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Boyette JL, Bell RC, Fujita MK, Thomas KN, Streicher JW, Gower DJ, Schott RK. Diversity and Molecular Evolution of Nonvisual Opsin Genes across Environmental, Developmental, and Morphological Adaptations in Frogs. Mol Biol Evol 2024; 41:msae090. [PMID: 38736374 PMCID: PMC11181710 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msae090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Nonvisual opsins are transmembrane proteins expressed in the eyes and other tissues of many animals. When paired with a light-sensitive chromophore, nonvisual opsins form photopigments involved in various nonvisual, light-detection functions including circadian rhythm regulation, light-seeking behaviors, and seasonal responses. Here, we investigate the molecular evolution of nonvisual opsin genes in anuran amphibians (frogs and toads). We test several evolutionary hypotheses including the predicted loss of nonvisual opsins due to nocturnal ancestry and potential functional differences in nonvisual opsins resulting from environmental light variation across diverse anuran ecologies. Using whole-eye transcriptomes of 81 species, combined with genomes, multitissue transcriptomes, and independently annotated genes from an additional 21 species, we identify which nonvisual opsins are present in anuran genomes and those that are also expressed in the eyes, compare selective constraint among genes, and test for potential adaptive evolution by comparing selection between discrete ecological classes. At the genomic level, we recovered all 18 ancestral vertebrate nonvisual opsins, indicating that anurans demonstrate the lowest documented amount of opsin gene loss among ancestrally nocturnal tetrapods. We consistently found expression of 14 nonvisual opsins in anuran eyes and detected positive selection in a subset of these genes. We also found shifts in selective constraint acting on nonvisual opsins in frogs with differing activity periods, habitats, distributions, life histories, and pupil shapes, which may reflect functional adaptation. Although many nonvisual opsins remain poorly understood, these findings provide insight into the diversity and evolution of these genes across anurans, filling an important gap in our understanding of vertebrate opsins and setting the stage for future research on their functional evolution across taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Boyette
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
- Department of Biology, Berry College, Rome, GA, USA
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USA
- Department of Herpetology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rayna C Bell
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USA
- Department of Herpetology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew K Fujita
- Department of Biology, Amphibian and Reptile Diversity Research Center, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Kate N Thomas
- Department of Biology, Amphibian and Reptile Diversity Research Center, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
- Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | | | | | - Ryan K Schott
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USA
- Department of Biology & Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Liu-Fu S, Pan JQ, Sun JF, Shen X, Jiang DL, Ouyang HJ, Xu DN, Tian YB, Huang YM. Effect of immunization against OPN5 on the reproductive performance in Shan Partridge ducks under different photoperiods. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103413. [PMID: 38442558 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Photoperiod is an important environmental factor that influences seasonal reproduction behavior in birds. Birds translate photoperiodic information into neuroendocrine signals through deep brain photoreceptors (DBPs). OPN5 has been considered candidate DBPs involved in regulating seasonal reproduction in birds. We found that OPN5 could mediate light to regulate the follicle development in ducks. In this study, we further verified the effect of OPN5 on follicular development in Shan Partridge ducks by immunizing against the extracellular domain (ECD) of OPN5. We investigated the specific regulatory mechanism of photoperiod mediated by OPN5 on the reproductive activity of ducks. The trial randomly divided 120 Shan Partridge ducks into 3 groups with different treatments: the immunization of OPN5 group was done at d0, d15, d30, and d40 with 1 mL of vaccine containing OPN5 protein (thus containing 1, 1, 0.5, and 0.5 mg of OPN5-KLH protein), and the control group (CS and CL groups) was injected at the same time with the same dose of OPN5-uncontained blank vaccine. The group of CS (900 lux), OPN5 (600 lux), and CL (600 lux) lasted for 40 d in 12 L:12 D photoperiods, respectively. Then, the groups of CS, OPN5, and CL subsequently received 12 L:12 D, 12 L:12 D, and 17 L:7 D light treatments for 33 d, respectively. The ducks were caged in 3 constant rooms with the same feeding conditions for each group, free water, and limited feeding (150 g per duck each day). Duck serum and tissue samples were collected at d 40, d 62, and d 73 (n = 12). It was found that before prolonged light, the group of immunization (group OPN5) and the group of strong light intensity (group CS) were higher than the group of CL in egg production. Subsequent to prolonged light, the group CL in egg production rose about the same as the group immunization, while the strong light group (group CS) was lower. Group OPN5 increased the ovarian index of ducks, and both the immunization of group OPN5 and group CL (extended light) increased the thickness of the granular layer and promoted the secretion of E2, P4, LH, and PRL hormones. Compared with group CS, group CL and OPN5 increased the mRNA level and protein expression of OPN5 in the hypothalamus on d 62 and d 73 (P < 0.05). The gene or protein expression patterns of GnRH, TRH, TSHβ, DIO2, THRβ, VIP, and PRL were positively correlated with OPN5, whereas the gene expression patterns of GnIH and DIO3 were negatively correlated with OPN5. The results showed that immunization against OPN5 could activate the corresponding transmembrane receptors to promote the expression of OPN5, up-regulate the expression of TSHβ and DIO2, and then regulate the HPG axis-related genes to facilitate the follicular development of Shan Partridge ducks. In addition, in this experiment, prolonging the photoperiod or enhancing the light intensity could also enhance follicle development, but the effect was not as significant as immunizing against OPN5. Our results will offer beneficial data and more supportive shreds of evidence in favor of elucidating the role of OPN5 in relation to photoperiods and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sui Liu-Fu
- Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Jian-Qiu Pan
- Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Jun-Feng Sun
- Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Xu Shen
- Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Dan-Li Jiang
- Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Hong-Jia Ouyang
- Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Dan-Ning Xu
- Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Yun-Bo Tian
- Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yun-Mao Huang
- Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Mat A, Vu HH, Wolf E, Tessmar-Raible K. All Light, Everywhere? Photoreceptors at Nonconventional Sites. Physiology (Bethesda) 2024; 39:0. [PMID: 37905983 PMCID: PMC11283901 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00017.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the biggest environmental alterations we have made to our species is the change in the exposure to light. During the day, we typically sit behind glass windows illuminated by artificial light that is >400 times dimmer and has a very different spectrum than natural daylight. On the opposite end are the nights that are now lit up by several orders of magnitude. This review aims to provide food for thought as to why this matters for humans and other animals. Evidence from behavioral neuroscience, physiology, chronobiology, and molecular biology is increasingly converging on the conclusions that the biological nonvisual functions of light and photosensory molecules are highly complex. The initial work of von Frisch on extraocular photoreceptors in fish, the identification of rhodopsins as the molecular light receptors in animal eyes and eye-like structures and cryptochromes as light sensors in nonmammalian chronobiology, still allowed for the impression that light reception would be a relatively restricted, localized sense in most animals. However, light-sensitive processes and/or sensory proteins have now been localized to many different cell types and tissues. It might be necessary to consider nonlight-responding cells as the exception, rather than the rule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Mat
- Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
- VIPS2, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hong Ha Vu
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Eva Wolf
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kristin Tessmar-Raible
- Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Carl-von-Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany
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McElroy KE, Audino JA, Serb JM. Molluscan Genomes Reveal Extensive Differences in Photopigment Evolution Across the Phylum. Mol Biol Evol 2023; 40:msad263. [PMID: 38039155 PMCID: PMC10733189 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msad263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In animals, opsins and cryptochromes are major protein families that transduce light signals when bound to light-absorbing chromophores. Opsins are involved in various light-dependent processes, like vision, and have been co-opted for light-independent sensory modalities. Cryptochromes are important photoreceptors in animals, generally regulating circadian rhythm, they belong to a larger protein family with photolyases, which repair UV-induced DNA damage. Mollusks are great animals to explore questions about light sensing as eyes have evolved multiple times across, and within, taxonomic classes. We used molluscan genome assemblies from 80 species to predict protein sequences and examine gene family evolution using phylogenetic approaches. We found extensive opsin family expansion and contraction, particularly in bivalve xenopsins and gastropod Go-opsins, while other opsins, like retinochrome, rarely duplicate. Bivalve and gastropod lineages exhibit fluctuations in opsin repertoire, with cephalopods having the fewest number of opsins and loss of at least 2 major opsin types. Interestingly, opsin expansions are not limited to eyed species, and the highest opsin content was seen in eyeless bivalves. The dynamic nature of opsin evolution is quite contrary to the general lack of diversification in mollusk cryptochromes, though some taxa, including cephalopods and terrestrial gastropods, have reduced repertoires of both protein families. We also found complete loss of opsins and cryptochromes in multiple, but not all, deep-sea species. These results help set the stage for connecting genomic changes, including opsin family expansion and contraction, with differences in environmental, and biological features across Mollusca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle E McElroy
- Ecology, Evolutionary, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jorge A Audino
- Ecology, Evolutionary, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- Department of Zoology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jeanne M Serb
- Ecology, Evolutionary, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Man LLH, Storey SS, Bertolesi GE, McFarlane S. Cell-type expression and activation by light of neuropsins in the developing and mature Xenopus retina. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1266945. [PMID: 37799826 PMCID: PMC10547888 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1266945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Photosensitive opsins detect light and perform image- or nonimage-forming tasks. Opsins such as the "classical" visual opsins and melanopsin are well studied. However, the retinal expression and functions of a novel family of neuropsins are poorly understood. We explored the developmental time-course and cell-type specificity of neuropsin (opn5, 6a, 6b, and 8) expression in Xenopus laevis by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. We compared the Xenopus results with publicly available single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data from zebrafish, chicken, and mouse. Additionally, we analyzed light-activation of neuropsin-expressing cells through induction of c-fos mRNA. opn5 and opn8 expression begins at stage 37/38 when the retinal circuits begin to be activated. Once retinal circuits connect to the brain, opn5 mRNA is distributed across multiple retinal cell types, including bipolar (~70%-75%), amacrine (~10%), and retinal ganglion (~20%) cells, with opn8 present in amacrine (~70%) and retinal ganglion (~30%) cells. opn6a and opn6b mRNAs emerge in newborn-photoreceptors (stage 35), and are colocalized in rods and cones by stage 37/38. Interestingly, in the mature larval retina (stage 43/44), opn6a and opn6b mRNAs become preferentially localized to rods and cones, respectively, while newborn photoreceptors bordering the proliferative ciliary marginal zone express both genes. In zebrafish, opn6a and opn6b are also expressed in photoreceptors, while Müller glia and amacrine cells express opn8c. Most neuropsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells display c-fos expression in response to light, as do over half of the neuropsin-expressing interneurons. This study gave a better understanding of retinal neuropsin-expressing cells, their developmental onset, and light activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gabriel E. Bertolesi
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sarah McFarlane
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Andrabi M, Upton BA, Lang RA, Vemaraju S. An Expanding Role for Nonvisual Opsins in Extraocular Light Sensing Physiology. Annu Rev Vis Sci 2023; 9:245-267. [PMID: 37196422 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-100820-094018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We live on a planet that is bathed in daily and seasonal sunlight cycles. In this context, terrestrial life forms have evolved mechanisms that directly harness light energy (plants) or decode light information for adaptive advantage. In animals, the main light sensors are a family of G protein-coupled receptors called opsins. Opsin function is best described for the visual sense. However, most animals also use opsins for extraocular light sensing for seasonal behavior and camouflage. While it has long been believed that mammals do not have an extraocular light sensing capacity, recent evidence suggests otherwise. Notably, encephalopsin (OPN3) and neuropsin (OPN5) are both known to mediate extraocular light sensing in mice. Examples of this mediation include photoentrainment of circadian clocks in skin (by OPN5) and acute light-dependent regulation of metabolic pathways (by OPN3 and OPN5). This review summarizes current findings in the expanding field of extraocular photoreception and their relevance for human physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutahar Andrabi
- The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; ,
- Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Brian A Upton
- The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; ,
- Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Richard A Lang
- The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; ,
- Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Shruti Vemaraju
- The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; ,
- Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Fujiyabu C, Sato K, Ohuchi H, Yamashita T. Diversification processes of teleost intron-less opsin genes. J Biol Chem 2023:104899. [PMID: 37295773 PMCID: PMC10339062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Opsins are universal photosensitive proteins in animals. Vertebrates have a variety of opsin genes for visual and non-visual photoreceptions. Analysis of the gene structures shows that most opsin genes have introns in their coding regions. However, teleosts exceptionally have several intron-less opsin genes which are presumed to have been duplicated by an RNA-based gene duplication mechanism, retroduplication. Among these retrogenes, we focused on the Opn4 (melanopsin) gene responsible for non-image-forming photoreception. Many teleosts have five Opn4 genes including one intron-less gene, which is speculated to have been formed from a parental intron-containing gene in the Actinopterygii. In this study, to reveal the evolutionary history of Opn4 genes, we analyzed them in teleost (zebrafish and medaka) and non-teleost (bichir, sturgeon and gar) fishes. Our synteny analysis suggests that the intron-less Opn4 gene emerged by retroduplication after branching of the bichir lineage. In addition, our biochemical and histochemical analyses showed that, in the teleost lineage, the newly acquired intron-less Opn4 gene became abundantly used without substantial changes of the molecular properties of the Opn4 protein. This stepwise evolutionary model of Opn4 genes is quite similar to that of rhodopsin genes in the Actinopterygii. The unique acquisition of rhodopsin and Opn4 retrogenes would have contributed to the diversification of the opsin gene repertoires in the Actinopterygii and the adaptation of teleosts to various aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Fujiyabu
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Keita Sato
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hideyo Ohuchi
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamashita
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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Pérez JH, Tolla E, Bishop VR, Foster RG, Peirson SN, Dunn IC, Meddle SL, Stevenson TJ. Functional inhibition of deep brain non-visual opsins facilitates acute long day induction of reproductive recrudescence in male Japanese quail. Horm Behav 2023; 148:105298. [PMID: 36621293 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2022.105298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
For nearly a century, we have known that brain photoreceptors regulate avian seasonal biology. Two photopigments, vertebrate ancient opsin (VA) and neuropsin (OPN5), provide possible molecular substrates for these photoreceptor pathways. VA fulfills many criteria for providing light input to the reproductive response, but a functional link has yet to be demonstrated. This study examined the role of VA and OPN5 in the avian photoperiodic response of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Non-breeding male quail were housed under short days (6L:18D) and received an intracerebroventricular infusion of adeno-associated viral vectors with shRNAi that selectively inhibited either VA or OPN5. An empty viral vector acted as a control. Quail were then photostimulated (16L:8D) to stimulate gonadal growth. Two long days significantly increased pituitary thyrotrophin-stimulating hormone β-subunit (TSHβ) and luteinizing hormone β-subunit (LHβ) mRNA of VA shRNAi treated quail compared to controls. Furthermore, at one week there was a significant increase, compared to controls, in both hypothalamic gonadotrophin releasing hormone-I (GnRH-I) mRNA and paired testicular mass in VA shRNAi birds. Opn5 shRNAi facilitated the photoinduced increase in TSHβ mRNA at 2 days, but no other differences were identified compared to controls. Contrary to our expectations, the silencing of deep brain photoreceptors enhanced the response of the reproductive axis to photostimulation rather than preventing it. In addition, we show that VA opsin plays a dominant role in the light-dependent neuroendocrine control of seasonal reproduction in birds. Together our findings suggest the photoperiodic response involves at least two photoreceptor types and populations working together with VA opsin playing a dominant role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Pérez
- Biology Department, The University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA.
| | - Elisabetta Tolla
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie R Bishop
- The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Russell G Foster
- Sir Jules Thorn Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart N Peirson
- Sir Jules Thorn Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Ian C Dunn
- The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Simone L Meddle
- The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Tyler J Stevenson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Zhang Q, Wu Y, Li W, Wang J, Zhou H, Zhang L, Liu Q, Ying L, Yan H. Retinal development and the expression profiles of opsin genes during larval development in Takifugu rubripes. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2023; 102:380-394. [PMID: 36371656 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The light-sensitive capacity of fish larvae is determined by the structure of the retina and the opsins expressed in the retinal and nonretinal photoreceptors. In this study, the retinal structure and expression of opsin genes during the early developmental stage of Takifugu rubripes larvae were investigated. Histological examination showed that at 1 days after hatching (dah), seven layers were observed in the retina of T. rubripes larva, including the pigment epithelial layer [retinal pigment epithelium layer (RPE)], photoreceptor layer (PRos/is), outer nuclear layer (ONL), outer plexiform layer (OPL), inner nuclear layer (INL), inner plexiform layer (IPL) and ganglion cell layer (GCL). At 2 dah, optic fibre layer (OFL) can be observed, and all eight layers were visible in the retina. By measuring the thickness of each layer, opposing developmental trends were found in the thickness of ONL, OPL, INL, IPL, GCL and OFL. The nuclear density of ONL, INL and GCL and the ratios of ONL/INL, ONL/GCL and INL/GCL were also measured and the ratio of ONL/GCL ranged from 1.9 at 2 dah to 3.4 at 8 dah and no significant difference was observed between the different developmental stages (P > 0.05). No significant difference was observed for the INL/GCL ratio between the different developmental stages, which ranged from 1.2 at 2 dah to 2.0 at 18 dah (P > 0.05). The results of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed that the expression of RH1, LWS, RH2-1, RH2-2, SWS2, rod opsin, opsin3 and opsin5 could be detected from 1 dah. These results suggest that the well-developed retina and early expression of the opsins of T. rubripes during the period of transition from endogenous to mixed feeding might be critical for vision-based survival skills during the early life stages after hatching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (Dalian Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
| | - Yumeng Wu
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (Dalian Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
| | - Weiyuan Li
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (Dalian Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (Dalian Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
| | - Huiting Zhou
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (Dalian Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (Dalian Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (Dalian Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
| | - Liu Ying
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (Dalian Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
| | - Hongwei Yan
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (Dalian Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
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Eilertsen M, Dolan DWP, Bolton CM, Karlsen R, Davies WIL, Edvardsen RB, Furmanek T, Sveier H, Migaud H, Helvik JV. Photoreception and transcriptomic response to light during early development of a teleost with a life cycle tightly controlled by seasonal changes in photoperiod. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010529. [PMID: 36508414 PMCID: PMC9744326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Light cues vary along the axis of periodicity, intensity and spectrum and perception of light is dependent on the photoreceptive capacity encoded within the genome and the opsins expressed. A global approach was taken to analyze the photoreceptive capacity and the effect of differing light conditions on a developing teleost prior to first feeding. The transcriptomes of embryos and alevins of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) exposed to different light conditions were analyzed, including a developmental series and a circadian profile. The results showed that genes mediating nonvisual photoreception are present prior to hatching when the retina is poorly differentiated. The clock genes were expressed early, but the circadian profile showed that only two clock genes were significantly cycling before first feeding. Few genes were differentially expressed between day and night within a light condition; however, many genes were significantly different between light conditions, indicating that light environment has an impact on the transcriptome during early development. Comparing the transcriptome data from constant conditions to periodicity of white light or different colors revealed overrepresentation of genes related to photoreception, eye development, muscle contraction, degradation of metabolites and cell cycle among others, and in constant light, several clock genes were upregulated. In constant white light and periodicity of green light, genes associated with DNA replication, chromatin remodeling, cell division and DNA repair were downregulated. The study implies a direct influence of light conditions on the transcriptome profile at early developmental stages, by a complex photoreceptive system where few clock genes are cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariann Eilertsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail: (ME); (JVH)
| | | | - Charlotte M. Bolton
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Rita Karlsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Wayne I. L. Davies
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- School of Life Sciences, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Herve Migaud
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Vidar Helvik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail: (ME); (JVH)
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11
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Pérez JH. Light receptors in the avian brain and seasonal reproduction. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 337:985-993. [PMID: 36052512 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Detection and transduction of photic cues by nonvisual photoreceptors, located in the deep brain, is a critical component of timing seasonal reproduction in birds. However, the precise identity of the photoreceptors responsible for detection of salient photic cues remains uncertain and debated. Here I review of the existing evidence for each of the three candidate photoreceptive opsins: Vertebrate Ancient Opsin, Melanopsin, and Neuropsin, including localization, action spectrum, and data from experimental manipulation of opsin expression. These findings are compared to an updated list of key criteria established in the literature as a litmus for classifying an opsin as the "breeding photoreceptor." Integrating evidence for each of the candidate photoreceptors with respect to these criteria reveals support for all three opsins in regulation of seasonal reproduction. Taken together these findings strongly suggest that transduction of seasonal photoperiodic information involves the activity of multiple photoreceptor types and populations functioning in concert. This review also highlights the need to shift attention from simply identifying "the breeding photoreceptor" to a more integrative approach aiming to parse the contribution of specific photoreceptor populations within the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Pérez
- Department of Biology, The University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
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12
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Salgado D, Mariluz BR, Araujo M, Lorena J, Perez LN, Ribeiro RDL, Sousa JDF, Schneider PN. Light-induced shifts in opsin gene expression in the four-eyed fish Anableps anableps. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:995469. [PMID: 36248668 PMCID: PMC9556854 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.995469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the vertebrate eye is a complex process orchestrated by several conserved transcriptional and signaling regulators. Aside from partial or complete loss, examples of exceptional modifications to this intricate organ are scarce. The unique eye of the four-eyed fish Anableps anableps is composed of duplicated corneas and pupils, as well as specialized retina regions associated with simultaneous aerial and aquatic vision. In a previous transcriptomic study of the A. anableps developing eye we identified expression of twenty non-visual and eleven visual opsin genes. Here, we surveyed the expression territories of three non-visual melanopsins genes (opn4×1, opn4×2, opn4m3), one teleost multiple tissue opsin (tmt1b) and two visual opsins (lws and rh2-1) in dorsal and ventral retinas. Our data showed that asymmetry of non-visual opsin expression is only established after birth. During embryonic development, while inside pregnant females, the expression of opn4×1, opn4×2, and tmt1b spans the whole retina. In juvenile fish (post birth), the expression of opn4×1, opn4×2, opn4m3, and tmt1b genes becomes restricted to the ventral retina, which receives aerial light. Raising juvenile fish in clear water instead of the murky waters found in its natural habitat is sufficient to change gene expression territories of opn4×1, opn4×2, opn4m3, tmt1b, and rh2-1, demonstrating that different lighting conditions can shift opsin expression and potentially contribute to changes in spectral sensitivity in the four eyed fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Salgado
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Bertha R. Mariluz
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Maysa Araujo
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Jamily Lorena
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Louise N. Perez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | | | - Josane de F. Sousa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Patricia N. Schneider
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
- *Correspondence: Patricia N. Schneider,
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13
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Whole genome assembly of the armored loricariid catfish Ancistrus triradiatus highlights herbivory signatures. Mol Genet Genomics 2022; 297:1627-1642. [PMID: 36006456 PMCID: PMC9596584 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-022-01947-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The catfish Ancistrus triradiatus belongs to the species-rich family Loricariidae. Loricariids display remarkable traits such as herbivory, a benthic lifestyle, the absence of scales but the presence of dermal bony plates. They are exported as ornamental fish worldwide, with escaped fishes becoming a threat locally. Although genetic and phylogenetic studies are continuously increasing and developmental genetic investigations are underway, no genome assembly has been formally proposed for Loricariidae yet. We report a high-quality genome assembly of Ancistrus triradiatus using long and short reads, and a newly assembled transcriptome. The genome assembly is composed of 9530 scaffolds, including 85.6% of ray-finned fish BUSCOs, and 26,885 predicted protein-coding genes. The genomic GC content is higher than in other catfishes, reflecting the higher metabolism associated with herbivory. The examination of the SCPP gene family indicates that the genes presumably triggering scale loss when absent, are present in the scaleless A. triradiatus, questioning their explanatory role. The analysis of the opsin gene repertoire revealed that gene losses associated to the nocturnal lifestyle of catfishes were not entirely found in A. triradiatus, as the UV-sensitive opsin 5 is present. Finally, most gene family expansions were related to immunity except the gamma crystallin gene family which controls pupil shape and sub-aquatic vision. Thus, the genome of A. triradiatus reveals that fish herbivory may be related to the photic zone habitat, conditions metabolism, photoreception and visual functions. This genome is the first for the catfish suborder Loricarioidei and will serve as backbone for future genetic, developmental and conservation studies.
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14
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Liufu S, Pan J, Sun J, Shen X, Jiang D, Ouyang H, Xu D, Tian Y, Huang Y. OPN5 Regulating Mechanism of Follicle Development Through the TSH-DIO2/DIO3 Pathway in Mountain Ducks Under Different Photoperiods. Front Physiol 2022; 13:813881. [PMID: 35733985 PMCID: PMC9208676 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.813881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract: Photoperiod is an important environmental factor that influence seasonal reproduction behavior in bird. Birds translates photoperiodic information into neuroendocrine signals through deep brain photoreceptors (DBPs). OPN5 has been considered as candidate DBPs involving in regulation of seasonal reproduction in birds. However, little is known about the effect of OPN5 in non-seasonal breeding birds. Thus, we pondered on whether OPN5 regulating follicular development through TSH-DIO2/DIO3 system responds to different photoperiods in non-seasonal laying ducks. As an ideal non-seasonal breeding bird, a total of 120 mountain ducks were randomly divided into three groups and treated respectively to a different photoperiod: group S (8 L:16D), group C (17 L:7D), and group L (24 L:0D). The ducks were caged in a fully enclosed shelter with the same feeding conditions for each group, free water and limited feeding (150 g per duck each day). Samples were collected from each group at d 0, d 5, d 8, d 20, and d 35 (n = 8). The ducks in 24 h photoperiod had the highest laying rate and the lowest feed-to-egg ratio, while the ducks in 8 h photoperiod had the lowest laying rate and the highest feed-to-egg ratio. Long-day photoperiod for 24 h significantly increased the ovarian index and GnRH, LH, E2, and P4 levels in serum; short-day photoperiod for 8 h increased testosterone levels in serum. Compared with 8 h photoperiod, long-day photoperiod significantly or highly significantly increased the mRNA level and protein expression of OPN5 in the hypothalamus of long-day photoperiod on d 35 (p < 0.05). The gene or protein expression patterns of GnRH, TRH, TSHβ, DIO2, THRβ, VIP, and PRL were positively correlated with OPN5, whereas the gene expression patterns of GnIH and DI O 3 were negatively correlated with OPN5. The results revealed that OPN5 mediated the effect of light on follicular development through the TSH-DIO2/DIO3 pathway, the expression of OPN5 increased with light duration and improved the efficiency of the HPG axis to promote follicular development in mountain ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sui Liufu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianqiu Pan
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junfeng Sun
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Shen
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danli Jiang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongjia Ouyang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danning Xu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunbo Tian
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yunbo Tian, ; Yunmao Huang,
| | - Yunmao Huang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yunbo Tian, ; Yunmao Huang,
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15
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Abstract
Opsins, the protein moieties of animal visual photo-pigments, have emerged as moonlighting proteins with diverse, light-dependent and -independent physiological functions. This raises the need to revise some basic assumptions concerning opsin expression, structure, classification, and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Feuda
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, UK
| | - Anant K Menon
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College New York, USA
| | - Martin C Göpfert
- University of Göttingen, Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Germany
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16
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Liang Q, Afriyie G, Chen Z, Xu Z, Dong Z, Guo Y, Wang Z. Analysis of opsin gene family of Crimson snapper (Lutjanus erythropterus). Gene 2022; 807:145960. [PMID: 34509581 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Opsin is a fellow of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) superfamily. It can be divided into visual and non-visual opsin according to whether it is directly involved in visual imaging. Opsin plays an important role in visual image formation and the regulation of non-image forming functions such as circadian entrainment in the growth, development and evolution of fish. Crimson snapper belongs to Perciforme mainly found in the Indo-West Pacific and the South China Sea. It is one of the most influential economic fishes in the South China Sea. In order to study the existence and expression of opsin gene in Crimson snapper, we sequenced the genome and tissue sample transcriptome of Crimson snapper. In this study, 32 opsin genes were identified from the genome of Crimson snapper. The length of these genes ranged from 1061 bp to 86203 bp and were distributed on 15 different chromosomes. The analysis of opsin gene family of Crimson snapper showed that the sws2 had two extra copies as compared with that of Zebrafish. Domain and motif analysis revealed that all the 32 opsin genes have seven-(pass)-transmembrane domain receptors (7TM receptors) each, and the opsin family contained 10 common motifs. The expression level of opsin gene, confirmed by RT-qPCR, was analyzed by using nine tissues transcriptome databases of Crimson snapper. The results showed that almost all opsin genes were highly expressed in the retina and brain, except opn7a and opn7b which were expressed in intestine and red skin, and almost no expression in other tissues. Our results provide a comprehensive basic knowledge for the opsin gene family of Crimson snapper, which has significance for the study of the function of opsin in Lutjanidaes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiulu Liang
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524025, China
| | - Gyamfua Afriyie
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524025, China
| | - Zizhao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524025, China
| | - Zhenmin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524025, China
| | - Zhongdian Dong
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524025, China
| | - Yusong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524025, China.
| | - Zhongduo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524025, China.
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17
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Zekoll T, Waldherr M, Tessmar-Raible K. Characterization of tmt-opsin2 in Medaka Fish Provides Insight Into the Interplay of Light and Temperature for Behavioral Regulation. Front Physiol 2021; 12:726941. [PMID: 34744767 PMCID: PMC8569850 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.726941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the big challenges in the study of animal behavior is to combine molecular-level questions of functional genetics with meaningful combinations of environmental stimuli. Light and temperature are important external cues, influencing the behaviors of organisms. Thus, understanding the combined effect of light and temperature changes on wild-type vs. genetically modified animals is a first step to understand the role of individual genes in the ability of animals to cope with changing environments. Many behavioral traits can be extrapolated from behavioral tests performed from automated motion tracking combined with machine learning. Acquired datasets, typically complex and large, can be challenging for subsequent quantitative analyses. In this study, we investigate medaka behavior of tmt-opsin2 mutants vs. corresponding wild-types under different light and temperature conditions using automated tracking combined with a convolutional neuronal network and a Hidden Markov model-based approach. The temperatures in this study can occur in summer vs. late spring/early autumn in the natural habitat of medaka fish. Under summer-like temperature, tmt-opsin2 mutants did not exhibit changes in overall locomotion, consistent with previous observations. However, detailed analyses of fish position revealed that the tmt-opsin2 mutants spent more time in central locations of the dish, possibly because of decreased anxiety. Furthermore, a clear difference in location and overall movement was obvious between the mutant and wild-types under colder conditions. These data indicate a role of tmt-opsin2 in behavioral adjustment, at least in part possibly depending on the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Zekoll
- Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
- Research Platform “Rhythms of Life, ” University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Waldherr
- Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
- Research Platform “Rhythms of Life, ” University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristin Tessmar-Raible
- Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
- Research Platform “Rhythms of Life, ” University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
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18
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Non-visual Opsins and Novel Photo-Detectors in the Vertebrate Inner Retina Mediate Light Responses Within the Blue Spectrum Region. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 42:59-83. [PMID: 33231827 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00997-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, a number of novel non-visual opsin photopigments belonging to the family of G protein- coupled receptors, likely involved in a number of non-image-forming processes, have been identified and characterized in cells of the inner retina of vertebrates. It is now known that the vertebrate retina is composed of visual photoreceptor cones and rods responsible for diurnal/color and nocturnal/black and white vision, and cells like the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) and photosensitive horizontal cells in the inner retina, both detecting blue light and expressing the photopigment melanopsin (Opn4). Remarkably, these non-visual photopigments can continue to operate even in the absence of vision under retinal degeneration. Moreover, inner retinal neurons and Müller glial cells have been shown to express other photopigments such as the photoisomerase retinal G protein-coupled receptor (RGR), encephalopsin (Opn3), and neuropsin (Opn5), all able to detect blue/violet light and implicated in chromophore recycling, retinal clock synchronization, neuron-to-glia communication, and other activities. The discovery of these new photopigments in the inner retina of vertebrates is strong evidence of novel light-regulated activities. This review focuses on the features, localization, photocascade, and putative functions of these novel non-visual opsins in an attempt to shed light on their role in the inner retina of vertebrates and in the physiology of the whole organism.
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19
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Yamaguchi K, Koyanagi M, Kuraku S. Visual and nonvisual opsin genes of sharks and other nonosteichthyan vertebrates: Genomic exploration of underwater photoreception. J Evol Biol 2020; 34:968-976. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Yamaguchi
- Laboratory for Phyloinformatics RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR) Kobe Japan
| | - Mitsumasa Koyanagi
- Department of Biology and Geosciences Graduate School of Science Osaka City University Osaka Japan
| | - Shigehiro Kuraku
- Laboratory for Phyloinformatics RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR) Kobe Japan
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20
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Hart NS, Lamb TD, Patel HR, Chuah A, Natoli RC, Hudson NJ, Cutmore SC, Davies WIL, Collin SP, Hunt DM. Visual Opsin Diversity in Sharks and Rays. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 37:811-827. [PMID: 31770430 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The diversity of color vision systems found in extant vertebrates suggests that different evolutionary selection pressures have driven specializations in photoreceptor complement and visual pigment spectral tuning appropriate for an animal's behavior, habitat, and life history. Aquatic vertebrates in particular show high variability in chromatic vision and have become important models for understanding the role of color vision in prey detection, predator avoidance, and social interactions. In this study, we examined the capacity for chromatic vision in elasmobranch fishes, a group that have received relatively little attention to date. We used microspectrophotometry to measure the spectral absorbance of the visual pigments in the outer segments of individual photoreceptors from several ray and shark species, and we sequenced the opsin mRNAs obtained from the retinas of the same species, as well as from additional elasmobranch species. We reveal the phylogenetically widespread occurrence of dichromatic color vision in rays based on two cone opsins, RH2 and LWS. We also confirm that all shark species studied to date appear to be cone monochromats but report that in different species the single cone opsin may be of either the LWS or the RH2 class. From this, we infer that cone monochromacy in sharks has evolved independently on multiple occasions. Together with earlier discoveries in secondarily aquatic marine mammals, this suggests that cone-based color vision may be of little use for large marine predators, such as sharks, pinnipeds, and cetaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan S Hart
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Trevor D Lamb
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Hardip R Patel
- Department of Genome Sciences, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Aaron Chuah
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Riccardo C Natoli
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Hudson
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Scott C Cutmore
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Wayne I L Davies
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine (UCMM), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Shaun P Collin
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - David M Hunt
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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21
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Comparative eye and liver differentially expressed genes reveal monochromatic vision and cancer resistance in the shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus). Genomics 2020; 112:4817-4826. [PMID: 32890699 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The shortfin mako, Isurus oxyrinchus is an oceanic pelagic shark found worldwide in tropical and subtropical waters. However, the understanding of its biology at molecular level is still incipient. We sequenced the messenger RNA isolated from eye and liver tissues. De novo transcriptome yielded a total of 705,940 transcripts. A total of 3774 genes were differentially expressed (DEGs), with 1612 in the eye and 2162 in the liver. Most DEGs in the eye were related to structural and signaling functions, including nonocular and ocular opsin genes, whereas nine out of ten most overexpressed genes in the liver were related to tumor suppression, wound healing, and human diseases. Furthermore, DEGs findings provide insights on the monochromatic shark vision and a repertory of cancer-related genes, which may be insightful to elucidate shark resistance to cancer. Therefore, our results provide valuable sequence resources for future functional and population studies.
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22
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Byun JH, Hyeon JY, Kim ES, Kim BH, Miyanishi H, Kagawa H, Takeuchi Y, Kim SJ, Takemura A, Hur SP. Gene expression patterns of novel visual and non-visual opsin families in immature and mature Japanese eel males. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8326. [PMID: 32149019 PMCID: PMC7049458 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was carried out to identify and estimate physiological function of a new type of opsin subfamily present in the retina and whole brain tissues of Japanese eel using RNA–Seq transcriptome method. A total of 18 opsin subfamilies were identified through RNA–seq. The visual opsin family included Rh2, SWS2, FWO, DSO, and Exo-Rhod. The non-visual opsin family included four types of melanopsin subfamily (Opn4x1, Opn4x2, Opn4m1, and Opn4m2), peropsin, two types of neuropsin subfamily (Opn5-like, Opn5), Opn3, three types of TMT opsin subfamily (TMT1, 2, 3), VA-opsin, and parapinopsin. In terms of changes in photoreceptor gene expression in the retina of sexually mature and immature male eels, DSO mRNA increased in the maturation group. Analysis of expression of opsin family gene in male eel brain before and after maturation revealed that DSO and SWS2 expression in terms of visual opsin mRNA increased in the sexually mature group. In terms of non-visual opsin mRNA, parapinopsin mRNA increased whereas that of TMT2 decreased in the fore-brain of the sexually mature group. The mRNA for parapinopsin increased in the mid-brain of the sexually mature group, whereas those of TMT1 and TMT3 increased in the hind-brain of the sexually mature group. DSO mRNA also increased in the retina after sexual maturation, and DSO and SWS2 mRNA increased in whole brain part, suggesting that DSO and SWS2 are closely related to sexual maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hwan Byun
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Ji-Yeon Hyeon
- Jeju Research Institute, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Jeju, Jeju, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biology, Jeju National University, Jeju, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Su Kim
- Jeju Research Institute, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Jeju, Jeju, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biology, Jeju National University, Jeju, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Hoon Kim
- Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hiroshi Miyanishi
- Department of Marine Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Kagawa
- Department of Marine Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yuki Takeuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Se-Jae Kim
- Department of Biology, Jeju National University, Jeju, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Akihiro Takemura
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Sung-Pyo Hur
- Jeju Research Institute, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Jeju, Jeju, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biology, Jeju National University, Jeju, Jeju, Republic of Korea
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23
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Kasagi S, Mizusawa K, Takahashi A. The effects of chromatic lights on body color and gene expressions of melanin-concentrating hormone and proopiomelanocortin in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 285:113266. [PMID: 31493394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.113266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the effects of photic environments, such as background color (white and black) and chromatic lights (blue, green, and red), on body color and gene expressions of melanin-concentrating hormone (mch) in the brain and proopiomelanocortin (pomc) in the pituitary, as well as the roles of the eyes and brain as mediators of ambient light to these genes, were examined in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Body color of goldfish exposed to fluorescent light (FL) under white background (WBG) was paler than those under black background (BBG). Gene expression levels for mch and pomc were reciprocally different depending on background color; under WBG, mRNA levels of mch and pomc were high and low, respectively, while under BBG, these levels were reversed. mch and pomc mRNA expressions of the fish exposed to chromatic light from LED were primarily similar to those exposed to FL, while blue light stimulated the expressions of mch and pomc. Ophthalmectomized goldfish exposed to FL or blue light showed minimum expression levels of mch gene, suggesting that eyes are the major mediator of ambient light for mch gene expression. Contrastingly, mRNA expressions of pomc in ophthalmectomized goldfish exposed to FL were different from those of intact goldfish. These results suggest that eyes play a functional role in mediating ambient light to regulate pomc gene expression. Since ophthalmectomy caused an increase in pomc mRNA contents in the fish exposed to blue light, we suggest that the brain is an additional mediator to regulate pomc gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kasagi
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan.
| | - Kanta Mizusawa
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Takahashi
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
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24
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Liu Y, Zhang W, Du X, Liu Y, Qu J, Liu X, Liu J, Zhang Q. Genome-wide identification of nonvisual opsin family reveals amplification of RPE-retinal G protein receptor gene (RGR) and offers novel insights into functions of RGR(s) in Paralichthys olivaceus (Paralichthyidae, Teleostei). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2019; 334:25-36. [PMID: 31743605 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Opsins play important roles in the image-forming visual pathways and numerous biological systems such as the biological clock and circadian rhythm. However, the nonvisual opsins involved in nonimage forming process are not clear to date. The aim of this study was to characterize nonvisual opsins in Paralichthys olivaceus. A total of 24 nonvisual opsin genes were identified. Expressions of these genes in eye, brain, heart, testis, and fin were investigated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Testis contained a surprisingly large number of nonvisual opsins including Opn4m2, Tmt2a, Tmt3b, Opn3, RRH, Opn7a, and Opn7b. Syntenic and phylogenetic analyses confirmed that the RGRa and RGRb originated from the teleost-specific genome duplication (TSGD). qRT-PCR results demonstrated high RGRa and RGRb expression in the eye, while the expression levels in the brain, heart, testis, and fin were relatively weak. In situ hybridization results presented here revealed the presence of both RGRa and RGRb mRNA-positive signals in the ganglion cell layer but absence in the intracellular compartment of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and Müller glial cells. Therefore, we hypothesized that RGRa and RGRb had undergone subfunctionalization in P. olivaceus after TSGD. In conclusion, this study provides novel insights into the evolutionary fates of the RGR genes, still, further studies need to be done to explore the mechanism about the lack of RGR genes' expression in RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuezhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinxin Du
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiangbo Qu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaobing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jinxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Quanqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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25
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Pérez JH, Tolla E, Dunn IC, Meddle SL, Stevenson TJ. A Comparative Perspective on Extra-retinal Photoreception. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:39-53. [PMID: 30522810 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitous in non-mammalian vertebrates, extra-retinal photoreceptors (ERPs) have been linked to an array of physiological, metabolic, behavioral, and morphological changes. However, the mechanisms and functional roles of ERPs remain one of the enduring questions of modern biology. In this review article, we use a comparative framework to identify conserved roles and distributions of ERPs, highlighting knowledge gaps. We conclude that ERP research can be divided into two largely unconnected categories: (i) identification and localization of photoreceptors and (ii) linkage of non-retinal light reception to behavioral and physiological processes, particularly endocrine systems. However, the emergence of novel gene editing and silencing techniques is enabling the unification of ERP research by allowing the bridging of this divide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Pérez
- Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, Scotland; The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland.
| | - Elisabetta Tolla
- Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, Scotland
| | - Ian C Dunn
- The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland
| | - Simone L Meddle
- The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland
| | - Tyler J Stevenson
- Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, Scotland
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26
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Braasch I, Postlethwait JH. The Spotted Gar: Genomic Journeys into a Lost World. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2018; 328:593-595. [PMID: 29059506 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Braasch
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.,Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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27
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Chen JN, Samadi S, Chen WJ. Rhodopsin gene evolution in early teleost fishes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206918. [PMID: 30395593 PMCID: PMC6218077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhodopsin mediates an essential step in image capture and is tightly associated with visual adaptations of aquatic organisms, especially species that live in dim light environments (e.g., the deep sea). The rh1 gene encoding rhodopsin was formerly considered a single-copy gene in genomes of vertebrates, but increasing exceptional cases have been found in teleost fish species. The main objective of this study was to determine to what extent the visual adaptation of teleosts might have been shaped by the duplication and loss of rh1 genes. For that purpose, homologous rh1/rh1-like sequences in genomes of ray-finned fishes from a wide taxonomic range were explored using a PCR-based method, data mining of public genetic/genomic databases, and subsequent phylogenomic analyses of the retrieved sequences. We show that a second copy of the fish-specific intron-less rh1 is present in the genomes of most anguillids (Elopomorpha), Hiodon alosoides (Osteoglossomorpha), and several clupeocephalan lineages. The phylogenetic analysis and comparisons of alternative scenarios for putative events of gene duplication and loss suggested that fish rh1 was likely duplicated twice during the early evolutionary history of teleosts, with one event coinciding with the hypothesized fish-specific genome duplication and the other in the common ancestor of the Clupeocephala. After these gene duplication events, duplicated genes were maintained in several teleost lineages, whereas some were secondarily lost in specific lineages. Alternative evolutionary schemes of rh1 and comparison with previous studies of gene evolution are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhen-Nien Chen
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sarah Samadi
- Institute de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle–CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Paris, France
| | - Wei-Jen Chen
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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