networks that are likely associated with muscle atrophy in cancer cachexia, pointing to their involvement as potential targets for novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Paccielli Freire
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo 18.618-619, Brazil.
| | - Geysson Javier Fernandez
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo 18.618-619, Brazil.
| | - Sarah Santiloni Cury
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo 18.618-619, Brazil.
| | - Diogo de Moraes
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo 18.618-619, Brazil.
| | - Jakeline Santos Oliveira
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo 18.618-619, Brazil.
| | - Grasieli de Oliveira
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo 18.618-619, Brazil.
| | - Maeli Dal-Pai-Silva
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo 18.618-619, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia Pintor Dos Reis
- Department of Surgery and Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo 18.618-687, Brazil.
- Experimental Research Unity, Faculty of Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo 18.618-687, Brazil.
| | - Robson Francisco Carvalho
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo 18.618-619, Brazil.
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19
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Yanagihara K, Kubo T, Iino Y, Mihara K, Morimoto C, Seyama T, Kuwata T, Ochiai A, Yokozaki H. Development and characterization of a cancer cachexia model employing a rare human duodenal neuroendocrine carcinoma-originating cell line. Oncotarget 2019; 10:2435-2450. [PMID: 31069007 PMCID: PMC6497432 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia interferes with therapy and worsens patients' quality of life. Therefore, for a better understanding of cachexia, we aimed to establish a reliable cell line to develop a cachexia model. We recently established and characterized the TCC-NECT-2 cell line, derived from a Japanese patient with poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma of the duodenum (D-NEC). Subcutaneous xenograft of TCC-NECT-2 cells in mice resulted in tumor formation, angiogenesis, and 20% incidence of body weight (BW)-loss. Subsequently, we isolated a potent cachexia-inducing subline using stepwise selection and designated as AkuNEC. Orthotopic and s.c. implantation of AkuNEC cells into mice led to diminished BW, anorexia, skeletal muscle atrophy, adipose tissue loss, and decreased locomotor activity at 100% incidence. Additionally, orthotopic implantation of AkuNEC cells resulted in metastasis and angiogenesis. Serum IL-8 overproduction was observed, and levels were positively correlated with BW-loss and reduced adipose tissue and muscle volumes in tumor-bearing mice. However, shRNA knockdown of the IL-8 gene did not suppress tumor growth and cachexia in the AkuNEC model, indicating that IL-8 is not directly involved in cachexia induction. In conclusion, AkuNEC cells may serve as a useful model to study cachexia and D-NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyoshi Yanagihara
- Division of Biomarker Discovery, Exploratory Oncology and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takanori Kubo
- Department of Life Sciences, Yasuda Women’s University Faculty of Pharmacy, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuki Iino
- Division of Biomarker Discovery, Exploratory Oncology and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keichiro Mihara
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Chie Morimoto
- Department of Living Science Nutrition Course, Matsuyama Shinonome Junior College, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Toshio Seyama
- Department of Life Sciences, Yasuda Women’s University Faculty of Pharmacy, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kuwata
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ochiai
- Division of Biomarker Discovery, Exploratory Oncology and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yokozaki
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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20
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Yakovenko A, Cameron M, Trevino JG. Molecular therapeutic strategies targeting pancreatic cancer induced cachexia. World J Gastrointest Surg 2018; 10:95-106. [PMID: 30622678 PMCID: PMC6314860 DOI: 10.4240/wjgs.v10.i9.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) induced cachexia is a complex metabolic syndrome associated with significantly increased morbidity and mortality and reduced quality of life. The pathophysiology of cachexia is complex and poorly understood. Many molecular signaling pathways are involved in PC and cachexia. Though our understanding of cancer cachexia is growing, therapeutic options remain limited. Thus, further discovery and investigation of the molecular signaling pathways involved in the pathophysiology of cachexia can be applied to development of targeted therapies. This review focuses on three main pathophysiologic processes implicated in the development and progression of cachexia in PC, as well as their utility in the discovery of novel targeted therapies.
Skeletal muscle wasting is the most prominent pathophysiologic anomaly in cachectic patients and driven by multiple regulatory pathways. Several known molecular pathways that mediate muscle wasting and cachexia include transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), myostatin and activin, IGF-1/PI3K/AKT, and JAK-STAT signaling. TGF-β antagonism in cachectic mice reduces skeletal muscle catabolism and weight loss, while improving overall survival. Myostatin/activin inhibition has a great therapeutic potential since it plays an essential role in skeletal muscle regulation. Overexpression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) leads to increased ubiquitination associated proteolysis, inhibition of myogenesis, and decreased muscle mass in PC induced cachexia. IGFBP-3 antagonism alleviates muscle cell wasting.
Another component of cachexia is profound systemic inflammation driven by pro-cachectic cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interferon gamma (INF-γ). IL-6 antagonism has been shown to reduce inflammation, reduce skeletal muscle loss, and ameliorate cachexia. While TNF-α inhibitors are clinically available, blocking TNF-α signaling is not effective in the treatment of cancer cachexia. Blocking the synthesis or action of acute phase reactants and cytokines is a feasible therapeutic strategy, but no anti-cytokine therapies are currently approved for use in PC. Metabolic alterations such as increased energy expenditure and gluconeogenesis, insulin resistance, fat tissue browning, excessive oxidative stress, and proteolysis with amino acid mobilization support tumor growth and the development of cachexia. Current innovative nutritional strategies for cachexia management include ketogenic diet, utilization of natural compounds such as silibinin, and supplementation with ω3-polyunsaturated fatty acids. Elevated ketone bodies exhibit an anticancer and anticachectic effect. Silibinin has been shown to inhibit growth of PC cells, induce metabolic alterations, and reduce myofiber degradation. Consumption of ω3-polyunsaturated fatty acids has been shown to significantly decrease resting energy expenditure and regulate metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya Yakovenko
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Miles Cameron
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Jose Gilberto Trevino
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida Health Sciences Center, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
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21
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Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the third leading cause of cancer death in the United States, with projections that it will become the second leading cause by the year 2030. It carries a dismal prognosis with a 5-year overall survival rate of less than 9% and is associated with numerous comorbidities, the most notable being cachexia. Defined as the loss of muscle mass not reversible by conventional nutritional support, cachexia is seen in over 85% of pancreatic cancer patients and contributes significantly to mortality, where nearly 30% of pancreatic cancer deaths are due to cachexia rather than tumor burden. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify the mechanisms behind the development of muscle wasting in pancreatic cancer patients and design novel therapeutics targeting cachexia. This review highlights the current understanding surrounding the mechanisms underpinning the development of cachexia in pancreatic cancer, as well as the current mouse models of pancreatic cancer-induced muscle wasting described in the literature.
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22
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Scicchitano BM, Dobrowolny G, Sica G, Musarò A. Molecular Insights into Muscle Homeostasis, Atrophy and Wasting. Curr Genomics 2018; 19:356-369. [PMID: 30065611 PMCID: PMC6030854 DOI: 10.2174/1389202919666180101153911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle homeostasis is guaranteed by a delicate balance between synthesis and degradation of cell proteins and its alteration leads to muscle wasting and diseases. In this review, we describe the major anabolic pathways that are involved in muscle growth and homeostasis and the proteolytic systems that are over-activated in muscle pathologies. Modulation of these pathways comprises an attractive target for drug intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Maria Scicchitano
- Istituto di Istologia e Embriologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Largo Francesco Vito 1-00168, Roma, Italy
| | - Gabriella Dobrowolny
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Gigliola Sica
- Istituto di Istologia e Embriologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Largo Francesco Vito 1-00168, Roma, Italy
| | - Antonio Musarò
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
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23
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van der Ende M, Grefte S, Plas R, Meijerink J, Witkamp RF, Keijer J, van Norren K. Mitochondrial dynamics in cancer-induced cachexia. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1870:137-150. [PMID: 30059724 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-induced cachexia has a negative impact on quality of life and adversely affects therapeutic outcomes and survival rates. It is characterized by, often severe, loss of muscle, with or without loss of fat mass. Insight in the pathophysiology of this complex metabolic syndrome and direct treatment options are still limited, which creates a research demand. Results from recent studies point towards a significant involvement of muscle mitochondrial networks. However, data are scattered and a comprehensive overview is lacking. This paper aims to fill existing knowledge gaps by integrating published data sets on muscle protein or gene expression from cancer-induced cachexia animal models. To this end, a database was compiled from 94 research papers, comprising 11 different rodent models. This was combined with four genome-wide transcriptome datasets of cancer-induced cachexia rodent models. Analysis showed that the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial fusion, fission, ATP production and mitochondrial density is decreased, while that of genes involved ROS detoxification and mitophagy is increased. Our results underline the relevance of including post-translational modifications of key proteins involved in mitochondrial functioning in future studies on cancer-induced cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda van der Ende
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands; Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Sander Grefte
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Rogier Plas
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jocelijn Meijerink
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Renger F Witkamp
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Klaske van Norren
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.
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24
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Cramer Z, Sadek J, Vazquez GG, Di Marco S, Pause A, Pelletier J, Gallouzi IE. eIF4A inhibition prevents the onset of cytokine-induced muscle wasting by blocking the STAT3 and iNOS pathways. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8414. [PMID: 29849089 PMCID: PMC5976662 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26625-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is a deadly muscle wasting syndrome that arises under conditions linked to chronic inflammation, such as cancer. Cytokines, including interferon γ (IFNγ), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and their downstream effectors such as Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3), have been shown to play a prominent role in muscle wasting. Previously, we demonstrated that Pateamine A (PatA), a compound that targets eukaryotic initiation factor 4A (eIF4A), could prevent muscle wasting by modulating the translation of the inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) mRNA. Here we show that hippuristanol, a compound that impedes eIF4A in a manner distinct from PatA, similarly inhibits the iNOS/NO pathway and cytokine-induced muscle wasting. Furthermore, we show that hippuristanol perturbs the activation of the STAT3 pathway and expression of STAT3-gene targets such as IL-6. The decreased activation of STAT3, which resulted from a decrease in STAT3 protein expression, was due to the inhibition of STAT3 translation as there were no changes in STAT3 mRNA levels. These effects are likely dependent on the inhibition of eIF4A activity since we observed similar results using PatA. Our results identify the inhibition of eIF4A-responsive transcripts, such as STAT3, as a viable approach to alleviate cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zvi Cramer
- McGill University, Department of Biochemistry, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jason Sadek
- McGill University, Department of Biochemistry, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gabriela Galicia Vazquez
- McGill University, Department of Biochemistry, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sergio Di Marco
- McGill University, Department of Biochemistry, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Arnim Pause
- McGill University, Department of Biochemistry, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jerry Pelletier
- McGill University, Department of Biochemistry, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Imed-Eddine Gallouzi
- McGill University, Department of Biochemistry, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. .,Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), College of Science and Engineering, Life Sciences Division, Education City, Doha, PB, 5825, Qatar.
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25
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Guo D, Wang C, Wang Q, Qiao Z, Tang H. Pantoprazole blocks the JAK2/STAT3 pathway to alleviate skeletal muscle wasting in cancer cachexia by inhibiting inflammatory response. Oncotarget 2018; 8:39640-39648. [PMID: 28489606 PMCID: PMC5503639 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cancer cachexia is often present in patients with advanced malignant tumors, and the subsequent body weight reduction results in poor quality of life. However, there has been no progress in developing effective clinical therapeutic strategies for skeletal muscle wasting in cancer cachexia. Herein, we explored the functions of pantoprazole on cancer cachexia skeletal muscle wasting. METHODS The mouse colon adenocarcinoma cell line C26 was inoculated in the right forelimb of male BALB/C mice to establish a cancer cachexia model. The animals were treated with or without different concentrations of pantoprazole orally, and the body weight, tumor growth, spontaneous activity, and muscle functions were determined at various time points. Two weeks later, the levels of serum IL-6 and TNF-α, the mRNA levels of gastrocnemius JAK2 and STAT3, and the expression levels of p-JAK2, p-STAT3, Fbx32, and MuRF1 were examined with ELISA assay, qRT-PCR assay, and Western blotting, respectively. Further studies were performed to assess the levels of Fbx32 and MuRF1 expression and morphological changes. RESULTS Pantoprazole can alleviate cancer cachexia-induced body weight reduction and inhibit skeletal muscle wasting in a dose-dependent manner. Our results indicated that pantoprazole treatment can decrease the levels of serum IL-6 and TNF-α (56.3% and 67.6%, respectively), and inhibit the activation of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Moreover, the expression levels of MuRF1 and Fbx32 were also suppressed after pantoprazole treatment. CONCLUSION Our findings suggested that pantoprazole can alleviate cancer cachexia skeletal muscle wasting by inhibiting the inflammatory response and blocking the JAK2/STAT3 or ubiquitin proteasome pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunwei Guo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Chaoyi Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing 404000, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Suining Municipal Central Hospital, Suining, Sichuan 629000, China
| | - Zhongpeng Qiao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hua Tang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016, China
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26
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Delitto D, Judge SM, Delitto AE, Nosacka RL, Rocha FG, DiVita BB, Gerber MH, George TJ, Behrns KE, Hughes SJ, Wallet SM, Judge AR, Trevino JG. Human pancreatic cancer xenografts recapitulate key aspects of cancer cachexia. Oncotarget 2018; 8:1177-1189. [PMID: 27901481 PMCID: PMC5352045 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia represents a debilitating syndrome that diminishes quality of life and augments the toxicities of conventional treatments. Cancer cachexia is particularly debilitating in patients with pancreatic cancer (PC). Mechanisms responsible for cancer cachexia are under investigation and are largely derived from observations in syngeneic murine models of cancer which are limited in PC. We evaluate the effect of human PC cells on both muscle wasting and the systemic inflammatory milieu potentially contributing to PC-associated cachexia. Specifically, human PC xenografts were generated by implantation of pancreatic cancer cells, L3.6pl and PANC-1, either in the flank or orthotopically within the pancreas. Mice bearing orthotopic xenografts demonstrated significant muscle wasting and atrophy-associated gene expression changes compared to controls. Further, despite the absence of adaptive immunity, splenic tissue from orthotopically engrafted mice demonstrated elevations in several pro-inflammatory cytokines associated with cancer cachexia, including TNFα, IL1β, IL6 and KC (murine IL8 homologue), when compared to controls. Therefore, data presented here support further investigation into the complexity of cancer cachexia in PC to identify potential targets for this debilitating syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Delitto
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida Health Science Center, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Sarah M Judge
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida Health Science Center, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Andrea E Delitto
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida Health Science Center, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Rachel L Nosacka
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida Health Science Center, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Fernanda G Rocha
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida Health Science Center, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Bayli B DiVita
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida Health Science Center, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Michael H Gerber
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida Health Science Center, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Thomas J George
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida Health Science Center, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Kevin E Behrns
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida Health Science Center, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Steven J Hughes
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida Health Science Center, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Shannon M Wallet
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida Health Science Center, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Andrew R Judge
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida Health Science Center, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jose G Trevino
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida Health Science Center, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cancer cachexia is a frequent syndrome that affects patient quality of life, anticancer treatment effectiveness, and overall survival. The lack of anticancer cachexia therapies likely relies on the complexity of the syndrome that renders difficult to design appropriate clinical trials and, conversely, on the insufficient knowledge of the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms. The aim of this review is to collect the most relevant latest information regarding cancer cachexia with a special focus on the experimental systems adopted for modeling the disease in translational studies. RECENT FINDINGS The scenario of preclinical models for the study of cancer cachexia is not static and is rapidly evolving in parallel with new prospective treatment options. The well established syngeneic models using rodent cancer cells injected ectopically are now used alongside new ones featuring orthotopic injection, human cancer cell or patient-derived xenograft, or spontaneous tumors in genetically engineered mice. SUMMARY The use of more complex animal models that better resemble cancer cachexia, ideally including also the administration of chemotherapy, will expand the understanding of the underlying mechanisms and will allow a more reliable evaluation of prospective drugs for translational purposes.
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Khalafalla FG, Khan MW. Inflammation and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Fighting Against Multiple Opponents. CANCER GROWTH AND METASTASIS 2017; 10:1179064417709287. [PMID: 28579826 PMCID: PMC5436837 DOI: 10.1177/1179064417709287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common type of pancreatic cancer and one of the most lethal human cancers. Inflammation is a critical component in PDAC initiation and progression. Inflammation also contributes to the aggressiveness of PDAC indirectly via induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), altogether leading to enhanced resistance to chemotherapy and poor survival rates. This review gives an overview of the key pro-inflammatory signaling pathways involved in PDAC pathogenesis and discusses the role of inflammation in induction of EMT and development of chemoresistance in patients with PDAC.
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29
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Mege D, Mezouar S, Dignat-George F, Panicot-Dubois L, Dubois C. Microparticles and cancer thrombosis in animal models. Thromb Res 2017; 140 Suppl 1:S21-6. [PMID: 27067974 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(16)30094-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-associated venous thromboembolism (VTE) constitutes the second cause of death after cancer. Many risk factors for cancer-associated VTE have been identified, among them soluble tissue factor and microparticles (MPs). Few data are available about the implication of MPs in cancer associated-VTE through animal model of cancer. The objective of the present review was to report the state of the current literature about MPs and cancer-associated VTE in animal model of cancer. Fourteen series have reported the role of MPs in cancer-associated VTE, through three main mouse models: ectopic or orthotopic tumor induction, experimental metastasis by intravenous injection of tumor cells into the lateral tail vein of the mouse. Pancreatic cancer is the most used animal model, due to its high rate of cancer-associated VTE. All the series reported that tumor cell-derived MPs can promote thrombus formation in TF-dependent manner. Some authors reported also the implication of phosphatidylserine and PSGL1 in the generation of thrombin. Moreover, MPs seem to be implicated in cancer progression through a coagulation-dependent mechanism secondary to thrombocytosis, or a mechanism implicating the regulation of the immune response. For these reasons, few authors have reported that antiplatelet and anticoagulant treatments may prevent tumor progression and the formation of metastases in addition of coagulopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Mege
- Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM, VRCM UMR_S 1076, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille, France
| | - Soraya Mezouar
- Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM, VRCM UMR_S 1076, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille, France
| | - Françoise Dignat-George
- Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM, VRCM UMR_S 1076, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille, France; Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Conception, 385 Boulevard Baille, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Laurence Panicot-Dubois
- Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM, VRCM UMR_S 1076, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille, France
| | - Christophe Dubois
- Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM, VRCM UMR_S 1076, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille, France.
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30
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Pop VV, Seicean A, Lupan I, Samasca G, Burz CC. IL-6 roles - Molecular pathway and clinical implication in pancreatic cancer - A systemic review. Immunol Lett 2017; 181:45-50. [PMID: 27876525 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has attracted a great deal of attention owing to the poor outcome, increasing prevalence in the last years and delay diagnosis. Known as a complex disease, it involves genetic mutations, changes in tumour microenvironment and inflammatory component dominated by interleukin-6 and its activated pathways, like Janus Kinase-Signal Transducer and Activator of Translation3, Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase and Androgen receptor. The pro-inflammatory cytokine, plays a central role in oncogenesis, cancer progression, invasiveness, microenvironment changes, treatment resistance, prognosis and associated co morbidities like cachexia and depression. Fulfilling these roles IL-6 requires special attention to understand its complexity in PC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad-Vasile Pop
- Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dept. Of Immunology and Allergology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andrada Seicean
- Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dept. Of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Octavian Fodor Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Iulia Lupan
- Babes Bolyai University, Department of Molecular Biology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gabriel Samasca
- Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dept. Of Immunology and Allergology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Emergency Hospital for Children, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Claudia-Cristina Burz
- Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dept. Of Immunology and Allergology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Ion Chiricuta Institute of Oncology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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31
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Prokopchuk O, Steinacker JM, Nitsche U, Otto S, Bachmann J, Schubert EC, Friess H, Martignoni ME. IL-4 mRNA Is Downregulated in the Liver of Pancreatic Cancer Patients Suffering from Cachexia. Nutr Cancer 2017; 69:84-91. [PMID: 27897439 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2017.1247885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-4 (IL-4) together with interleukin-13 (IL-13) play an important role in inflammation and wound repair, and are known to be upregulated in human skeletal muscle after strenuous physical exercise. Additionally, these cytokines may act as autocrine growth factors in pancreatic cancer cells. We hypothesize that IL-4, IL-13, and their corresponding receptors are involved in mechanism of cancer cachexia. METHODS Tissue samples from human skeletal muscle, white fat, liver, healthy pancreas, and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for mRNA expression levels of IL-4, IL-13, IL-4 receptor α, and IL-13 receptor α1. RESULTS We demonstrate for the first time that liver IL-4 mRNA is downregulated in vivo in patients with pancreatic cancer and cachexia. Additionally, IL-4 mRNA in the liver inversely correlated with musculus psoas thickness. CONCLUSION We speculate that suppression of IL-4 is involved in cancer cachexia, although the exact mechanisms have to be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Prokopchuk
- a Department of Surgery , Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München , Munich , Germany
| | - Jürgen M Steinacker
- b Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II , University of Ulm , Ulm , Germany
| | - Ulrich Nitsche
- a Department of Surgery , Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München , Munich , Germany
| | - Stephanie Otto
- b Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II , University of Ulm , Ulm , Germany
| | - Jeannine Bachmann
- a Department of Surgery , Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München , Munich , Germany
| | - Elaine C Schubert
- c Institute of Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München , Munich , Germany
| | - Helmut Friess
- a Department of Surgery , Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München , Munich , Germany
| | - Marc E Martignoni
- a Department of Surgery , Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München , Munich , Germany
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Blockade of the IL-6 trans-signalling/STAT3 axis suppresses cachexia in Kras-induced lung adenocarcinoma. Oncogene 2016; 36:3059-3066. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Zimmers TA, Fishel ML, Bonetto A. STAT3 in the systemic inflammation of cancer cachexia. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 54:28-41. [PMID: 26860754 PMCID: PMC4867234 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Weight loss is diagnostic of cachexia, a debilitating syndrome contributing mightily to morbidity and mortality in cancer. Most research has probed mechanisms leading to muscle atrophy and adipose wasting in cachexia; however cachexia is a truly systemic phenomenon. Presence of the tumor elicits an inflammatory response and profound metabolic derangements involving not only muscle and fat, but also the hypothalamus, liver, heart, blood, spleen and likely other organs. This global response is orchestrated in part through circulating cytokines that rise in conditions of cachexia. Exogenous Interleukin-6 (IL6) and related cytokines can induce most cachexia symptomatology, including muscle and fat wasting, the acute phase response and anemia, while IL-6 inhibition reduces muscle loss in cancer. Although mechanistic studies are ongoing, certain of these cachexia phenotypes have been causally linked to the cytokine-activated transcription factor, STAT3, including skeletal muscle wasting, cardiac dysfunction and hypothalamic inflammation. Correlative studies implicate STAT3 in fat wasting and the acute phase response in cancer cachexia. Parallel data in non-cancer models and disease states suggest both pathological and protective functions for STAT3 in other organs during cachexia. STAT3 also contributes to cancer cachexia through enhancing tumorigenesis, metastasis and immune suppression, particularly in tumors associated with high prevalence of cachexia. This review examines the evidence linking STAT3 to multi-organ manifestations of cachexia and the potential and perils for targeting STAT3 to reduce cachexia and prolong survival in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa A Zimmers
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States; IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States; IUPUI Center for Cachexia Research Innovation and Therapy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States.
| | - Melissa L Fishel
- IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States.
| | - Andrea Bonetto
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States; IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States; IUPUI Center for Cachexia Research Innovation and Therapy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States.
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Sala D, Sacco A. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling as a potential target to treat muscle wasting diseases. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2016; 19:171-6. [PMID: 27023048 PMCID: PMC4866604 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The review summarizes our current knowledge of the role of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling in skeletal muscle regeneration and the maintenance of muscle mass. RECENT FINDINGS STAT3 signaling plays a pivotal role in regulating the function of multiple cell types in skeletal muscle. This includes muscle stem cells, myofibers, and macrophages. It regulates muscle stem cell function by antagonizing self-renewal. STAT3 also functions in myofibers to regulate skeletal muscle mass. This is highly relevant under pathological conditions where STAT3 activation promotes protein degradation and muscle atrophy. Transient pharmacological inhibition of STAT3 partially prevents muscle wasting. However, the mechanisms responsible for the improvement of muscle condition are not currently well understood. This is because of the complexity of the system, as STAT3 has a critical role in regulating the function of several cell types residing in skeletal muscle. SUMMARY Muscle wasting is associated with several human diseases such as muscle dystrophies or cancer cachexia. However, currently there are no effective treatments for this condition, and there is a critical need to identify new potential targets for the development of efficient therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sala
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program (DARe), Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alessandra Sacco
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program (DARe), Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Corresponding author: Alessandra Sacco, Ph.D., Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA, Tel: 858-597-5337,
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Kleeff J, Korc M, Apte M, La Vecchia C, Johnson CD, Biankin AV, Neale RE, Tempero M, Tuveson DA, Hruban RH, Neoptolemos JP. Pancreatic cancer. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2016; 2:16022. [PMID: 27158978 DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2016.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1180] [Impact Index Per Article: 147.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a major cause of cancer-associated mortality, with a dismal overall prognosis that has remained virtually unchanged for many decades. Currently, prevention or early diagnosis at a curable stage is exceedingly difficult; patients rarely exhibit symptoms and tumours do not display sensitive and specific markers to aid detection. Pancreatic cancers also have few prevalent genetic mutations; the most commonly mutated genes are KRAS, CDKN2A (encoding p16), TP53 and SMAD4 - none of which are currently druggable. Indeed, therapeutic options are limited and progress in drug development is impeded because most pancreatic cancers are complex at the genomic, epigenetic and metabolic levels, with multiple activated pathways and crosstalk evident. Furthermore, the multilayered interplay between neoplastic and stromal cells in the tumour microenvironment challenges medical treatment. Fewer than 20% of patients have surgically resectable disease; however, neoadjuvant therapies might shift tumours towards resectability. Although newer drug combinations and multimodal regimens in this setting, as well as the adjuvant setting, appreciably extend survival, ∼80% of patients will relapse after surgery and ultimately die of their disease. Thus, consideration of quality of life and overall survival is important. In this Primer, we summarize the current understanding of the salient pathophysiological, molecular, translational and clinical aspects of this disease. In addition, we present an outline of potential future directions for pancreatic cancer research and patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorg Kleeff
- NIHR Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Duncan Building, Daulby Street, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Murray Korc
- Departments of Medicine, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, the Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, and the Pancreatic Cancer Signature Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Minoti Apte
- SWS Clinical School, University of New South Wales, and Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carlo La Vecchia
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Colin D Johnson
- University Surgical Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Andrew V Biankin
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Rachel E Neale
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Margaret Tempero
- UCSF Pancreas Center, University of California San Francisco - Mission Bay Campus/Mission Hall, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David A Tuveson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ralph H Hruban
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Departments of Pathology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John P Neoptolemos
- NIHR Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Duncan Building, Daulby Street, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
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Narayanan V, Weekes CD. Molecular therapeutics in pancreas cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2016; 8:366-79. [PMID: 27096032 PMCID: PMC4824715 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v8.i4.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the "precision-medicine" paradigm in oncology has ushered in tremendous improvements in patient outcomes in a wide variety of malignancies. However, pancreas ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has remained an obstinate challenge to the oncology community and continues to be associated with a dismal prognosis with 5-year survival rates consistently less than 5%. Cytotoxic chemotherapy with gemcitabine-based regimens has been the cornerstone of treatment in PDAC especially because most patients present with inoperable disease. But in recent years remarkable basic science research has improved our understanding of the molecular and genetic basis of PDAC. Whole genomic analysis has exemplified the genetic heterogeneity of pancreas cancer and has led to ingenious efforts to target oncogenes and their downstream signaling cascades. Novel stromal depletion strategies have been devised based on our enhanced recognition of the complex architecture of the tumor stroma and the various mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment that sustain tumorigenesis. Immunotherapy using vaccines and immune checkpoint inhibitors has also risen to the forefront of therapeutic strategies against PDAC. Furthermore, adoptive T cell transfer and strategies to target epigenetic regulators are being explored with enthusiasm. This review will focus on the recent advances in molecularly targeted therapies in PDAC and offer future perspectives to tackle this lethal disease.
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McCormick KA, Coveler AL, Rossi GR, Vahanian NN, Link C, Chiorean EG. Pancreatic cancer: Update on immunotherapies and algenpantucel-L. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:563-75. [PMID: 26619245 PMCID: PMC4964650 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1093264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is notoriously lethal, and despite improvements in systemic chemotherapy approaches bringing survival rates for metastatic disease to almost 1 year, by 2030 it is expected to become the second leading cause of cancer death. Pancreatic cancer (PC) prognosis has been associated with both the presence of intratumoral helper and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, as well as humoral immune responses to tumor associated antigens like mesothelin. It is well described that the PC microenvironment is characterized by a fibroinflammatory and immunosuppressive stroma. On these premises several immune-targeted strategies have been developed to harness the adaptable immune system with a goal of improving survival with little toxicity. Cancer vaccines involve the administration of tumor-associated antigens with the goal of inducing an endogenous anti-tumor response. Among several strategies discussed, we will focus on the algenpantucel-L (HyperAcute™ Pancreas) immunotherapy. Algenpantucel-L is a whole cell immunotherapy consisting of irradiated allogeneic PC cells genetically engineered to express the murine enzyme α(1,3)-galactosyltransferase (αGT), which ultimately leads to hyperacute rejection with complement- and antibody-dependent cytotoxicity. While phase III data in the adjuvant treatment of pancreatic cancer are pending, phase II results have been encouraging, particularly for patients who demonstrated humoral immunologic responses. Novel strategies using immune checkpoint inhibitors, costimulatory antibodies, and combinations with cancer vaccines may overcome immunotolerance and improve treatment success.
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Winnard PT, Bharti SK, Penet MF, Marik R, Mironchik Y, Wildes F, Maitra A, Bhujwalla ZM. Detection of Pancreatic Cancer-Induced Cachexia Using a Fluorescent Myoblast Reporter System and Analysis of Metabolite Abundance. Cancer Res 2015; 76:1441-50. [PMID: 26719527 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The dire effects of cancer-induced cachexia undermine treatment and contribute to decreased survival rates. Therapeutic options for this syndrome are limited, and therefore efforts to identify signs of precachexia in cancer patients are necessary for early intervention. The applications of molecular and functional imaging that would enable a whole-body "holistic" approach to this problem may lead to new insights and advances for diagnosis and treatment of this syndrome. Here we have developed a myoblast optical reporter system with the purpose of identifying early cachectic events. We generated a myoblast cell line expressing a dual tdTomato:GFP construct that was grafted onto the muscle of mice-bearing human pancreatic cancer xenografts to provide noninvasive live imaging of events associated with cancer-induced cachexia (i.e., weight loss). Real-time optical imaging detected a strong tdTomato fluorescent signal from skeletal muscle grafts in mice with weight losses of only 1.2% to 2.7% and tumor burdens of only approximately 79 to 170 mm(3). Weight loss in cachectic animals was also associated with a depletion of lipid, cholesterol, valine, and alanine levels, which may provide informative biomarkers of cachexia. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the utility of a reporter system that is capable of tracking tumor-induced weight loss, an early marker of cachexia. Future studies incorporating resected tissue from human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma into a reporter-carrying mouse may be able to provide a risk assessment of cachexia, with possible implications for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Winnard
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Santosh K Bharti
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marie-France Penet
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Radharani Marik
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yelena Mironchik
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Flonne Wildes
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Anirban Maitra
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Zaver M Bhujwalla
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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Mace TA, Shakya R, Elnaggar O, Wilson K, Komar HM, Yang J, Pitarresi JR, Young GS, Ostrowski MC, Ludwig T, Bekaii-Saab T, Bloomston M, Lesinski GB. Single agent BMS-911543 Jak2 inhibitor has distinct inhibitory effects on STAT5 signaling in genetically engineered mice with pancreatic cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 6:44509-22. [PMID: 26575024 PMCID: PMC4792572 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Jak/STAT pathway is activated in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and cooperates with mutant Kras to drive initiation and progression of PDAC in murine models. We hypothesized that the small-molecule Jak2 inhibitor (BMS-911543) would elicit anti-tumor activity against PDAC and decrease immune suppressive features of the disease. We used an aggressive genetically engineered PDAC model with mutant KrasG12D, tp53R270H, and Brca1 alleles (KPC-Brca1 mice). Mice with confirmed tumor burden were treated orally with vehicle or 30 mg/kg BMS-911543 daily for 14 days. Histologic analysis of pancreata from treated mice revealed fewer foci of adenocarcinoma and significantly decreased Ki67+ cells versus controls. In vivo administration of BMS-911543 significantly reduced pSTAT5 and FoxP3 positive cells within the pancreas, but did not alter STAT3 phosphorylation. Continuous dosing of KPC-Brca1 mice with BMS-911543 resulted in a median survival of 108 days, as compared to a median survival of 87 days in vehicle treated animals, a 23% increase (p = 0.055). In vitro experiments demonstrated that PDAC cell lines were poorly sensitive to BMS-911543, requiring high micromolar concentrations to achieve targeted inhibition of Jak/STAT signaling. Similarly, BMS-911543 had little in vitro effect on the viability of both murine and human PDAC-derived stellate cell lines. However, BMS-911543 potently inhibited phosphorylation of pSTAT3 and pSTAT5 at low micromolar doses in human PBMC and reduced in vitro differentiation of Foxp3+ T regulatory cells. These results indicate that single agent Jak2i deserves further study in preclinical models of PDAC and has distinct inhibitory effects on STAT5 mediated signaling.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/genetics
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/pathology
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Genes, BRCA1
- Genes, p53
- Genes, ras
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring/pharmacology
- Janus Kinase 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Janus Kinase 2/metabolism
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Mutation
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/enzymology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Phenotype
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- STAT5 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- Time Factors
- Tumor Burden
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Mace
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Reena Shakya
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Omar Elnaggar
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kristin Wilson
- Veterinary Biosciences, The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Hannah M. Komar
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jennifer Yang
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jason R. Pitarresi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Gregory S. Young
- Center for Biostatistics, The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Michael C. Ostrowski
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Thomas Ludwig
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Tanios Bekaii-Saab
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Mark Bloomston
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Gregory B. Lesinski
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Spontaneous Physical Activity Downregulates Pax7 in Cancer Cachexia. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:6729268. [PMID: 27034684 PMCID: PMC4807049 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6729268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that the muscle microenvironment plays a prominent role in cancer cachexia. We recently showed that NF-kB-induced Pax7 overexpression impairs the myogenic potential of muscle precursors in cachectic mice, suggesting that lowering Pax7 expression may be beneficial in cancer cachexia. We evaluated the muscle regenerative potential after acute injury in C26 colon carcinoma tumor-bearing mice and healthy controls. Our analyses confirmed that the delayed muscle regeneration observed in muscles form tumor-bearing mice was associated with a persistent local inflammation and Pax7 overexpression. Physical activity is known to exert positive effects on cachectic muscles. However, the mechanism by which a moderate voluntary exercise ameliorates muscle wasting is not fully elucidated. To verify if physical activity affects Pax7 expression, we hosted control and C26-bearing mice in wheel-equipped cages and we found that voluntary wheel running downregulated Pax7 expression in muscles from tumor-bearing mice. As expected, downregulation of Pax7 expression was associated with a rescue of muscle mass and fiber size. Our findings shed light on the molecular basis of the beneficial effect exerted by a moderate physical exercise on muscle stem cells in cancer cachexia. Furthermore, we propose voluntary exercise as a physiological tool to counteract the overexpression of Pax7 observed in cancer cachexia.
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Abstract
Cancer cachexia is defined as a multifactorial syndrome characterized by an ongoing loss of skeletal muscle mass with or without loss of fat mass. The syndrome cannot be fully reversed by conventional nutritional support, and despite an increased number of studies related to cancer cachexia, the underlying mechanisms are still poorly defined, and therapeutic options are limited. This review focuses on recent studies investigating mechanisms and pathways in cancer cachexia. The role of molecular and functional imaging in identifying cachexia at an earlier stage, in identifying potential metabolic targets and pathways, and in assessing treatment efficacy is also reviewed.
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Lv J, Wang X, Liu S, Liang P, Feng M, Zhang L, Xu A. Protective effect of Fenofibrate in renal ischemia reperfusion injury: Involved in suppressing kinase 2 (JAK2)/transcription 3 (STAT3)/p53 signaling activation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 63:236-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Pretto F, Ghilardi C, Moschetta M, Bassi A, Rovida A, Scarlato V, Talamini L, Fiordaliso F, Bisighini C, Damia G, Bani MR, Piccirillo R, Giavazzi R. Sunitinib prevents cachexia and prolongs survival of mice bearing renal cancer by restraining STAT3 and MuRF-1 activation in muscle. Oncotarget 2015; 6:3043-54. [PMID: 25460504 PMCID: PMC4413636 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors, affecting angiogenesis, have shown therapeutic efficacy in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The increased overall survival is not fully explained by their anti-tumor activity, since these drugs frequently induce disease stabilization rather than regression. RCC patients frequently develop cachectic syndrome. We used the RXF393 human renal carcinoma xenograft that recapitulates the characteristics of the disease, including the growth in the mouse kidney (orthotopic implantation), and the induction of cachexia with subsequent premature death. Sunitinib prevents body weight loss and muscle wasting and significantly improves the survival of RXF393-bearing nude mice. The anti-cachectic effect was not associated to direct anti-tumor activity of the drug. Most relevant is the ability of sunitinib to reverse the cachectic phenotype and rescue the animals from the loss of fat tissue. Body weight loss is prevented also in mice bearing the C26 colon carcinoma, classically reported to induce cachexia in immunocompetent mice. Among the mechanisms, we herein show that sunitinib is able to restrain the overactivation of STAT3 and MuRF-1 pathways, involved in enhanced muscle protein catabolism during cancer cachexia. We suggest that off-target effects of angiogenesis inhibitors targeting STAT3 are worth considering as a therapeutic option for patients who develop cachexia, independently of their anti-tumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pretto
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", 20156 Milan, Italy.,Present address: Philochem AG, 8112 Otelfingen, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Ghilardi
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Moschetta
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Bassi
- Department of Phisics, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Rovida
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Scarlato
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Talamini
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Fiordaliso
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Cinzia Bisighini
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Damia
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Bani
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Rosanna Piccirillo
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Giavazzi
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", 20156 Milan, Italy
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Experimental cancer cachexia: Evolving strategies for getting closer to the human scenario. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 54:20-7. [PMID: 26343953 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a frequent syndrome that dramatically affects patient quality of life, anti-cancer treatment effectiveness, and overall survival. To date, no effective treatment is available and most of the studies are performed in experimental models in order to uncover the underlying mechanisms and to design prospective therapeutic strategies. This review summarizes the most relevant information regarding the use of animal models for studying cancer cachexia. Technical limitations and degree of recapitulation of the features of human cachexia are highlighted, in order to help investigators choose the most suitable model according to study-specific endpoints.
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Prabhu L, Mundade R, Korc M, Loehrer PJ, Lu T. Critical role of NF-κB in pancreatic cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 5:10969-75. [PMID: 25473891 PMCID: PMC4294354 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest cancers, and in spite of intense efforts there are limited therapeutic options for patients with PDAC. PDACs harbor a high frequency of Kras mutations and other driver mutations that lead to altered signaling pathways and contribute to therapeutic resistance. Importantly, constitutive activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) is frequently observed in PDAC. An increasing body of evidence suggests that both classical and non-classical NF-κB pathways play a crucial role in PDAC development and progression. In this review, we update the most recent advances regarding different aspects of NF-κB involvement in PDAC development and progression, emphasizing its potential as a therapeutic target and the need to discover pathway-specific cytosolic NF-κB regulators which could be used to design novel therapeutic strategies for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Prabhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Rasika Mundade
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Murray Korc
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Patrick J Loehrer
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Indiana Cancer Pavilion, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Tao Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA. Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
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Tyrosine 705 Phosphorylation of STAT3 Is Associated with Phenotype Severity in TGFβ1 Transgenic Mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:843743. [PMID: 26380299 PMCID: PMC4561300 DOI: 10.1155/2015/843743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) is a key player in skeletal muscle degenerative and regenerative processes. We previously showed that conditionally overexpressing TGFβ1 in skeletal muscles caused myofiber atrophy and endomysial fibrosis in mice. However, the disease severity varied significantly among individual mice. While 40% of mice developed severe muscle pathology and lost body weight within 2 weeks of TGFβ1 transgene induction in muscles, the rest showed milder or no phenotype. This study aims at determining whether signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) plays a role in the phenotypic difference and whether it can be activated by TGFβ1 directly in muscle cells. Our results show that while total STAT3 was not differentially expressed between the two groups of mice, there was significantly higher pSTAT3 (Tyr705) in the muscles of the mice with severe phenotype. Immunohistochemistry showed that pSTAT3 (Tyr705) was localized in approximately 50% of the nuclei of the muscles. We further showed that TGFβ1 induced Tyr705 phosphorylation of STAT3 in C2C12 cells within 30 minutes of treatment while total STAT3 was not affected. Our findings suggest that TGFβ1 alone can induce Tyr705 phosphorylation of STAT3 in skeletal muscle cells and contribute to disease severity in transgenic TGFβ1 mice.
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Ko AH. Progress in the treatment of metastatic pancreatic cancer and the search for next opportunities. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33:1779-86. [PMID: 25918299 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.59.7625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing number of therapeutic options are now available for patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer, informed by positive results from recently completed phase III clinical trials. These have led to modest, if not necessarily transformative, improvements in clinical outcomes. Although the standard of care for metastatic disease remains cytotoxic therapy, a variety of novel therapeutic approaches are currently under active investigation, several of which have already demonstrated encouraging results in phase I/II studies. The following three broad categories (with significant overlap among them) are highlighted here: stromal-depleting agents, immunotherapies, and signal transduction inhibitors. The mechanistic rationale, limitations, and promise of each of these strategies specific to pancreatic cancer are discussed, as are the aspects of this disease and this patient population that pose ongoing challenges in terms of both therapeutic management and biomarker-driven trial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Ko
- From the University of California San Francisco Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA.
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48
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Silva KAS, Dong J, Dong Y, Dong Y, Schor N, Tweardy DJ, Zhang L, Mitch WE. Inhibition of Stat3 activation suppresses caspase-3 and the ubiquitin-proteasome system, leading to preservation of muscle mass in cancer cachexia. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:11177-87. [PMID: 25787076 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.641514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cachexia occurs in patients with advanced cancers. Despite the adverse clinical impact of cancer-induced muscle wasting, pathways causing cachexia are controversial, and clinically reliable therapies are not available. A trigger of muscle protein loss is the Jak/Stat pathway, and indeed, we found that conditioned medium from C26 colon carcinoma (C26) or Lewis lung carcinoma cells activates Stat3 (p-Stat3) in C2C12 myotubes. We identified two proteolytic pathways that are activated in muscle by p-Stat3; one is activation of caspase-3, and the other is p-Stat3 to myostatin, MAFbx/Atrogin-1, and MuRF-1 via CAAT/enhancer-binding protein δ (C/EBPδ). Using sequential deletions of the caspase-3 promoter and CHIP assays, we determined that Stat3 activation increases caspase-3 expression in C2C12 cells. Caspase-3 expression and proteolytic activity were stimulated by p-Stat3 in muscles of tumor-bearing mice. In mice with cachexia caused by Lewis lung carcinoma or C26 tumors, knock-out of p-Stat3 in muscle or with a small chemical inhibitor of p-Stat3 suppressed muscle mass losses, improved protein synthesis and degradation in muscle, and increased body weight and grip strength. Activation of p-Stat3 stimulates a pathway from C/EBPδ to myostatin and expression of MAFbx/Atrogin-1 and increases the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Indeed, C/EBPδ KO decreases the expression of MAFbx/Atrogin-1 and myostatin, while increasing muscle mass and grip strength. In conclusion, cancer stimulates p-Stat3 in muscle, activating protein loss by stimulating caspase-3, myostatin, and the ubiquitin-proteasome system. These results could lead to novel strategies for preventing cancer-induced muscle wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kleiton Augusto Santos Silva
- From the Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, and the Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 04023-900, Brazil
| | - Jiangling Dong
- From the Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, and the College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China, and
| | - Yanjun Dong
- From the Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, and the Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases, An Zhen Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yanlan Dong
- From the Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Nestor Schor
- the Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 04023-900, Brazil
| | - David J Tweardy
- the Departments of Medicine (Section of Infectious Diseases), Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Liping Zhang
- From the Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, and
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