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Sahoo S, Ramu S, Nair MG, Pillai M, San Juan BP, Milioli HZ, Mandal S, Naidu CM, Mavatkar AD, Subramaniam H, Neogi AG, Chaffer CL, Prabhu JS, Somarelli JA, Jolly MK. Increased prevalence of hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal state and enhanced phenotypic heterogeneity in basal breast cancer. iScience 2024; 27:110116. [PMID: 38974967 PMCID: PMC11225361 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Intra-tumoral phenotypic heterogeneity promotes tumor relapse and therapeutic resistance and remains an unsolved clinical challenge. Decoding the interconnections among different biological axes of plasticity is crucial to understand the molecular origins of phenotypic heterogeneity. Here, we use multi-modal transcriptomic data-bulk, single-cell, and spatial transcriptomics-from breast cancer cell lines and primary tumor samples, to identify associations between epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and luminal-basal plasticity-two key processes that enable heterogeneity. We show that luminal breast cancer strongly associates with an epithelial cell state, but basal breast cancer is associated with hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype(s) and higher phenotypic heterogeneity. Mathematical modeling of core underlying gene regulatory networks representative of the crosstalk between the luminal-basal and epithelial-mesenchymal axes elucidate mechanistic underpinnings of the observed associations from transcriptomic data. Our systems-based approach integrating multi-modal data analysis with mechanism-based modeling offers a predictive framework to characterize intra-tumor heterogeneity and identify interventions to restrict it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarthak Sahoo
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Soundharya Ramu
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Madhumathy G. Nair
- Division of Molecular Medicine, St. John’s Research Institute, St. John’s Medical College, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Maalavika Pillai
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | | | | | - Susmita Mandal
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Chandrakala M. Naidu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, St. John’s Research Institute, St. John’s Medical College, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Apoorva D. Mavatkar
- Division of Molecular Medicine, St. John’s Research Institute, St. John’s Medical College, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Harini Subramaniam
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Arpita G. Neogi
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Christine L. Chaffer
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
- University of New South Wales, UNSW Medicine, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Jyothi S. Prabhu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, St. John’s Research Institute, St. John’s Medical College, Bangalore 560012, India
| | | | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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2
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Cai Y, Wang Y, Su W, Zhou X, Lu C. Angelica sinensis polysaccharide suppresses the Wnt/β-catenin-mediated malignant biological behaviors of breast cancer cells via the miR-3187-3p/PCDH10 axis. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 225:116295. [PMID: 38762145 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in women. Angelica sinensis polysaccharide (ASP) is one of the main components extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Angelica sinensis. Research has shown that ASP affects the progression of various cancers by regulating miRNA expression. This study aimed to explore the specific molecular mechanism by which ASP regulates BC progression through miR-3187-3p. After the overexpression or knockdown of miR-3187-3p and PDCH10 in BC cells, the proliferation, migration, invasion, and phenotype of BC cells were evaluated after ASP treatment. Bioinformatics software was used to predict the target genes of miR-3187-3p, and luciferase gene reporter experiments reconfirmed the targeted binding relationship. Subcutaneous tumor formation experiments were conducted in nude mice after the injection of BC cells. Western blot and Ki-67 immunostaining were performed on the tumor tissues. The results indicate that ASP can significantly inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of BC cells. ASP can inhibit the expression of miR-3187-3p in BC cells and upregulate the expression of PDCH10 by inhibiting miR-3187-3p. A regulatory relationship exists between miR-3187-3p and PDCH10. ASP can inhibit the expression of β-catenin and phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase-3β (p-GSK-3β) proteins through miR-3187-3p/PDCH10 and prevent the occurrence of malignant biological behavior in BC. Overall, this study revealed the potential mechanism by which ASP inhibits the BC process. ASP mediates the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by affecting the miR-3187-3p/PDCH10 molecular axis, thereby inhibiting the proliferation, migration, invasion, and other malignant biological behaviors of BC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China; Department of Pharmacy, Zhangjiagang Aoyang Hospital, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu 215600, China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China
| | - Wenjun Su
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhangjiagang Aoyang Hospital, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu 215600, China
| | - Xianglin Zhou
- Intensive Care Medicine, Zhangjiagang Aoyang Hospital, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu 215600, China
| | - Chunfeng Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China.
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3
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Li X, Zhang C, Yue W, Jiang Y. Modulatory effects of cancer stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles on the tumor immune microenvironment. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1362120. [PMID: 38962016 PMCID: PMC11219812 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1362120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), accounting for only a minor cell proportion (< 1%) within tumors, have profound implications in tumor initiation, metastasis, recurrence, and treatment resistance due to their inherent ability of self-renewal, multi-lineage differentiation, and tumor-initiating potential. In recent years, accumulating studies indicate that CSCs and tumor immune microenvironment act reciprocally in driving tumor progression and diminishing the efficacy of cancer therapies. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), pivotal mediators of intercellular communications, build indispensable biological connections between CSCs and immune cells. By transferring bioactive molecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, EVs can exert mutual influence on both CSCs and immune cells. This interaction plays a significant role in reshaping the tumor immune microenvironment, creating conditions favorable for the sustenance and propagation of CSCs. Deciphering the intricate interplay between CSCs and immune cells would provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of CSCs being more susceptible to immune escape. This review will highlight the EV-mediated communications between CSCs and each immune cell lineage in the tumor microenvironment and explore potential therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Li
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Cuilian Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Peking University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yuening Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Peking University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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4
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Prasanna CVS, Jolly MK, Bhat R. Spatial heterogeneity in tumor adhesion qualifies collective cell invasion. Biophys J 2024; 123:1635-1647. [PMID: 38725244 PMCID: PMC11214055 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2024.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Collective cell invasion (CCI), a canon of most invasive solid tumors, is an emergent property of the interactions between cancer cells and their surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). However, tumor populations invariably consist of cells expressing variable levels of adhesive proteins that mediate such interactions, disallowing an intuitive understanding of how tumor invasiveness at a multicellular scale is influenced by spatial heterogeneity of cell-cell and cell-ECM adhesion. Here, we have used a Cellular Potts model-based multiscale computational framework that is constructed on the histopathological principles of glandular cancers. In earlier efforts on homogenous cancer cell populations, this framework revealed the relative ranges of interactions, including cell-cell and cell-ECM adhesion that drove collective, dispersed, and mixed multimodal invasion. Here, we constitute a tumor core of two separate cell subsets showing distinct intra- and inter-subset cell-cell or cell-ECM adhesion strengths. These two subsets of cells are arranged to varying extents of spatial intermingling, which we call the heterogeneity index (HI). We observe that low and high inter-subset cell adhesion favors invasion of high-HI and low-HI intermingled populations with distinct intra-subset cell-cell adhesion strengths, respectively. In addition, for explored values of cell-ECM adhesion strengths, populations with high HI values collectively invade better than those with lower HI values. We then asked how spatial invasion is regulated by progressively intermingled cellular subsets that are epithelial, i.e., showed high cell-cell but poor cell-ECM adhesion, and mesenchymal, i.e., with reversed adhesion strengths to the former. Here too, inter-subset adhesion plays an important role in contextualizing the proportionate relationship between HI and invasion. An exception to this relationship is seen for cases of heterogeneous cell-ECM adhesion where sub-maximal HI patterns with higher outer localization of cells with stronger ECM adhesion collectively invade better than their relatively higher-HI counterparts. Our simulations also reveal how adhesion heterogeneity qualifies collective invasion, when either cell-cell or cell-ECM adhesion type is varied but results in an invasive dispersion when both adhesion types are simultaneously altered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
| | - Ramray Bhat
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India; Department of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
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5
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Yang L, Kumegawa K, Saeki S, Nakadai T, Maruyama R. Identification of lineage-specific epigenetic regulators FOXA1 and GRHL2 through chromatin accessibility profiling in breast cancer cell lines. Cancer Gene Ther 2024; 31:736-745. [PMID: 38429368 PMCID: PMC11101334 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-024-00745-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, and breast cancer cell lines are invaluable for studying this heterogeneity. However, the epigenetic diversity across these cell lines remains poorly understood. In this study, we performed genome-wide chromatin accessibility analysis on 23 breast cancer cell lines, including 2 estrogen receptor (ER)-positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative (ER+/HER2-), 3 ER+/HER2+, 3 HER2+, and 15 triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) lines. These cell lines were classified into three groups based on their chromatin accessibility: the receptor-positive group (Group-P), TNBC basal group (Group-B), and TNBC mesenchymal group (Group-M). Motif enrichment analysis revealed that only Group-P exhibited coenrichment of forkhead box A1 (FOXA1) and grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2) motifs, whereas Group-B was characterized by the presence of the GRHL2 motif without FOXA1. Notably, Group-M did not show enrichment of either FOXA1 or GRHL2 motifs. Furthermore, gene ontology analysis suggested that group-specific accessible regions were associated with their unique lineage characteristics. To investigate the epigenetic landscape regulatory roles of FOXA1 and GRHL2, we performed knockdown experiments targeting FOXA1 and GRHL2, followed by assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing analysis. The findings revealed that FOXA1 maintains Group-P-specific regions while suppressing Group-B-specific regions in Group-P cells. In contrast, GRHL2 preserves commonly accessible regions shared between Group-P and Group-B in Group-B cells, suggesting that FOXA1 and GRHL2 play a pivotal role in preserving distinct chromatin accessibility patterns for each group. Specifically, FOXA1 distinguishes between receptor-positive and TNBC cell lines, whereas GRHL2 distinguishes between basal-like and mesenchymal subtypes in TNBC lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Yang
- Project for Cancer Epigenomics, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Kumegawa
- Cancer Cell Diversity Project, NEXT-Ganken Program, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Sumito Saeki
- Project for Cancer Epigenomics, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
- Breast Surgical Oncology, Breast Oncology Center, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Nakadai
- Project for Cancer Epigenomics, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reo Maruyama
- Project for Cancer Epigenomics, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.
- Cancer Cell Diversity Project, NEXT-Ganken Program, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.
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6
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Inayatullah M, Mahesh A, Turnbull AK, Dixon JM, Natrajan R, Tiwari VK. Basal-epithelial subpopulations underlie and predict chemotherapy resistance in triple-negative breast cancer. EMBO Mol Med 2024; 16:823-853. [PMID: 38480932 PMCID: PMC11018633 DOI: 10.1038/s44321-024-00050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive breast cancer subtype, characterized by extensive intratumoral heterogeneity, high metastasis, and chemoresistance, leading to poor clinical outcomes. Despite progress, the mechanistic basis of these aggressive behaviors remains poorly understood. Using single-cell and spatial transcriptome analysis, here we discovered basal epithelial subpopulations located within the stroma that exhibit chemoresistance characteristics. The subpopulations are defined by distinct signature genes that show a frequent gain in copy number and exhibit an activated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition program. A subset of these genes can accurately predict chemotherapy response and are associated with poor prognosis. Interestingly, among these genes, elevated ITGB1 participates in enhancing intercellular signaling while ACTN1 confers a survival advantage to foster chemoresistance. Furthermore, by subjecting the transcriptional signatures to drug repurposing analysis, we find that chemoresistant tumors may benefit from distinct inhibitors in treatment-naive versus post-NAC patients. These findings shed light on the mechanistic basis of chemoresistance while providing the best-in-class biomarker to predict chemotherapy response and alternate therapeutic avenues for improved management of TNBC patients resistant to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Inayatullah
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Arun Mahesh
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Arran K Turnbull
- Edinburgh Breast Cancer Now Research Group, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - J Michael Dixon
- Edinburgh Breast Cancer Now Research Group, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Rachael Natrajan
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Vijay K Tiwari
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark.
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Science, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK.
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study (DIAS), Odense M, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark.
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7
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Zheng W, Peng W, Qian F, Zhang M, Duan B, Fan Z, Xie Y, Fu X. Vitamin D suppresses CD133+/CD44 + cancer stem cell stemness by inhibiting NF-κB signaling and reducing NLRP3 expression in triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2024:10.1007/s00280-024-04660-w. [PMID: 38456956 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-024-04660-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the role of Vitamin D (VD) in regulating the stemness and survival of CD133+/CD44 + breast cancer stem cells, and to explore the role of NLRP3 in this process. METHODS Breast cancer tissues were collected for RXRα and VDR expression analysis. A triple-negative breast cancer cell line was cultured and stem-like cells (CD133 + CD44+) isolated using flow cytometry. These cells were treated with VD, analyzing their stem-like properties, apoptosis and proliferation, as well as P65 nuclear expression and NLRP3 expression. After NLRP3 inflammasome activator treatment, the parameters were reassessed. RXRα and VDR interaction was confirmed using co-immunoprecipitation (CoIP). Finally, a subcutaneous xenograft model of triple-negative breast cancer was treated with VD and subsequently analyzed for stem-like properties, proliferation, apoptosis, and NLRP3 expression levels. RESULTS CD133+/CD44 + stem cells expressed high levels of SOX2 and OCT4. VD treatment resulted in a significant decrease in SOX2 and OCT4 expression, fewer sphere-forming colonies, lower proliferation ability, and more apoptosis. Additionally, VD treatment inhibited NF-κB signaling and reduced NLRP3 expression. The NLRP3 activator BMS-986,299 counteracted the effects of VD in vitro. In vivo, VD inhibited the growth of breast cancer stem cells, reducing both tumor volume and weight, and decreased NLRP3, SOX2, and OCT4 expression within tumor tissues. CONCLUSION Findings elucidate that VD mediates the modulation of stemness in CD133+/CD44 + breast cancer stem cells through the regulation of NLRP3 expression. The research represents novel insights on the implications for the application of VD in cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen (The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology), 29 Bulan Road, Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518112, PR China.
| | - Wei Peng
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen (The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology), 29 Bulan Road, Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518112, PR China
| | - Fuyong Qian
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen (The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology), 29 Bulan Road, Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518112, PR China
| | - Mingshuai Zhang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen (The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology), 29 Bulan Road, Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518112, PR China
| | - Bofeng Duan
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen (The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology), 29 Bulan Road, Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518112, PR China
| | - Zhifeng Fan
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen (The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology), 29 Bulan Road, Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518112, PR China
| | - Yi Xie
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen (The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology), 29 Bulan Road, Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518112, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Fu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen (The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology), 29 Bulan Road, Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518112, PR China
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8
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Gherman ML, Zanoaga O, Budisan L, Raduly L, Berindan-Neagoe I. Doxorubicin as a Potential Treatment Option in Canine Mammary Tumors. Vet Sci 2023; 10:654. [PMID: 37999477 PMCID: PMC10674590 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10110654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine mammary tumors represent one of the leading malignant pathologies in female dogs, displaying the importance of efficient therapeutic findings, besides the golden-standard surgery, able to limit the development of the disease. Studies in human cancers demonstrated that Doxorubicin presents a good effect in different biological processes like apoptosis, autophagy, the cell cycle, cell invasion, and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. This study followed the effects of Doxorubicin on two canine mammary cancer cell lines P114 and CMT-U27. Doxorubicin treatment in both cell lines shows an inhibitory effect in cell proliferation and an alteration in expression of the EMT-related genes. The obtained results provide valuable information for revealing the link between Doxorubicin, phenotypic changes, and proliferation dynamics in canine mammary tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalina Luciana Gherman
- Experimental Center, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (O.Z.); (L.B.); (I.B.-N.)
| | - Oana Zanoaga
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (O.Z.); (L.B.); (I.B.-N.)
| | - Liviuta Budisan
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (O.Z.); (L.B.); (I.B.-N.)
| | - Lajos Raduly
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (O.Z.); (L.B.); (I.B.-N.)
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (O.Z.); (L.B.); (I.B.-N.)
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9
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Shah S, Philipp LM, Giaimo S, Sebens S, Traulsen A, Raatz M. Understanding and leveraging phenotypic plasticity during metastasis formation. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2023; 9:48. [PMID: 37803056 PMCID: PMC10558468 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-023-00309-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is the process of detrimental systemic spread and the primary cause of cancer-related fatalities. Successful metastasis formation requires tumor cells to be proliferative and invasive; however, cells cannot be effective at both tasks simultaneously. Tumor cells compensate for this trade-off by changing their phenotype during metastasis formation through phenotypic plasticity. Given the changing selection pressures and competitive interactions that tumor cells face, it is poorly understood how plasticity shapes the process of metastasis formation. Here, we develop an ecology-inspired mathematical model with phenotypic plasticity and resource competition between phenotypes to address this knowledge gap. We find that phenotypically plastic tumor cell populations attain a stable phenotype equilibrium that maintains tumor cell heterogeneity. Considering treatment types inspired by chemo- and immunotherapy, we highlight that plasticity can protect tumors against interventions. Turning this strength into a weakness, we corroborate current clinical practices to use plasticity as a target for adjuvant therapy. We present a parsimonious view of tumor plasticity-driven metastasis that is quantitative and experimentally testable, and thus potentially improving the mechanistic understanding of metastasis at the cell population level, and its treatment consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumil Shah
- Department of Theoretical Biology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann-Str. 2, 24306, Plön, Germany.
| | - Lisa-Marie Philipp
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Kiel University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building U30, Entrance 1, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefano Giaimo
- Department of Theoretical Biology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann-Str. 2, 24306, Plön, Germany
| | - Susanne Sebens
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Kiel University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building U30, Entrance 1, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Arne Traulsen
- Department of Theoretical Biology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann-Str. 2, 24306, Plön, Germany
| | - Michael Raatz
- Department of Theoretical Biology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann-Str. 2, 24306, Plön, Germany
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10
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Sahoo S, Ramu S, Nair MG, Pillai M, San Juan BP, Milioli HZ, Mandal S, Naidu CM, Mavatkar AD, Subramaniam H, Neogi AG, Chaffer CL, Prabhu JS, Somarelli JA, Jolly MK. Multi-modal transcriptomic analysis unravels enrichment of hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal state and enhanced phenotypic heterogeneity in basal breast cancer. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.30.558960. [PMID: 37873432 PMCID: PMC10592858 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.30.558960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Intra-tumoral phenotypic heterogeneity promotes tumor relapse and therapeutic resistance and remains an unsolved clinical challenge. It manifests along multiple phenotypic axes and decoding the interconnections among these different axes is crucial to understand its molecular origins and to develop novel therapeutic strategies to control it. Here, we use multi-modal transcriptomic data analysis - bulk, single-cell and spatial transcriptomics - from breast cancer cell lines and primary tumor samples, to identify associations between epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and luminal-basal plasticity - two key processes that enable heterogeneity. We show that luminal breast cancer strongly associates with an epithelial cell state, but basal breast cancer is associated with hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype(s) and higher phenotypic heterogeneity. These patterns were inherent in methylation profiles, suggesting an epigenetic crosstalk between EMT and lineage plasticity in breast cancer. Mathematical modelling of core underlying gene regulatory networks representative of the crosstalk between the luminal-basal and epithelial-mesenchymal axes recapitulate and thus elucidate mechanistic underpinnings of the observed associations from transcriptomic data. Our systems-based approach integrating multi-modal data analysis with mechanism-based modeling offers a predictive framework to characterize intra-tumor heterogeneity and to identify possible interventions to restrict it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarthak Sahoo
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Soundharya Ramu
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Madhumathy G Nair
- Division of Molecular Medicine, St. John’s Research Institute, St. John’s Medical College, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Maalavika Pillai
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
- Current affiliation: Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, 60611, USA
| | - Beatriz P San Juan
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | | | - Susmita Mandal
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Chandrakala M Naidu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, St. John’s Research Institute, St. John’s Medical College, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Apoorva D Mavatkar
- Division of Molecular Medicine, St. John’s Research Institute, St. John’s Medical College, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Harini Subramaniam
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Arpita G Neogi
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Christine L Chaffer
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
- University of New South Wales, UNSW Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jyothi S Prabhu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, St. John’s Research Institute, St. John’s Medical College, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | | | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Department of Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
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11
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Cao Q, Wang Q, Wu X, Zhang Q, Huang J, Chen Y, You Y, Qiang Y, Huang X, Qin R, Cao G. A literature review: mechanisms of antitumor pharmacological action of leonurine alkaloid. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1272546. [PMID: 37818195 PMCID: PMC10560730 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1272546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Leonurine refers to the desiccated aerial portion of a plant in the Labiatae family. The primary bioactive constituent of Leonurine is an alkaloid, Leonurine alkaloid (Leo), renowned for its substantial therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of gynecological disorders, in addition to its broad-spectrum antineoplastic capabilities. Over recent years, the pharmacodynamic mechanisms of Leo have garnered escalating scholarly interest. Leo exhibits its anticancer potential by means of an array of mechanisms, encompassing the inhibition of neoplastic cell proliferation, induction of both apoptosis and autophagy, and the containment of oncogenic cell invasion and migration. The key signal transduction pathways implicated in these processes include the Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL), the Phosphoinositide3-Kinase/Serine/Threonine Protein Kinase (PI3K/AKT), the Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3), and the Mitogen-Activated Protein/Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase (MAP/ERK). This paper commences with an exploration of the principal oncogenic cellular behaviors influenced by Leo and the associated signal transduction pathways, thereby scrutinizing the mechanisms of Leo in the antineoplastic sequence of events. The intention is to offer theoretical reinforcement for the elucidation of more profound mechanisms underpinning Leo's anticancer potential and correlating pharmaceutical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Cao
- Department of Earth Sciences, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- School of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xinyan Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Undergraduate Department, Taishan University, Taian, China
| | - Jinghan Huang
- Undergraduate Department, Sichuan Conservatory of Music, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuquan Chen
- Institute of Medical Information/Library, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanwei You
- Division of Sports Science and Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Qiang
- Department of Earth Sciences, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xufeng Huang
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ronggao Qin
- Department of Earth Sciences, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Guangzhu Cao
- Department of Earth Sciences, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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12
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Zhao J, Xie X. Prediction of prognosis and immunotherapy response in breast cancer based on neutrophil extracellular traps-related classification. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1165776. [PMID: 37304069 PMCID: PMC10250592 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1165776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), a network of DNA histone complexes and proteins released by activated neutrophils, have been demonstrated to be associated with inflammation, infection related immune response and tumorigenesis in previous reports. However, the relationship between NETs related genes and breast cancer remains controversial. In the study, we retrieved transcriptome data and clinical information of BRCA patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets. The expression matrix of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) related genes was generated and consensus clustering was performed by Partitioning Around Medoid (PAM) to classify BRCA patients into two subgroups (NETs high group and NETs low group). Subsequently, we focus on the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two NETs-related subgroups and further explored NETs enrichment related signaling pathways by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. In addition, we constructed a risk signature model by LASSO Cox regression analysis to evaluate the association between riskscore and prognosis. Even more, we explored the landscape of the tumor immune microenvironment and the expression of immune checkpoints related genes as well as HLA genes between two NETs subtypes in breast cancer patients. Moreover, we found and validated the correlation of different immune cells with risk score, as well as the response to immunotherapy in different subgroups of patients was detected by Tumor Immune Dysfunction and Exclusion (TIDE) database. Ultimately, a nomogram prognostic prediction model was established to speculate on the prognosis of breast cancer patients. The results suggest that high riskscore is associated with poor immunotherapy response and adverse clinical outcomes in breast cancer patients. In conclusion, we established a NETs-related stratification system that is beneficial for guiding the clinical treatment and predicting prognosis of BRCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajing Zhao
- General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University School of Medicine, Shantou, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Shantou University School, Shantou, China
| | - Xiaojun Xie
- General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University School of Medicine, Shantou, China
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13
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Anstine LJ, Majmudar PR, Aponte A, Singh S, Zhao R, Weber-Bonk KL, Abdul-Karim FW, Valentine M, Seachrist DD, Grennel-Nickelson KE, Cuellar-Vite L, Sizemore GM, Sizemore ST, Webb BM, Thompson CL, Keri RA. TLE3 Sustains Luminal Breast Cancer Lineage Fidelity to Suppress Metastasis. Cancer Res 2023; 83:997-1015. [PMID: 36696357 PMCID: PMC10089698 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-3133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer subtypes and their phenotypes parallel different stages of the mammary epithelial cell developmental hierarchy. Discovering mechanisms that control lineage identity could provide novel avenues for mitigating disease progression. Here we report that the transcriptional corepressor TLE3 is a guardian of luminal cell fate in breast cancer and operates independently of the estrogen receptor. In luminal breast cancer, TLE3 actively repressed the gene-expression signature associated with highly aggressive basal-like breast cancers (BLBC). Moreover, maintenance of the luminal lineage depended on the appropriate localization of TLE3 to its transcriptional targets, a process mediated by interactions with FOXA1. By repressing genes that drive BLBC phenotypes, including SOX9 and TGFβ2, TLE3 prevented the acquisition of a hybrid epithelial-mesenchymal state and reduced metastatic capacity and aggressive cellular behaviors. These results establish TLE3 as an essential transcriptional repressor that sustains the more differentiated and less metastatic nature of luminal breast cancers. Approaches to induce TLE3 expression could promote the acquisition of less aggressive, more treatable disease states to extend patient survival. SIGNIFICANCE Transcriptional corepressor TLE3 actively suppresses SOX9 and TGFβ transcriptional programs to sustain the luminal lineage identity of breast cancer cells and to inhibit metastatic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey J. Anstine
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Parth R. Majmudar
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Amy Aponte
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Salendra Singh
- Department of Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ran Zhao
- Department of Qualitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Kristen L. Weber-Bonk
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Fadi W. Abdul-Karim
- Department of Pathology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Mitchell Valentine
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Darcie D. Seachrist
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Leslie Cuellar-Vite
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Gina M. Sizemore
- Department of Radiation Oncology and the James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Steven T. Sizemore
- Department of Radiation Oncology and the James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Bryan M. Webb
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Cheryl L. Thompson
- Department of Public Health Sciences and the Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Ruth A. Keri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Phenotypic Marker Evaluation in Human, Canine, and Feline Mammary Gland Tumors. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050878. [PMID: 36899736 PMCID: PMC10000046 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process by which epithelial cells acquire mesenchymal properties. EMT has been closely associated with cancer cell aggressiveness. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mRNA and protein expression of EMT-associated markers in mammary tumors of humans (HBC), dogs (CMT), and cats (FMT). Real-time qPCR for SNAIL, TWIST, and ZEB, and immunohistochemistry for E-cadherin, vimentin, CD44, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), ERBB2, Ki-67, cytokeratin (CK) 8/18, CK5/6, and CK14 were performed. Overall, SNAIL, TWIST, and ZEB mRNA was lower in tumors than in healthy tissues. Vimentin was higher in triple-negative HBC (TNBC) and FMTs than in ER+ HBC and CMTs (p < 0.001). Membranous E-cadherin was higher in ER+ than in TNBCs (p < 0.001), whereas cytoplasmic E-cadherin was higher in TNBCs when compared with ER+ HBC (p < 0.001). A negative correlation between membranous and cytoplasmic E-cadherin was found in all three species. Ki-67 was higher in FMTs than in CMTs (p < 0.001), whereas CD44 was higher in CMTs than in FMTs (p < 0.001). These results confirmed a potential role of some markers as indicators of EMT, and suggested similarities between ER+ HBC and CMTs, and between TNBC and FMTs.
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15
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Organotropism of breast cancer metastasis: A comprehensive approach to the shared gene network. GENE REPORTS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2023.101749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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16
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Multi-Parameter Analysis of Disseminated Tumor Cells (DTCs) in Early Breast Cancer Patients with Hormone-Receptor-Positive Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030568. [PMID: 36765527 PMCID: PMC9913363 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with hormone-receptor-positive (HR+) breast cancer are at increased risk for late recurrence. One reason might be disseminated tumor cells (DTCs), which split off in the early stages of the disease and metastasize into the bone marrow (BM). METHODS We developed a novel multi-parameter immunofluorescence staining protocol using releasable and bleachable antibody-fluorochrome-conjugates. This sequential procedure enabled us to analyze six distinct phenotypical and therapy-related markers on the same DTC. We characterized BM aspirates from 29 patients with a HR+ tumor and a known positive DTC status-based on the standardized detection of epithelial cells in BM. RESULTS Using the immunofluorescence staining, a total of 153 DTCs were detected. Luminal A patients revealed a higher DTC count compared with luminal B. The majority of the detected DTCs were CK-positive (128/153). However, in 16 of 17 luminal A patients we found HER2-positive DTCs. We detected CK-negative DTCs (25/153) in 12 of 29 patients. Of those cells, 76% were Ki67-positive and 68% were HER2-positive. Moreover, we detected DTC clusters consisting of mixed characteristics in 6 of 29 patients. CONCLUSIONS Using sequential multi-parameter imaging made it possible to identify distinct DTC profiles not solely based on epithelial features. Our findings indicate that characterization rather than quantification of DTCs might be relevant for treatment decisions.
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Classification Prediction of Breast Cancer Based on Machine Learning. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 2023:6530719. [PMID: 36688223 PMCID: PMC9848804 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6530719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common and deadly type of cancer in the world. Based on machine learning algorithms such as XGBoost, random forest, logistic regression, and K-nearest neighbor, this paper establishes different models to classify and predict breast cancer, so as to provide a reference for the early diagnosis of breast cancer. Recall indicates the probability of detecting malignant cancer cells in medical diagnosis, which is of great significance for the classification of breast cancer, so this article takes recall as the primary evaluation index and considers the precision, accuracy, and F1-score evaluation indicators to evaluate and compare the prediction effect of each model. In order to eliminate the influence of different dimensional concepts on the effect of the model, the data are standardized. In order to find the optimal subset and improve the accuracy of the model, 15 features were screened out as input to the model through the Pearson correlation test. The K-nearest neighbor model uses the cross-validation method to select the optimal k value by using recall as an evaluation index. For the problem of positive and negative sample imbalance, the hierarchical sampling method is used to extract the training set and test set proportionally according to different categories. The experimental results show that under different dataset division (8 : 2 and 7 : 3), the prediction effect of the same model will have different changes. Comparative analysis shows that the XGBoost model established in this paper (which divides the training set and test set by 8 : 2) has better effects, and its recall, precision, accuracy, and F1-score are 1.00, 0.960, 0.974, and 0.980, respectively.
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Meng G, Xu H, Yang S, Chen F, Wang W, Hu F, Zheng G, Guo Y. Bibliometric analysis of worldwide research trends on breast cancer about inflammation. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1166690. [PMID: 37152044 PMCID: PMC10154678 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1166690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The most prevalent cancer and the second-leading cause of cancer-related mortality in women is breast cancer. Growing interest has been shown in recent years in learning more about the processes behind the development of breast cancer. It has been shown that persistent inflammation may play a significant role in the advancement of breast cancer. However, a comprehensive and objective analysis on the state of inflammation in breast cancer research is still lacking. This study was aim to undertake a bibliometric analysis of breast cancer research associated with inflammation between 2013 and 2022 in order to identify the trends, dynamics, and scientific outputs in the field. Methods From 2013 to 2022, original and review publications on breast cancer and inflammation-associated research were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC) database. To examine the position of yearly publications, journals, nations, institutions, and authors, we employed two bibliometric tools (CiteSpace and VOSviewer). After that, by examining keyword visualization and keyword bursts, we determined the hot research fields related to inflammation in breast cancer. Results we discovered 6902 publications regarding inflammation in breast cancer by using our retrieval approach. In terms of the number of publications, The United States ranked first in the global study, followed by China and Italy. In terms of institutions, the University of Texas System, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, and University of California System are in the top 3 for the quantity of publications published. The most popular journal for this field research is "CANCERS." Ueno NT, Woodward WA, Cristofanilli M, and others have made significant contributions to the understanding of inflammation in breast cancer. In the end, we conducted a biclustering analysis on keywords and discovered three clusters that represent research hotspots. Conclusion According to the global trend, the research output of inflammation in breast cancer is increasing. The information provided in this article, including the cooperation network information of authors, nations, journals, and institutions, may help researchers to better understand hotspots and developing patterns in this discipline. At present, the focus of study gradually shifts from "phenotype study" to "therapeutic research". It is recommended to pay attention to the latest hot spots, such as targeted therapy, antimicrobial activity and nanoparticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangran Meng
- Department of General Surgery, The Fifth Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huilin Xu
- Department of Oncology, Fifth Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shengtao Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fifth Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Feixiang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The Fifth Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenyuan Wang
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Center, Wuhan Asia Heart Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Furong Hu
- Department of General Surgery, The Fifth Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Gang Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, The Fifth Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- *Correspondence: Gang Zheng, ; Yixin Guo,
| | - Yixin Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fifth Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- *Correspondence: Gang Zheng, ; Yixin Guo,
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Liu Y, Liu Y, Luo J, Zhao W, Hu C, Chen G. Hsa_circ_0002082 up-regulates Centromere Protein F via abolishing miR-508-3p to promote breast cancer progression. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24697. [PMID: 36161346 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circular RNAs (circRNAs) dysregulation has been revealed to function in the pathological processes of cancers. Herein, the role and mechanisms of hsa_circ_0002082 in breast cancer (BC) progression were elucidated. METHODS In vivo and in vitro functional experiments were conducted, and the interaction between miR-508-3p and hsa_circ_0002082 or Centromere Protein F (CENPF) was elucidated. RESULTS Hsa_circ_0002082 expression was higher in BC tissues and cell lines. Functionally, knockdown of hsa_circ_0002082 induced apoptosis and suppressed proliferation and metastasis in BC cells in vitro. Mechanistically, hsa_circ_0002082 targeted miR-508-3p, which was confirmed to be decreased in BC. MiR-508-3p overexpression suppressed BC cell malignant phenotypes, moreover, inhibition of miR-508-3p attenuated the anticancer action of hsa_circ_0002082 silencing on BC cells. Besides that, miR-508-3p targeted CENPF, CENPF was highly expressed in BC, CENPF up-regulation reversed the suppressive impacts of miR-508-3p on BC cell growth and metastasis. Besides, hsa_circ_0002082 silencing impeded BC growth in nude mice. CONCLUSION Knockdown of hsa_circ_0002082 suppresses breast cancer growth and metastasis by miR-508-3p/CENPF axis, suggesting that hsa_circ_0002082 may be a promising target for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Ultrasound Imaging Department, Minda Hospital of Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Radiology Department, Minda Hospital of Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, China
| | - Jinyong Luo
- Ultrasound Imaging Department, Minda Hospital of Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, China
| | - Wen Zhao
- Ultrasound Imaging Department, Minda Hospital of Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, China
| | - Chunhui Hu
- Ultrasound Imaging Department, Minda Hospital of Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, China
| | - Gongquan Chen
- Ultrasound Imaging Department, Minda Hospital of Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, China
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Quantitative Expression of SFN, lncRNA CCDC18-AS1, and lncRNA LINC01343 in Human Breast Cancer as the Regulator Biomarkers in a Novel ceRNA Network: Based on Bioinformatics and Experimental Analyses. Genet Res (Camb) 2022; 2022:6787791. [PMID: 36160032 PMCID: PMC9484965 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6787791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is one of the leading cancers in the world, which has become an increasing serious problem. In this context, reports demonstrate that some long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play significant regulatory roles in breast tumorigenesis and BC progression via various pathways and act as endogenous RNAs. Finding their dysregulation in cancer and evaluating their interaction with other molecules, such as short noncoding RNAs “microRNA (miRNAs)” as well as various genes, are the most important parts in cancer diagnostics. In this study, after performing GSEA and microarray analysis on the GSE71053 dataset, a new ceRNA network of CCDC18-AS1, LINC01343, hsa-miR4462, and SFN in BC was detected by bioinformatics analysis. Therefore, the expression of SFN, CCDC18-AS1, and LINC01343 was quantitatively measured in 24 BC and normal paired tissues using qRT-PCR. CCDC18-AS1, LINC01343, and SFN were expressed higher in BC than in the control (normal paired) tissues based on qRT-PCR data. Furthermore, a significant positive correlation was observed between CCDC18-AS1 and LINC01343 expression in the samples investigated in this study. The investigation of clinicopathological parameters showed that SFN was highly expressed in tumor size of <5 cm and in nonmenopausal ages, while CCDC18-AS1 and LINC01343 indicated a high expression in stages II-III and III of BC, respectively. The overall survival analysis displayed high and low survival in patients with high expression of SFN and CCDC18-AS1, respectively. The ROC curve analysis disclosed that SFN, CCDC18-AS1, and LINC01343 might be suggested as potential biological markers in BC patients. The high expression of CCDC18-AS1, LINC01343, and SFN in BC samples suggests their potential role in BC tumorigenesis and could be considered hallmarks for the diagnosis and prognosis of BC, although this will require further clinical investigations.
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Yang C, Liu Q, Jiang Z. CircPTTG1IP knockdown suppresses rheumatoid arthritis progression by targeting miR-431-5p/FSTL1 axis. Transpl Immunol 2022; 75:101685. [PMID: 35933079 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2022.101685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is observed that circular RNA (circRNA) PTTG1 interacting protein (circPTTG1IP) level is notably up-regulated in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients by previous study. However, its precise role and working mechanism in RA pathology remain to be clarified. METHODS AND RESULTS Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blot assay were carried out to examine RNA and protein expression. Cell proliferation was analyzed by colony formation assay and 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay. Cell motility was assessed by transwell assays and wound healing assay. Flow cytometry (FCM) analysis was performed to assess cell apoptosis rate. Dual-luciferase reporter, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), and RNA-pull down assays were conducted to confirm the interaction between microRNA-431-5p (miR-431-5p) and circPTTG1IP or follistatin like 1 (FSTL1). CircPTTG1IP expression was up-regulated in the synovial tissues of RA patients and RA patients-derived fibroblast-like synoviocytes (RA-FLS). CircPTTG1IP absence suppressed the proliferation, migration, and invasion and induced the apoptosis of RA-FLS. CircPTTG1IP negatively regulated the expression of miR-431-5p by directly binding to it in RA-FLS. CircPTTG1IP interference-mediated effects in RA-FLS were largely counteracted by the silence of miR-431-5p. miR-431-5p directly interacted with the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of FSTL1. FSTL1 overexpression largely overturned miR-431-5p accumulation-mediated effects in RA-FLS. CircPTTG1IP positively regulated FSTL1 expression by sponging miR-431-5p in RA-FLS. CONCLUSION CircPTTG1IP absence suppressed RA progression through mediating miR-431-5p/FSTL1 signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhui Yang
- Department of Orthopedic, Tianshui Hand and Foot of Surgery Hospital, China
| | - Qingling Liu
- Department of Orthopedic, Tianshui Hand and Foot of Surgery Hospital, China.
| | - Zaiming Jiang
- Department of Orthopedic, Tianshui Hand and Foot of Surgery Hospital, China
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22
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Zhong X, Bao X, Zhong H, Zhou Y, Zhang Z, Lu Y, Dai Q, Yang Q, Ke P, Xia Y, Wu L, Sui Z, Lu Y, Han M, Xu W, Gao J. Mitochondrial targeted drug delivery combined with manganese catalyzed Fenton reaction for the treatment of breast cancer. Int J Pharm 2022; 622:121810. [PMID: 35580685 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In previous studies, we found that triphenylphosphine-modified doxorubicin (TPP-DOX) can effectively kill drug-resistant tumor cells, but its effect on sensitive tumor cells is weakened. In this research, with albumin from Bovine Serum (BSA) as a carrier, TPP-DOX@MnBSA (TD@MB) nanoparticles were prepared by co-loading TPP-DOX and manganese which can realize the combination of chemotherapy and chemodynamic therapy (CDT). The uniform and stable nano-spherical nanoparticle can promote drug uptake, achieve mitochondrial-targeted drug delivery, increase intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and catalyze the production of highly toxic oxidative hydroxyl radicals (OH·), further inhibiting the growth of both sensitive and drug-resistant MCF-7 cells. Besides, TD@MB can down-regulate the stemness-related proteins and the metastasis-related proteins, potentially decreasing the tumor stemness and metastasis. In vivo experiment indicated that TD@MB was able to exert desired antitumor effect, good tumor targeting and biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xincheng Zhong
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Bao
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Haiqing Zhong
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Yiying Lu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Qi Dai
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Qiyao Yang
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Peng Ke
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Yiyi Xia
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Linjie Wu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Zaiyun Sui
- Shandong Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250000, PR China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, PR China
| | - Min Han
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
| | - WenHong Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
| | - Jianqing Gao
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
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Zhou ZW, Long HZ, Xu SG, Li FJ, Cheng Y, Luo HY, Gao LC. Therapeutic Effects of Natural Products on Cervical Cancer: Based on Inflammatory Pathways. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:899208. [PMID: 35645817 PMCID: PMC9136176 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.899208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a protective response of the body to an irritant. When an inflammatory response occurs, immune cells are recruited to the injury, eliminating the irritation. The excessive inflammatory response can cause harm to the organism. Inflammation has been found to contribute to cervical cancer if there is a problem with the regulation of inflammatory response. Cervical cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors globally, and the incidence tends to be younger. The harm of cervical cancer cannot be ignored. The standard treatments for cervical cancer include surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. However, the prognosis for this treatment is poor, so it is urgent to find a safer and more effective treatment. Natural products are considered excellent candidates for the treatment of cervical cancer. In this review, we first describe the mechanisms by which inflammation induces cervical cancer. Subsequently, we highlight natural products that can treat cervical cancer through inflammatory pathways. We also introduce natural products for the treatment of cervical cancer in clinical trials. Finally, methods to improve the anticancer properties of natural products were added, and the development status of natural products was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Wei Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, University of South China, Phase I Clinical Trial Centre, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Changsha, China
| | - Hui-Zhi Long
- School of Pharmacy, University of South China, Phase I Clinical Trial Centre, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Changsha, China
| | - Shuo-Guo Xu
- School of Pharmacy, University of South China, Phase I Clinical Trial Centre, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Changsha, China
| | - Feng-Jiao Li
- School of Pharmacy, University of South China, Phase I Clinical Trial Centre, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, University of South China, Phase I Clinical Trial Centre, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Changsha, China
| | - Hong-Yu Luo
- School of Pharmacy, University of South China, Phase I Clinical Trial Centre, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Changsha, China
| | - Li-Chen Gao
- School of Pharmacy, University of South China, Phase I Clinical Trial Centre, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Changsha, China
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Cheng KH, Contreras GP, Yeh TY. Potential Role of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Cardio-Oncology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073573. [PMID: 35408933 PMCID: PMC8998890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular toxicity has emerged as the leading cause of death in patients undergoing cancer treatment. Thus, cardio-oncology (CO) care must also focus on the prevention and management of related cardiovascular (CV) complications caused by cancer therapy. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)—entities with released DNA, proteases, proinflammatory and prooxidative substances from blasted neutrophils—play an important role in cancer proliferation, propagation metastasis, and incident CV events (acute coronary syndrome, thromboembolic events, and heart failure). Although NETs have been shown to be involved in cancer progression and incident CV events, little is known about their relationship with cardio-oncology, especially on cancer treatment-related cardiovascular toxicity (CTRCT). This review aims to explore the evidence of the impact of NETs on cancer, CV events, and CTRCT, and the possible solutions based on the mechanism of NETs activation and NETs released toxic substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hung Cheng
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Cancer Hospital, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan;
- College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Gregory P. Contreras
- Auxergen Inc., Columbus Center, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA;
| | - Ting-Yu Yeh
- Auxergen Inc., Columbus Center, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Kenny SE, Antaw F, Locke WJ, Howard CB, Korbie D, Trau M. Next-Generation Molecular Discovery: From Bottom-Up In Vivo and In Vitro Approaches to In Silico Top-Down Approaches for Therapeutics Neogenesis. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12030363. [PMID: 35330114 PMCID: PMC8950575 DOI: 10.3390/life12030363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein and drug engineering comprises a major part of the medical and research industries, and yet approaches to discovering and understanding therapeutic molecular interactions in biological systems rely on trial and error. The general approach to molecular discovery involves screening large libraries of compounds, proteins, or antibodies, or in vivo antibody generation, which could be considered “bottom-up” approaches to therapeutic discovery. In these bottom-up approaches, a minimal amount is known about the therapeutics at the start of the process, but through meticulous and exhaustive laboratory work, the molecule is characterised in detail. In contrast, the advent of “big data” and access to extensive online databases and machine learning technologies offers promising new avenues to understanding molecular interactions. Artificial intelligence (AI) now has the potential to predict protein structure at an unprecedented accuracy using only the genetic sequence. This predictive approach to characterising molecular structure—when accompanied by high-quality experimental data for model training—has the capacity to invert the process of molecular discovery and characterisation. The process has potential to be transformed into a top-down approach, where new molecules can be designed directly based on the structure of a target and the desired function, rather than performing screening of large libraries of molecular variants. This paper will provide a brief evaluation of bottom-up approaches to discovering and characterising biological molecules and will discuss recent advances towards developing top-down approaches and the prospects of this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E. Kenny
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Corner of College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (S.E.K.); (F.A.); (C.B.H.)
| | - Fiach Antaw
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Corner of College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (S.E.K.); (F.A.); (C.B.H.)
| | - Warwick J. Locke
- Molecular Diagnostic Solutions, Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Building 101, Clunies Ross Street, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;
| | - Christopher B. Howard
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Corner of College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (S.E.K.); (F.A.); (C.B.H.)
| | - Darren Korbie
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Corner of College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (S.E.K.); (F.A.); (C.B.H.)
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (M.T.)
| | - Matt Trau
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Corner of College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (S.E.K.); (F.A.); (C.B.H.)
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (M.T.)
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hsa_circ_0139402 Promotes Bladder Cancer Progression by Regulating hsa-miR-326/PAX8 Signaling. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:9899548. [PMID: 35154515 PMCID: PMC8824756 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9899548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Bladder cancer (BC) is a malignant and common malignant tumors. However, the prognosis of most patients with bladder cancer is still poor, and it is particularly important to identify early tumor diagnostic and treatment targets. Materials and Methods High-throughput sequencing was used to evaluate the expression level of circRNA in bladder cancer tissue. MTT assay, wound healing assay, and transwell assay were used to detect the cancer cells' proliferation, migration, and invasion affected by hsa_circ_0139402. The possible miRNA targets of hsa_circ_0139402 and downstream genes were detected by bioinformatics methods and dual-luciferase reporting experiment. FISH was used to observe their interaction. Results High-throughput sequencing result showed that the expression of hsa_circ_0139402 was highest in BC tissues and increased in metastatic tissues compared to that of nonmetastatic tissues. MTT assay, wound healing assay, and transwell assay revealed that sh-hsa_circ_0139402 could suppress BC cells' proliferation, invasion, and migration. Bioinformatics analysis, dual-luciferase reporter, and RIP assay showed that hsa_circ_0139402 can bind to hsa-miR-326, and PAX8 is a direct target of hsa-miR-326 in BC cell. Further, cytological studies found that hsa_circ_0139402 enhances BC cells' proliferation, migration, and invasion by targeting PAX8 via hsa-miR-326. Conclusion hsa_circ_0139402 plays a oncogene in BC and that can effectively promote cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT by targeting Paired Box Protein Pax-8 (PAX8) via hsa-miR-326 and provides a potential therapeutic target for BC patients.
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Correlation of breast cancer microcirculation construction with tumor stem cells (CSCs) and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) based on contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261138. [PMID: 34932597 PMCID: PMC8691655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study is to explore the correlation between the contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) characteristics of breast cancer and the epithelial-mesenchyme transformation (EMT). Methods Totally 119 patients of breast cancer underwent CEUS. Tissues in the active area were collected and subjected to the immunohistochemical detection, PT-PCR and Western blot. Correlation analysis was conducted between the clinical pathological parameters and the CEUS indicators. Results The expression levels of CD44, N-cadherin, and β-catenin in breast cancer tissues were higher than those in adjacent tissues (P<0.05). However, the expression levels of CD24 and E-cadherin in breast cancer tissues were lower than those in adjacent tissues (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in E-cadherin mRNA and Vimentin levels between cancer and adjacent tissues (P>0.05). The expressions were up-regulated in the CSCs, with higher histological grade, lymph node metastasis, and negative estrogen receptor (ER) expression. Smaller breast tumors, with no lymph node metastasis, lower clinical stage, and positive ER expression, tended to exhibit the up-regulated epithelial phenotype. Breast tumors, with high histological grade, lymph node metastasis, high clinical staging grade, and negative ER expression, tended to exhibit the up-regulated interstitial phenotype. The peak intensity of the time-intensity curve (TIC) for the CEUS was positively correlated with the CSC marker CD44 and the interstitial phenotype marker N-cadherin. The starting time of enhancement was negatively correlated with the N-cadherin. Area under the curve was positively correlated with the expression of CD44 and N-cadherin, while negatively correlated with the epithelial phenotype marker β-catenin. The time to peak was negatively correlated with the interstitial phenotypes Vimentin and N-cadherin, with no correlation with the E-cadherin or β-catenin. Conclusion Breast cancers show the enlarged lesions after enlargement and perfusion defect for the CEUS. The fast-in pattern, high enhancement, and high perfusion in the TIC are correlated with the CSCs and EMT expressions, suggesting poor disease prognosis.
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Leng X, Japaer R, Zhang H, Yeerlan M, Ma F, Ding J. Relationship of shear wave elastography anisotropy with tumor stem cells and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer. BMC Med Imaging 2021; 21:171. [PMID: 34789199 PMCID: PMC8600915 DOI: 10.1186/s12880-021-00707-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study is to examine the feasibility of shear wave elastography (SWE) anisotropy in assessing the prognosis of breast cancer. Methods We enrolled 119 breast cancer patients from January 2017 to October 2019. SWE was performed before operation. Emax (maximum elasticity value), Emean (average elasticity value), Esd (standard deviation of the lesion elasticity value), Eratio (elasticity value of adipose tissue), anisotropy coefficient and difference were recorded. After operation, we collected clinical pathological data, and performed immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR tests on CD44, CD24, E-cadherin, β-catenin, vimentin and N-cadherin. Finally, we analyzed the correlation among parameters of SWE, anisotropy and clinicopathology, and markers of CSCs (cancer stem cells) and EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition). Results Emax, Emean and Esd of the cross section were higher than those of the longitudinal section. Breast cancer with a higher elastic modulus was often accompanied by a hyperechoic halo, which was manifested as mixed echo and post-echo attenuation, and was accompanied by a higher BI-RADS (breast imaging reporting and data system) classification. When breast cancer had hyperechoic halo and weakened posterior echo, SWE of the lesion showed more obvious anisotropy. In addition, larger diameter of the longitudinal section indicated higher stiffness of the cross section. Correlation analysis showed that E-cadherin was negatively correlated with SWE in longitudinal section. CD44, N-cadherin, β-catenin were positively correlated with SWE in longitudinal and cross sections. Vimentin and CD24 had no correlation with SWE parameters. Conclusion SWE of breast cancer is anisotropic. The cross-sectional SWE is better than the longitudinal SWE, Emax is better than Emean, the anisotropy of SWE is better than SWE, and the anisotropy factor is better than the anisotropy difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Leng
- Department of Ultrasound, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No. 789 Suzhou East Road, Xinshi District, Urumqi, 830011, People's Republic of China
| | - Rexida Japaer
- Department of Ultrasound, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No. 789 Suzhou East Road, Xinshi District, Urumqi, 830011, People's Republic of China
| | - Haijian Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No. 789 Suzhou East Road, Xinshi District, Urumqi, 830011, People's Republic of China
| | - Mila Yeerlan
- Department of Ultrasound, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No. 789 Suzhou East Road, Xinshi District, Urumqi, 830011, People's Republic of China
| | - Fucheng Ma
- Department of Ultrasound, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No. 789 Suzhou East Road, Xinshi District, Urumqi, 830011, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianbing Ding
- Department of Ultrasound, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No. 789 Suzhou East Road, Xinshi District, Urumqi, 830011, People's Republic of China. .,School of Basic Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, No. 567 Shangde North Road, Urumqi, 830017, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang YL, Ma Y, Zeng YQ, Liu Y, He EP, Liu YT, Qiao FL, Yu R, Wang YS, Wu XY, Leng P. A narrative review of research progress on FoxM1 in breast cancer carcinogenesis and therapeutics. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1704. [PMID: 34988213 PMCID: PMC8667115 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-5271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this review is to clarify the potential roles of forkhead box transcription factor M1 (FoxM1) in the occurrence and progression of breast cancer, as well as the predictive value of FoxM1 as a prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for breast cancer. BACKGROUND Breast cancer, well-known as a molecularly heterogeneous cancer, is still one of the most frequently diagnosed malignant tumors among females worldwide. Tumor recurrence and metastasis are the central causes of high mortality in breast cancer patients. Many factors contribute to the occurrence and progression of breast cancer, including FoxM1. FoxM1, widely regarded as a classic proliferation-related transcription factor, plays pivotal roles in the occurrence, proliferation, invasion, migration, drug resistance, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) processes of multiple human tumors including breast cancer. METHODS The PubMed database was searched for articles published in English from February 2008 to May 2021 using related keywords such as "forkhead box transcription factor M1", "human breast cancer", "FoxM1", and "human tumor". About 90 research papers and reports written in English were identified, most of which were published after 2015. These papers mainly concentrated on the functions of FoxM1 in the occurrence, development, drug resistance, and treatment of human breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS Considering that the abnormal expression of FoxM1 plays a significant role in the proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and chemotherapy drug resistance of breast cancer, and its overexpression is closely correlated with the unfavorable clinicopathological characteristics of breast tumor patients, it is considerably important to comprehend the regulatory mechanism of FoxM1 in breast cancer. This will provide strong evidence for FoxM1 as a potential biomarker for the targeted treatment and prognostic evaluation of breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ling Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Emergency Department of West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Disaster Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - You-Qin Zeng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - En-Ping He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College-Nuclear Industry 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi-Tong Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng-Ling Qiao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Yu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying-Shuang Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin-Yu Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Leng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Flavonoids against non-physiologic inflammation attributed to cancer initiation, development, and progression—3PM pathways. EPMA J 2021; 12:559-587. [PMID: 34950252 PMCID: PMC8648878 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-021-00257-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractInflammation is an essential pillar of the immune defense. On the other hand, chronic inflammation is considered a hallmark of cancer initiation and progression. Chronic inflammation demonstrates a potential to induce complex changes at molecular, cellular, and organ levels including but not restricted to the stagnation and impairment of healing processes, uncontrolled production of aggressive ROS/RNS, triggered DNA mutations and damage, compromised efficacy of the DNA repair machinery, significantly upregulated cytokine/chemokine release and associated patho-physiologic protein synthesis, activated signaling pathways involved in carcinogenesis and tumor progression, abnormal tissue remodeling, and created pre-metastatic niches, among others. The anti-inflammatory activities of flavonoids demonstrate clinically relevant potential as preventive and therapeutic agents to improve individual outcomes in diseases linked to the low-grade systemic and chronic inflammation, including cancers. To this end, flavonoids are potent modulators of pro-inflammatory gene expression being, therefore, of great interest as agents selectively suppressing molecular targets within pro-inflammatory pathways. This paper provides in-depth analysis of anti-inflammatory properties of flavonoids, highlights corresponding mechanisms and targeted molecular pathways, and proposes potential treatment models for multi-level cancer prevention in the framework of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM / 3PM). To this end, individualized profiling and patient stratification are essential for implementing targeted anti-inflammatory approaches. Most prominent examples are presented for the proposed application of flavonoid-conducted anti-inflammatory treatments in overall cancer management.
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Wei B, Cao J, Tian JH, Yu CY, Huang Q, Yu JJ, Ma R, Wang J, Xu F, Wang LB. Mortalin maintains breast cancer stem cells stemness via activation of Wnt/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathway. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:2696-2716. [PMID: 34249423 PMCID: PMC8263651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research indicated that mortalin overexpressed in breast cancer and contributed to carcinogenesis. Mortalin was also demonstrated to promote Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and was considered as a factor for maintaining the stemness of the cancer stem cells. However, the underlying mechanisms about mortalin maintaining the stemness of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) remain unclear. Here, we identified that increased expression of mortalin in breast cancer was associated with poorer overall survival rate. Mortalin was elevated in breast cancer cell lines and BCSC-enriched populations. Additionally, knockdown of mortalin significantly inhibited the cell proliferation, migration and EMT, as well as sphere forming capacity and stemness genes expression. Further study revealed that mortalin promoted EMT and maintained BCSCs stemness via activating the Wnt/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro. Taken together, these findings unveiled the mechanism of mortalin in maintaining and regulating the stemness of BCSCs, and may offer novel therapeutic strategies for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wei
- The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical UniversityYinchuan 750004, China
- Ningxia Medical UniversityYinchuan 750004, China
| | - Jia Cao
- The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical UniversityYinchuan 750004, China
- Beijing National Biochip Research Center Sub-Center in Ningxia, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical UniversityYinchuan 750004, China
| | - Jin-Hai Tian
- The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical UniversityYinchuan 750004, China
- Beijing National Biochip Research Center Sub-Center in Ningxia, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical UniversityYinchuan 750004, China
| | - Chuan-Yang Yu
- The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical UniversityYinchuan 750004, China
- Ningxia Medical UniversityYinchuan 750004, China
| | - Qi Huang
- The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical UniversityYinchuan 750004, China
- Beijing National Biochip Research Center Sub-Center in Ningxia, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical UniversityYinchuan 750004, China
| | - Jing-Jing Yu
- The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical UniversityYinchuan 750004, China
- Beijing National Biochip Research Center Sub-Center in Ningxia, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical UniversityYinchuan 750004, China
| | - Rong Ma
- The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical UniversityYinchuan 750004, China
- Beijing National Biochip Research Center Sub-Center in Ningxia, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical UniversityYinchuan 750004, China
| | - Jia Wang
- The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical UniversityYinchuan 750004, China
- Beijing National Biochip Research Center Sub-Center in Ningxia, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical UniversityYinchuan 750004, China
| | - Fang Xu
- Ningxia Medical UniversityYinchuan 750004, China
| | - Li-Bin Wang
- The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical UniversityYinchuan 750004, China
- Beijing National Biochip Research Center Sub-Center in Ningxia, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical UniversityYinchuan 750004, China
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Lai YJ, Chao CH, Liao CC, Lee TA, Hsu JM, Chou WC, Wang J, Huang HC, Chang SJ, Lin YL, Li CW. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition induced by SARS-CoV-2 required transcriptional upregulation of Snail. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:2278-2290. [PMID: 34094684 PMCID: PMC8167694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The engagement of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein facilitate virus spread. Thus far, ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression is correlated with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) gene signature in lung cancer. However, the mechanism for SARS-CoV-2-induced EMT has not been thoroughly explored. Here, we showed that SARS-CoV-2 induces EMT phenotypic change and stemness in breast cancer cell model and subsequently identified Snail as a modulator for this regulation. The in-depth analysis identifies the spike protein (S), but not envelope (E), nucleocapsid (N), or membrane protein (M), of SARS-CoV-2 induces EMT marker changes. Suppression of Snail expression in these cells abrogates S protein-induced invasion, migration, stemness, and lung metastasis, suggesting that Snail is required for SARS-CoV-2-mediated aggressive phenotype in cancer. This study reveals an important oncogenic role of SARS-CoV-2 in triggering breast cancer metastasis through Snail upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ju Lai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia SinicaTaipei 115, Taiwan
- Solomont School of Nursing, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell113 Wilder Street, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Chi-Hong Chao
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung UniversityHsinchu 30010, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityHsinchu 30010, Taiwan
- Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Chiao Tung UniversityHsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Che Liao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia SinicaTaipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Te-An Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia SinicaTaipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Mao Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Research Center for Cancer Biology, Medical UniversityTaichung 406040, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Cheng Chou
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia SinicaTaipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Jyun Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia SinicaTaipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Chi Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia SinicaTaipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Jyh Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hsinchu MacKay Memorial HospitalHsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia SinicaTaipei 115, Taiwan
- Biomedical Translational Research Center, Academia SinicaTaipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Li
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia SinicaTaipei 115, Taiwan
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33
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Faria SS, Costantini S, de Lima VCC, de Andrade VP, Rialland M, Cedric R, Budillon A, Magalhães KG. NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated cytokine production and pyroptosis cell death in breast cancer. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:26. [PMID: 33840390 PMCID: PMC8040227 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00724-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most diagnosed malignancy in women. Increasing evidence has highlighted the importance of chronic inflammation at the local and/or systemic level in breast cancer pathobiology, influencing its progression, metastatic potential and therapeutic outcome by altering the tumor immune microenvironment. These processes are mediated by a variety of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors that exert their biological functions either locally or distantly. Inflammasomes are protein signaling complexes that form in response to damage- and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (DAMPS and PAMPS), triggering the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The dysregulation of inflammasome activation can lead to the development of inflammatory diseases, neurodegeneration, and cancer. A crucial signaling pathway leading to acute and chronic inflammation occurs through the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome followed by caspase 1-dependent release of IL-1β and IL-18 pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as, by gasdermin D-mediated pyroptotic cell death. In this review we focus on the role of NLRP3 inflammasome and its components in breast cancer signaling, highlighting that a more detailed understanding of the clinical relevance of these pathways could significantly contribute to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Socorro Faria
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Susan Costantini
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit - Laboratory of Mercogliano (AV), Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Mickaël Rialland
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1231, 21000, Dijon, France
- UFR Sciences de la Vie, Terre et Environnement, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Rebe Cedric
- Platform of Transfer in Cancer Biology, Centre Georges François Leclerc, 21000, Dijon, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1231, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Alfredo Budillon
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit - Laboratory of Mercogliano (AV), Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Kelly Grace Magalhães
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, Brazil.
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34
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Sung VYC, Knight JF, Johnson RM, Stern YE, Saleh SM, Savage P, Monast A, Zuo D, Duhamel S, Park M. Co-dependency for MET and FGFR1 in basal triple-negative breast cancers. NPJ Breast Cancer 2021; 7:36. [PMID: 33772015 PMCID: PMC7997957 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-021-00238-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous disease that lacks both effective patient stratification strategies and therapeutic targets. Whilst elevated levels of the MET receptor tyrosine kinase are associated with TNBCs and predict poor clinical outcome, the functional role of MET in TNBC is still poorly understood. In this study, we utilise an established Met-dependent transgenic mouse model of TNBC, human cell lines and patient-derived xenografts to investigate the role of MET in TNBC tumorigenesis. We find that in TNBCs with mesenchymal signatures, MET participates in a compensatory interplay with FGFR1 to regulate tumour-initiating cells (TICs). We demonstrate a requirement for the scaffold protein FRS2 downstream from both Met and FGFR1 and find that dual inhibition of MET and FGFR1 signalling results in TIC depletion, hindering tumour progression. Importantly, basal breast cancers that display elevated MET and FGFR1 signatures are associated with poor relapse-free survival. Our results support a role for MET and FGFR1 as potential co-targets for anti-TIC therapies in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Y C Sung
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jennifer F Knight
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Radia M Johnson
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yaakov E Stern
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sadiq M Saleh
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Paul Savage
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anie Monast
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dongmei Zuo
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Duhamel
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Morag Park
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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35
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Mukaida N, Tanabe Y, Baba T. Cancer non-stem cells as a potent regulator of tumor microenvironment: a lesson from chronic myeloid leukemia. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2021; 2:7. [PMID: 35006395 PMCID: PMC8607377 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-021-00030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A limited subset of human leukemia cells has a self-renewal capacity and can propagate leukemia upon their transplantation into animals, and therefore, are named as leukemia stem cells, in the early 1990’s. Subsequently, cell subpopulations with similar characteristics were detected in various kinds of solid cancers and were denoted as cancer stem cells. Cancer stem cells are presently presumed to be crucially involved in malignant progression of solid cancer: chemoresitance, radioresistance, immune evasion, and metastasis. On the contrary, less attention has been paid to cancer non-stem cell population, which comprise most cancer cells in cancer tissues, due to the lack of suitable markers to discriminate cancer non-stem cells from cancer stem cells. Chronic myeloid leukemia stem cells generate a larger number of morphologically distinct non-stem cells. Moreover, accumulating evidence indicates that poor prognosis is associated with the increases in these non-stem cells including basophils and megakaryocytes. We will discuss the potential roles of cancer non-stem cells in fostering tumor microenvironment, by illustrating the roles of chronic myeloid leukemia non-stem cells including basophils and megakaryocytes in the pathogenesis of chronic myeloid leukemia, a typical malignant disorder arising from leukemic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naofumi Mukaida
- Division of Molecular Bioregulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Yamato Tanabe
- Division of Molecular Bioregulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Baba
- Division of Molecular Bioregulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
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36
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Lin D, Chen X, Lin Z, Lin J, Liu Y, Liu D. Paper-supported co-culture system for dynamic investigations of the lung-tropic migration of breast cancer cells. Biomed Mater 2021; 16:025028. [PMID: 33075760 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/abc28c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tumor tropism metastasis is a multi-step process that involves interactions between tumor cells and the microenvironment. Due to the limitations of experimental techniques, current studies are not able to gain insight into the dynamic process of such tropism migration. To overcome this issue, we developed a paper-supported co-culture system for dynamic investigations of the lung-tropic migration of breast cancer cells. This co-culture system contains a tumor layer, a recruitment layer, and several invasion layers between these two parts. The tumor and recruitment layers are impregnated with breast cancer cells and lung cells, respectively. Stacking these layers forms a co-culture device that comprises interactions between breast cancer and lung, destacking such a device represents cancer cells at different stages of the migration process. Thus, the paper-supported co-culture system offers the possibility of investigating migration from temporal and spatial aspects. Invasion assays using the co-culture system showed that breast cancer cells induced lung fibroblasts to convert to cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and the CAFs, in turn, recruited breast cancer cells. During migration, the local invasion of the cancer cells is a collective behavior, while the long-distance migration comes from individual cell behaviors. Breast cancer cells experienced repetitive processes of migration and propagation, accompanied by epithelial-mesenchymal and mesenchymal-epithelial transitions, and changes in stemness and drug resistance. Based on these results, the lung-tropic migration of breast cancer is interpreted as a process of bilateral interaction with the local and host-organ microenvironment. The developed paper-supported co-culture system offers the possibility of dynamically investigating tropism migration under the pre-metastatic niche, thus providing an advantageous tool for studying tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongguo Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, People's Republic of China
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Lisencu LA, Bonci EA, Irimie A, Balacescu O, Lisencu C. The Role of Circulating Tumor Cells in Chemoresistant Metastatic Breast Cancer. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10040684. [PMID: 33578862 PMCID: PMC7916545 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequent form of cancer among women and is one of the leading causes of death. Two routes of the metastatic process have been described: linear and parallel progression. A key factor is represented by circulating tumor cells (CTCs). CTCs detach from the primary tumor or develop from cancer stem cells (CSCs) that undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). CTCs migrate to the distant site where the reverse process occurs and a new tumor arises. One of the key problems of metastatic disease is chemoresistance, which leads to treatment failure and, eventually, death. The aim of this review is to present up-to-date data regarding the role of CTCs in chemoresistance in metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients. A search in Cochrane Library and MEDLINE databases was performed. A total of 125 articles were identified. The results of the final 12 eligible studies revealed that CTCs having stem cell features and those with mesenchymal features are aggressive subtypes of cells that survive chemotherapy, being responsible for chemoresistance and thus for disease progression in MBC patients. The hemodynamic shear stress, alongside dynamic changes among CTCs during the disease, is also an important disease progression factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Alexandra Lisencu
- 11th Department of Oncological Surgery and Gynecological Oncology, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.A.L.); (A.I.); (C.L.)
| | - Eduard-Alexandru Bonci
- 11th Department of Oncological Surgery and Gynecological Oncology, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.A.L.); (A.I.); (C.L.)
- Department of Surgical Oncology, “Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuță” Institute of Oncology, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexandru Irimie
- 11th Department of Oncological Surgery and Gynecological Oncology, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.A.L.); (A.I.); (C.L.)
- Department of Surgical Oncology, “Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuță” Institute of Oncology, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Balacescu
- Department of Functional Genomics, Proteomics and Experimental Pathology, “Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuță” Institute of Oncology, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- 11th Department of Medical Oncology, “Iuliu Hațieganu”, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cosmin Lisencu
- 11th Department of Oncological Surgery and Gynecological Oncology, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.A.L.); (A.I.); (C.L.)
- Department of Surgical Oncology, “Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuță” Institute of Oncology, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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38
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Mal A, Bukhari AB, Singh RK, Kapoor A, Barai A, Deshpande I, Wadasadawala T, Ray P, Sen S, De A. EpCAM-Mediated Cellular Plasticity Promotes Radiation Resistance and Metastasis in Breast Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:597673. [PMID: 33490064 PMCID: PMC7815650 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.597673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial number of breast cancer (BC) patients undergoing radiation therapy (RT) develop local recurrence over time. During RT therapy, cells can gradually acquire resistance implying adaptive radioresistance. Here we probe the mechanisms underlying this acquired resistance by first establishing radioresistant lines using ZR-75-1 and MCF-7 BC cells through repeated exposure to sub-lethal fractionated dose of 2Gy up to 15 fractions. Radioresistance was found to be associated with increased cancer stem cells (CSCs), and elevated EpCAM expression in the cell population. A retrospective analysis of TCGA dataset indicated positive correlation of high EpCAM expression with poor response to RT. Intriguingly, elevated EpCAM expression in the radioresistant CSCs raise the bigger question of how this biomarker expression contributes during radiation treatment in BC. Thereafter, we establish EpCAM overexpressing ZR-75-1 cells (ZR-75-1EpCAM), which conferred radioresistance, increased stemness through enhanced AKT activation and induced a hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype with enhanced contractility and invasiveness. In line with these observations, orthotopic implantation of ZR-75-1EpCAM cells exhibited faster growth, lesser sensitivity to radiation therapy and increased lung metastasis than baseline ZR-75-1 cells in mice. In summary, this study shows that similar to radioresistant BC cells, EpCAM overexpressing cells show high degree of plasticity and heterogeneity which ultimately induces radioresistant and metastatic behavior of cancer cells, thus aggravating the disease condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Mal
- Molecular Functional Imaging Laboratory, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India.,Life Science, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Amirali B Bukhari
- Molecular Functional Imaging Laboratory, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Ram K Singh
- Imaging Cell Signaling & Therapeutics Lab, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Aastha Kapoor
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Amlan Barai
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Ishan Deshpande
- Molecular Functional Imaging Laboratory, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
| | | | - Pritha Ray
- Life Science, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India.,Imaging Cell Signaling & Therapeutics Lab, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Shamik Sen
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Abhijit De
- Molecular Functional Imaging Laboratory, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India.,Life Science, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
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39
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Lv Y, Zhang X, Chen L. Suspension state regulates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and stemness of breast tumor cells. Biotechnol Lett 2021; 43:561-578. [PMID: 33386502 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-03074-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The mechanical forces on circulating tumor cells (CTCs) should not be ignored in blood and it is more essential that CTCs can overcome and utilize the mechanical interaction to acquire the ability of distant metastasis. At present there are few studies on how suspension mechanics regulates the behavior of tumor cells. The aim of the study was to explore the effects of suspension state on the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and stemness of breast CTCs and the molecular mechanisms involved. RESULTS Suspension state could regulate the program of EMT in breast cancer cells, which supported the complex dynamic concept of EMT. It is that the Ras homolog family member A (RhoA)/Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1 (ROCK1) signaling pathway was activated by suspension state in MCF-7 cells instead of MDA-MB-231 cells. In addition, suspension state increased the stemness of breast cancer cells from different aspects. CONCLUSION The study highlighted the emergence of hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal (E/M) state during hematogenous metastasis and the plasticity of CTCs caused by cancer stem cells, further providing novel insights into clinical monitoring of CTCs and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Lv
- Mechanobiology and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- Mechanobiology and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Lini Chen
- Mechanobiology and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China
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40
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Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the corresponding reverse process, mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET), are dynamic and reversible cellular programs orchestrated by many changes at both biochemical and morphological levels. A recent surge in identifying the molecular mechanisms underlying EMT/MET has led to the development of various mathematical models that have contributed to our improved understanding of dynamics at single-cell and population levels: (a) multi-stability-how many phenotypes can cells attain during an EMT/MET?, (b) reversibility/irreversibility-what time and/or concentration of an EMT inducer marks the "tipping point" when cells induced to undergo EMT cannot revert?, (c) symmetry in EMT/MET-do cells take the same path when reverting as they took during the induction of EMT?, and (d) non-cell autonomous mechanisms-how does a cell undergoing EMT alter the tendency of its neighbors to undergo EMT? These dynamical traits may facilitate a heterogenous response within a cell population undergoing EMT/MET. Here, we present a few examples of designing different mathematical models that can contribute to decoding EMT/MET dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Tripathi
- PhD Program in Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jianhua Xing
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Herbert Levine
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Physics and Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
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41
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Liu C, Billet S, Choudhury D, Cheng R, Haldar S, Fernandez A, Biondi S, Liu Z, Zhou H, Bhowmick NA. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells interact with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells to promote cancer progression and drug resistance. Neoplasia 2021; 23:118-128. [PMID: 33310208 PMCID: PMC7732973 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck cancers are often diagnosed at later stages with poor outcomes. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are recruited to primary tumor sites where they can have pro- and antitumorigenic influence. In trying to better understand the dynamics between MSC and cancer cells, we found that head and neck cancer-MSC exposure resulted in mesenchymal features, elevated proliferation rate, and were more motile, like the same cells that fused with MSC. We orthotopically grafted the parental head and neck cancer cells, those fused with MSC, or those exposed to MSC into the tongues of mice. The cancer cells originally incubated with MSC developed larger more aggressive tumors compared to the parental cell line. RNA sequencing analysis revealed the expression of genes associated with drug resistance in the cancer cells exposed to MSC compared to parental cancer cells. Strikingly, MSC exposed cancer cell lines developed paclitaxel resistance that could be maintained up to 30 d after the initial co-incubation period. The secretory profile of the MSC suggested IL-6 to be a potential mediator of epigenetic imprinting on the head and neck cancer cells. When the MSC-imprinted cancer cells were exposed to the demethylation agent, 5-aza-2'deoxycytidine, it restored the expression of the drug resistance genes to that of parental cells. This study demonstrated that the recognized recruitment of MSC to tumors could impart multiple protumorigenic properties including chemotherapy resistance like that observed in the relatively rare event of cancer/MSC cell fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medical, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sandrine Billet
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Diptiman Choudhury
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ran Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Subhash Haldar
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ana Fernandez
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shea Biondi
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhenqiu Liu
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hongmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Neil A Bhowmick
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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42
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Deshmukh S, Saini S. Phenotypic Heterogeneity in Tumor Progression, and Its Possible Role in the Onset of Cancer. Front Genet 2020; 11:604528. [PMID: 33329751 PMCID: PMC7734151 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.604528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity among isogenic cells/individuals has been known for at least 150 years. Even Mendel, working on pea plants, realized that not all tall plants were identical. However, Mendel was more interested in the discontinuous variation between genetically distinct individuals. The concept of environment dictating distinct phenotypes among isogenic individuals has since been shown to impact the evolution of populations in numerous examples at different scales of life. In this review, we discuss how phenotypic heterogeneity and its evolutionary implications exist at all levels of life, from viruses to mammals. In particular, we discuss how a particular disease condition (cancer) is impacted by heterogeneity among isogenic cells, and propose a potential role that phenotypic heterogeneity might play toward the onset of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saniya Deshmukh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Supreet Saini
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
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Liu C, Qi M, Li L, Yuan Y, Wu X, Fu J. Natural cordycepin induces apoptosis and suppresses metastasis in breast cancer cells by inhibiting the Hedgehog pathway. Food Funct 2020; 11:2107-2116. [PMID: 32163051 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo02879j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the study, we investigated the role of the hedgehog (Hh) pathway in cordycepin's effects on human breast cancer cells, with respect to cell growth, apoptosis and metastasis. We found cordycepin to have low toxicity but significant anticancer effects. Cordycepin-induced apoptosis led to increased PUMA, CYTO-C, FAS, DR4/5, and cleaved caspase-3; and decreased BCL-2, XIAP and PDGFR-α. Cordycepin inhibited metastasis, which was associated with up-regulated E-cadherin, and down-regulated N-cadherin, SNAIL, SLUG and ZEB1. Cordycepin also inhibited expression of Hh pathway components and GLI transcriptional activity. Inversely, knockout of GLI blocked cordycepin-mediated effects on the apoptotic, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and Notch pathways, which indicates that GLI is crucial for cordycepin's effects against breast cancer. Inhibition of GLI enhanced cordycepin's effect on breast cancer cell growth. To our knowledge, this is the first study of cordycepin's effect on the Hh pathway in breast cancer, and provides preliminary data for the in vivo study, and possible therapeutic use, of cordycepin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyi Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China. and Mycological Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China. and Mycological Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Lin Li
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China. and Mycological Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China. and Mycological Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Xiaoping Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China. and Mycological Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Junsheng Fu
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China. and Mycological Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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Cancer-Associated Stemness and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Signatures Related to Breast Invasive Carcinoma Prognostic. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12103053. [PMID: 33092068 PMCID: PMC7589570 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12103053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Breast cancer is one of the most common oncological diseases in women, as its incidence is rapidly growing. In this study, we have investigated the mechanism of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cells (CSCs), demonstrating presence of an interconnectedness between them. This interconnectedness plays important roles in patient prognostic, as well as in diagnostic and therapeutic targets. It is identified that there is a common signature between CSCs and EMT, and this is represented by ALDH1A1, SFRP1, miR-139, miR-21, and miR-200c. This finding will provide a better understanding of this mechanism, and will facilitate the development of novel treatment options. Abstract Breast cancer is one of the most common oncological diseases in women, as its incidence is rapidly growing, rendering it unpredictable and causing more harm than ever before on an annual basis. Alterations of coding and noncoding genes are related to tumorigenesis and breast cancer progression. In this study, several key genes associated with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cell (CSC) features were identified. EMT and CSCs are two key mechanisms responsible for self-renewal, differentiation, and self-protection, thus contributing to drug resistance. Therefore, understanding of the relationship between these processes may identify a therapeutic vulnerability that can be further exploited in clinical practice, and evaluate its correlation with overall survival rate. To determine expression levels of altered coding and noncoding genes, The Cancer Omics Atlas (TCOA) are used, and these data are overlapped with a list of CSCs and EMT-specific genes downloaded from NCBI. As a result, it is observed that CSCs are reciprocally related to EMT, thus identifying common signatures that allow for predicting the overall survival for breast cancer genes (BRCA). In fact, common CSCs and EMT signatures, represented by ALDH1A1, SFRP1, miR-139, miR-21, and miR-200c, are deemed useful as prognostic biomarkers for BRCA. Therefore, by mapping changes in gene expression across CSCs and EMT, suggesting a cross-talk between these two processes, we have been able to identify either the most common or specific genes or miRNA markers associated with overall survival rate. Thus, a better understanding of these mechanisms will lead to more effective treatment options.
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Jin G, Wang W, Cheng P, Tian Y, Zhang L, Niu H. DNA replication and sister chromatid cohesion 1 promotes breast carcinoma progression by modulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling and p53 protein. J Biosci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-020-00100-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Samuel SM, Varghese E, Koklesová L, Líšková A, Kubatka P, Büsselberg D. Counteracting Chemoresistance with Metformin in Breast Cancers: Targeting Cancer Stem Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2482. [PMID: 32883003 PMCID: PMC7565921 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the leaps and bounds in achieving success in the management and treatment of breast cancers through surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, breast cancer remains the most frequently occurring cancer in women and the most common cause of cancer-related deaths among women. Systemic therapeutic approaches, such as chemotherapy, although beneficial in treating and curing breast cancer subjects with localized breast tumors, tend to fail in metastatic cases of the disease due to (a) an acquired resistance to the chemotherapeutic drug and (b) the development of intrinsic resistance to therapy. The existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) plays a crucial role in both acquired and intrinsic chemoresistance. CSCs are less abundant than terminally differentiated cancer cells and confer chemoresistance through a unique altered metabolism and capability to evade the immune response system. Furthermore, CSCs possess active DNA repair systems, transporters that support multidrug resistance (MDR), advanced detoxification processes, and the ability to self-renew and differentiate into tumor progenitor cells, thereby supporting cancer invasion, metastasis, and recurrence/relapse. Hence, current research is focusing on targeting CSCs to overcome resistance and improve the efficacy of the treatment and management of breast cancer. Studies revealed that metformin (1, 1-dimethylbiguanide), a widely used anti-hyperglycemic agent, sensitizes tumor response to various chemotherapeutic drugs. Metformin selectively targets CSCs and improves the hypoxic microenvironment, suppresses the tumor metastasis and inflammation, as well as regulates the metabolic programming, induces apoptosis, and reverses epithelial-mesenchymal transition and MDR. Here, we discuss cancer (breast cancer) and chemoresistance, the molecular mechanisms of chemoresistance in breast cancers, and metformin as a chemo-sensitizing/re-sensitizing agent, with a particular focus on breast CSCs as a critical contributing factor to acquired and intrinsic chemoresistance. The review outlines the prospects and directions for a better understanding and re-purposing of metformin as an anti-cancer/chemo-sensitizing drug in the treatment of breast cancer. It intends to provide a rationale for the use of metformin as a combinatory therapy in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson Mathews Samuel
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 24144, Qatar;
| | - Elizabeth Varghese
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 24144, Qatar;
| | - Lenka Koklesová
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia; (L.K.); (A.L.)
| | - Alena Líšková
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia; (L.K.); (A.L.)
| | - Peter Kubatka
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia;
| | - Dietrich Büsselberg
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 24144, Qatar;
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Lin JX, Yoon C, Li P, Ryeom SW, Cho SJ, Zheng CH, Xie JW, Wang JB, Lu J, Chen QY, Yoon SS, Huang CM. CDK5RAP3 as tumour suppressor negatively regulates self-renewal and invasion and is regulated by ERK1/2 signalling in human gastric cancer. Br J Cancer 2020; 123:1131-1144. [PMID: 32606358 PMCID: PMC7525566 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-0963-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toward identifying new strategies to target gastric cancer stem-like cells (CSCs), we evaluated the function of the tumour suppressor CDK5 regulatory subunit-associated protein 3 (CDK5RAP3) in gastric CSC maintenance. METHODS We examined the expression of CDK5RAP3 and CD44 in gastric cancer patients. The function and mechanisms of CDK5RAP3 were checked in human and mouse gastric cancer cell lines and in mouse xenograft. RESULTS We show that CDK5RAP3 is weakly expressed in gastric CSCs and is negatively correlated with the gastric CSC marker CD44. CDK5RAP3 overexpression decreased expression of CSC markers, spheroid formation, invasion and migration, and reversed chemoresistance in gastric CSCs in vitro and vivo. CDK5RAP3 expression was found to be regulated by extracellular-related kinase (ERK) signalling. ERK inhibitors decreased spheroid formation, migration and invasion, and the expression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins in both GA cells and organoids derived from a genetically engineered mouse model of GA. Finally, CDK5RAP3 expression was associated with reduced lymph-node metastasis and better prognosis, even in the presence of high expression of the EMT transcription factor Snail, among patients with CD44-positive GA. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that CDK5RAP3 is suppressed by ERK signalling and negatively regulates the self-renewal and EMT of gastric CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xian Lin
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Changhwan Yoon
- Gastric and Mixed Tumor Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Sandra W Ryeom
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Soo-Jeong Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chao-Hui Zheng
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jian-Wei Xie
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jian-Bin Wang
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
- Gastric and Mixed Tumor Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Qi-Yue Chen
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Sam S Yoon
- Gastric and Mixed Tumor Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Chang-Ming Huang
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China.
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Xue J, Li R, Gao D, Chen F, Xie H. CXCL12/CXCR4 Axis-Targeted Dual-Functional Nano-Drug Delivery System Against Ovarian Cancer. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:5701-5718. [PMID: 32848392 PMCID: PMC7426108 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s257527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Traditional chemotherapy for ovarian cancer is limited due to drug resistance and systemic side effects. Although various targeted drug delivery strategies have been designed to enhance drug accumulation at the tumor site, simply improvement of targeting capability has not consistently led to satisfactory outcomes. Herein, AMD3100 was selected as the targeting ligand because of its high affinity to chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), which was highly expressed on ovarian cancer cells. Moreover, the AMD3100 has been proved having blockage capability of stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1 or CXCL12)/CXCR4 axis and to be a sensitizer of chemotherapeutic therapy. We designed a dual-functional targeting delivery system by modifying paclitaxel (PTX)-loaded PEGylation bovine serum albumin (BSA) nanoparticles (NPs) with AMD3100 (AMD-NP-PTX), which can not only achieve specific tumor-targeting efficiency but also enhance the therapeutic outcomes. Methods AMD3100 was chemically modified to Mal-PEG-NHS followed by reacting with BSA, then AMD-NP-PTX was synthesized and characterized. The targeting efficiency of AMD-NP was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. The anticancer effect of AMD-NP-PTX was determined on Caov3 cells and ovarian cancer-bearing nude mice. Finally, the potential therapeutic mechanism was studied. Results AMD-NP-PTX was synthesized successfully and well characterized. Cellular uptake assay and in vivo imaging experiments demonstrated that NPs could be internalized by Caov3 cells more efficiently after modification of AMD3100. Furthermore, the AMD-NP-PTX exhibited significantly enhanced inhibition effect on tumor growth and metastasis compared with PTX, NP-PTX and free AMD3100 plus NP-PTX both in vitro and in vivo, and demonstrated improved safety profile. We also confirmed that AMD-NP-PTX worked through targeting CXCL12/CXCR4 axis, thereby disturbing its downstream signaling pathways including epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) processes and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway. Conclusion The AMD-NP-PTX we designed would open a new avenue for dual-functional NPs in ovarian cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyang Xue
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201204, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruixiang Li
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Dingding Gao
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenghua Chen
- Department of Ultrasonography, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201204, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjuan Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201204, People's Republic of China
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Role of MSC in the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082107. [PMID: 32751163 PMCID: PMC7464647 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment represents a dynamically composed matrix in which tissue-associated cancer cells are embedded together with a variety of further cell types to form a more or less separate organ-like structure. Constantly mutual interactions between cells of the tumor microenvironment promote continuous restructuring and growth in the tumor. A distinct organization of the tumor stroma also facilitates the formation of transient cancer stem cell niches, thereby contributing to progressive and dynamic tumor development. An important but heterogeneous mixture of cells that communicates among the cancer cells and the different tumor-associated cell types is represented by mesenchymal stroma-/stem-like cells (MSC). Following recruitment to tumor sites, MSC can change their functionalities, adapt to the tumor's metabolism, undergo differentiation and synergize with cancer cells. Vice versa, cancer cells can alter therapeutic sensitivities and change metastatic behavior depending on the type and intensity of this MSC crosstalk. Thus, close cellular interactions between MSC and cancer cells can eventually promote cell fusion by forming new cancer hybrid cells. Consequently, newly acquired cancer cell functions or new hybrid cancer populations enlarge the plasticity of the tumor and counteract successful interventional strategies. The present review article highlights some important features of MSC within the tumor stroma.
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BMP-2 Variants in Breast Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition and Microcalcifications Origin. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061381. [PMID: 32498363 PMCID: PMC7348762 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the possible different roles of the BMP-2 variants, cytoplasmic and nuclear variant, in both epithelial to mesenchymal transition and in microcalcifications origin in human breast cancers. To this end, the in situ expression of cytoplasmic and nuclear BMP-2 was associated with the expression of the main epithelial to mesenchymal transition biomarkers (e-cadherin and vimentin) and molecules involved in bone metabolisms (RUNX2, RANKL, SDF-1) by immunohistochemistry. In addition, the expression of cytoplasmic and nuclear BMP-2 was associated with the presence of microcalcifications. Our data showed a significant association among the number of cytoplasmic BMP-2-positive cells and the number of both vimentin (positive association) and e-cadherin (negative association) positive breast cells. Conversely, no associations were found concerning the nuclear BMP-2-positive breast cells. Surprisingly, the opposite result was obtained by analyzing the variants of BMP-2 and both the expression of RANKL and SDF-1 and the presence of microcalcifications. Specifically, the presence of microcalcifications was related to the expression of nuclear BMP-2 variant rather than the cytoplasmic one, as well as a strong association between the number of nuclear BMP-2 and the expression of the main breast osteoblast-like cells (BOLCs) biomarkers. To further corroborate these data, an in vitro experiment for demonstrating the co-expression of nBMP-2 and RANKL or vimentin or SDF-1 in breast cancer cells that acquire the capability to produce microcalcifications was developed. These investigations confirmed the association between the nBMP-2 expression and both RANKL and SDF-1. The data supports the idea that whilst cytoplasmic BMP-2 can be involved in epithelial to mesenchymal transition phenomenon, the nuclear variant is related to the essential mechanisms for the formation of breast microcalcifications. In conclusion, from these experimental and translational perspectives, the complexity of BMP-2 signaling will require a detailed understanding of the involvement of specific BMP-2 variants in breast cancers.
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