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Zaman W, Park S. Taxonomic significance of anatomical and micro-morphological characteristics of Silene takesimensis Uyeki & Sakata. Microsc Res Tech 2023; 86:1542-1547. [PMID: 37382310 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
This study used the foliar epidermal anatomical characteristics through microscopic techniques to compare the foliar anatomy of Silene takesimensis Uyeki & Sakata (Caryophyllaceae). The species is endemic to South Korea. This study examined the foliar epidermal anatomical traits. The leaf morphological traits of the species are essential to distinguish the species from other taxa. The comparative systemic significance of the character species was examined. The epidermal cell shape, the epidermal cell wall, and the number of lobes per cell were among the distinctive foliar anatomical characteristics. The variations in quantitative characteristics were significant. The systematics of the genus Silene were supported by various microscopic methods. The foliar epidermal anatomical characteristics of the endemic species S. takesimensis have significant taxonomic characteristics to differentiate the species. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Silene takesimensis, a member of the Caryophyllaceae family, has been studied in-depth. Valuable insights and knowledge were obtained about the unique characteristics and behaviors of Silene takesimensis using SEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajid Zaman
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - SeonJoo Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
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2
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Ali S, Zafar M, Ahmad M, Sultana S, Khan A, Majeed S, Raza J. Palyno-taxonomic approach through light and scanning electron microscopy for the identification of herbaceous Asteraceae species from Sikaram Mountain Pak-Afghan border. Microsc Res Tech 2023; 86:1274-1297. [PMID: 36883756 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Due to the diverse and rich taxa, Asteraceae needs to explore from the untouched area. In this study, the pollen study was intended to assess the taxonomic value for Asteraceous taxa growing on the Sikaram Mountain Pak-Afghan border. Both microscopic techniques (LM and SEM) play a significant role in the identification and classification of herbaceous species of Asteraceae for their taxonomic and systematic implication. Pollen was observed and measured for the 15 species of Asteraceae. For investigated taxa 15 pollen characters with size, shape, polar view, pollen type, aperture orientation, and exine sculpturing in the eurypalynous pollen. Consequently, the pollen grains are usually Tricolporate, triangular to circular in polar view, while, the shape of pollen varies from subulate, oblate, and prolate along with prolate to spheroidal whereas, sculpturing also varies from Scabrate to micro reticulate, echino-perforate, Scabrate to echinate, echinate to granulate and echinate were observed. Similarly, among the quantitative data minimum values of polar and equatorial were 15.8 ± 0.74 μm in Filago pyramidata and 17.85 ± 0.39 μm in Heteropappus altaicus was measured respectively, while; the length of the spine with the least value of 2.45 ± 0.31 μm in Hertia intermedia and highest with 7.55 ± 0.31 μm was observed in Cirsium wallichii. The Exine thickness is a minimum of 1.70 ± 0.35 μm in Launaea nudicaulis and a maximum of 5.65 ± 3.59 μm in Cirssium vulgare. In addition, the highest pollen fertility (87%) in Centaurea iberica while the highest pollen sterility (32%) was recorded in Cirsium verutum. Furthermore, clustering via UPGMA, PCA, and PCoA analysis was performed for the separation of closely related taxa. It is concluded from this research work that palynological study has a crucial role in taxonomic, pure, and applied sciences. This study can be further authenticated and improved by a Phylogenetic study based on chloroplast DNA analysis & whole genome sequencing. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Pollen ultrastructure among 15 Asteraceous taxa. Micromorphological attributes measured via LM and SEM. Exine sculpture elements patterns provide accurate identification. Taxonomic keys were developed for its systematics implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahab Ali
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Sultana
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Khan
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Salman Majeed
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Botany, University of Mianwali, Mianwali, Pakistan
| | - Jamil Raza
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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3
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Nazish M, Althobaiti AT. Palyno-Morphological Characteristics as a Systematic Approach in the Identification of Halophytic Poaceae Species from a Saline Environment. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11192618. [PMID: 36235482 PMCID: PMC9572496 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Pollen morphology of 12 salt-tolerant grasses (Calamagrostis pseudophragmites, Cenchrus biflorus, Cenchrus ciliaris, Cenchrus pennisetiformis, Cymbopogon jwarancusa, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Echinochloa colona, Echinochloa crus-galli, Saccharum griffithii, Saccharum ravennae, Saccharum spontaneum, and Urochloa ramosa) from the Salt Range was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy (LM). The main aim was the elucidation of taxonomic significance of pollen morphology, which might be useful for taxonomists in the identification of halophytic Poaceae taxa. The described pollen morphology is a good source of taxonomic characteristics that can help in species and genera differentiation. The investigated variations in the pollen micromorphological features and exploration of new palynological traits support and strengthen the systematics of Poaceae. The pollen shape of all studied species was sub-spheroidal, and exine ornamentation includes microechinate-areolate (11 spp.) and microechinate (1 spp.). Two types of pollen apertures were reported, i.e., monoporate (11 spp.) and diporate (Cenchrus pennisetiformis). The annulus was found in all species while operculum was observed only in three species. The univariate and multivariate analyses were used to analyze the quantitative data. The highest pollen viability values (%) depicted the adaptability of Poaceae taxa in the salt region. Overall, the pollen characteristics in polar and equatorial view, apertures, annulus, operculum, and surface ornamentation of pollen grains of the family Poaceae are of great taxonomic significance for the species identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moona Nazish
- Department of Botany, Rawalpindi Women University, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan
- Correspondence:
| | - Ashwaq T. Althobaiti
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Taif University, Ta’if 21974, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Majeed S, Zafar M, Ahmad M, Zafar S, Ghufran A, Ayoub M, Sultana S, Yaseen G, Raza J, Nabila. Morpho-palynological and anatomical studies in desert cacti (Opuntia dillenii and Opuntia monacantha) using light and scanning electron microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:2801-2812. [PMID: 35411979 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Opuntia is the most diverse and widely distributed drought resistant promising genus of family Cactaceae. The cladodes were utilized to quantify the chemical composition of these plants helpful in lignocellulose conversion and their application towards biofuel production. The present study was aimed to evaluate and compare the taxonomic relationship based on morphology, stem anatomy and palynology of important desert cacti including Opuntia dillenii and Opuntia monacantha. This study also evaluates the potential usefulness of morphological, anatomical and pollen traits using light and scanning electron microscopy. The obtained microcharacters of stem and flowers are considered diagnostic at the generic and specific levels. Some distinguishing morphological features observed were elliptical to obovate cladodes, 1-7 spines per areole and presence of glochidia in O. dillenii. Pollen and stem anatomical characters of the studied taxa are considered highly diagnostic at the generic and species levels. The epidermis has irregular and wavy cells, with straight to sinuate wall pattern and paracytic stomata. Pollen grains appear as pantoporate and prolate spheroidal having reticulate to perforate-reticulate sculpturing while exine semi-tectate to tectate. The taxonomic features studied could be valuable to elaborate and helpful in correctly identification of Opuntia species. The methods of diverse microscopic examination also providing sufficient evidence about the taxonomy of the Opuntia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Majeed
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Zafar
- Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Asad Ghufran
- Department of Environmental Science, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Ayoub
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research (CBBR), Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Self-Sustainable Buildin, University Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Shazia Sultana
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Yaseen
- Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, Township Campus, University of Education Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Jamil Raza
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nabila
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
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5
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Khan A, Ahmad M, Zafar S, Abbas Q, Arfan M, Zafar M, Sultana S, Ullah SA, Khan S, Akhtar A, Kilic O, Ozdemir FA. Light and scanning electron microscopic observation of palynological characteristics in spineless Astragalus L. (Fabaceae) and its taxonomic significance. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:2409-2427. [PMID: 35302261 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Palynological characterization is considered to be one of the significant taxonomic tools for the delimitation and identification of morphologically complicated taxa. Hence, the pollen morphology of 12 species of spineless Astragalus L. was examined using light and scanning electron microscopy. Studied pollen were small to medium, monad, prolate to per-prolate and tricolporate type in all studied taxa. The exine sculpturing varied from reticulate to microreticulate whereas colpus ornamentation ranged from scabrate to granulate. Furthermore, maximum polar and equatorial diameter was recorded in Astragalus leucocephalus Bunge. (45.00 μm) and A. pyrrhotrichus Boiss. (22.91 μm) while minimum in A. amherstianus Benth. ex Royle (28.75 μm) and A. amherstianus Benth. ex Royle (15.00 μm), respectively. Similarly, the ratio of polar to equatorial diameter was recorded maximum in A. ophiocarpus Boiss. (2.05). The width of colpi was larger in A. hamosus L. (1.29 μm) and smaller in A. ophiocarpus Boiss. (0.62 μm). We have also found the maximum value of mesocolpium in A. retamocarpus Boiss. (2.08 μm) while minimum in A. oxyglottis Steven ex M.Bieb. (1.87 μm). The quantitative pollen attributes helped in the development of pollen keys for the accurate and quick identification of the studied species. Furthermore, ordination and cluster analysis were performed for the differentiation of the investigated taxa at species level. Based on our results, we conclude that pollen features can be used for the delimitation and identification of the studied taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Khan
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid- i- Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid- i- Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Zafar
- Department of Botany, University of Education, Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Qamar Abbas
- Biological Sciences Department, Karakoram International University, Gilgit, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arfan
- Department of Botany, University of Education Lahore, Vehari, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid- i- Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Sultana
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid- i- Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sher Aman Ullah
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid- i- Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Siraj Khan
- Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Anam Akhtar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid- i- Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Omer Kilic
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Science of Pharmacy, Adıyaman University, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Fethi Ahmet Ozdemir
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Arts, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
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6
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Attique R, Zafar M, Ahmad M, Zafar S, Ghufran MA, Mustafa MRU, Yaseen G, Ahmad L, Sultana S, Nabila, Zafar A, Majeed S. Pollen morphology of selected melliferous plants and its taxonomic implications using microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:2361-2380. [PMID: 35247018 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This research aimed to explore the melliferous bee flora pollen from arid zones of District Attock, Islamabad Capital and Rawalpindi. Morpho-palynological features has provided key information for the classification and help to explain the taxonomy of several genera and species. Therefore, in this work, we examined the morphological characters of pollen potentially to be used for the species delimitation of bee flora. A total of 18 bee floral species, classified into 12 different families were collected, pressed, identified and then acetolyized to observe the grains under microscopy. Bee pollen can be described by small, medium to large sized morphotypes presenting five types of shapes, prolate spheroidal in (seven species), sub-prolate (six species), oblate spheroidal (three species), oblate and prolate (one species each) was examined. The observed polar and equatorial diameter were found maximum in Zea mays 73.5 μm and Pelargonium inquinans 66.75 μm respectively. Pollen of six different types was found namely: tricolporate, 3-zonocolporate, monoportae, tetracolporate, tetraporate and mononsulcate. Whereas highest value of colpi length was measured in Grewia tenax (24.55 μm). Exine surface nature of pollen was examined echinate psilate and scabrate. Exine thickness noted to be maximum in Verbena tenuisecta (8.40 μm) and minimum in Citrus macrocarpa (0.4 μm). Bee floral species considered difficult to identify based on other morphological traits were successfully distinguished using pollen quantitative and qualitative traits, confirming the importance of pollen morphology to diagnose characters to correctly identify honeybee flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafia Attique
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Zafar
- Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asad Ghufran
- Department of Environmental Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Raza Ul Mustafa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia.,Resource Sustainability, Institute of Self Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Ghulam Yaseen
- Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Latif Ahmad
- Department of Botany, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal, Upper Dir, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Sultana
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nabila
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aqeela Zafar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Salman Majeed
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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7
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Anar M, Ahmad M, Zafar S, Elnaggar AY, Zafar M, Sultana S, Tariq A, Anjum F, Hussein EE, Kiliç Ö, Ozdemir FA. Palyno‐morphological diversity of Asteraceous and Poaceous allergenic plant using microscopic techniques in lesser
Himalaya‐Pakistan. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:2061-2075. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Anar
- Department of Plant Sciences Quaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences Quaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Sadia Zafar
- Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology University of Education Lhaore Punjab 54770 Pakistan
| | - Ashraf Y. Elnaggar
- Department of Food Nutrition Science (Previously Chemistry), College of Science Taif University Taif Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant Sciences Quaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Shazia Sultana
- Department of Plant Sciences Quaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Akash Tariq
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Plant Roots Ecology and Vegetation Restoration Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences Urumqi China
- Cele National Station of Observation and Research for Desert‐Grassland Ecosystems Cele China
| | - Farida Anjum
- Department of Plant Sciences Quaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | | | - Ömer Kiliç
- Department of Basic Science of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy Adıyaman University Adıyaman Turkey
| | - Fethi Ahmet Ozdemir
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Art Bingol University Bingol Turkey
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8
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Yousaf Z, Zafar M, Ahmad M, Sultana S, Rozina, Ozdemir FA, Abidin SZU. Palyno-anatomical microscopic characterization of selected species of Boraginaceae and Fabaceae. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 85:1332-1354. [PMID: 34953111 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Palyno-anatomical characterization of some selected species of Boraginaceae and Fabaceae using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was conducted. Six species of them belongs to four genera of family Boraginaceae and other six species belongs to four genera of Fabaceae. The current study aimed to investigate palyno-anatomical features for correct identification and taxonomic significance. Pollen grains were acetolyzed and observed both qualitatively and quantitatively through light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Statistical data was analyzed through cluster analysis which categorized plants into clusters. Principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out to illustrate morphological variation among selected plant species. Studied plant species showed variation in shape, size, aperture type, exine ornamentation of pollen, size and shape of epidermal cells, types of stomata, guard cells, subsidiary cells and trichome types. Exine thickness was recorded maximum 2.30 ± 0.1 μm in Lablab purpureus and minimum 1.05 ± 0.2 in Gastrocotyle hispida. PCA summarized 73.78% of accumulative variance. Trichome index was observed highest 62% on the adaxial surface of Heliotropium europaeum and lowest 21% on adaxial surface of L. purpureus. These findings reinforce the importance of palyno-anatomical features in the characterization and identification of taxa. It was concluded that description of palyno-anatomical characteristics presented in this study, highly contribute to our knowledge for correct identification of plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Yousaf
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Sultana
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rozina
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fethi Ahmet Ozdemir
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Arts, Bingol University, Turkey
| | - Sheikh Zain Ul Abidin
- Institute of Biological Sciences (Botany Program), Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
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Rashid N, Zafar M, Ahmad M, Malik K, Shah SN, Sultana S, Zahid N, Noshad Q, Siddiq Z. Use of scanning electron microscopy to analyze sculpturing pattern and internal features of pollen grain wall in some members of Astragaleae (subfamily: Papilionoidae). Microsc Res Tech 2021; 85:1631-1642. [PMID: 34921479 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Palynological features of tribe Astagaleae L. have been observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), to assess features that can be used to re-examine the placement and taxonomic position of tribe. The palynomorph attributes of 10 species included in three genera of Astragaleae (Astragalus L., Glycyrrhiza L., and Oxytropis DC.) are investigated. The assignment of genus Oxytropis in tribe Astragaleae was also reevaluated based on pollen characters. Pollen appear to be prolate, prolate-spheroidal, and subprolate. Polar axis size (P) varies from 31.3 μm ±1 to 17.5 μm ±1.4 and equatorial axis size (E) varies from 22.2 μm ±1.8 to 13.1 μm ±0.9. Prominent apertures found consistently dispersed along the surface of pollen. Three kinds of ornamentation pattern were recorded, that is, reticulate or reticulate-perforate and perforate. The studied species display variation in equatorial and polar diameter, aperturation and sculpturing pattern, exine thickness, and pollen shape. On the basis of descriptive pollen features, a dichotomous taxonomic key and UPGMA analysis has been made for effortless and quick identification. The study concluded that disparities of the entire features are typically unrelenting and concerned with the species and shows potential systematic significance. The combination of palynological attributes in association with additional traits has prospective for systematic identification at species and genus level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Rashid
- Department of Botany, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Plant Systematics & Biodiversity Lab, Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Plant Systematics & Biodiversity Lab, Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Khafsa Malik
- Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Syed Nasar Shah
- Plant Systematics & Biodiversity Lab, Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Sultana
- Plant Systematics & Biodiversity Lab, Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nafeesa Zahid
- Department of Botany, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Qumqum Noshad
- Department of Botany, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Zafar Siddiq
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
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10
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Gul F, Malik K, Qureshi R, Ahmad M, Ansari L, Zafar M, Hussain S, Khalid S, Imran M, Rashid N. Palyno-morphological attributes of some selected plant species of family Asteraceae from district Dera Ismail Khan, KPK, Pakistan. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 85:1392-1409. [PMID: 34843140 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The current study aimed to investigate the palyno-morphological features of Asteraceous species from District Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A total of 13 species were collected, pressed, identified, and examined by using light and scanning electron microscopy. Both qualitative and quantitative pollen characters were observed, that is, equatorial and polar diameter, number of pores and colpi, exine thickness, exine sculpturing, pollen shape, and P/E ratio. Pollen shapes observed in studied taxa were spheroidal, suboblate, oblate-spheroidal, and lophate-spheroidal. The aperturation patterns of pollens vary from tricolporate to tetracolporate. The maximum polar and equatorial diameter of 75-100 (87.5 ± 13.6) μm and 87.5-117.5 (102.5 ± 16.4) μm, respectively, was recorded in Echinops echinatus, while minimum polar and equatorial diameter of 20-22.5 (21 ± 1.36) μm and 22.5-25 (23.5 ± 1.36) μm, respectively, was recorded in Aster subulatus. Six types of exine sculpturing patterns were observed; echinate, micro-echinate, echinate-microreticulate, microreticulate, echinate-perforate, and scabrate. Maximum exine thickness of 8.75 μm was recorded in E. echinatus and minimum of 1.25 μm in Launaea mucronata. The pollen morphology has valuable significance in understanding the taxonomy of different plant groups and plays a central role in the correct identification and classification of Asteraceous flora at species, generic, and tribe levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farheen Gul
- PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Khafsa Malik
- PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Lubna Ansari
- PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Sidra Khalid
- PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | | | - Neelam Rashid
- Mirpur University of Science & Technology (MUST), Mirpur Azad Kashmir, Pakistan
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11
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Pospiech M, Javůrková Z, Hrabec P, Štarha P, Ljasovská S, Bednář J, Tremlová B. Identification of pollen taxa by different microscopy techniques. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256808. [PMID: 34469471 PMCID: PMC8409677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Melissopalynology is an important analytical method to identify botanical origin of honey. Pollen grain recognition is commonly performed by visual inspection by a trained person. An alternative method for visual inspection is automated pollen analysis based on the image analysis technique. Image analysis transfers visual information to mathematical descriptions. In this work, the suitability of three microscopic techniques for automatic analysis of pollen grains was studied. 2D and 3D morphological characteristics, textural and colour features, and extended depth of focus characteristics were used for the pollen discrimination. In this study, 7 botanical taxa and a total of 2482 pollen grains were evaluated. The highest correct classification rate of 93.05% was achieved using the phase contrast microscopy, followed by the dark field microscopy reaching 91.02%, and finally by the light field microscopy reaching 88.88%. The most significant discriminant characteristics were morphological (2D and 3D) and colour characteristics. Our results confirm the potential of using automatic pollen analysis to discriminate pollen taxa in honey. This work provides the basis for further research where the taxa dataset will be increased, and new descriptors will be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Pospiech
- Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, Department of Plant Origin Food Sciences, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeňka Javůrková
- Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, Department of Plant Origin Food Sciences, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Pavel Hrabec
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Statistics and Optimization, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Štarha
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Computer Graphics and Geometry, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Simona Ljasovská
- Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, Department of Plant Origin Food Sciences, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Bednář
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Statistics and Optimization, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Bohuslava Tremlová
- Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, Department of Plant Origin Food Sciences, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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12
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Ullah I, Ahmad M, Jabeen A, Yusuf MO, Arfan M, Kilic O, Bagci E, Zafar M, Sultana S, Khan S, Usma A. Palyno-morphological characterization of selected allergenic taxa of family Poaceae from Islamabad-Pakistan using microscopic techniques. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 84:2544-2558. [PMID: 33929066 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Statistics around the world show an increased risk of high allergies associated with plants. The role of allergenic pollen is now well known. The most serious allergenic diseases are asthma and rhinitis, which affect 5-30% of the population of industrialized countries. This work focuses on the exploration of allergenic grass species of Islamabad, Pakistan and use microscopic techniques to correctly identify them. This study contains 11 species of grasses which showed variations in pollen morphological features. The dominant pollen shape was prolate, prolate-spheroidal and sub oblate. The largest polar diameter was calculated for Echinochloa crus-galli (56.00 μm) while the largest equatorial diameter was found in Cenchrus ciliaris (45.00 μm). Exine ornamentation varied from Gemmate-verrucate, Scabrate-reugulate, Verrucate-reticulate, Gemmate-Scabrate, Fine-Gemmate, Gemmate-rugulate, Gemmate-reticulate, Gemmate-scabrate, Scabrate-verrucate, and Scabrate. Maximum exine thickness was found in Eleusine indica (4.90 μm) while in C. ciliaris (1.50 μm) the minimum thickness of exine was measured. In E. crus-galli (1.54 μm), the largest P to E value was measured and the smallest value was noticed in Setaria verticillata (0.86 μm). The study was performed with an aim to identify the allergenic plant species in Islamabad-Pakistan using pollen morphological studies. This study provides significant information, to arrange the pollen types within their defined classes and to discuss various pollen features for developing an allergenic pollen atlas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izhar Ullah
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Asma Jabeen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - M Osman Yusuf
- The Allergy and Asthma Institute, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arfan
- Department of Botany, University of Education Lahore Vehari Campus, Vehari, 61100, Pakistan
| | - Omer Kilic
- Department of Basic Science of Pharmacy, Adıyaman University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Eyüp Bagci
- Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Firat University, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Sultana
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Siraj Khan
- Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Anwer Usma
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
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13
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Ullah SA, Zafar M, Ahmad M, Ghufran MA, Bursal E, Kilic O, Sultana S, Yaseen G, Khan S, Majeed S. Microscopic implication and evaluation of herbaceous melliferous plants of southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Pakistan using light and scanning electron microscope. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 84:1750-1764. [PMID: 33576555 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to investigate the pollen morphology of melliferous plant taxa of Southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Pakistan. Using light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), the palynological study of 18 species of melliferous plants namely Calendula arvensis, Cenchrus pennisetiformis, Citrullus colocynthis, Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis var. agrestis, Cucurbita maxima, Cymbopogon jwarancusa, Cynodon dectylon, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Helianthus annus, Lagenaria siceraria, Launaea procumbens, Luffa cylindrica, Pennisetum glaucum, Saccharum spontaneum, Sonchus asper, Verbesina encelioides, Xanthium strumarium, and Zea mays was carried out. Both qualitative and quantitative characteristics of pollen were studied. Variations were observed in pollen morphology. The dominant pollen shape was prolate-spheroidal (11 species). All the pollen units were monad. The highest exine thickness was found in Citrullus colocynthis (8.45 μm). The maximum polar and equatorial diameter (102 and 97.55 μm) was found in Luffa cylindrica. Similarly, the highest P/E ratio was found in Cucurbita maxima (1.46). Most of the species showed tricolpate and monoporate type of pollen. The exine sculpturing, number of spines per pollen and between colpi and the pollen fertility and sterility provided significant results for the documentation of melliferous plants. Thus, the information listed in this article will prove helpful to identify the potential melliferous plants in the area, geographical origin of the honey, and the availability of pure honey in the local and international market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sher Aman Ullah
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asad Ghufran
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ercan Bursal
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health, Muş Alparslan University, Mus, Turkey
| | - Omer Kilic
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Science of Pharmacy, Adıyaman University, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Shazia Sultana
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Yaseen
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Siraj Khan
- Department of Botany, Abdulwali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Salman Majeed
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
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14
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Ashfaq S, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Sultana S, Bahadur S, Ahmed SN, Gul S, Nazish M. Pollen morphology of family Solanaceae and its taxonomic significance. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2020; 92:e20181221. [PMID: 33331396 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020181221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pollen micro-morphology of family Solanaceae from the different phytogeographical region of Pakistan has been assessed. In this study, thirteen species belonging to ten genera of Solanaceae have been studied using light and scanning electron microscopy for both qualitative and quantitative features. Solanaceae is a eurypalynous family and a significant variation was observed in pollen size, shape, polarity and exine sculpturing. Examined plant species includes, Brugmansia suaveolens, Capsicum annuum, Cestrum parqui, Datura innoxia, Solanum lycopersicum, Nicotiana plumbaginifolia, Petunia hybrida, Physalis minima, Solanum americanum, Solanum erianthum, Solanum melongena, Solanum surattense and Withania somnifera. The prominent pollen type is tricolporate and shed as a monad. High pollen fertility reflects that observed taxa are well-known in the study area. Based on the observed pollen traits a taxonomic key was developed for the accurate and quick identification of species. Principal Component Analysis was performed that shows some morphological features are the main characters in the identification. Cluster Analysis was performed that separate the plant species in a cluster. The findings highlight the importance of Palyno-morphological features in the characterization and identification of Solanaceous taxa. It is concluded that both LM and SEM significantly play a key role in correct identification of taxa studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shomaila Ashfaq
- Quaid-i-Azam University, Department of Plants Sciences, Faculty of Plant Sciences, University Road, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Quaid-i-Azam University, Department of Plants Sciences, Faculty of Plant Sciences, University Road, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Quaid-i-Azam University, Department of Plants Sciences, Faculty of Plant Sciences, University Road, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Sultana
- Quaid-i-Azam University, Department of Plants Sciences, Faculty of Plant Sciences, University Road, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saraj Bahadur
- Quaid-i-Azam University, Department of Plants Sciences, Faculty of Plant Sciences, University Road, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sidra N Ahmed
- The Women university Multan, Department of botany, Faculty of Botany, 66000 Multan, Pakistan
| | - Saba Gul
- Quaid-i-Azam University, Department of Plants Sciences, Faculty of Plant Sciences, University Road, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Moona Nazish
- Quaid-i-Azam University, Department of Plants Sciences, Faculty of Plant Sciences, University Road, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
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15
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Rewicz A, Marciniuk J, Marciniuk P. Achene micromorphology and its taxonomic significance in some species in Taraxacum sect. Palustria (Asteraceae). PHYTOKEYS 2020; 166:1-28. [PMID: 33223910 PMCID: PMC7661953 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.166.54271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The genus Taraxacum is one of the largest and taxonomically most complicated apomictic genera. Currently, it is considered to consist of over 2800 species placed within 60 sections. Due to the large number of species, and their uniform morphological design and plasticity of leaves, the identification of plants at the species level is challenging even for specialists. This problem significantly hinders the study of their properties and the rational use of these valuable medicinal and nutritional plants. This paper presents the results of research on the morphology and micromorphology of achenes of 28 Taraxacum species of sect. Palustria and for comparison one species per section of: Erythrosperma, Naevosa, Piesis, and Taraxacum. The achenes were measured with a stereoscopic microscope and a biometric program, and micromorphological studies were performed by scanning electron microscopy. It has been shown that traits associated with achene morphology and micromorphology have a high diagnostic value, allowing us to distinguish sections as well as species within the sect. Palustria. Based on the examined achene features, a dichotomous key for determining the studied species was constructed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Rewicz
- University of Lodz, Department of Geobotany and Plant Ecology, 12/16 Banacha, 90-237 Lodz, PolandUniversity of LodzLodzPoland
| | - Jolanta Marciniuk
- Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, 14 B Prusa, 08-110 Siedlce, PolandSiedlce University of Natural Sciences and HumanitiesSiedlcePoland
| | - Paweł Marciniuk
- Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, 14 B Prusa, 08-110 Siedlce, PolandSiedlce University of Natural Sciences and HumanitiesSiedlcePoland
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16
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Lubna, Zafar M, Ahmad M, Shah GM, Khan AM, Kilic O, Yilmaz E, Ozdemir FA, Ali MI, Shah MA, Sultana S, Ahmad S. Application and implication of scanning electron microscopy for evaluation of palyno-morphological features of Vitaceae from Pakistan. Microsc Res Tech 2020; 84:608-617. [PMID: 33064896 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the palyno-morphological features of species of family Vitaceae from Pakistan. A total of nine species, belonging to four genera were collected, pressed, identified, and then analyzed microscopically. Both quantitative and qualitative characters of the pollen grains were recorded including polar and equatorial diameter, P/E ratio, number of colpi and pores, exine thickness and shapes of the pollen in both polar and equatorial view, and exine sculpturing using Leica microscope fitted with camera Meiji Infinity 1 and then analyzed statistically using software IBM SPSS Statistics 20. The results of the present study demonstrated the variations in polar and equatorial diameter, exine thickness, P/E ratio, pollen shape, and exine sculpturing of the studied species and highlighted the significance of pollen morphology as an identification tool. The present study may contribute to better understand the classification at genus level, which will support the future phylogenetic characterization of the family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubna
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Mujtaba Shah
- Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Amir Muhammad Khan
- Department of Botany, University of Mianwali, Mianwali, Pakistan.,Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Omer Kilic
- Department of Basic Science of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Adıyaman University, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Erkan Yilmaz
- Department of Basic Science of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Adıyaman University, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Fethi A Ozdemir
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Art, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Ishtiaq Ali
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ajmal Shah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Sultana
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shabir Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
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17
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de Oliveira Souza S, Souza de Oliveira R, Aona LYS, Souza FVD, Soares TL, Rossi ML, de Souza EH. Pollen morphology and viability of Tillandsia (Bromeliaceae) species by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 2020; 84:441-459. [PMID: 32959456 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tillandsia is the bromeliad genus containing the largest number of species, with wide geographic dispersion and an important ecological role in the ecosystems. Investigations of pollen morphology are important to support taxonomic and conservation studies as well as to choose promising species for cross-pollination to obtain hybrids. The objective of this study was to evaluate the morphology, production, and viability of pollen grains of 24 Tillandsia species that naturally occur in the state of Bahia, Brazil. Pollen grains were acetolized and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The pollen were germinated in vitro in two culture media (BM and BKM) and collected at three floral development stages (pre-anthesis, anthesis and post-anthesis). Pollen viability also was analyzed by staining with Alexander's solution and acetocarmine in three floral development stages. Variations in the ornamentation and size of the pollen were observed among the species studied, with the majority having medium size, while T. polystachia and T. juncea had large grains and the subgenera Diaphoranthema and Phytarrhiza had small grains. The pollen of the majority of species had bilateral symmetry, with a single irregularly shaped colpus, semitectate exine and reticulated-heterobrochate surface. The pollen presented high germination percentage, tube length and viability according to the histochemistry, except for T. recurvata, T. usneoides and T. loliacea. The BKM medium and collection of pollen during anthesis produced the best results for the Tillandsia species. The results can support studies of the taxonomy and conservation of these species, which have great environmental importance and high value for ornamental purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra de Oliveira Souza
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Recursos Genétios Vegetais, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Brazil
| | - Rafaelle Souza de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Recursos Genétios Vegetais, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Brazil
| | - Lidyanne Yuriko Saleme Aona
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Recursos Genétios Vegetais, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Vidigal Duarte Souza
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Recursos Genétios Vegetais, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Brazil.,Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas, Brazil
| | - Taliane Leila Soares
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - Mônica Lanzoni Rossi
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Everton Hilo de Souza
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Recursos Genétios Vegetais, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Brazil
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18
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Moghimipour E, Jasemnezhad M, Mohammad Soleymani S, Salimi A. Preparation and evaluation of a free surfactant herbal shampoo with Acanthophyllum Squarrosum Saponins. J Cosmet Dermatol 2020; 20:181-187. [PMID: 32413183 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shampoos remove fat and pus from the skin and hair. The most critical part of these products is their cleansing properties; therefore, the amount of shampoo cleanser plays an essential role in consumer acceptance. AIM The production of herbal shampoos from root saponins in Hawthorn can lead to the removal of these substances from shampoos. Squarrosum is one of the 23 Acanthophyllum species that is native to Iran. The root of this plant has been used traditionally as a consumption detergent due to the presence of saponins. METHOD To make the shampoo, saponins were extracted through several steps by a solvent after Acanthophyllum squarrosum scientific specimens had been prepared and identified The shampoo's fatigue strength was tested using the Ross-Miles method, and its cleansing power was assessed using Thompson's test. RESULTS The optimum formula with 15% total saponins content was evaluated. CONCLUSION This liquid shampoo has an excellent cleansing effect, is suitable for regular hair; has pseudoplastic rheology; and has acceptable pH, surface tension, and organoleptic stability characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eskandar Moghimipour
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Malek Jasemnezhad
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Saeed Mohammad Soleymani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anayatollah Salimi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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19
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Amina H, Ahmad M, Bhatti GR, Zafar M, Sultana S, Butt MA, Bahadur S, Haq IU, Ghufran MA, Lubna, Ahmad S, Ashfaq S. Microscopic investigation of pollen morphology of Brassicaceae from Central Punjab-Pakistan. Microsc Res Tech 2020; 83:446-454. [PMID: 31904169 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The intention of the current study is to provide an account on the palynological features of Brassicaceae from Central Punjab-Pakistan as a basis for future studies. Different morpho-palynological characteristics both qualitative and quantitative were analyzed during this research which includes shape of pollen, diameter of pollen, P/E ratio, exine sculpturing, thickness of exine, type of pollen, shape and size of lumens, and thickness of murus. Taxonomic keys were also constructed based on pollen morphological characters for correct identification of species. This study aims to provide detailed information of pollen diversity and their exine structure based on both qualitative and quantitative characters by using Light microscopy and Scanning electron microscopy. Shape of pollen is mostly prolate, but some species also have sub-prolate to spheroidal prolate types. Exine ornamentation in most species was reticulate, whereas micro reticulate (one species) and coarsely reticulate (one species) exine also observed in some pollen. All the pollen mentioned in this study have tricolpate apertures. Variation found in thickness of exine and other characters proved to be helpful at generic and specific level. The results reinforced the significance of pollen morphological features of family Brassicaceae and aid for valuable taxonomic tool in plant systematics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiza Amina
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Sultana
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Maryam Akram Butt
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saraj Bahadur
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ihsan-Ul Haq
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asad Ghufran
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Lubna
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shafiq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shomaila Ashfaq
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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20
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Bahadur S, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Gul S, Ayaz A, Ashfaq S, Rubab S, Shuaib M, Ahmad S. Taxonomic study of one generic and two new species record to the flora of Pakistan using multiple microscopic techniques. Microsc Res Tech 2020; 83:345-353. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saraj Bahadur
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐I‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
- College of Life and Pharmaceutical SciencesHainan University Haikou China
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐I‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐I‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Saba Gul
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐I‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Asma Ayaz
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐I‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Shomaila Ashfaq
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐I‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Saima Rubab
- Department of PharmacognosyLahore Pharmacy College LMDC Lahore Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shuaib
- School of Ecology and Environmental ScienceYunnan University Kunming China
| | - Shakil Ahmad
- Key laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and PestsHainan University Haikou China
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21
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Majeed S, Zafar M, Ahmad M, Kilic O, Sultana S, Raza J, Yaseen G, Gul H, Mir S, Lubna, Jabeen M. Pollen morphological investigations of family Cactaceae and its taxonomic implication by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 2020; 83:767-777. [PMID: 32133727 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The family Cactaceae is the diversified group of angiosperm plants whose pollen statistics has been used for taxonomic identification. In this article, we present the pollen morphology of eight species belong to seven taxonomically complex genera of Cactaceae including Astrophytum, Cylindropuntia, Echinocereus, Echinopsis, Mammillaria, Opuntia, and Thelocactus using light and scanning electron microscopy. The pollen grains were acetolyzed, measured, described, and electron photomicrographs were taken. Cactaceae can be characterized by presenting different palynomorphological features including pollen type, sculpturing, polar and equatorial diameter, aperture orientation, exine thickness, P/E ratio, and echini features. Four types of pollen shapes, that is, prolate spheroidal (three species), subprolate (two species), prolate (two species), and oblate spheroidal in Echinocereus reichenbachii were observed. The polar and equatorial diameter observed maximum in O. ficus indica 116.95 and 112.27 μm while minimum in M. compressa 38.42 and 21.05 μm. Pollen of two types, tricolpate in members of subfamily Cactioideae and pantoporate in the Opuntioideae were examined. The fertility percentage has been observed maximum in Opuntia macrocentra (83.84%) and minimum in Opuntia ficus-indica (57.89%). Exine sculpturing showing great variations such as granulate, reticulate, granulate perforate and micro-echinate foveolate ornamentation was examined only in Echinopsis eyriesii. A key to species, based on pollen micromorphological attributes, has been constructed for correct identification of complex cactus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Majeed
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Omer Kilic
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Science of Pharmacy, Adıyaman University, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Shazia Sultana
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jamil Raza
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Yaseen
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Hina Gul
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,University Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Sehrosh Mir
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Lubna
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Munazza Jabeen
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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22
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Bashir K, Sohail A, Ali U, Ullah A, Ul Haq Z, Gul B, Ullah I, Sunera, Asghar M. Foliar micromorphology and its role in identification of the Apocynaceae taxa. Microsc Res Tech 2020; 83:755-766. [PMID: 32118344 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we evaluate the importance of foliar epidermal micromorphological characteristics of Apocyanaceae for accurate identification and classification. The species were collected from the University of Peshawar's main campus in the spring season to observe its qualitative and quantitative features. The length and width of guard cells, stomatal pore and subsidiary cells, trichomes, and crypts on both sides of the leaf were examined. Many species were observed to be hypostomatic. Plumeria rubra, Raulfia serpentine, Thevetia peruviana, Trachelospermum lucidum, Alstonia scholaris, and Catharanthus roseus demonstrated hypostomatic leaves. Nearly all the investigated species had anisocytic type of stomata only or in combination with other types of stomata on the upper and lower epidermis. Carissa carandas had anomocytic, anisocytic, and cyclocytic type of stomata on the upper epidermis, and the lower epidermis showed variations in stomatal type, such as anomocytic, stephanocytic, brachyparacytic, and hemiparacytic. Nerium oleander had no specific shape of stomata but showed stomatal crypts in which the stomata were enclosed inside many trichomes. The taxonomic key based on stomatal types, epidermal cells, stomatal index value, and statistical analysis, along with the variations in the epidermal cells, shows the link between the selected plants species, which will provide a baseline for future anatomical studies. This study highlights many undocumented micromorphological characteristics. The anatomical characteristics observed in this study will be helpful for taxonomic identification and species delimitation of the family Apocynaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalsoom Bashir
- Centre of Plant Biodiversity, University of Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Aamir Sohail
- Department of Botany, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Usman Ali
- Centre of Plant Biodiversity, University of Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Asad Ullah
- Centre of Plant Biodiversity, University of Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Zahoor Ul Haq
- Department of Botany, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Brekhna Gul
- Department of Botany, University of Swabi, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Inam Ullah
- Government Postgraduate College Timergara, Timergara, Department of Botany, Pakistan
| | - Sunera
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mehrina Asghar
- Department of Biotechnology, Mohi-Ud-Din Islamic University, AJ&K, Pakistan
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23
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Khan AS, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Athar M, Ozdemir FA, Gilani SAA, Sultana S, Ahmad S, Butt MA, Majeed S, Khan SU. Morphological characterization of Hypnaceae (Bryopsida, Hypnales): Investigating four genera from Western Himalayas by using LM and SEM techniques. Microsc Res Tech 2020; 83:676-690. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aamir Shehzad Khan
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Athar
- California Department of Food & Agriculture Sacramento California USA
| | - Fethi Ahmet Ozdemir
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and ArtsBingol University Bingol Turkey
| | | | - Shazia Sultana
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Shafiq Ahmad
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Maryam Akram Butt
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Salman Majeed
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Shahzeb Ullah Khan
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Islamabad Pakistan
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24
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Traditional usage of medicinal plants among the local communities of Peshawar valley, Pakistan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chnaes.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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25
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Zaman W, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Amina H, Lubna, Ullah F, Bahadur S, Ayaz A, Saqib S, Begum N, Jahan S. The quest for some novel antifertility herbals used as male contraceptives in district Shangla, Pakistan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chnaes.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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Bano A, Rashid S, Ahmad M, Bhatti GR, Yaseen G, Anjum F, Ahmed SN, Zafar M, Asma M, Sultana S, Adeel M, Ozdemir FA, Kilic O. Comparative pollen and foliar micromorphological studies using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy of some selected species of Lamiaceae from Alpine Zone of Deosai Plateau, Western Himalayas. Microsc Res Tech 2020; 83:579-588. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abida Bano
- Department of BotanyFG Degree College for Women, Skardu Pakistan
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Sofia Rashid
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
- Department of Bio sciencesCOMSATS University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | | | - Ghulam Yaseen
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
- Department of BotanyPMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi Pakistan
| | - Farida Anjum
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Sidra N. Ahmed
- Department of BotanyThe Women University Multan Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Maliha Asma
- Department of Environmental SciencesInternational Islamic University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Shazia Sultana
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adeel
- Department of BotanyPMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi Pakistan
| | - Fethi A. Ozdemir
- Faculty of Science and Art, Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsBingol University Turkey
| | - Omer Kilic
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Science of Pharmacy Adıyaman Turkey
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27
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Cui X, Hu Z, Ren S, Liu J. Pollen morphology of Chinese
Pseudostellaria
(Caryophyllaceae) and its systematic significance. Microsc Res Tech 2020; 83:481-489. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinci Cui
- College of Life Sciences and Academy for Multidisciplinary StudiesCapital Normal University Beijing China
| | - Ziming Hu
- College of Life Sciences and Academy for Multidisciplinary StudiesCapital Normal University Beijing China
| | - Simin Ren
- College of Life Sciences and Academy for Multidisciplinary StudiesCapital Normal University Beijing China
| | - Jiaxi Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Academy for Multidisciplinary StudiesCapital Normal University Beijing China
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28
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ISHTIAQ SAIQA, HANIF UZMA, SHAHEEN SHABNUM, BAHADUR SARAJ, LIAQAT IRAM, AWAN UMERFAROOQ, SHAHID MEMUNAGHAFOOR, SHUAIB MUHAMMAD, ZAMAN WAJID, MEO MEHWISH. Antioxidant potential and chemical characterization of bioactive compounds from a medicinal plant Colebrokea oppositifolia Sm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 92:e20190387. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020190387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - WAJID ZAMAN
- Quaid-I-Azam University, Pakistan; State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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29
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Silva ALE, Lima Terceiro LE, Lima MF, Costa‐Silva R, Santos EAV, Agra MDF. Leaf and stem micromorphology of
Byrsonima sericea
DC. by light and scanning electron microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 2019; 83:287-296. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anauara L. e Silva
- Laboratório de Taxonomia e Farmacobotânica, Centro de BiotecnologiaUniversidade Federal da Paraíba João Pessoa Paraíba Brazil
| | - Lucas E. Lima Terceiro
- Pós‐Graduação em Biodiversidade, Centro de Ciências AgráriasUniversidade Federal da Paraíba Areia Paraíba Brazil
| | - Matheus F. Lima
- Laboratório de Taxonomia e Farmacobotânica, Centro de BiotecnologiaUniversidade Federal da Paraíba João Pessoa Paraíba Brazil
| | - Rafael Costa‐Silva
- Laboratório de Taxonomia e Farmacobotânica, Centro de BiotecnologiaUniversidade Federal da Paraíba João Pessoa Paraíba Brazil
| | - Ednalva A. V. Santos
- Pós‐Graduação em Biodiversidade, Centro de Ciências AgráriasUniversidade Federal da Paraíba Areia Paraíba Brazil
| | - Maria de Fátima Agra
- Laboratório de Taxonomia e Farmacobotânica, Centro de BiotecnologiaUniversidade Federal da Paraíba João Pessoa Paraíba Brazil
- Pós‐Graduação em Biodiversidade, Centro de Ciências AgráriasUniversidade Federal da Paraíba Areia Paraíba Brazil
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30
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Sadia H, Zafar M, Ahmad M, Lubna, Khan MPZ, Yaseen G, Ali MI, Sultana S, Kilic O, Şahan Z, Alam N, Abbas Q, Ghani A, Naz S. Foliar epidermal anatomy of some selected wild edible fruits of Pakistan using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 2019; 83:259-267. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haleema Sadia
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Lubna
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Muhammad P. Z. Khan
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
- Department of BotanyGovt. Afzal Khan Lala Post Graduate College Swat Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Yaseen
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
- Department of BotanyPMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi Pakistan
| | - Muhammad I. Ali
- Department of MicrobiologyQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Shazia Sultana
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Omer Kilic
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Science of PharmacyAdıyaman University Adıyaman Turkey
| | - Zeynep Şahan
- Kahta Meslek Yüksekokulu Veterinerlik Bölümü KahtaAdıyaman Üniversitesi Adıyaman Turkey
| | - Naveed Alam
- Institute of Agriculture Sciences and ForestryUniversity of Swat Swat Pakistan
| | - Qamar Abbas
- Biological Science DepartmentKarakoram International University Baltistan Pakistan
| | - Abdul Ghani
- Department of BotanySargodha University Sargodha Pakistan
| | - Saeeda Naz
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
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31
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Hadidchi A, Attar F, Ullah F. Using microscopic techniques for taxonomic implications of seed and fruits of
Delphinium
L. (sensu lato) (Ranunculaceae). Microsc Res Tech 2019; 83:99-117. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anahita Hadidchi
- Central Herbarium of Tehran University, Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms and Department of Plant Science, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Farideh Attar
- Central Herbarium of Tehran University, Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms and Department of Plant Science, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Fazal Ullah
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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32
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Feroze N, Arshad B, Younas M, Afridi MI, Saqib S, Ayaz A. Fungal mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and evaluation of antibacterial activity. Microsc Res Tech 2019; 83:72-80. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nosheen Feroze
- Department of BiotechnologyMohi‐Ud‐Din Islamic University Nerian Sharif Pakistan
| | - Bushra Arshad
- Department of BiotechnologyMohi‐Ud‐Din Islamic University Nerian Sharif Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Younas
- Department of BiotechnologyMohi‐Ud‐Din Islamic University Nerian Sharif Pakistan
| | | | - Saddam Saqib
- Department of BiotechnologyMohi‐Ud‐Din Islamic University Nerian Sharif Pakistan
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Asma Ayaz
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
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33
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Song Y, Zhao C, Zhao Y, Liu J. Pollen morphology of
Aletris
L. (Nartheciaceae) and its systematic significance. Microsc Res Tech 2019; 82:2061-2071. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Song
- College of Life SciencesCapital Normal University Beijing China
| | - Chunhai Zhao
- College of Life SciencesCapital Normal University Beijing China
| | - Yunyun Zhao
- College of Life SciencesCapital Normal University Beijing China
| | - Jiaxi Liu
- College of Life SciencesCapital Normal University Beijing China
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34
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Gul S, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Bahadur S, Celep F, Sultana S, Begum N, Hanif U, Zaman W, Shuaib M, Ayaz A. Taxonomic significance of foliar epidermal morphology in Lamiaceae from Pakistan. Microsc Res Tech 2019; 82:1507-1528. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saba Gul
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐I‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐I‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
- Center of Natural Product LabChengdu Institute of Biology Chengdu China
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐I‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Saraj Bahadur
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐I‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Ferhat Celep
- Department of BiologyKırıkkale University Kırıkkale Turkey
| | - Shazia Sultana
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐I‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Najla Begum
- Department of BotanyQurtuba University of Science & Information Technology Peshawar Pakistan
| | - Uzma Hanif
- Department of BotanyGovernment College University Lahore Pakistan
| | - Wajid Zaman
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐I‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary BotanyInstitute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Muhammad Shuaib
- School of Ecology and Environmental ScienceYunnan University Kunming China
| | - Asma Ayaz
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐I‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
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35
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Attar F, Esfandani-Bozchaloyi S, Mirtadzadini M, Ullah F, Zaman W. Foliar and stem epidermal anatomy of the tribe Cynoglosseae (Boraginaceae) and their taxonomic significance. Microsc Res Tech 2019; 82:786-802. [PMID: 30801847 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Foliar and stem epidermal anatomical features of the tribe Cynoglosseae have been studied in detail for the taxonomic identification using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) techniques. A comparative study was conducted on different plant parts (leaf and stem epidermal anatomy) of 25 species belonging to eight genera of the tribe Cynoglosseae (Boraginaceae) collected from different phytogeographical regions of Iran for the first time. Different qualitative and quantitative characteristics were observed in detail using LM and SEM. Results showed that although generally the stem and leaf anatomical traits were similar, but some diagnostic features were examined for distinguishing the closely related genera in the tribe. The ratio of cortex/diameter of stem and phloem/xylem, the average row number of collenchyma, palisade and spongy cells, structure of trichomes, type of indumentum and palisade arrangement were found taxonomically important. The anatomical characters were statistically analyzed using cluster analysis and principal component analysis. The study found that stem and leaf eccentrics are variable in the genus but constant within species of the same genus. Most species had typical isobilateral leaves, but some showed an incipient dorsoventrally symmetry with a layer of abaxial palisade tissue. Eglandular trichomes were observed found in all the studied species, which were recognized based on structure and function. In present study some novel characters have been observed which are of great interest to the taxonomist for the correct identification some genera delimitations. The characters studied here are of less taxonomic value and delimitating at species level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farideh Attar
- Central Herbarium of Tehran University, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mansour Mirtadzadini
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fazal Ullah
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wajid Zaman
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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36
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Naz S, Zafar M, Ahmad M, Memon RA, Sultana S, Bahadur S, Ozdemir FA, Siddiq Z, Shah MA. Palynological investigation of lactiferous flora (Apocynaceae) of District Rawalpindi, Pakistan, using light and scanning electron microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 2019; 82:1410-1418. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeeda Naz
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Rabia A. Memon
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Sindh Jamshoro Sindh Pakistan
| | - Shazia Sultana
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Saraj Bahadur
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Fethi A. Ozdemir
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsFaculty of Science and Art, Bingol University Bingol Turkey
| | - Zafar Siddiq
- Department of BotanyGC University Lahore Punjab Pakistan
| | - Muhammad A. Shah
- Department of PharmacognosyGC University Faisalabad Punjab Pakistan
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37
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Shah SN, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Ullah F, Zaman W, Malik K, Rashid N, Gul S. Taxonomic importance of spore morphology in
Thelypteridaceae
from
Northern Pakistan. Microsc Res Tech 2019; 82:1326-1333. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Syed N. Shah
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
- Science LaboratoryGovernment High School Dherai Puran Shangla Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Fazal Ullah
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource UtilizationChengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Wajid Zaman
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary BotanyInstitute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Khafsa Malik
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Neelam Rashid
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Saba Gul
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
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Gul S, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Bahadur S, Sultana S, Begum N, Shah SN, Zaman W, Ullah F, Ayaz A, Hanif U. Taxonomic study of subfamily Nepetoideae (Lamiaceae) by polynomorphological approach. Microsc Res Tech 2019; 82:1021-1031. [PMID: 30860643 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The present study is insight into pollen morphology for characterizing species and their utility in the taxonomic separation of certain taxa of subfamily Nepetoideae (Lamiaceae) from Pakistan. The pollen micromorphology of 11 species of the Nepetoideae was analyzed and documented using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for both qualitative and quantitative characteristics. Most species have hexazonocolpate pollen grains but trizonocolpate and tetrazonocolpate pollen with circular and oval amb were also rarely observed in Mentha spicata. The basic pollen shape in most of the studied species was subspheroidal but prolate grains were also observed in M. spicata, S. coccinea, and S. plebeia. The exine sculpturing of Nepetoideae pollen was taxonomically very informative particularly at subfamily level. Observations of exine sculpturing with SEM revealed various types of pollen grains: reticulate, bireticulate, microreticulate, perforate, aerolate, and gammate. The bireticulate type further subdivided into three subtypes based on the number of secondary lumina in each primary lumen and is characterized by varying characteristics of the secondary reticulum and primary muri. A significant variation was observed in colpus surface ornamentation. The maximum polar diameter was found in O. americanum (58 ± 5.8 μm) and the maximum equatorial diameter observed in O. basilicum (50.25 ± 1.37 μm). Pollen features of the studied species were discussed and compared based on the current taxonomical concepts. The results showed that pollen traits of the subfamily Nepetoideae was found significant to classify the taxa. Furthermore, pollen features provide additional evidence to distinguish macromorphologically similar taxa from each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Gul
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saraj Bahadur
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Sultana
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Najla Begum
- Department of Botany, Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Syed Nasar Shah
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Wajid Zaman
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fazal Ullah
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Asma Ayaz
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Uzma Hanif
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
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39
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Ullah F, Papini A, Shah SN, Zaman W, Sohail A, Iqbal M. Seed micromorphology and its taxonomic evidence in subfamily Alsinoideae (Caryophyllaceae). Microsc Res Tech 2019; 82:250-259. [PMID: 30597704 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Seed micromorphology of 13 species, belonging to four genera of subfamily Alsinoideae (Caryophyllaceae) were investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in order to assess their diagnostic significance at generic level and provide additional evidence on species delimitation, as well as correct identification and phylogenetic position. Genera and species of subfamily Alsinoideae exhibit great variation in ultrastructure and a high diversity of novel micromorphological characters were observed. Variation in seed shape, color, hilum, anticlinal wall, epidermal cell, cell surface, margins, and quantitative characters as length and width were studied in detail, compared, illustrated, and their taxonomic significant were discussed. Seed shapes of the species were classified as reniform, round, angular, subcircular, subreniform, and elliptical pyriform, with sub-central, central, basal, and nearly basal hilum. Wavy, irregular, tetragonal, and elongated epidermal cells structure has been observed as an exomorphological character. The present findings show that the micromorphology of subfamily Alsinoideae provides taxonomic information and is helpful to distinguish different species. The results also explained that SEM morphology of seeds provide important data about affinity among taxa and give potential characters in delimitation of members of subfamily Alsinoideae at generic and species level. A principal component analysis allowed to highlight the most outsiders among seed micromorphology with a possible explanation. Taxonomic keys were developed based on micromorphological characters to delimit the species and useful for their quick identification within subfamily Alsinoideae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazal Ullah
- Department of Plant sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Alessio Papini
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Syed Nasar Shah
- Department of Plant sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Wajid Zaman
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Beijing, China
| | - Aamir Sohail
- Department of Botany, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Majid Iqbal
- Department of Plant sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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40
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Kandemir N, Çelik A, Ullah F, Shah SN, Zaman W. Foliar epidermal anatomical characteristics of taxa of Iris subg. Scorpiris Spach (Iridaceae) from Turkey. Microsc Res Tech 2019; 82:764-774. [PMID: 30762920 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Iris L. is one of the important genus of family Iridaceae, consist of 56 taxa naturally occurred in Turkey. The similarities and variations in the subgenus overlapping the taxonomic positions of the species in the subgenera and needs anatomical assessment especially by microscopic techniques. In this study, the taxonomic significance of leaf anatomical characters of 10 Iris subgenus Scorpiris taxa were studied in detail and the relationship among these taxa were evaluated using microscopy techniques. Fresh leaf samples of species were fixed in 70% alcohol solution for anatomical observation under microscope. Eleven different micromorphological features were statistically analyzed to delimit the species in subgenus. Based on morphological and anatomical similarities, we studied relationships among; (1) ssp. turcica, ssp. caucasica, I. nezahatiae and I. pseudocaucasica; (2) correlation between ssp. turcica and ssp. caucasica; (3) association of I. galatica, I. persica, ssp. margaretiae and ssp. stenophylla with each other; (4) relationship between ssp. stenophylla and ssp. margaretiae; and (5) relevance between I. aucheri and I. peshmeniana. Moreover, the taxonomy of subgenus Scorpiris has been discussed in detail with novel and diagnostic features based on micromorphological physiognomies. We found that four species in this study are endemic to Turkey, while seven are critically endangered geophytes in the country. The leaf anatomical characteristics of 10 taxa were divided into three groups. Main aim of this research was to study the taxonomy of the complex subgenus Scorpiris through microscopic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nezahat Kandemir
- Education Faculty, Department of Biology, Amasya University, Amasya, Turkey
| | - Ali Çelik
- Art and Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Fazal Ullah
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan.,CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Syed Nasar Shah
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Wajid Zaman
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Department of State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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41
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Gul S, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Bahadur S, Sultana S, Ashfaq S, Ullah F, Kilic O, Hassan FU, Siddiq Z. Foliar epidermal anatomy of Lamiaceae with special emphasis on their trichomes diversity using scanning electron microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 2019; 82:206-223. [PMID: 30633436 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Foliar epidermal features were based on the micromorphology of trichomes types, epidermal cells and stomatal complex. Even though each feature has its own limited taxonomic value but collectively these characteristics may be systematically important especially for the discrimination and identification of complex and problematic taxa. The systematics significance of nonglandular (NGTs) and glandular trichomes (GTs), stomatal complex and epidermal cells of Lamiaceous flora were analyzed by using the light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Variations on the observed epidermal appendages were divided into two basic types: glandular and nonglandular. GTs can be divided into subtypes: sessile capitate, subsessile capitate, and barrel and sunken. NGTs were also divided into subtypes: dendritic, stellate, conical, falcate, simple and 1-6 cells long having granulate and smooth surface ornamentation. NGTs were the most dominant features of both adaxial and abaxial surfaces of all observed taxa. Vitex negundo, Isodon rugosus, Colebrookea oppositifolia, and Marrubium vulgare could be demarked because of their twisted like appearance of NGTs at the abaxial surface. The Lamiaceae had both hypostomatic and amphistomatic leaf. Stomata were observed as diacytic, anisocytic, and anomocytic. Epidermal cells were found to be irregular, isodiametric, and rectangular. Based on these characters a taxonomic key was developed to delimit the closely related taxa. Distribution and morphology of the foliar epidermal trichomes through SEM highlight an important taxonomic tool used by the taxonomists as an aid to the correct identification of problematic Lamiaceae taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Gul
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saraj Bahadur
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Sultana
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shomaila Ashfaq
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fazal Ullah
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Omer Kilic
- Technical Sciences Vocational School, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Fayyaz Ul Hassan
- Department of Agronomy, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Zafar Siddiq
- Department of Botany, GC University, Lahore, Pakistan
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42
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Nazish M, Zafar M, Ahmad M, Sultana S, Ullah R, Alqahtani AS, Ullah F, Ahmad S, Ashfaq S, Ullah F. Palyno-morphological investigations of halophytic taxa of Amaranthaceae through SEM from Salt range of Northern Punjab, Pakistan. Microsc Res Tech 2019; 82:304-316. [PMID: 30614130 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The pollen morphology of 11 salt tolerant plant species of family Amaranthaceae from the salt range of Northern Punjab, Pakistan has been studied. The palyno-morphological characters were examined using light and scanning electron microscope. The examined all salt tolerant species have a slight difference in size but have similarity in shape, pore ornamentation, and polarity. The observed morphological characters of pollen grains were pollen symmetry, size, shape, pore ornamentation, pore size, number of pores, exine thickness, polar and equatorial diameter and, P/E ratio. Apolar type of pollens has been observed in all species. Shape of pollens was spheroidal. Exine sculpturing of pollen grains was scabrate (six spp), microechinate (four spp), and microechinate-scabrate (one spp). Different pori numbers were observed in different species. The pantoporate aperturate and sunken pore ornamentation have been reported in all species. A pollen taxonomic key was developed using examined morphological characters for the accurate identification of halophytic taxa. The high fertility and low sterility of pollens confirmed that the selected halophytes are well-established in the salt region. The findings highlight the taxonomic significance of pollen morphology in correct identification and differentiation of salt tolerant plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moona Nazish
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Sultana
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Riaz Ullah
- Medicinal, Aromatic & Poisonous Plants Research Center MAPPRC, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Chemistry, Government College Ara Khel FR Kohat KPK, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Ali S Alqahtani
- Medicinal, Aromatic & Poisonous Plants Research Center MAPPRC, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO box 2457, 10 Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farhat Ullah
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shafiq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shomaila Ashfaq
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fazal Ullah
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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43
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Zaman W, Shah SN, Ullah F, Ayaz A, Ahmad M, Ali A. Systematic approach to the correct identification of Asplenium dalhousiae (Aspleniaceae) with their medicinal uses. Microsc Res Tech 2018; 82:459-465. [PMID: 30586200 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In present study, multiple microscope techniques were used for the systematics identification of the species Asplenium dalhousiae. The plant was collected from different phytogeographical and its natural habitat of Pakistan, where it shows higher diversity. Morphology, foliar epidermal anatomy, and spore morphological characters of the species were studied in detailed using multiple microscopic techniques through light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). LM and SEM were used for the systematics identification of the species. Traditionally, the species is used in the ailment of many diseases, so the spore morphology, anatomical features, and morphological characters are relevant to describe the species taxonomy. The importance of multiple methods of taxonomic study (e.g., documentation and morphological characteristics) for characterizing herbs are important step in systematic certification to maintain the efficacy of herbal medicines. The aim of the present study is to examine the morphological, anatomical, and spore morphology of the species A. dalhousiae in more detailed for the correct taxonomic identification and their medicinal validation from Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajid Zaman
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Syed Nasar Shah
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fazal Ullah
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Asma Ayaz
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ashaq Ali
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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44
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Ullah F, Zaman W, Papini A, Zafar M, Shah SN, Ahmad M, Saqib S, Gul S, Sohail A. Using multiple microscopic techniques for the comparative systematic of Spergula fallax and Spergula arvensis (Caryophyllaceae). Microsc Res Tech 2018; 82:352-360. [PMID: 30575183 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this study, comparative morphology, foliar anatomy and palynology of Spergula fallax and Spergula arvensis (Caryophyllaceae) were studied using multiple microscopic techniques. Genus Spergula includes worldwide five species, while in Flora of Pakistan the genus has two species. In this research, the comparative morphological, anatomical, and palynological characters of the two Pakistani Spergula species were studied. We examined some distinguishing morphological features, in both species, such as plant size, habitat, leaf morphological characters, inflorescences, flowers outer whorls, sepals and petals, and flowers number. These characters species were studied analyzing their comparative systematic significant. The foliar anatomical features also provided distinctive characters as the epidermal cell shape, the wall of the epidermal cell, lobes per cell. The differences in quantitative characters were also examined. The palynological characters showed difference in echini arrangement, echini density, and numbers of pore. Quantitative characters were variations in size of polar, equatorial, exine thickness, pore length, and width and P/E ratio. The multiple microscopic techniques provided sufficient evidence about the systematics of the genus Spergula. Based on morphological, anatomical, and palynological characters, analytical keys were developed for the identification and distinction of the species S. fallax and S. arvensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazal Ullah
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Department of Plant sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Wajid Zaman
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Department of Plant sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | | | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed Nasar Shah
- Department of Plant sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saddam Saqib
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Department of Plant sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Saba Gul
- Department of Plant sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aamir Sohail
- Depratment of Botany, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
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45
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Shah SN, Celik A, Ahmad M, Ullah F, Zaman W, Zafar M, Malik K, Rashid N, Iqbal M, Sohail A, Bahadur S. Leaf epidermal micromorphology and its implications in systematics of certain taxa of the fern family Pteridaceae from Northern Pakistan. Microsc Res Tech 2018; 82:317-332. [PMID: 30582243 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Syed Nasar Shah
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Ali Celik
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and SciencesPamukkale University Denizli Turkey
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Fazal Ullah
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Islamabad Pakistan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource UtilizationChengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Wajid Zaman
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Islamabad Pakistan
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary BotanyInstitute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Khafsa Malik
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Neelam Rashid
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Majid Iqbal
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Aamir Sohail
- Department of BotanyUniversity of Peshawar Peshawar Pakistan
| | - Saraj Bahadur
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Islamabad Pakistan
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46
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Bahadur S, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Sultana S, Begum N, Ashfaq S, Gul S, Khan MS, Shah SN, Ullah F, Saqib S, Ayaz A. Palyno‐anatomical studies of monocot taxa and its taxonomic implications using light and scanning electron microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 2018; 82:373-393. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saraj Bahadur
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐I‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐I‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
- Center for Natural Products LabChengdu Institute of Biology, Chines Academy of Sciences Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐I‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Shazia Sultana
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐I‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Najla Begum
- Islamia College University Peshawar, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Shomaila Ashfaq
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐I‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Saba Gul
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐I‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | | | - Syed Nasar Shah
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐I‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Fazal Ullah
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐I‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource UtilizationChengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu China
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary BotanyInstitute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Saddam Saqib
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐I‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary BotanyInstitute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Asma Ayaz
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐I‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
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47
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Saqib S, Munis MFH, Zaman W, Ullah F, Shah SN, Ayaz A, Farooq M, Bahadur S. Synthesis, characterization and use of iron oxide nano particles for antibacterial activity. Microsc Res Tech 2018; 82:415-420. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saddam Saqib
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
- Mohi‐ud‐din Islamic University Azad Jammu and Kashmir Pakistan
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary BotanyInstitute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | | | - Wajid Zaman
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary BotanyInstitute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Fazal Ullah
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of BiologyChinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu China
| | - Syed Nasar Shah
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Asma Ayaz
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- Department of ChemistryPakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Science (PIEAS) Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Saraj Bahadur
- Department of Plant SciencesQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
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48
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Esfandani-Bozchaloyi S, Zaman W. Taxonomic significance of macro and micro-morphology of Geranium L. species Using Scanning Electron Microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 2018; 81:1520-1532. [PMID: 30451350 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Macro and micromorphology of different parts that is, sepals, petals, flowers, indumentum, and leaf shape of 22 Geranium L. taxa from Iran were studied. These taxa representing the eight sections of the genus as sect. Dissecta, sect. Geranium, and sect. Tuberosa (of subgen. Geranium); sect. Batrachioidea, sect. Divaricata, sect. Lucida, sect. Ruberta and sect. Trilopha (of subgen. Robertium), that were collected from different geographical habitats of Iran. The biometric study involved 27 quantitative and 33 qualitative characters which were studied by use of stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Statistical analyses were done by use of PAST software. Principal Component Analysis defined the most variable characters. Results showed that the diagnostic features were; length, width, apex of sepals, petals, trichomes type in pedicles and sepals along with their density, the shape length and width of leaves. In general, the present study revealed that the species could be differentiated by macro and micro-morphological characters. Taxa of two subgenera were clearly separated based on selected characters. These characters were found useful for the taxonomic identification and species delimitation in almost all taxa studied at the sub generic level, although some species of section Geranium and section Dissecta are mixed and nested in both subgenea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wajid Zaman
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Ahmad M, Zafar M, Sultana S, Ahmad M, Abbas Q, Ayoub M, Bahadur S, Ullah F. Identification of green energy ranunculaceous flora of district Chitral, Northern Pakistan using pollen features through scanning electron microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 2018; 81:1004-1016. [PMID: 30303585 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Pollen micro-morphological features have proven to be helpful for the plant taxonomists in the identification and classification of plants. The utilization of this plantmayhelpfulin the areas of lignocellulosic conversion to biofuels and diversify application toward biomass. The current study was planned with the aim to evaluate the pollen features of complex Ranunculaceous flora of District Chitral, Northern Pakistan using both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Light Microscope (LM) for their taxonomic importance. Pollens of 18 Ranunculaceous species belonging to 6 genera were collected from different localities of the research area. SEM and LM were used to examine both qualitative and quantitative micro-morphological features. Sculptring of the sexine include; Scabrate, psilate, echinate, verrucate, perforate gemmate, and reticulate and so forth. Shape of the pollens was sub-spheroidal, spheroidal, prolate, subprolate and oblate and so forth. Type of pollen was ranged from mono to tricolpate and tricolporate. Quantitative characters include length/width of the pollen, colpus, exine thickness, and P/E ratio. Based on these micro-morphological features a taxonomic key was prepared for the fast and correct identification. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT: Study of the pollen micro-morphological features of Ranunculaceous species by SEM and LM. Analysing both qualitative and quantitative characters of the pollens. Preparation of taxonomic key based on micro-morphological features for the correct and fast identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manzoor Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Sultana
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Qamar Abbas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Karakoram International University, Gilgit, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ayoub
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University Technologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia.,Center for biofuel and Biochemical Research (CBBR), Institute of Self-sustainable building, Seri Iskandar, Perak, 32610, Malaysia
| | - Saraj Bahadur
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fazal Ullah
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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